Footnotes.1–“Ancient Empires of the East,”p.95.Pliny,N. H.,VI.130.2–“Lippincott’s Gazetteer,” 1881.3–Pronounced Moo-rad’-chi (chias in China).4–Geikie,Vol. I.,p.108.5–“Wo lag das Paradies?”Dr.Delitzsch.6–Of this manuscript we shall give a description hereafter, as also of the Septuagint.7–Schumann’s “Commentary on Genesis.”8–Schaff’s “Bible Dictionary,”p.184.9–Translation of Society of Biblical Archæology,Vol. IV.,p.315.10–Eichhorn’s “Einleitung,”Vol. I.,p.90. Geikie,Vol. I.,p.83.11–W. F. Wilkinson, “Personal Names in the Bible,”p.10.12–Delitzsch, “Chaldæan Genealogy,”p.304.13–Wilkinson,p.15.14–Trench, “Study of Words.”15–Geikie.16–Copper is as abundant now as then. There is quite a trade in copper between Bagdad and Bassora near the head of the Persian Gulf. All household utensils are made of copper. When Xenophon arrived with his Ten Thousand, B. C. 400, in this region (in his time it was called the land of the Carduchi) he was astonished at the quantity of metallic utensils. Lenormant, “Ancient History of the East,”Vol. II.,p.203.17–Rawlinson, “The Five Great Monarchies,”Vol. I.,p.98.18–Perrot & Chipiez, “Art in Chaldæa.”19–See “Speaker’s Commentary,”Vol. I.,p.62. Geikie,Vol. I.,p.184.20–See Vigouroux and Lenormant, as quoted by Geikie,Vol. I.,p.86.21–So Schrader in Geikie,Vol. I.,p.208.22–Osborn’s “Manual of Biblical Geography.”23–Full references in Bochart’s “Geography,”pp.192, 193.24–Schrader in Geikie,Vol. I.,p.234.25–Bochart, “Geog. Sac.,”p.157.26–Ibid.,p.586.27–“Études de l’antiquité historique.” Paris, 1873.28–Geikie,p.234,Vol. I.29–Lenormant,Vol. II., “Ancient History of the East,”p.236.30–Some have recently offered a new reading of this text, as follows: “From that land he [Nimrod] went into Assyria;” but, beside what has been above said, Rosenmüller observes that if this had been the meaning the Hebrew would have been different. We may add that the Septuagint translators understood it as it is in our English version, that it was not Nimrod, but Asshur, who built Nineveh.31–It has been supposed by some that the word “Rehoboth” does not refer to a city, but to the “wide street” of Nineveh. The term is used in that sense in an inscription of Esar-haddon, in which he says that he paraded the heads of two kings of Sidon through (Rehoboth) “the streets” of Nineveh. W. A. I.,Vol. I.,p.45; in “History of Esar-haddon,” Budge, 1881,p.41.32–Herodotus,Vol. II.,p.121.33–Geikie,Vol. I.,p.247.34–More fully spoken of page 69.35–The hieratic is written from right to left, as is the Phœnician. See Sayce’s “Ancient Empires of the East,” Scribner, 1886,p.84.36–Bertheau, as quoted by Geikie,Vol. I.,p.251, and Lenormant,Vol. II.,p.144.37–Job 41:6;Prov.31:24, where the word “merchant” is Canaanite in the Hebrew.38–“Antiquities,”Vol. I.,§6:4.39–Maclear,p.24.40–Oppert, “Journal Asiatique,”Vol. X.,p.220;Vol. IX.,p.503. Lenormant, “Langue Primitive de la Chaldée,”p.355. Geikie,Vol. I.,p.291.41–Lenormant, “Ancient History of the East,”p.445.42–Geikie,Vol. I.,p.274.43–“PræpEvang.,”IX., 17. Geikie,Vol. I.,p.295.44–A. H. Sayce in the “Hibbert Lectures,” 1887. See also in “Old Testament Student,” 1887,p.134.45–Sayce, translation as referred to in previous note.46–See Herzog, article “Ur.”47–Pronouncedha´-i.48–Pronounceda´-i.49–Hale’s date is B. C. 2078.50–Gen.16:7; 20:1; 25:18;Exod.15:22;1 Sam.15:7; 27:8. Shur means “wall.”51–Pronounced Ke´-ops.52–Wilkinson’s date is B. C. 1532, but Brugsch gives it as B. C. 1433.53–Sir Henry Rawlinson.54–“La Langue Primitive,”p.376; in Tomkin’s “Times of Abraham,”p.181.55–Bir es Seba in the Arabic is the same as Beersheba in the Hebrew.56–Sayce, “Ancient Empires,”p.200.57–We have mentioned them on page 37.58–Fourth memoir of “The Egypt Exploration Fund,” 1887,p.15.59–Osborn’s “Ancient Egypt in the Light of Modern Discovery,”p.82.60–Ebers’ “Konigstöchter,”Vol. I.,p.22 in the note, 40.61–Geikie,Vol. I.,p.468.62–See Geikie,Vol. I.,p.462.63–For illustrations of this fact see “Ancient Empires of the East,” Sayce. Preface.64–Dynasty was the term given to kings of the same family or blood relations.65–This view appears to be the correct one, although there is some variation of opinion.66–Gray’s “Connection between Sacred and Heathen Authors,”p.563. Longinus “On the Sublime.”67–Lepsius in Geikie,Vol. II.,p.384.68–Supposed to have been Debir, south of Hebron.69–Wilkinson in Tomkins’ “Studies of the Times of Abraham,”p.86.70–Tomkins,p.86.71–Odyssey, BookII.,l.521. Gladstone’s “Hom. Synchron.”pp.174, 182.72–Now called Ain es Sultan.73–Ussher’s time as in the margin of our Bibles.74–The Talmud is described hereafter.75–Bishop Horsley.76–Deut.27:12; 11:30;Num.34:13–29;Exod.21:13;Num.35:6, 11, 14;Deut.19:2, 9.77–The affix “im” to a word was equivalent to the lettersin English.78–Lenormant,Vol. II.,p.223.79–Geikie,Vol. II.,p.466.80–Meaning “hamstrung.” Our version puts horses in italics, showing that it is not in the original.81–Browne in “Ordo Sæculorum,”Vol. I.,chap.5,sec.3.82–For another solution of the chronology of this period see the “Old Testament Student,” January, 1884.83–The place where the courts were held.84–Burckhardt’s “Travels,”p.339.85–Osburn’s “Ancient Egypt,”p.138. London. Samuel Bagster & Sons.86–The place assigned as probable, namely, Astug, is an impossible site, for Ziklag after the Captivity is located between Beersheba and Jerusalem, and Astug was at that time too far off for settlement by returned captives.87–1Kings 11:42.88–“Antiquities,”IX., 11:1.89–Strabo,XV., 1:6. Geikie,Vol. V.,p.339.90–Jer.48:40; 49:22.91–Ezek.17:3.92–Lenormant, “Ancient History of the East,” 475, in remarkable corroboration of2Kings 24:7.93–Also spelled Mizpeh, the meaning beingwatch-tower.94–1Kings 12:28.95–Under the title of Apis; Greek, Ser-apis, for Osiris-Apis.96–Ecclus.36:15 and Maccabees 9:27; 14:41.97–T. G. Pinches, in “Trans. Soc.of Biblical Archæology,” May, 1884. Same as Tiglath-pileser,2Kings 15:29.98–Lenormant andChev., “Ancient History of the East,”p.392.99–Lenormant, 392.100–Idem, 604.101–Lenormant etc., “Ancient History of the East,”p.406. Geikie’s date would make it too late, see authorities in Geikie,V.,p.91., and for the translation of cylinders, “History of Esar-haddon,” Budge, 1881, Boston, Osgood &Co.,p.103.102–See Rawlinson’s “Five Great Monarchies,”II.,p.477, English Edition; also Maclear’s “Old Testament History,”p.445.103–Such as Psalms 79, 102, 126, 137, and others.104–Their tendencies were idolatrous from the beginning,1King 14:15. For the comparative morality seep.150.105–It is not probable that he went to Babylon, but his prophecies were taken there,Dan.9:2;Jer.29.106–The discussion of this matter of Darius ofDan.5:31 may be found in “Translations of the Society of Biblical Archæology,”VI.,pp.1–133; also in Geikie,Vol. VI.,p.398.107–Some remained in Palestine.108–“Old Testament History,” Maclear,p.476. Ezra 8.109–According to Ussher.110–Zech.1:1.111–“The Book of Esther,” by Haley, Andover, 1885.112–Full description by Dr. M. Jastrow, Jr., “Sunday-school Times,” Philadelphia, November 17, 1888.113–For the critical account, see “The Book of Esther,” by Haley, Andover, 1885. More recently, “Harper’s Monthly,” June, 1887. “Revue des Etudes Juives,” Avril–Juin, 1888. “Sunday-school Times.” November 17, 1888.114–Geo.Rawlinson, “The Religions of the Ancient World,”p.79.115–Idem,p.86; the utmost that was allowed was the emblem of the winged circle.116–Keil’s “Comments on Esther,”p.309, “Book of Esther,” Haley,p.81.117–Chiefly on the authority of A. H. Sayce, “The Ancient Empires of the East.”118–According to Josephus.119–“Introduction to Hebrew Literature,” J. W. Etheridge,M.A., London, 1856,p.20.120–B. C. 291, Maclear’s “New Testament History,”p.11; and B. C. 310–290, Westcott’s “Bible in the Church,”p.300.121–Macc.2:13.122–For proofs of spiritual activity of this period, B. C. 536, read Ezra 6:16–22. That they had the prophets Haggai and Zechariah with them, read 6:14. That they were ready to worship God anywhere before they had a temple, 3:1–6. That they called Ezra and caused him to read and explain the Law to them,Neh.8:1,etc.123–Jos., Contra Apion,lib. I., 8.Euseb., “Eccl.History,”lib. III.,chap.10. Josephus lived in the time of the apostles. He was born A. D. 37 and died after A. D. 97 and made this statement 400 years after the Canon, or list, had been closed.124–These men gave rise to a class of writings called “Interpretations,” or in their language Targums, which are also explanations as well as interpretations, and give the ideas of the earliest writers upon Scripture.125–Prideaux, PartI., Book 5.126–What is called the Samaritan translation is a translation of this Pentateuch into the Samaritan language and is not the Samaritan Pentateuch.127–The proofs of the use of the square Hebrew since Ezra are found given in Conder’s “Handbook to the Bible” (Gemara, Sanhedrin,f.21, 22),p.174. “Horne’sIntrod.”II.,p.12–17 for the versions of the Pentateuch (Samaritan), Smith’s “Dictionary of the Bible,”Vol. III.128–In the time of Darius Nothus, B. C. 409, so Prideaux says, “Connection,”Vol. I.,pp.357–359.129–This is the date of his visit to Jerusalem and profanation of the Temple. Clinton in Woodward and Cates.130–Prideaux, PartII., Book 3.131–In Babylon, but formerly in Palestine into 153, for three years’ reading. “The New Testament Scriptures,” Charteris,p.17. Etheridge, “Introduction to Hebrew Literature,”p.201.132–The year was not so determined in that era that the same number of weeks, or Sabbaths, would always occur one year with another, some years having as many as fifty-four Sabbaths, or thirteen months. Ayres’ Dictionary, “Chronology.”133–“Talmud,” Berokoth, 12; Etheridge, “Introduction to Hebrew Literature,”p.201.134–Westcott, “Bible in the Church,”p.29.135–Westcott,p.36.136–“The Book of Esther,” Andover, 1885.p.18.137–Described hereafter,p.204.138–The Septuagint gave it the name “Numbers,” but the English is the translation of the Greek, but in the other case the Greek words are used in English letters.139–The “Book of the Dead” is found in more than one copy, though originally one, having been added to—hence we use the plural term. Called also “Ritual of the Dead.” Rawlinson’s “Religions of the Ancient World,”p.26, note.140–Baedeker’s “Egypt,”p.210.141–Prideaux states that there were 100,000 Jews in Alexandria at this time, B. C. 270.142–Both Josephus and Philo gave descriptions of this class of Jews under the name of Essenes, holy men. See Prideaux, PartII.,Bk.5, also Etheridge’s “Introduction to Hebrew Literature,”p.21.143–“Introduction to Hebrew Literature,” Etheridge,p.29.144–See Parkhurst’s Lexicon, “Sanhedrin,”p.825.145–“Introduction to Hebrew Literature,” Etheridge,p.29.146–Etheridge, “Introduction to Jewish Literature,”p.88. Jerusalem was destroyed and the Temple burned A. D. 70.147–Simon Ben Yochai, time of the Emperor Antonine. “Introduction to Hebrew Literature,”p.82.148–He was head of the Sanhedrin B. C. 32. “Introduction to Hebrew Literature,”p.37.149–In the Gamara, tract Sanhedrin,fol.21, 22, Conder’s “Handbook,”p.174.150–As seen in the inscription in the Siloam tunnel, “Echoes of Bible History,” Bishop Walsh,p.282.151–Conder’s “Handbook to the Bible,” London, 1887,p.173.152–Recently discovered byDr.Ginsburg, in British Museum.153–Bishop Walsh’s “Echoes of Bible History,”p.257.154–The books are “Jasher,”Josh.10:13;2 Sam.1:18; “The Acts of Solomon,”1Kings 11:41; “The Book of Nathan,”1 Chron.29:29;2 Chron.9:29; “The Prophecy of Ahijah, the Shilonite,” and “Iddo” (Yeddo), “the Seer, against Jeroboam,”2 Chron.9:29; “The Book of Shemaiah;” “The Book of Jehu,” the son of Hanani,2 Chron.12:15; 20:34; “The Sayings of the Seers,”2 Chron.33:19; and the “Lamentations over Josiah,” which are not the same as those over Jerusalem which we have in the Old Testament.155–Josephus’ “Antiquities,”lib.13,ch.18. Prideaux,B. II.,ch.5.,p.31.156–Bloomfield’s “Notes,”Matt.1:1.157–Palestine Exploration Fund Map; but Baedeker 1,788ft.158–See the full references and statements in Maclear’s “New Testament History,”p.134. Merivale shows that Cyrenius was twice governor of Syria, and the Greek wordπρώτηmay refer to the first time, or the enrolment. See also Bloomfield’s “Notes on the New Testament,” Luke 2. “The whole world” is a term frequently used when only all that land and no more was meant. Thus in2 Sam.24:8, in the Hebrew, “the whole world” meant, evidently, the whole of that land only. So in Acts 11:28; 17:6; the phrase was used in either way as including only the entire Syria or Judæa to a Jew, or, to a Roman citizen, it was the Roman Empire.159–Gen.49:10.160–As shown in Prideaux’s “Connection.”161–This place was then in Gaul, now called France.162–“Wars of the Jews,”VI.,§9:3.163–Bloomfield, John 2:14, note.164–Herod Antipas, son of Herod the Great by Malthace. See the Table,p.229.165–Bloomfield, Notes inMatt.9:9.166–Quarterly Statement of the Palestine Exploration.167–Died A. D. 420.168–Murray’s “Handbook,” 1875,p.408.169–Baedeker’s “Palestine and Syria,”p.374.170–Merrill, “Galilee in the time of Christ,”p.48.171–Herodotus, 3:20, and Athen.,p.268.172–Bloomfield, “Notes,”Matt.26:7.173–Idyll15, line 114; Parkhurst,Lex., 5; Bloomfield, Luke 8:1.174–Josephus, “Antiquities,”XVII., 2:2.175–Ellicott, 333, in Maclear’s “Class Book of the New Testament,”p.149.176–Prideaux, “Connection,”II., 9,p.379.177–“Antiquities,”XVIII., 3:2.178–Pausanias,V., 12:12, in Bloomfield’s “Notes,”Matt.27:51.179–As mentioned, “Iliad,”III.,l.315, 316,etc.“Iliad,”VII.,l.175, 176,etc.180–Conybeare and Howson’s, “Life and Travels of St. Paul,”CXIV.181–John 21:2, 3.182–Sebaste being the Greek form of the word Augustus.183–Acts 6:5.184–Baedeker,p.317.185–Josephus’ “Antiquities,”XIX., 1:11, and Maclear’s “New Testament History,”p.394.186–These cohorts are mentioned by Arrian; see authority in Bloomfield’s “Notes,” Acts 10:1.187–Maclear, “New Testament History,”p.403, note.188–Tac., “Ann.,” 12:13; Josephus, “Antiquities,”III., 15:3;XX., 2:5. The famine here foretold took place in Judæa A. D. 44, in the fourth year of Claudius. Josephus, “Antiquities,”XIX., 7:2.189–Merivale,VI., 116, 117. Cassius Longinus was now appointed, A. D. 44, to the presidency of Syria, and Cuspius Fadus was appointed governor of Judæa, Josephus, “Antiquities,”XIX., 9:2;XX., 1:1. See Maclear, “New Testament History,”p.409.190–For authorities and more minute description see Conder’s “Handbook to the Bible,”p.301,seq.For Galilee see Merrill’s “Galilee in the time of Christ.”191–Lightfoot “On the Galatians,”p.285. Maclear, “New Testament History,”p.40.192–There was a remarkable influx of Oriental sorcerers, astrologers, and soothsayers at this time into Rome and other cities, as Conybeare and Howson show,Vol. I.,p.141.193–Walpole, “Travels in the East,”p.222.194–Conybeare and Howson place Adana and Ægæ on the course, but Adana is thought to have been planted by Justinian, and Ægæ if at Aias, 35 miles southeast of Adana on the coast, was too far out of the way.195–Not the Laodicea of Scripture.196–Strabo, 12; died A. D. 25; Claudian in “Eutropius,” 2, A. D. 395.197–Conybeare and Howson,Vol. I.,pp.440–444, second edition.198–Ayres’ Dictionary, “Athens.”199–See account in Lippincott’s “Gazetteer.”200–To the Church at Thessalonica.201–As an educated Greek lady wrote it for the author,Κεχριαῖς.202–Pliny, 36,chap.14; Strabo, 12 and 14; Mela,etc.203–Mucianus, A. D. 75, says that in his time the woodwork appeared as new, though nearly 400 years old. Tristram, “Seven Churches of Asia,”p.14.204–Judæos impulsore Chresto assidué tumultuantes Româ expulit. Suetonius, Claudian, 25.205–Strabo,XIV.,chap.1.206–PlinyV.,chap.31.207–Even in the time of Homer, Iliad,IV., 141.208–Strabo,XIII.,chap.4,§4.209–Tristram, “Seven Churches.”210–StraboXIII.,chap.4,§10.211–“Annals,”Vol. II.,p.47.