[228]Apparently unknown to biographers.[229]TheBibliotheca Mathematicaof Ludwig Adolph Sohncke (1807-1853), professor of mathematics at Königsberg and Halle, covered the period from 1830 to 1854, being completed by W. Engelmann. It appeared in 1854.[230]See Vol. I, page 392, note 2 {805}.[231]See Vol. I, page 43, note 7 {32}.[232]See Vol. II, page 91, note187.[233]Mason made a notable balloon trip from London to Weilburg, in the Duchy of Nassau, in November, 1836, covering 500 miles in 18 hours. He published an account of this trip in 1837, and a work entitledAeronauticain 1838.[234]William Harrison Ainsworth (1805-1885) the novelist.[235]On this question see Vol. I, page 326, note 2 {701}.[236]Major General Alfred Wilks Drayson, author of various works on geology, astronomy, military surveying, and adventure.[237]Hailes also wrote several other paradoxes on astronomy and circle squaring during the period 1843-1872.[238]See Vol. I, page 43, note 8 {33}.[239]See Vol. I, page 43, note 7 {32}.[240]"Very small errors are not to be condemned."[241]He seems to have written nothing else.[242]Besides the paradoxes here mentioned by De Morgan he wrote several other works, including the following:Abriss der Babylonisch-Assyrischen Geschichte(Mannheim, 1854),A Popular Inquiry into the Moon's rotation on her axis(London, 1856),Practical Tables for the reduction of the Mahometan dates to the Christian kalendar(London, 1856),Grundzüge einer neuen Weltlehre(Munich, 1860), andOn the historical Antiquity of the People of Egypt(London, 1863).[243]Dircks (1806-1873) was a civil engineer of prominence, and a member of the British Association and the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He wrote (1863) on "Pepper's Ghost," an ingenious optical illusion invented by him. There was a second edition of thePerpetuum Mobilein 1870.[244]George Stephenson (1781-1848), the inventor of the first successful steam locomotive. His first engine was tried in 1814.[245]Robert Stephenson (1803-1859), the only son of George. Most of the early improvements in locomotive manufacture were due to him. He was also well known for his construction of great bridges.[246]"In its proper place."[247]"A fool always finds a bigger fool to admire him."[248]See Vol. I, page 43, note 7 {32}.[249]See Vol. I, page 43, note 8 {33}.[250]See Vol. I, page 85, note 2 {129}.[251]See Vol. I, page 390, note 1 {390}.[252]From 1823 to 1852 it was edited by I. C. Robertson; from 1852 to 1857 by R. A. Brooman; and from 1857 to 1863 by Brooman and E. J. Reed.[253]Sir James Ivory (1765-1842) was, as a young man, manager of a flax mill in Scotland. In 1804 he was made professor of mathematics at the Royal Military College, then at Marlow and later at Sandhurst. He was deeply interested in mathematical physics, and there is a theorem on the attraction of ellipsoids that bears his name. He was awarded three medals of the Royal Society, and was knighted together with Herschel and Brewster, in 1831.[254]See Vol. I, page 56, note 1 {64}.[255]See Vol. I, page 153, note 5 {338}.[256]See Vol. I, page 309, note 2 {670}.[257]See Vol. I, page 87, note 4 {133}.[258]George Canning (1770-1857), the Tory statesman and friend of Scott, was much interested in founding theQuarterly Review(1808) and was a contributor to its pages.[259]See Vol. I, page 186, note 14 {418}.[260]See Vol. II, page 141, note252.[261]De Morgan had a number of excellent articles in this publication.[262]See Vol. I, page 279, note 1 {611}.[263]James Orchard Halliwell (1820-1889), afterwards Halliwell-Phillips, came into prominence as a writer at an early age. When he was seventeen he wrote a series of lives of mathematicians for theParthenon. HisRara Mathematicaappeared when he was but nineteen. He was a great bibliophile and an enthusiastic student of Shakespeare.[264]This was written at the age of twenty-two.[265]The subject of this criticism is of long past date, and as it has only been introduced by the author as an instance of faulty editorship, I have omitted the name of the writer of the libel, and a few lines of further detail.—S. E. De M.[266]"Condemned souls."[267]The editor of theMechanics' Magazinedied soon after the above was written.—S. E. De M.[268]Thomas Stephens Davies (1795-1851) was mathematical master at Woolwich and F. R. S. He contributed a series of "Geometrical Notes" to theMechanics' Magazineand edited theMathematician. He also published a number of text-books.[269]See Vol. II, page 66, note143.[270]TheDictionary of Greek and Roman Biography(1849), edited by Sir William Smith (1813-1893), whose other dictionaries on classical and biblical matters are well known.[271]"O J. S.! This is the worst! the greatest possible injury!"[272]See Vol. I, page 44, note 9 {34} and page 110, note 5 {201}.[273]"If there's a man whom the judge's pitiless sentence awaiteth,His head condemned to penalties and tribulations,Let neither penitentiaries tire him with laborer's burdensNor let his stiffened hands be harrassed by work in the mines.He must square the circle! For what else do I care?—allKnown punishments this one task hath surely included."[274]Houlston was in the customs service. He also publishedInklings of Areal Autometry, London, 1874.[275]This is Frederick C. Bakewell. He had already publishedNatural Evidence of a Future Life(London, 1835),Philosophical Conversations(London, 1833, with other editions), andElectric Science(London, 1853, with other editions).[276]Henry F. A. Pratt had already publishedA Dissertation on the power of the intercepted pressure of the Atmosphere(London, 1844) andThe Genealogy of Creation(1861). Later he published a workOn Orbital Motion(1863), andAstronomical Investigations(1865).[277]See Vol. I, page 260, note 1 {591}.[278]Thomas Rawson Birks (1810-1883), a theologian and controversialist, fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, and (1872) professor of moral philosophy in that university. He wroteModern Rationalism(1853),The Bible and Modern Thought(1861),The First Principles of Moral Science(1873), andModern Physical Fatalism and the Doctrine of Evolution(1876), the last being an attack on Herbert Spencer'sFirst Principles.[279]Pseudonym for William Thorn. In the following year (1863) he published a second work,The Thorn-Tree: being a History of Thorn Worship, a reply to Bishop Colenso's work entitledThe Pentateuch and the Book of Joshua critically examined.[280]BesidesThe Pestilence(1866) he publishedThe True Church(1851),The Church and her destinies(1855),Religious reformation imperatively demanded(1864), andThe Bible plan unfolded(second edition, 1872).[281]See Vol. II, page 97, note195.[282]Sir George Cornewall Lewis (1806-1863) also wrote anEssay on the Origin and Formation of the Romance Languages(1835), anEssay on the Government of Dependencies(1841), and anEssay on Foreign Jurisdiction and the Extradition of Criminals(1859). He was Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1855 and Home Secretary in 1859.[283]Henry Malden (1800-1876), a classical scholar, fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, and professor of Greek at University College (1831-1876), then (1831) the University of London. He wrote aHistory of Rome to 390 B. C.(1830), andOn the Origin of Universities and Academical Degrees(1835).[284]Henry Longueville Mansel (1820-1871), theologian and metaphysician, reader in theology at Magdalen College, Oxford (1855), and professor of ecclesiastical history and Dean of St. Paul's (1866). He wrote on metaphysics, and his Bampton Lectures (1858) were reprinted several times.[285]"Hejus gave freely, gave freely. God is propitious, God is favorable to him who gives freely. God is honored with a banquet of eggs at the cross roads, the god of the world. God, with benignant spirit, desired in sacrifice a goat, a bull to be carried within the precincts of the holy place. God, twice propitiated, blesses the pit of the sacred libation."[286]Eudoxus of Cnidus (408-355 B. C.) had much to do with the early scientific astronomy of the Greeks. The fifth book of Euclid is generally attributed to him. His astronomical works are known chiefly through the poetical version of Aratus mentioned in note 13, page 167.[287]Simplicius, a native of Cilicia, lived in the 6th century of our era. He was driven from Athens by Justinian and went to Persia (531), but he returned later and had some fame as a teacher.[288]See Vol. I, page 160, note 3 {348}.[289]See Vol. I, page 76, note 3 {112}.[290]"Through right and wrong."[291]"It is therefore to arrive at this parallelism, or to preserve it, that Copernicus feared to be obliged to have recourse to this equal and opposite movement which destroys the effect which he attributed so freely to the first, of deranging the parallelism."[292]A contemporary of Plato and a disciple of Aristotle.[293]Meton's solstice, the beginning of the Metonic cycles, has been placed at 432 B. C. Ptolemy states that he made the length of the year 365¼ + 1/72 days.[294]Aratus lived about 270 B. C., at the court of Antigonus of Macedonia, and probably practiced medicine there. He was the author of two astronomical poems, theΦαινόμενα, apparently based on the lost work of Eudoxus, and theΔιοσηεῖαbased on Aristotle'sMeteorologicaandDe Signis Ventorumof Theophrastus.[295]"The nineteen (-year) cycle of the shining sun."[296]Claudius Salmasius (1588-1653), or Claude Saumaise, was a distinguished classicist, and professor at the University of Leyden. The wordἠλείοιοmeans Elian, thus making the phrase refer to the brilliant one of Elis.[297]Sir William Brown (1784-1864). In 1800 the family moved to Baltimore, and there the father, Alexander Brown, became prominent in the linen trade. William went to Liverpool where he acquired great wealth as a merchant and banker. He was made a baronet in 1863.[298]Robert Lowe (1811-1892), viscount Sherbrooke, was a fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford (1835). He went to Australia in 1842 and was very successful at the bar. He returned to England in 1850 and became leader writer on theTimes. He was many years in parliament, and in 1880 was raised to the peerage.[299]See Vol. I, page 42, note 4 {24}.[300]Francis Walkingame (fl. about 1751-1785), whoseTutor's Assistantwent through many editions from 1751-1854.[301]Davies Gilbert (1767-1839). His family name was Giddy, but he assumed his wife's name. He sat in parliament from 1806 to 1832. In 1819 he secured the establishment of the Cape of Good Hope observatory. He was Treasurer (1820-1827) and President (1827-1830) of the Royal Society.[302]See Vol. I, page 55, note 2 {63}.[303]Sir Jonathan Frederick Pollock (1783-1870) entered parliament in 1831 and was knighted in 1834.[304]Joseph Hume (1777-1855) entered parliament in 1812 and for thirty years was leader of the Radical party.[305]"What! when I say, 'Nicole, bring me my slippers,' is that prose?"[306]Captain Basil Hall (1788-1844), a naval officer, carried on a series of pendulum observations in 1820-1822, while on a cruise of the west coast of North America. The results were published in 1823 in thePhilosophical Transactions. He also wrote two popular works on travel that went through numerous editions.[307]Anthony Ashley Cooper (1801-1885), Earl of Shaftesbury. His name is connected with philanthropic work and factory legislation.[308]See Vol. I, page 207, note 12 {469}.[309]See Vol. I, page 80, note 5 {119}.[310]Sir Thomas Maclear (1794-1879), an Irishman by birth, became Astronomer Royal at the Cape of Good Hope in 1833. He was an indefatigable observer. He was knighted in 1860.[311]Thomas Romney Robinson (1792-1882), another Irish astronomer of prominence. He was a deputy professor at Trinity College, Dublin, but took charge of the Armagh observatory in 1823 and remained there until his death.[312]Sir James South (1785-1867) was in early life a surgeon, but gave up his practice in 1816 and fitted up a private observatory. He contributed to the science of astronomy, particularly with respect to the study of double stars.[313]Sir John Wrottesley (1798-1867), second Baron Wrottesley. Like Sir James South, he took up the study of astronomy after a professional career,—in his case in law. He built a private observatory in 1829 and made a long series of observations, publishing three star catalogues. He was president of the Astronomical Society from 1841 to 1843, and of the Royal Society from 1854 to 1857.[314]He seems to have written nothing else.[315]See Vol. II, page 68, note147.[316]"The wills are free, and I wish neither the one nor the other."[317]"The force of inertia conquered."[318]Reddie also wroteThe Mechanics of the Heavens, referred to later in this work. He must not be confused with Judge James Reddie (1773-1852), of Glasgow, who wrote on international law, although this is done in the printed edition of the British Museum catalogue, for he is mentioned by De Morgan somewhat later as alive in 1862.[319]Henry Dunning Macleod (1821-1902), a lawyer and writer on political economy, was a Scotchman by birth. He wrote on economical questions, and lectured on banking at Cambridge (1877) and at King's College, London (1878). He was a free lance in his field, and was not considered orthodox by the majority of economists of his time. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the chairs of political economy at Cambridge (1863), Edinburgh (1871), and Oxford (1888).[320]See Vol. I, page 252, note 2 {576}.[321]Francis Henry Laing (1816-1889) was a graduate of Queen's College, Cambridge, and a clergyman in the Church of England until 1846, when he entered the Church of Rome. He taught in various Jesuit colleges until 1862, when his eccentricity was too marked to warrant the Church in allowing him to continue. He published various controversial writings during his later years. Of course if he had known the works of Wessel, Gaus, Buée, Argand, and others, he would not have made such a sorry exhibition of his ignorance of mathematics.[322]See Vol. I, page 329, note 1 {705}. The book went into a second edition in 1864.[323]Thomas Weddle (1817-1853) was, at the time of publishing this paper, a teacher in a private school. In 1851 he became professor of mathematics at Sandhurst. He contributed several papers to theCambridge and Dublin Mathematical Journal, chiefly on geometry.[324]See Vol. II, page 109, note205.[325]See Vol. II, page 66, note143.[326]See Vol. II, page 151, note268.[327]George Barrett (1752-1821) worked from 1786 to 1811 on a set of life insurance and annuity tables. He invented a plan known as the "columnar method" for the construction of such tables, and as De Morgan states, this was published by Francis Baily, appearing in the appendix to his work on annuities, in the edition of 1813. Some of his tables were used in Babbage'sComparative View of the various Institutions for the Assurance of Lives(1826).[328]See Vol. I, page 309, note 2 {670}.[329]This was hisPractical short and direct Method of Calculating the Logarithm of any given Number, and the Number corresponding to any given Logarithm(1849).[330]This is William Neile (1637-1670), grandson of Richard Neile (not Neal), Archbishop of York. At the age of 19, in 1657, he gave the first rectification of the semicubical parabola. Although he communicated it to Brouncker, Wren, and others, it was not published until 1639, when it appeared in John Wallis'sDe Cycloide.[331]I myself "was a considerable part."[332]He also wroteA Glance at the Universe("2d thousand" in 1862), andThe Resurrection Body(1869).[333]See Vol. I, page 63, note 1 {74}.[334]As Swift gave it in hisPoetry. A Rhapsody, it is as follows:"So, naturalists observe, a fleaHas smaller fleas that on him prey;And these have smaller still to bite 'em.And so proceedad infinitum."[335]Perhaps 1,600,000,000 years, if Boltwood's recent computations based on radium disintegration stand the test. This would mean, according to MacCurdy's estimate, 60,000,000 years since life first appeared on the earth.[336]De Morgan wrote better than he knew, for this work, theAllgemeine Encyclopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste, begun at Leipsic in 1818, is still (1913) unfinished. Section I, A-G, consists of 99 parts in 56 volumes; Section II, H-N, consists of 43 volumes and is not yet completed; and Section III, O-Z, consists of 25 volumes thus far, with most of the work still to be done. Johann Samuel Ersch (1766-1828), the founder, was head librarian at Halle. Johann Gottfried Gruber (1774-1851), his associate, was professor of philosophy at the same university.[337]William Howitt (1792-1879) was a poet, a spiritualist, and a miscellaneous writer. He and his wife became spiritualists about 1850. He wrote numerous popular works on travel, nature and history.[338]See Vol. II, page 55, note108.[339]As will be inferred from the text, C. D. was Mrs. De Morgan, and A. B. was De Morgan.[340]Jean Meslier (1678-1733), curé of Estrepigny, in Champagne, was a skeptic, but preached only strict orthodoxy to his people. It was only in his manuscript,Mon Testament, that was published after his death, and that caused a great sensation in France, that his antagonism to Christianity became known.[341]Baron Zach relates that a friend of his, in a writing intended for publication, saidUn esprit doit se frotter contre un autre. The censors struck it out. The Austrian police have a keen eye for consequences.—A. De M."One mind must rub against another." On Baron Zach, see Vol. II, page 45, note 4.[342]Referring to the first Lord Eldon (1751-1838), who was Lord Chancellor from 1799 to 1827, with the exception of one year.[343]"Sleeping power."[344]"Causes sleep."[345]Richard Hooker (c. 1554-1600), a theologian, "the ablest living advocate of the Church of England as by law established."[346]See Vol. I, page 76, note 3 {112}.[347]"Other I,"—other self.[348]This "utter rejection" has been repeated (1872) by the same writer.—S. E. De M.[349]Edward Jenner (1749-1823) was a physician and biologist. His first experiments in vaccination were made in 1796, and his discovery was published in 1798.[350]See Vol. II, page 38, note80.[351]"You will go most safely in the middle (way)."[352]Pierre Joseph Arson was known early in the 19th century for his controversy with Hoëné Wronski the mathematician, whom he attacked in hisDocument pour l'histoire des grands fourbes qui ont figuré sur la terre(1817-1818).[353]"We enter the course by night and are consumed by fire."[354]See Vol. I, page 51, note 3 {51}.[355]See Vol. I, page 336, note 8 {713}.[356]See Vol. I, page 137, note 8 {286}.[357]See Vol. I, page 229, note 2 {515}.[358]Richard Cobden (1804-1865), the cotton manufacturer and statesman who was prominent in his advocacy of the repeal of the Corn Laws.[359]James Smith (1775-1839), solicitor to the Board of Ordnance. With his brother Horatio he wrote numerous satires. HisHorace in London(1813) imitated the Roman poet. His works were collected and published in 1840.[360]Samuel Butler (1612-1680), the poet and satirist, author ofHudibras(1663-1678).[361]"Is it not fine to be sure of one's action when entering in a combat with another? There, push me a little in order to see.Nicole.Well! what's the matter?M. Jourdain.Slowly. Ho there! Ho! gently. Deuce take the rascal!Nicole.You told me to push.M. Jourdain.Yes, but you pushed meen tierce, before you pusheden quarte, and you did not give me time to parry."[362]John Abernethy (1764-1831), the famous physician and surgeon.[363]See Vol. I, page 102, note 5 {175}.[364]"With what measure ye mete, it shall be measured to you again."[365]Eusebius of Cæsarea (c. 260-340), leader of the moderate party at the Council of Nicæa, and author of aHistory of the Christian Churchin ten books (c. 324 A. D.).[366]Nathaniel Lardner (1684-1768), a non-conformist minister and one of the first to advocate the scientific study of early Christian literature.[367]Henry Alford (1810-1871) Dean of Canterbury (1857-1871) and editor of the Greek Testament (1849-1861).[368]The work wasThe Number and Names of the Apocalyptic Beasts: with an explanation and application. Part I.London, 1848, as mentioned below. Thom also wroteThe Assurance of Faith, or Calvinism identified with Universalism(London, 1833), and various other religious works.[369]See Vol. I, page 222, note 14 {490}.[370]John Hamilton Thom (1808-1894) was converted to Unitarianism and was long a minister in that church, preaching in the Renshaw Street Chapel from 1831 to 1866. De Morgan refers to the Liverpool Unitarian controversy conducted by James Martineau and Henry Giles in response to a challenge by thirteen Anglican Clergy. In 1839 Thom contributed four lectures and a letter to this controversy. Among his religious works were aLife of Blanco White(1845) andHymns, Chants, and Anthems(1854).[371]The spelling of these names is occasionally changed to meet the condition that the numerical value of the letters shall be 666, "the number of the beast" of Revelations. The names include Julius Cæsar; Valerius Jovius Diocletianus (249-313), emperor from 287 to 305, persecutor of the Christians; Louis, presumably Louis XIV; Gerbert (940-1003), who reigned as Pope Sylvester II from 999 to 1003, known to mathematicians for his abacus and his interest in geometry, and accused by his opponents as being in league with the devil; Linus, the second Bishop of Rome, the successor of Peter; Camillo Borghese (1552-1621), who reigned as Pope Paul V from 1605 to 1621, and who excommunicated all Venice in 1606 for its claim to try ecclesiastics before lay tribunals, thus taking a position which he was forced to abandon; Luther, Calvin; Laud (see Vol. I, page 145, note 7 {307}); Genseric (c. 406-477), king of the Vandals, who sacked Rome in 455 and persecuted the orthodox Christians in Africa; Boniface III, who was pope for nine months in 606; Beza (see Vol. I, page 66, note 6 {83}); Mohammed;βρασκι, who was Giovanni Angelo Braschi (1717-1799), and who reigned as Pope Pius VI from 1775 to 1799, dying in captivity because he declined to resign his temporal power to Napoleon; Bonaparte; and, underΙον Παυνε, possibly Pope John XIV, who reigned in 983 and 984 during the absence of Boniface VII in Constantinople.[372]The Greek words and names are also occasionally misspelled so as to fit them to the number 666. They areΛατεινος(Latin),ἡ λατινη βασιλεια(the Latin kingdom),ἐκκλησια ἰταλικα(the Italian Church),εὐανθας(blooming),τειταν(Titan),ἀρνουμε(renounce),λαμπετις(the lustrous),ὁ νικητης(conqueror),κακος ὁδηγος(bad guide),ἀληθης βλαβερος(truthful harmful one),παλαι βασκανος(a slanderer of old),ἀμνος ἀδικος(unmanageable lamb),ἀντεμος(Antemos),γενσηρικος(Genseric),εὐινας(with stout fibers),Βενεδικτος(Benedict),Βονιβαζιος γ. παπα ξ. η. ε. ε. α.(Boniface III, pope 68, bishop of bishops I),οὐλπιος(baneful),διος εἰμι ἡ ἡρας(I, a god, am the),ἡ μισσα ἡ παπικη(the papal brief),λουθερανα(Lutheran),σαξονειος(Saxon),Βεζζα αντιθεος(Beza antigod),ἡαλαζονειαβιου(the illusion of life),Μαομετις(Mahomet);Μαομετης β.(Mahomet II),θεος εἰμι ἐπι γαιης(I am lord over the earth),ἰαπετος(Iapetos, father of Atlas),παπεισκος(Papeiskos),διοκλασιανος(Diocletian),χεινα(Cheina = Cain? China?),βρασκι(Braschi, as explained in note 10),Ιον Παυνε(Paunian violet, but see note 10),κουποκς(cowpox),Βοννεπαρτη(Bonneparte),Ν. Βονηπαρτε(N. Boneparte),εὐπορια(facility),παραδοσις(surrender),το μεγαθηριον(the megathereum, the beast).[373]James Wapshare, whoseHarmony of the Word of God in Spirit and in Truthappeared in 1849.[374]The literature relating to theSwastikais too extended to permit of any adequate summary in these notes.[375]Henry Edward Manning (1808-1892), at first an Anglican clergyman, he became a Roman Catholic priest in 1851, and became Cardinal in 1875. He succeeded Cardinal Wiseman as Archbishop of Westminster in 1865. He wrote a number of religious works.[376]John Bright (1811-1889), Quaker, cotton manufacturer, and statesman. He worked with Cobden for free trade, peace, and reform of the electorate.[377]"The fallacy of many questions."[378]William Wilberforce (1759-1833), best known for his long fight for the abolition of the slave trade.[379]Richard Martin (1754-1834), high sheriff of County Galway and owner of a large estate in Connemara. Curiously enough, he was known both for his readiness in duelling and for his love for animals. He was known as "Humanity Martin," and in 1822 secured the passage of an act "to prevent the cruel and improper treatment of cattle." He was one of the founders (1824) of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. He is usually considered the original of Godfrey O'Malley in Lever's novel,Charles O'Malley.[380]See Vol. I, page 149, note 1 {323}, also text on same page.[381]See Vol. I, page 44, note 9 {34}, also text, Vol. I, page 110.[382]"Penitential seat."[383]"Well placed upon the cushion."[384]See Vol. II, page 58, note109.[385]"He has lost the right of being influenced by evidence."[386]"Hung up."[387]"A few things to the wise, nothing to the unlettered."[388]The fallacy results from dividing both members of an equation by 0,x- 1 being the same as 1 - 1, and calling the quotients finite.[389]"If you order him to the sky he will go."[390]Similia similibus curanter, "Like cures like," the homeopathic motto.[391]"Without harm to the proprieties."[392]"What are you doing? I am standing here."[393]Lors feist l'Anglois tel signe. La main gausche toute ouverte il leva hault en l'aer, puis ferma au poing les quatres doigtz d'icelle et le poulce estendu assit sus la pinne du nez. Soubdain après leva la dextre toute ouverte, et toute ouverte la baissa, joignant la poulce au lieu que fermait le petit doigt de la gausche, et les quatre doigtz d'icelle mouvoit lentement en l'aer. Puis au rebours feit de la dextre ce qu'il avoit faict de la gausche, et de la gausche ce que avoit faict de la dextre.—A. De M.[394]Suaviter in modo, fortiter in re, "Gentle in manners, firm in action."[395]See Vol. I, page 101, note 4 {174}.[396]See Vol. I, page 315, note 3 {686}.[397]Henry Fawcett (1833-1884) became totally blind in 1858, but in spite of this handicap he became professor of political economy at Cambridge and sat in parliament for a number of years. He championed the cause of reform and in particular he was prominent in the protection of the native interests of India. The establishing of the parcels post (1882) took place while he was postmaster general (1880-1884).[398]Of course the whole thing depends upon what definition of division is taken. We can multiply 2 ft. by 3 ft. if we define multiplication so as to allow it, or 2 ft. by 3 lb, getting foot-pounds, as is done in physics.[399]Richard Milward (1609-1680), for so the name is usually given, was rector of Great Braxted (Essex) and canon of Windsor. He was long the amanuensis of John Selden, and theTable Talkwas published nine years after Milward's death, from notes that he left. Some doubt has been cast upon the authenticity of the work owing to many of the opinions that it ascribes to Selden.[400]John Selden (1584-1654) was a jurist, legal antiquary, and Oriental scholar. He sat in the Long Parliament, and while an advocate of reform he was not an extremist. He was sent to the Tower for his support of the resolution against "tonnage and poundage," in 1629. HisHistory of Tythes(1618) was suppressed at the demand of the bishops. HisDe Diis Syriis(1617) is still esteemed a classic on Semitic mythology.[401]See Vol. I, page 42, note 4 {24}.[402]See Vol. II, page 249, note398.[403]John Palmer (1742-1818) was a theatrical manager. In 1782 he set forth a plan for forwarding the mails by stage coaches instead of by postmen. Pitt adopted the plan in 1784. Palmer was made comptroller-general of the post office in 1786 and was dismissed six years later for arbitrarily suspending a deputy. He had been verbally promised 2½% on the increased revenue, but Pitt gave him only a pension of £3000. In 1813 he was awarded £50,000 in addition to his pension.[404]Dionysius Lardner (1793-1859), professor of natural philosophy in London University (now University College). HisCabinet Cyclopædia(1829-1849) contained 133 volumes. De Morgan wrote on probabilities, and Lardner on various branches of mathematics, and there were many other well-known contributors. Lardner is said to have made $200,000 on a lecture tour in America.[405]Thomas Fysche Palmer (1747-1802) joined the Unitarians in 1783, and in 1785 took a charge in Dundee. He was arrested for sedition because of an address that it was falsely alleged that he gave before a society known as the "Friends of Liberty." As a matter of fact the address was given by an uneducated weaver, and Palmer was merely asked to revise it, declining to do even this. Nevertheless he was sentenced to Botany Bay (1794) for seven years. The trial aroused great indignation.[406]See Vol. I, page 80, note 5 {119}.[407]See Vol. II, page 244, note394.[408]See Vol. I, page 352, note 1 {731}.[409]See Vol. I, page 332, note 4 {709}.[410]"The lawyers are brought into court; let them accuse each other."[411]Samuel Rogers (1763-1855), the poet and art connoisseur. He declined the laureateship on the death of Wordsworth (1850). Byron, his pretended friend, wrote a lampoon (1818) ridiculing his cadaverous appearance.[412]Theodore Edward Hook (1788-1841), the well-known wit. He is satirized as Mr. Wagg inVanity Fair. TheJohn Bullwas founded in 1820 and Hook was made editor.[413]"On pitying the heretic."[414]A term of medieval logic. Barbara: All M is P, all S is M, hence all S is P. Celarent: No M is P, all S is M, hence no S is P.[415]"Simply," "According to which," "It does not follow."[416]
[228]Apparently unknown to biographers.
[229]TheBibliotheca Mathematicaof Ludwig Adolph Sohncke (1807-1853), professor of mathematics at Königsberg and Halle, covered the period from 1830 to 1854, being completed by W. Engelmann. It appeared in 1854.
[230]See Vol. I, page 392, note 2 {805}.
[231]See Vol. I, page 43, note 7 {32}.
[232]See Vol. II, page 91, note187.
[233]Mason made a notable balloon trip from London to Weilburg, in the Duchy of Nassau, in November, 1836, covering 500 miles in 18 hours. He published an account of this trip in 1837, and a work entitledAeronauticain 1838.
[234]William Harrison Ainsworth (1805-1885) the novelist.
[235]On this question see Vol. I, page 326, note 2 {701}.
[236]Major General Alfred Wilks Drayson, author of various works on geology, astronomy, military surveying, and adventure.
[237]Hailes also wrote several other paradoxes on astronomy and circle squaring during the period 1843-1872.
[238]See Vol. I, page 43, note 8 {33}.
[239]See Vol. I, page 43, note 7 {32}.
[240]"Very small errors are not to be condemned."
[241]He seems to have written nothing else.
[242]Besides the paradoxes here mentioned by De Morgan he wrote several other works, including the following:Abriss der Babylonisch-Assyrischen Geschichte(Mannheim, 1854),A Popular Inquiry into the Moon's rotation on her axis(London, 1856),Practical Tables for the reduction of the Mahometan dates to the Christian kalendar(London, 1856),Grundzüge einer neuen Weltlehre(Munich, 1860), andOn the historical Antiquity of the People of Egypt(London, 1863).
[243]Dircks (1806-1873) was a civil engineer of prominence, and a member of the British Association and the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He wrote (1863) on "Pepper's Ghost," an ingenious optical illusion invented by him. There was a second edition of thePerpetuum Mobilein 1870.
[244]George Stephenson (1781-1848), the inventor of the first successful steam locomotive. His first engine was tried in 1814.
[245]Robert Stephenson (1803-1859), the only son of George. Most of the early improvements in locomotive manufacture were due to him. He was also well known for his construction of great bridges.
[246]"In its proper place."
[247]"A fool always finds a bigger fool to admire him."
[248]See Vol. I, page 43, note 7 {32}.
[249]See Vol. I, page 43, note 8 {33}.
[250]See Vol. I, page 85, note 2 {129}.
[251]See Vol. I, page 390, note 1 {390}.
[252]From 1823 to 1852 it was edited by I. C. Robertson; from 1852 to 1857 by R. A. Brooman; and from 1857 to 1863 by Brooman and E. J. Reed.
[253]Sir James Ivory (1765-1842) was, as a young man, manager of a flax mill in Scotland. In 1804 he was made professor of mathematics at the Royal Military College, then at Marlow and later at Sandhurst. He was deeply interested in mathematical physics, and there is a theorem on the attraction of ellipsoids that bears his name. He was awarded three medals of the Royal Society, and was knighted together with Herschel and Brewster, in 1831.
[254]See Vol. I, page 56, note 1 {64}.
[255]See Vol. I, page 153, note 5 {338}.
[256]See Vol. I, page 309, note 2 {670}.
[257]See Vol. I, page 87, note 4 {133}.
[258]George Canning (1770-1857), the Tory statesman and friend of Scott, was much interested in founding theQuarterly Review(1808) and was a contributor to its pages.
[259]See Vol. I, page 186, note 14 {418}.
[260]See Vol. II, page 141, note252.
[261]De Morgan had a number of excellent articles in this publication.
[262]See Vol. I, page 279, note 1 {611}.
[263]James Orchard Halliwell (1820-1889), afterwards Halliwell-Phillips, came into prominence as a writer at an early age. When he was seventeen he wrote a series of lives of mathematicians for theParthenon. HisRara Mathematicaappeared when he was but nineteen. He was a great bibliophile and an enthusiastic student of Shakespeare.
[264]This was written at the age of twenty-two.
[265]The subject of this criticism is of long past date, and as it has only been introduced by the author as an instance of faulty editorship, I have omitted the name of the writer of the libel, and a few lines of further detail.—S. E. De M.
[266]"Condemned souls."
[267]The editor of theMechanics' Magazinedied soon after the above was written.—S. E. De M.
[268]Thomas Stephens Davies (1795-1851) was mathematical master at Woolwich and F. R. S. He contributed a series of "Geometrical Notes" to theMechanics' Magazineand edited theMathematician. He also published a number of text-books.
[269]See Vol. II, page 66, note143.
[270]TheDictionary of Greek and Roman Biography(1849), edited by Sir William Smith (1813-1893), whose other dictionaries on classical and biblical matters are well known.
[271]"O J. S.! This is the worst! the greatest possible injury!"
[272]See Vol. I, page 44, note 9 {34} and page 110, note 5 {201}.
[273]
"If there's a man whom the judge's pitiless sentence awaiteth,His head condemned to penalties and tribulations,Let neither penitentiaries tire him with laborer's burdensNor let his stiffened hands be harrassed by work in the mines.He must square the circle! For what else do I care?—allKnown punishments this one task hath surely included."
"If there's a man whom the judge's pitiless sentence awaiteth,His head condemned to penalties and tribulations,Let neither penitentiaries tire him with laborer's burdensNor let his stiffened hands be harrassed by work in the mines.He must square the circle! For what else do I care?—allKnown punishments this one task hath surely included."
"If there's a man whom the judge's pitiless sentence awaiteth,
His head condemned to penalties and tribulations,
Let neither penitentiaries tire him with laborer's burdens
Nor let his stiffened hands be harrassed by work in the mines.
He must square the circle! For what else do I care?—all
Known punishments this one task hath surely included."
[274]Houlston was in the customs service. He also publishedInklings of Areal Autometry, London, 1874.
[275]This is Frederick C. Bakewell. He had already publishedNatural Evidence of a Future Life(London, 1835),Philosophical Conversations(London, 1833, with other editions), andElectric Science(London, 1853, with other editions).
[276]Henry F. A. Pratt had already publishedA Dissertation on the power of the intercepted pressure of the Atmosphere(London, 1844) andThe Genealogy of Creation(1861). Later he published a workOn Orbital Motion(1863), andAstronomical Investigations(1865).
[277]See Vol. I, page 260, note 1 {591}.
[278]Thomas Rawson Birks (1810-1883), a theologian and controversialist, fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, and (1872) professor of moral philosophy in that university. He wroteModern Rationalism(1853),The Bible and Modern Thought(1861),The First Principles of Moral Science(1873), andModern Physical Fatalism and the Doctrine of Evolution(1876), the last being an attack on Herbert Spencer'sFirst Principles.
[279]Pseudonym for William Thorn. In the following year (1863) he published a second work,The Thorn-Tree: being a History of Thorn Worship, a reply to Bishop Colenso's work entitledThe Pentateuch and the Book of Joshua critically examined.
[280]BesidesThe Pestilence(1866) he publishedThe True Church(1851),The Church and her destinies(1855),Religious reformation imperatively demanded(1864), andThe Bible plan unfolded(second edition, 1872).
[281]See Vol. II, page 97, note195.
[282]Sir George Cornewall Lewis (1806-1863) also wrote anEssay on the Origin and Formation of the Romance Languages(1835), anEssay on the Government of Dependencies(1841), and anEssay on Foreign Jurisdiction and the Extradition of Criminals(1859). He was Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1855 and Home Secretary in 1859.
[283]Henry Malden (1800-1876), a classical scholar, fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, and professor of Greek at University College (1831-1876), then (1831) the University of London. He wrote aHistory of Rome to 390 B. C.(1830), andOn the Origin of Universities and Academical Degrees(1835).
[284]Henry Longueville Mansel (1820-1871), theologian and metaphysician, reader in theology at Magdalen College, Oxford (1855), and professor of ecclesiastical history and Dean of St. Paul's (1866). He wrote on metaphysics, and his Bampton Lectures (1858) were reprinted several times.
[285]"Hejus gave freely, gave freely. God is propitious, God is favorable to him who gives freely. God is honored with a banquet of eggs at the cross roads, the god of the world. God, with benignant spirit, desired in sacrifice a goat, a bull to be carried within the precincts of the holy place. God, twice propitiated, blesses the pit of the sacred libation."
[286]Eudoxus of Cnidus (408-355 B. C.) had much to do with the early scientific astronomy of the Greeks. The fifth book of Euclid is generally attributed to him. His astronomical works are known chiefly through the poetical version of Aratus mentioned in note 13, page 167.
[287]Simplicius, a native of Cilicia, lived in the 6th century of our era. He was driven from Athens by Justinian and went to Persia (531), but he returned later and had some fame as a teacher.
[288]See Vol. I, page 160, note 3 {348}.
[289]See Vol. I, page 76, note 3 {112}.
[290]"Through right and wrong."
[291]"It is therefore to arrive at this parallelism, or to preserve it, that Copernicus feared to be obliged to have recourse to this equal and opposite movement which destroys the effect which he attributed so freely to the first, of deranging the parallelism."
[292]A contemporary of Plato and a disciple of Aristotle.
[293]Meton's solstice, the beginning of the Metonic cycles, has been placed at 432 B. C. Ptolemy states that he made the length of the year 365¼ + 1/72 days.
[294]Aratus lived about 270 B. C., at the court of Antigonus of Macedonia, and probably practiced medicine there. He was the author of two astronomical poems, theΦαινόμενα, apparently based on the lost work of Eudoxus, and theΔιοσηεῖαbased on Aristotle'sMeteorologicaandDe Signis Ventorumof Theophrastus.
[295]"The nineteen (-year) cycle of the shining sun."
[296]Claudius Salmasius (1588-1653), or Claude Saumaise, was a distinguished classicist, and professor at the University of Leyden. The wordἠλείοιοmeans Elian, thus making the phrase refer to the brilliant one of Elis.
[297]Sir William Brown (1784-1864). In 1800 the family moved to Baltimore, and there the father, Alexander Brown, became prominent in the linen trade. William went to Liverpool where he acquired great wealth as a merchant and banker. He was made a baronet in 1863.
[298]Robert Lowe (1811-1892), viscount Sherbrooke, was a fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford (1835). He went to Australia in 1842 and was very successful at the bar. He returned to England in 1850 and became leader writer on theTimes. He was many years in parliament, and in 1880 was raised to the peerage.
[299]See Vol. I, page 42, note 4 {24}.
[300]Francis Walkingame (fl. about 1751-1785), whoseTutor's Assistantwent through many editions from 1751-1854.
[301]Davies Gilbert (1767-1839). His family name was Giddy, but he assumed his wife's name. He sat in parliament from 1806 to 1832. In 1819 he secured the establishment of the Cape of Good Hope observatory. He was Treasurer (1820-1827) and President (1827-1830) of the Royal Society.
[302]See Vol. I, page 55, note 2 {63}.
[303]Sir Jonathan Frederick Pollock (1783-1870) entered parliament in 1831 and was knighted in 1834.
[304]Joseph Hume (1777-1855) entered parliament in 1812 and for thirty years was leader of the Radical party.
[305]"What! when I say, 'Nicole, bring me my slippers,' is that prose?"
[306]Captain Basil Hall (1788-1844), a naval officer, carried on a series of pendulum observations in 1820-1822, while on a cruise of the west coast of North America. The results were published in 1823 in thePhilosophical Transactions. He also wrote two popular works on travel that went through numerous editions.
[307]Anthony Ashley Cooper (1801-1885), Earl of Shaftesbury. His name is connected with philanthropic work and factory legislation.
[308]See Vol. I, page 207, note 12 {469}.
[309]See Vol. I, page 80, note 5 {119}.
[310]Sir Thomas Maclear (1794-1879), an Irishman by birth, became Astronomer Royal at the Cape of Good Hope in 1833. He was an indefatigable observer. He was knighted in 1860.
[311]Thomas Romney Robinson (1792-1882), another Irish astronomer of prominence. He was a deputy professor at Trinity College, Dublin, but took charge of the Armagh observatory in 1823 and remained there until his death.
[312]Sir James South (1785-1867) was in early life a surgeon, but gave up his practice in 1816 and fitted up a private observatory. He contributed to the science of astronomy, particularly with respect to the study of double stars.
[313]Sir John Wrottesley (1798-1867), second Baron Wrottesley. Like Sir James South, he took up the study of astronomy after a professional career,—in his case in law. He built a private observatory in 1829 and made a long series of observations, publishing three star catalogues. He was president of the Astronomical Society from 1841 to 1843, and of the Royal Society from 1854 to 1857.
[314]He seems to have written nothing else.
[315]See Vol. II, page 68, note147.
[316]"The wills are free, and I wish neither the one nor the other."
[317]"The force of inertia conquered."
[318]Reddie also wroteThe Mechanics of the Heavens, referred to later in this work. He must not be confused with Judge James Reddie (1773-1852), of Glasgow, who wrote on international law, although this is done in the printed edition of the British Museum catalogue, for he is mentioned by De Morgan somewhat later as alive in 1862.
[319]Henry Dunning Macleod (1821-1902), a lawyer and writer on political economy, was a Scotchman by birth. He wrote on economical questions, and lectured on banking at Cambridge (1877) and at King's College, London (1878). He was a free lance in his field, and was not considered orthodox by the majority of economists of his time. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the chairs of political economy at Cambridge (1863), Edinburgh (1871), and Oxford (1888).
[320]See Vol. I, page 252, note 2 {576}.
[321]Francis Henry Laing (1816-1889) was a graduate of Queen's College, Cambridge, and a clergyman in the Church of England until 1846, when he entered the Church of Rome. He taught in various Jesuit colleges until 1862, when his eccentricity was too marked to warrant the Church in allowing him to continue. He published various controversial writings during his later years. Of course if he had known the works of Wessel, Gaus, Buée, Argand, and others, he would not have made such a sorry exhibition of his ignorance of mathematics.
[322]See Vol. I, page 329, note 1 {705}. The book went into a second edition in 1864.
[323]Thomas Weddle (1817-1853) was, at the time of publishing this paper, a teacher in a private school. In 1851 he became professor of mathematics at Sandhurst. He contributed several papers to theCambridge and Dublin Mathematical Journal, chiefly on geometry.
[324]See Vol. II, page 109, note205.
[325]See Vol. II, page 66, note143.
[326]See Vol. II, page 151, note268.
[327]George Barrett (1752-1821) worked from 1786 to 1811 on a set of life insurance and annuity tables. He invented a plan known as the "columnar method" for the construction of such tables, and as De Morgan states, this was published by Francis Baily, appearing in the appendix to his work on annuities, in the edition of 1813. Some of his tables were used in Babbage'sComparative View of the various Institutions for the Assurance of Lives(1826).
[328]See Vol. I, page 309, note 2 {670}.
[329]This was hisPractical short and direct Method of Calculating the Logarithm of any given Number, and the Number corresponding to any given Logarithm(1849).
[330]This is William Neile (1637-1670), grandson of Richard Neile (not Neal), Archbishop of York. At the age of 19, in 1657, he gave the first rectification of the semicubical parabola. Although he communicated it to Brouncker, Wren, and others, it was not published until 1639, when it appeared in John Wallis'sDe Cycloide.
[331]I myself "was a considerable part."
[332]He also wroteA Glance at the Universe("2d thousand" in 1862), andThe Resurrection Body(1869).
[333]See Vol. I, page 63, note 1 {74}.
[334]As Swift gave it in hisPoetry. A Rhapsody, it is as follows:
"So, naturalists observe, a fleaHas smaller fleas that on him prey;And these have smaller still to bite 'em.And so proceedad infinitum."
"So, naturalists observe, a fleaHas smaller fleas that on him prey;And these have smaller still to bite 'em.And so proceedad infinitum."
"So, naturalists observe, a flea
Has smaller fleas that on him prey;
And these have smaller still to bite 'em.
And so proceedad infinitum."
[335]Perhaps 1,600,000,000 years, if Boltwood's recent computations based on radium disintegration stand the test. This would mean, according to MacCurdy's estimate, 60,000,000 years since life first appeared on the earth.
[336]De Morgan wrote better than he knew, for this work, theAllgemeine Encyclopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste, begun at Leipsic in 1818, is still (1913) unfinished. Section I, A-G, consists of 99 parts in 56 volumes; Section II, H-N, consists of 43 volumes and is not yet completed; and Section III, O-Z, consists of 25 volumes thus far, with most of the work still to be done. Johann Samuel Ersch (1766-1828), the founder, was head librarian at Halle. Johann Gottfried Gruber (1774-1851), his associate, was professor of philosophy at the same university.
[337]William Howitt (1792-1879) was a poet, a spiritualist, and a miscellaneous writer. He and his wife became spiritualists about 1850. He wrote numerous popular works on travel, nature and history.
[338]See Vol. II, page 55, note108.
[339]As will be inferred from the text, C. D. was Mrs. De Morgan, and A. B. was De Morgan.
[340]Jean Meslier (1678-1733), curé of Estrepigny, in Champagne, was a skeptic, but preached only strict orthodoxy to his people. It was only in his manuscript,Mon Testament, that was published after his death, and that caused a great sensation in France, that his antagonism to Christianity became known.
[341]Baron Zach relates that a friend of his, in a writing intended for publication, saidUn esprit doit se frotter contre un autre. The censors struck it out. The Austrian police have a keen eye for consequences.—A. De M.
"One mind must rub against another." On Baron Zach, see Vol. II, page 45, note 4.
[342]Referring to the first Lord Eldon (1751-1838), who was Lord Chancellor from 1799 to 1827, with the exception of one year.
[343]"Sleeping power."
[344]"Causes sleep."
[345]Richard Hooker (c. 1554-1600), a theologian, "the ablest living advocate of the Church of England as by law established."
[346]See Vol. I, page 76, note 3 {112}.
[347]"Other I,"—other self.
[348]This "utter rejection" has been repeated (1872) by the same writer.—S. E. De M.
[349]Edward Jenner (1749-1823) was a physician and biologist. His first experiments in vaccination were made in 1796, and his discovery was published in 1798.
[350]See Vol. II, page 38, note80.
[351]"You will go most safely in the middle (way)."
[352]Pierre Joseph Arson was known early in the 19th century for his controversy with Hoëné Wronski the mathematician, whom he attacked in hisDocument pour l'histoire des grands fourbes qui ont figuré sur la terre(1817-1818).
[353]"We enter the course by night and are consumed by fire."
[354]See Vol. I, page 51, note 3 {51}.
[355]See Vol. I, page 336, note 8 {713}.
[356]See Vol. I, page 137, note 8 {286}.
[357]See Vol. I, page 229, note 2 {515}.
[358]Richard Cobden (1804-1865), the cotton manufacturer and statesman who was prominent in his advocacy of the repeal of the Corn Laws.
[359]James Smith (1775-1839), solicitor to the Board of Ordnance. With his brother Horatio he wrote numerous satires. HisHorace in London(1813) imitated the Roman poet. His works were collected and published in 1840.
[360]Samuel Butler (1612-1680), the poet and satirist, author ofHudibras(1663-1678).
[361]"Is it not fine to be sure of one's action when entering in a combat with another? There, push me a little in order to see.Nicole.Well! what's the matter?M. Jourdain.Slowly. Ho there! Ho! gently. Deuce take the rascal!Nicole.You told me to push.M. Jourdain.Yes, but you pushed meen tierce, before you pusheden quarte, and you did not give me time to parry."
[362]John Abernethy (1764-1831), the famous physician and surgeon.
[363]See Vol. I, page 102, note 5 {175}.
[364]"With what measure ye mete, it shall be measured to you again."
[365]Eusebius of Cæsarea (c. 260-340), leader of the moderate party at the Council of Nicæa, and author of aHistory of the Christian Churchin ten books (c. 324 A. D.).
[366]Nathaniel Lardner (1684-1768), a non-conformist minister and one of the first to advocate the scientific study of early Christian literature.
[367]Henry Alford (1810-1871) Dean of Canterbury (1857-1871) and editor of the Greek Testament (1849-1861).
[368]The work wasThe Number and Names of the Apocalyptic Beasts: with an explanation and application. Part I.London, 1848, as mentioned below. Thom also wroteThe Assurance of Faith, or Calvinism identified with Universalism(London, 1833), and various other religious works.
[369]See Vol. I, page 222, note 14 {490}.
[370]John Hamilton Thom (1808-1894) was converted to Unitarianism and was long a minister in that church, preaching in the Renshaw Street Chapel from 1831 to 1866. De Morgan refers to the Liverpool Unitarian controversy conducted by James Martineau and Henry Giles in response to a challenge by thirteen Anglican Clergy. In 1839 Thom contributed four lectures and a letter to this controversy. Among his religious works were aLife of Blanco White(1845) andHymns, Chants, and Anthems(1854).
[371]The spelling of these names is occasionally changed to meet the condition that the numerical value of the letters shall be 666, "the number of the beast" of Revelations. The names include Julius Cæsar; Valerius Jovius Diocletianus (249-313), emperor from 287 to 305, persecutor of the Christians; Louis, presumably Louis XIV; Gerbert (940-1003), who reigned as Pope Sylvester II from 999 to 1003, known to mathematicians for his abacus and his interest in geometry, and accused by his opponents as being in league with the devil; Linus, the second Bishop of Rome, the successor of Peter; Camillo Borghese (1552-1621), who reigned as Pope Paul V from 1605 to 1621, and who excommunicated all Venice in 1606 for its claim to try ecclesiastics before lay tribunals, thus taking a position which he was forced to abandon; Luther, Calvin; Laud (see Vol. I, page 145, note 7 {307}); Genseric (c. 406-477), king of the Vandals, who sacked Rome in 455 and persecuted the orthodox Christians in Africa; Boniface III, who was pope for nine months in 606; Beza (see Vol. I, page 66, note 6 {83}); Mohammed;βρασκι, who was Giovanni Angelo Braschi (1717-1799), and who reigned as Pope Pius VI from 1775 to 1799, dying in captivity because he declined to resign his temporal power to Napoleon; Bonaparte; and, underΙον Παυνε, possibly Pope John XIV, who reigned in 983 and 984 during the absence of Boniface VII in Constantinople.
[372]The Greek words and names are also occasionally misspelled so as to fit them to the number 666. They areΛατεινος(Latin),ἡ λατινη βασιλεια(the Latin kingdom),ἐκκλησια ἰταλικα(the Italian Church),εὐανθας(blooming),τειταν(Titan),ἀρνουμε(renounce),λαμπετις(the lustrous),ὁ νικητης(conqueror),κακος ὁδηγος(bad guide),ἀληθης βλαβερος(truthful harmful one),παλαι βασκανος(a slanderer of old),ἀμνος ἀδικος(unmanageable lamb),ἀντεμος(Antemos),γενσηρικος(Genseric),εὐινας(with stout fibers),Βενεδικτος(Benedict),Βονιβαζιος γ. παπα ξ. η. ε. ε. α.(Boniface III, pope 68, bishop of bishops I),οὐλπιος(baneful),διος εἰμι ἡ ἡρας(I, a god, am the),ἡ μισσα ἡ παπικη(the papal brief),λουθερανα(Lutheran),σαξονειος(Saxon),Βεζζα αντιθεος(Beza antigod),ἡαλαζονειαβιου(the illusion of life),Μαομετις(Mahomet);Μαομετης β.(Mahomet II),θεος εἰμι ἐπι γαιης(I am lord over the earth),ἰαπετος(Iapetos, father of Atlas),παπεισκος(Papeiskos),διοκλασιανος(Diocletian),χεινα(Cheina = Cain? China?),βρασκι(Braschi, as explained in note 10),Ιον Παυνε(Paunian violet, but see note 10),κουποκς(cowpox),Βοννεπαρτη(Bonneparte),Ν. Βονηπαρτε(N. Boneparte),εὐπορια(facility),παραδοσις(surrender),το μεγαθηριον(the megathereum, the beast).
[373]James Wapshare, whoseHarmony of the Word of God in Spirit and in Truthappeared in 1849.
[374]The literature relating to theSwastikais too extended to permit of any adequate summary in these notes.
[375]Henry Edward Manning (1808-1892), at first an Anglican clergyman, he became a Roman Catholic priest in 1851, and became Cardinal in 1875. He succeeded Cardinal Wiseman as Archbishop of Westminster in 1865. He wrote a number of religious works.
[376]John Bright (1811-1889), Quaker, cotton manufacturer, and statesman. He worked with Cobden for free trade, peace, and reform of the electorate.
[377]"The fallacy of many questions."
[378]William Wilberforce (1759-1833), best known for his long fight for the abolition of the slave trade.
[379]Richard Martin (1754-1834), high sheriff of County Galway and owner of a large estate in Connemara. Curiously enough, he was known both for his readiness in duelling and for his love for animals. He was known as "Humanity Martin," and in 1822 secured the passage of an act "to prevent the cruel and improper treatment of cattle." He was one of the founders (1824) of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. He is usually considered the original of Godfrey O'Malley in Lever's novel,Charles O'Malley.
[380]See Vol. I, page 149, note 1 {323}, also text on same page.
[381]See Vol. I, page 44, note 9 {34}, also text, Vol. I, page 110.
[382]"Penitential seat."
[383]"Well placed upon the cushion."
[384]See Vol. II, page 58, note109.
[385]"He has lost the right of being influenced by evidence."
[386]"Hung up."
[387]"A few things to the wise, nothing to the unlettered."
[388]The fallacy results from dividing both members of an equation by 0,x- 1 being the same as 1 - 1, and calling the quotients finite.
[389]"If you order him to the sky he will go."
[390]Similia similibus curanter, "Like cures like," the homeopathic motto.
[391]"Without harm to the proprieties."
[392]"What are you doing? I am standing here."
[393]Lors feist l'Anglois tel signe. La main gausche toute ouverte il leva hault en l'aer, puis ferma au poing les quatres doigtz d'icelle et le poulce estendu assit sus la pinne du nez. Soubdain après leva la dextre toute ouverte, et toute ouverte la baissa, joignant la poulce au lieu que fermait le petit doigt de la gausche, et les quatre doigtz d'icelle mouvoit lentement en l'aer. Puis au rebours feit de la dextre ce qu'il avoit faict de la gausche, et de la gausche ce que avoit faict de la dextre.—A. De M.
[394]Suaviter in modo, fortiter in re, "Gentle in manners, firm in action."
[395]See Vol. I, page 101, note 4 {174}.
[396]See Vol. I, page 315, note 3 {686}.
[397]Henry Fawcett (1833-1884) became totally blind in 1858, but in spite of this handicap he became professor of political economy at Cambridge and sat in parliament for a number of years. He championed the cause of reform and in particular he was prominent in the protection of the native interests of India. The establishing of the parcels post (1882) took place while he was postmaster general (1880-1884).
[398]Of course the whole thing depends upon what definition of division is taken. We can multiply 2 ft. by 3 ft. if we define multiplication so as to allow it, or 2 ft. by 3 lb, getting foot-pounds, as is done in physics.
[399]Richard Milward (1609-1680), for so the name is usually given, was rector of Great Braxted (Essex) and canon of Windsor. He was long the amanuensis of John Selden, and theTable Talkwas published nine years after Milward's death, from notes that he left. Some doubt has been cast upon the authenticity of the work owing to many of the opinions that it ascribes to Selden.
[400]John Selden (1584-1654) was a jurist, legal antiquary, and Oriental scholar. He sat in the Long Parliament, and while an advocate of reform he was not an extremist. He was sent to the Tower for his support of the resolution against "tonnage and poundage," in 1629. HisHistory of Tythes(1618) was suppressed at the demand of the bishops. HisDe Diis Syriis(1617) is still esteemed a classic on Semitic mythology.
[401]See Vol. I, page 42, note 4 {24}.
[402]See Vol. II, page 249, note398.
[403]John Palmer (1742-1818) was a theatrical manager. In 1782 he set forth a plan for forwarding the mails by stage coaches instead of by postmen. Pitt adopted the plan in 1784. Palmer was made comptroller-general of the post office in 1786 and was dismissed six years later for arbitrarily suspending a deputy. He had been verbally promised 2½% on the increased revenue, but Pitt gave him only a pension of £3000. In 1813 he was awarded £50,000 in addition to his pension.
[404]Dionysius Lardner (1793-1859), professor of natural philosophy in London University (now University College). HisCabinet Cyclopædia(1829-1849) contained 133 volumes. De Morgan wrote on probabilities, and Lardner on various branches of mathematics, and there were many other well-known contributors. Lardner is said to have made $200,000 on a lecture tour in America.
[405]Thomas Fysche Palmer (1747-1802) joined the Unitarians in 1783, and in 1785 took a charge in Dundee. He was arrested for sedition because of an address that it was falsely alleged that he gave before a society known as the "Friends of Liberty." As a matter of fact the address was given by an uneducated weaver, and Palmer was merely asked to revise it, declining to do even this. Nevertheless he was sentenced to Botany Bay (1794) for seven years. The trial aroused great indignation.
[406]See Vol. I, page 80, note 5 {119}.
[407]See Vol. II, page 244, note394.
[408]See Vol. I, page 352, note 1 {731}.
[409]See Vol. I, page 332, note 4 {709}.
[410]"The lawyers are brought into court; let them accuse each other."
[411]Samuel Rogers (1763-1855), the poet and art connoisseur. He declined the laureateship on the death of Wordsworth (1850). Byron, his pretended friend, wrote a lampoon (1818) ridiculing his cadaverous appearance.
[412]Theodore Edward Hook (1788-1841), the well-known wit. He is satirized as Mr. Wagg inVanity Fair. TheJohn Bullwas founded in 1820 and Hook was made editor.
[413]"On pitying the heretic."
[414]A term of medieval logic. Barbara: All M is P, all S is M, hence all S is P. Celarent: No M is P, all S is M, hence no S is P.
[415]"Simply," "According to which," "It does not follow."
[416]