Roof of Chapel, Water Eaton, Oxon.The construction of this roof is very good, and quite of the genuine mediæval or Gothic character, better than many roofs of the Victorian era.
Roof of Chapel, Water Eaton, Oxon.The construction of this roof is very good, and quite of the genuine mediæval or Gothic character, better than many roofs of the Victorian era.
Roof of Chapel, Water Eaton, Oxon.
The construction of this roof is very good, and quite of the genuine mediæval or Gothic character, better than many roofs of the Victorian era.
The interior is very plain; the chancel-arch is semicircular, without moldings, but has a screen closed with doors; this is in the taste of the times, and is formed of semicircular arches, supported by small pillars, the whole carved with Elizabethan ornaments. The pulpit is a good specimen of this same style. The standards of the open seats are, as is usual at this period, rude, clumsy, and massive, the poppies being in imitation of the more ancient fleur-de-lis. The roof is a copy of an early form, and consists of principals, collar and curved braces, very plain and simple, but producing a good effect.
This building is interesting from shewing that here, as at Wadham College before mentioned, though the house was built in the revived manner, it was still thought necessary to keep the chapel in the old style, that being considered even then as exclusively ecclesiastical.
In the foregoing remarks, though very imperfectly executed, it has been intended to shew by the buildings of Oxford, not only the gradual decline of Gothic Architecture, but also the attempts, more or less successful, which were made from time to time to stay its progress. It was, however, for a time doomed to perish, and no efforts could save it. In the buildings of the period following that which has here beenspoken of, it is either wholly laid aside, or the only remains of it are to be found in the accidental insertion, as it were, of a traceried window or a pointed door, as if to shew that some faint recollections of the once-honoured forms still lingered in the minds of the architects, and caused them involuntarily to record their respect for it.
It would be an interesting investigation to trace the gradual awakening of the style from the deep slumber into which it had fallen, and to trace its gradual unfolding, step by step, until we have at length a more gloriousrénaissanceof the Gothic styles than we ever had of the Classic; and in this history no mean place would be assigned to the Architectural Society of Oxford.
O. Jewitt.
The following list will form an useful appendix to the foregoing:—
Printed by Parker and Co., Crown Yard, Oxford.
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“The archæological interest of this book is very great. Like all M. Viollet-le-Duc’s works, it is done thoroughly and illustrated with designs which in themselves are of no small value to the student.... Perhaps the most interesting part, however, of this work is Mr. J. H. Parker’s Preface to the Second Edition.”—John Bull, Sept. 27, 1879.
MEDIÆVAL GLASS PAINTING.
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MEDIÆVAL ARMOUR.
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EARLY BRITISH ARCHÆOLOGY.
OUR BRITISH ANCESTORS: WHO AND WHAT WERE THEY? An Inquiry serving to elucidate the Traditional History of the Early Britons by means of recent Excavations, Etymology, Remnants of Religious Worship, Inscriptions, &c. By the Rev.Samuel Lysons, M.A., F.S.A., Rector of Rodmarton. Post 8vo., cloth, 5s.
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MEDIÆVAL SKETCH-BOOK.
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ENGLISH TOPOGRAPHY.
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FOOTNOTES:[A]Abécédaire, ou Rudiment D’Archeologie, par M. de Caumont, fondateur des Congrès Scientifiques de France, etc.(Caen, 1850, 8vo.)[B]There is some doubt on this subject; the opinion here stated is that generally received, but recent observations seem to shew that the Saxons were more advanced than the Normans at the time of the Conquest; their work was more highly finished, had more ornament, and they used fine-jointed masonry, while the Normans used wide-jointed, but the Norman buildings were more substantial, and on a larger scale; everywhere the cathedrals were rebuilt after the Conquest.[C]This is recorded in theBulletin Monumentalof the period, and in theAbécédaireof M. de Caumont.[D]Sometimes called thescrollmolding, butrollis the correct term, from the close resemblance to a roll of parchment with the edge overlapping.[E]The wooden groined vaults of Chester Cathedral were carefully restored in 1871-72, with excellent effect, and in very good taste.[F]It should be noticed that fan-tracery vaulting ispeculiarly English, the principle of it began with the earliest English Gothic style, as in the cloisters of Lincoln Cathedral, each stone of the vaulting being cut to fit its place. In France this is never done, each block of stone is oblong, as in those for the walls, and is only made to curve over in a vault by the mortar between the joints. This had the effect of making vaulting much cheaper to construct, and therefore much more abundant in France than in England, but it is always less scientific and often less beautiful; good French architects, with the late M. Viollet-le-Duc, much admired the English vaulting.[G]A curious example of Elizabethan work occurs at Sunningwell Church, within a few miles of Oxford, where there is a singular polygonal porch at the west end, being a mixture of Ionic columns and Gothic windows. There is also some good woodwork of the same period. The church was chiefly rebuilt by Bishop Jewel.[H]By a curious coincidence, the old Congregation-house, on the north side of the chancel of St. Mary’s Church, has been converted into the “Chapel for the Unattached Students.”[I]The workmen employed were the same as were employed at Eton and Windsor, under the direction of William of Waynfleet, and were called away from Oxford under a royal mandate, but were restored again in consequence of a petition from the University.[J]The architect employed was Thomas Holt of York, who was likewise employed over several of the other buildings in Oxford at the same period. He died in 1624, and was buried in Holywell Churchyard. The builders were first, J. Acroid, who died in 1613; and afterwards J. Bentley, who built likewise the new buildings of Merton, and M. Bentley, who died in 1618.[K]From this arose the popular, but erroneous belief that the candidates were compelled to walk an hour in the Pig-market, in order to allow the tradesmen to whom they were indebted to recognise them, and obtain payment of their debts, it being a rule that no candidate against whom an action for debt is pending in the University court, can receive a degree. But though the belief was not correct, it was until a comparatively recent period the custom for tradesmen to attend at those times for the purpose mentioned.[L]Quarterly, 1 and 4, Argent five martlets saltier-wise sable; on a chief azure, three ducal coronets, Or; a crescent for difference.—Bodley.2 and 3, Argent, two bars wavy, between three billets sable.—Hore.[M]The two staircases were added afterwards, but were panelled to match the rest of the work. On the north end this panelling seems to have been subsequently cut away, so that nothing but the small arches remain attached to the under side of the strings. In Williams’sOxonia Depictait is shewn completely panelled.[N]In these accounts, (for an opportunity of examining which I am indebted to the Rev. J. Griffith, Sub-Warden [now, in 1881, the Warden]), the masons who worked the stone for building are calledFreemasons, orFreestone Masons(which is probably the true meaning of the term), while the rest are merely called “labourers.” The cost of each window, with the name of the workman, is put down separately, the price of a chapel window being 6l., while those of the hall were 3l.18s.each. It is curious, too, to find that the three statues over the entrance to the hall and chapel were cut by one of the free masons (William Blackshaw) employed on the other parts of the building. For each statue he was paid the sum of 3l.The following prices and terms also appear, and are curious and interesting, [but great allowance must be made for the change in the value of money; it is probable that each shilling of the time of James I. was equivalent to at least ten shillings in the time of Queen Victoria]:—Lodgement, 4d.per foot.Window table, 4d.per foot.Grass table, 4d.per foot.Window lights,3s.4d.each.Pillar stone, at 16d.per foot.Cornish, 2d.per foot.Gorgel table—at 4d.per foot.GargillGurgulGurgollTun stone, or tun stuff—stones for chimney shafts, &c.Tounel stones, or tunnel stones
FOOTNOTES:
[A]Abécédaire, ou Rudiment D’Archeologie, par M. de Caumont, fondateur des Congrès Scientifiques de France, etc.(Caen, 1850, 8vo.)
[A]Abécédaire, ou Rudiment D’Archeologie, par M. de Caumont, fondateur des Congrès Scientifiques de France, etc.(Caen, 1850, 8vo.)
[B]There is some doubt on this subject; the opinion here stated is that generally received, but recent observations seem to shew that the Saxons were more advanced than the Normans at the time of the Conquest; their work was more highly finished, had more ornament, and they used fine-jointed masonry, while the Normans used wide-jointed, but the Norman buildings were more substantial, and on a larger scale; everywhere the cathedrals were rebuilt after the Conquest.
[B]There is some doubt on this subject; the opinion here stated is that generally received, but recent observations seem to shew that the Saxons were more advanced than the Normans at the time of the Conquest; their work was more highly finished, had more ornament, and they used fine-jointed masonry, while the Normans used wide-jointed, but the Norman buildings were more substantial, and on a larger scale; everywhere the cathedrals were rebuilt after the Conquest.
[C]This is recorded in theBulletin Monumentalof the period, and in theAbécédaireof M. de Caumont.
[C]This is recorded in theBulletin Monumentalof the period, and in theAbécédaireof M. de Caumont.
[D]Sometimes called thescrollmolding, butrollis the correct term, from the close resemblance to a roll of parchment with the edge overlapping.
[D]Sometimes called thescrollmolding, butrollis the correct term, from the close resemblance to a roll of parchment with the edge overlapping.
[E]The wooden groined vaults of Chester Cathedral were carefully restored in 1871-72, with excellent effect, and in very good taste.
[E]The wooden groined vaults of Chester Cathedral were carefully restored in 1871-72, with excellent effect, and in very good taste.
[F]It should be noticed that fan-tracery vaulting ispeculiarly English, the principle of it began with the earliest English Gothic style, as in the cloisters of Lincoln Cathedral, each stone of the vaulting being cut to fit its place. In France this is never done, each block of stone is oblong, as in those for the walls, and is only made to curve over in a vault by the mortar between the joints. This had the effect of making vaulting much cheaper to construct, and therefore much more abundant in France than in England, but it is always less scientific and often less beautiful; good French architects, with the late M. Viollet-le-Duc, much admired the English vaulting.
[F]It should be noticed that fan-tracery vaulting ispeculiarly English, the principle of it began with the earliest English Gothic style, as in the cloisters of Lincoln Cathedral, each stone of the vaulting being cut to fit its place. In France this is never done, each block of stone is oblong, as in those for the walls, and is only made to curve over in a vault by the mortar between the joints. This had the effect of making vaulting much cheaper to construct, and therefore much more abundant in France than in England, but it is always less scientific and often less beautiful; good French architects, with the late M. Viollet-le-Duc, much admired the English vaulting.
[G]A curious example of Elizabethan work occurs at Sunningwell Church, within a few miles of Oxford, where there is a singular polygonal porch at the west end, being a mixture of Ionic columns and Gothic windows. There is also some good woodwork of the same period. The church was chiefly rebuilt by Bishop Jewel.
[G]A curious example of Elizabethan work occurs at Sunningwell Church, within a few miles of Oxford, where there is a singular polygonal porch at the west end, being a mixture of Ionic columns and Gothic windows. There is also some good woodwork of the same period. The church was chiefly rebuilt by Bishop Jewel.
[H]By a curious coincidence, the old Congregation-house, on the north side of the chancel of St. Mary’s Church, has been converted into the “Chapel for the Unattached Students.”
[H]By a curious coincidence, the old Congregation-house, on the north side of the chancel of St. Mary’s Church, has been converted into the “Chapel for the Unattached Students.”
[I]The workmen employed were the same as were employed at Eton and Windsor, under the direction of William of Waynfleet, and were called away from Oxford under a royal mandate, but were restored again in consequence of a petition from the University.
[I]The workmen employed were the same as were employed at Eton and Windsor, under the direction of William of Waynfleet, and were called away from Oxford under a royal mandate, but were restored again in consequence of a petition from the University.
[J]The architect employed was Thomas Holt of York, who was likewise employed over several of the other buildings in Oxford at the same period. He died in 1624, and was buried in Holywell Churchyard. The builders were first, J. Acroid, who died in 1613; and afterwards J. Bentley, who built likewise the new buildings of Merton, and M. Bentley, who died in 1618.
[J]The architect employed was Thomas Holt of York, who was likewise employed over several of the other buildings in Oxford at the same period. He died in 1624, and was buried in Holywell Churchyard. The builders were first, J. Acroid, who died in 1613; and afterwards J. Bentley, who built likewise the new buildings of Merton, and M. Bentley, who died in 1618.
[K]From this arose the popular, but erroneous belief that the candidates were compelled to walk an hour in the Pig-market, in order to allow the tradesmen to whom they were indebted to recognise them, and obtain payment of their debts, it being a rule that no candidate against whom an action for debt is pending in the University court, can receive a degree. But though the belief was not correct, it was until a comparatively recent period the custom for tradesmen to attend at those times for the purpose mentioned.
[K]From this arose the popular, but erroneous belief that the candidates were compelled to walk an hour in the Pig-market, in order to allow the tradesmen to whom they were indebted to recognise them, and obtain payment of their debts, it being a rule that no candidate against whom an action for debt is pending in the University court, can receive a degree. But though the belief was not correct, it was until a comparatively recent period the custom for tradesmen to attend at those times for the purpose mentioned.
[L]Quarterly, 1 and 4, Argent five martlets saltier-wise sable; on a chief azure, three ducal coronets, Or; a crescent for difference.—Bodley.2 and 3, Argent, two bars wavy, between three billets sable.—Hore.
[L]Quarterly, 1 and 4, Argent five martlets saltier-wise sable; on a chief azure, three ducal coronets, Or; a crescent for difference.—Bodley.2 and 3, Argent, two bars wavy, between three billets sable.—Hore.
[M]The two staircases were added afterwards, but were panelled to match the rest of the work. On the north end this panelling seems to have been subsequently cut away, so that nothing but the small arches remain attached to the under side of the strings. In Williams’sOxonia Depictait is shewn completely panelled.
[M]The two staircases were added afterwards, but were panelled to match the rest of the work. On the north end this panelling seems to have been subsequently cut away, so that nothing but the small arches remain attached to the under side of the strings. In Williams’sOxonia Depictait is shewn completely panelled.
[N]In these accounts, (for an opportunity of examining which I am indebted to the Rev. J. Griffith, Sub-Warden [now, in 1881, the Warden]), the masons who worked the stone for building are calledFreemasons, orFreestone Masons(which is probably the true meaning of the term), while the rest are merely called “labourers.” The cost of each window, with the name of the workman, is put down separately, the price of a chapel window being 6l., while those of the hall were 3l.18s.each. It is curious, too, to find that the three statues over the entrance to the hall and chapel were cut by one of the free masons (William Blackshaw) employed on the other parts of the building. For each statue he was paid the sum of 3l.The following prices and terms also appear, and are curious and interesting, [but great allowance must be made for the change in the value of money; it is probable that each shilling of the time of James I. was equivalent to at least ten shillings in the time of Queen Victoria]:—Lodgement, 4d.per foot.Window table, 4d.per foot.Grass table, 4d.per foot.Window lights,3s.4d.each.Pillar stone, at 16d.per foot.Cornish, 2d.per foot.Gorgel table—at 4d.per foot.GargillGurgulGurgollTun stone, or tun stuff—stones for chimney shafts, &c.Tounel stones, or tunnel stones
[N]In these accounts, (for an opportunity of examining which I am indebted to the Rev. J. Griffith, Sub-Warden [now, in 1881, the Warden]), the masons who worked the stone for building are calledFreemasons, orFreestone Masons(which is probably the true meaning of the term), while the rest are merely called “labourers.” The cost of each window, with the name of the workman, is put down separately, the price of a chapel window being 6l., while those of the hall were 3l.18s.each. It is curious, too, to find that the three statues over the entrance to the hall and chapel were cut by one of the free masons (William Blackshaw) employed on the other parts of the building. For each statue he was paid the sum of 3l.
The following prices and terms also appear, and are curious and interesting, [but great allowance must be made for the change in the value of money; it is probable that each shilling of the time of James I. was equivalent to at least ten shillings in the time of Queen Victoria]:—