FOOTNOTES:

FOOTNOTES:[1]Translated from the Dutch of Prof. J. H. Scholten, by F.T. Washburn. This constitutes the first part of Prof. Scholten's History of Religion and Philosophy. (Geschiedenis der Godsdienst en Wijsbegeerte.) Third edition. Leyden, 1863. Of this work there is a translation in French by M. Albert Réville (Paris, 1861); but this translation, which was made from an earlier edition, is very defective in the first part, Prof. Scholten having added a great deal in his last edition. There is also a translation of it in German, by D.E.R. Redepenning (Elberfeld, 1868). This German translation has been revised and enlarged by Prof. Scholten, and is therefore superior in some respects to the original Dutch. The present translation has been revised upon it.[2]According to Buusen 3000 or 2500 B.C., Haug 2000 B.C., Max Müller 1200 B.C., Max Duncker 1300 or 1250 B.C., and according to Rœth. I. p. 348, who still puts Vistaspa before Darius Hystaspes, between 589 and 512 B.C.[3]The doctrine of theZervana akarana(infinite time) as the original One, from which the opposition between Ormuzd and Ahriman was held to spring, dates from a later period.[4]Ζευς κελαινεφης, αιδερι ναιων, νεφληγερετα Ζευς, Ηρη βυωπις, γλαυκωπις Αδηυη.[5]Of the Germans Tacitus writes,Germ., c. 9, "Eos nec cohibere parietibus Deos neque in ullam humanioris speciem assimilare, ex magnitudine cœlestium arbitrantur. Lucos ac nemora consecrant deorumque nominibus appellant secretum illud, quod sola reverentia vident."[6]Among the Roman writers who furnish us with information upon the religion of the Germans, Tacitus deserves mention, in his "Germania," as well as in his "Annales"passim. The chief source with regard to the Norse religion is the older Edda, under the title "Edda Sæmundar hin Froda."[7]Numb. xxii. 41; xxiii. 28; 2 Kings, xxiii. 5.[8]Judges, ii. 13; 1 Sam. vii. 4; xii. 10; 1 Kings, xi. 5, 7, 33; 2 Kings, xxiii. 13; Jer. vii. 18; xliv. 17, 19.[9]Levit. xviii. 21; xx. 2; 2 Kings, iii. 26, 27; xvi. 3; xxiii. 10; Ps. cvi. 38; Jer. vii. 31; xix. 5; xxxii. 35; Micah, vi. 7; Ezek. xv. 4, 6; [?] xvi. 20, Comp. I Kings, xviii: 28.[10]Numb. xxv. 1,et seq; Josh. xxii. 17; Baruch, vi. 41, 43.[11]Judges, vi. 32. and elsewhere.[12]1 Chron. viii. 33; ix. 39.[13]1 Chron. viii. 34; ix. 40.[14]2 Sam. xi. 21.[15]2 Sam. ii. 8, and elsewhere.[16]2 Sam. iv. 4, and elsewhere.[17]Judges, viii. 33; ix. 4. Comp. with ix. 46.[18]1 Chron. xiv. 7.[19]1 Chron. iii. 8; 2 Sam. v. 16.[20]Gen. xxii.[21]Gen. xvii. 23-27.[22]Ex. iv. 24-26.[23]Ex. xiii. 2, 12-16; xxii. 28, 29; xxx. 11-16; xxxiv. 19, 20.[24]Gen. xv. 17; Ex. iii. 2; xix. 16-18; xxiv. 17; xl. 38; Levit. x. 2; Numb. xvi. 35; Deut. iv. 15, 24; v. 24, 25.[25]1 Kings, vii. 25, 29.[26]Ex. xxvii. 2.[27]Comp. Ezek. i. 10; x. 14.[28]1 Kings, xviii. 23.[29]1 Kings, xi. 5; 2 Kings, xvi. 3; xxi. 3; xxiii. 4,et seq; 2 Chron. xxxiii. 3; Ezek. xvi. 20, 21; Jer. xix. 5.[30]Amos. v. 25, 26.[31]Judges, xi. 30-40.[32]Ex. xxxii. 27-29; Numb. xxv. 4.[33]2 Sam. xxi. 1-14.[34]1 Kings, iii. 2; xi. 7; 2 Kings, xii. 3; xiv. 4; xvii. 11; xviii. 4; xxiii. 5, 19; 2 Chron. xxi. 11.[35]2 Chron. xxxiv. 3; Ezek. vi. 3; xx. 28.[36]1 Kings, xii. 28, 33. Comp. Ex. xxxii. 4, 19.[37]Levit. xviii. 21; xx. 2; Deut. xii. 31.[38]Gen. xxiv, xxviii.[39]Gen. xiv. 18-20; xx. 3, 4.[40]Gen. xxxi. 19, 30,et seq; xxxv. 2-4; Joshua, xxiv. 2, 14.[41]Judges, xviii. 14,et seq; 1 Sam. xix. 13; 2 Kings, xviii. 4; Ezek. xx. 7.[42]Ex. iii. 13,et seq; vi. 2.[43]Ex. xx. 2, 3.[44]Ex. viii. 10; xv. 11; xviii. 11; xx. 3.[45]Deut vi. 4; iv. 28, 35; xxxii. 39; Isaiah, xliv. 6, 8; xlv. 5, 6.[46]Amos, vii. 14.[47]Isa. i. 11-18; Jer. vii. 21-23.[48]Dutch,zelfstandigheid, literally, self-existence; without an equivalent, as far as I know, in vernacular English.—Tr.[49]Zelfstandigheid, again, expressing objective existence, reality, independent of subjective thought or feeling.—Tr.[50]Jer. xxxi. 31,et seq; Isa. ii. 2-4; Amos, ix. 12; Isa. xxv. 6; lii. 15; lvi. 6, 7; lxvi. 23; Zech. viii. 23; xiv. 9, 16.[51]Isa. liii.[52]Job i, ii.—Tr.[53]The most original sources of the Christian religion are the Synoptic Gospels, in which, however, criticism must distinguish between the older and later portions. The fourth Gospel is marked by a more profound speculation upon the person and the work of Christ, by which the Christian mind freed itself entirely from the Jewish forms in which Jesus, as a popular teacher in Israel, had set forth his doctrine.

[1]Translated from the Dutch of Prof. J. H. Scholten, by F.T. Washburn. This constitutes the first part of Prof. Scholten's History of Religion and Philosophy. (Geschiedenis der Godsdienst en Wijsbegeerte.) Third edition. Leyden, 1863. Of this work there is a translation in French by M. Albert Réville (Paris, 1861); but this translation, which was made from an earlier edition, is very defective in the first part, Prof. Scholten having added a great deal in his last edition. There is also a translation of it in German, by D.E.R. Redepenning (Elberfeld, 1868). This German translation has been revised and enlarged by Prof. Scholten, and is therefore superior in some respects to the original Dutch. The present translation has been revised upon it.

[2]According to Buusen 3000 or 2500 B.C., Haug 2000 B.C., Max Müller 1200 B.C., Max Duncker 1300 or 1250 B.C., and according to Rœth. I. p. 348, who still puts Vistaspa before Darius Hystaspes, between 589 and 512 B.C.

[3]The doctrine of theZervana akarana(infinite time) as the original One, from which the opposition between Ormuzd and Ahriman was held to spring, dates from a later period.

[4]Ζευς κελαινεφης, αιδερι ναιων, νεφληγερετα Ζευς, Ηρη βυωπις, γλαυκωπις Αδηυη.

[5]Of the Germans Tacitus writes,Germ., c. 9, "Eos nec cohibere parietibus Deos neque in ullam humanioris speciem assimilare, ex magnitudine cœlestium arbitrantur. Lucos ac nemora consecrant deorumque nominibus appellant secretum illud, quod sola reverentia vident."

[6]Among the Roman writers who furnish us with information upon the religion of the Germans, Tacitus deserves mention, in his "Germania," as well as in his "Annales"passim. The chief source with regard to the Norse religion is the older Edda, under the title "Edda Sæmundar hin Froda."

[7]Numb. xxii. 41; xxiii. 28; 2 Kings, xxiii. 5.

[8]Judges, ii. 13; 1 Sam. vii. 4; xii. 10; 1 Kings, xi. 5, 7, 33; 2 Kings, xxiii. 13; Jer. vii. 18; xliv. 17, 19.

[9]Levit. xviii. 21; xx. 2; 2 Kings, iii. 26, 27; xvi. 3; xxiii. 10; Ps. cvi. 38; Jer. vii. 31; xix. 5; xxxii. 35; Micah, vi. 7; Ezek. xv. 4, 6; [?] xvi. 20, Comp. I Kings, xviii: 28.

[10]Numb. xxv. 1,et seq; Josh. xxii. 17; Baruch, vi. 41, 43.

[11]Judges, vi. 32. and elsewhere.

[12]1 Chron. viii. 33; ix. 39.

[13]1 Chron. viii. 34; ix. 40.

[14]2 Sam. xi. 21.

[15]2 Sam. ii. 8, and elsewhere.

[16]2 Sam. iv. 4, and elsewhere.

[17]Judges, viii. 33; ix. 4. Comp. with ix. 46.

[18]1 Chron. xiv. 7.

[19]1 Chron. iii. 8; 2 Sam. v. 16.

[20]Gen. xxii.

[21]Gen. xvii. 23-27.

[22]Ex. iv. 24-26.

[23]Ex. xiii. 2, 12-16; xxii. 28, 29; xxx. 11-16; xxxiv. 19, 20.

[24]Gen. xv. 17; Ex. iii. 2; xix. 16-18; xxiv. 17; xl. 38; Levit. x. 2; Numb. xvi. 35; Deut. iv. 15, 24; v. 24, 25.

[25]1 Kings, vii. 25, 29.

[26]Ex. xxvii. 2.

[27]Comp. Ezek. i. 10; x. 14.

[28]1 Kings, xviii. 23.

[29]1 Kings, xi. 5; 2 Kings, xvi. 3; xxi. 3; xxiii. 4,et seq; 2 Chron. xxxiii. 3; Ezek. xvi. 20, 21; Jer. xix. 5.

[30]Amos. v. 25, 26.

[31]Judges, xi. 30-40.

[32]Ex. xxxii. 27-29; Numb. xxv. 4.

[33]2 Sam. xxi. 1-14.

[34]1 Kings, iii. 2; xi. 7; 2 Kings, xii. 3; xiv. 4; xvii. 11; xviii. 4; xxiii. 5, 19; 2 Chron. xxi. 11.

[35]2 Chron. xxxiv. 3; Ezek. vi. 3; xx. 28.

[36]1 Kings, xii. 28, 33. Comp. Ex. xxxii. 4, 19.

[37]Levit. xviii. 21; xx. 2; Deut. xii. 31.

[38]Gen. xxiv, xxviii.

[39]Gen. xiv. 18-20; xx. 3, 4.

[40]Gen. xxxi. 19, 30,et seq; xxxv. 2-4; Joshua, xxiv. 2, 14.

[41]Judges, xviii. 14,et seq; 1 Sam. xix. 13; 2 Kings, xviii. 4; Ezek. xx. 7.

[42]Ex. iii. 13,et seq; vi. 2.

[43]Ex. xx. 2, 3.

[44]Ex. viii. 10; xv. 11; xviii. 11; xx. 3.

[45]Deut vi. 4; iv. 28, 35; xxxii. 39; Isaiah, xliv. 6, 8; xlv. 5, 6.

[46]Amos, vii. 14.

[47]Isa. i. 11-18; Jer. vii. 21-23.

[48]Dutch,zelfstandigheid, literally, self-existence; without an equivalent, as far as I know, in vernacular English.—Tr.

[49]Zelfstandigheid, again, expressing objective existence, reality, independent of subjective thought or feeling.—Tr.

[50]Jer. xxxi. 31,et seq; Isa. ii. 2-4; Amos, ix. 12; Isa. xxv. 6; lii. 15; lvi. 6, 7; lxvi. 23; Zech. viii. 23; xiv. 9, 16.

[51]Isa. liii.

[52]Job i, ii.—Tr.

[53]The most original sources of the Christian religion are the Synoptic Gospels, in which, however, criticism must distinguish between the older and later portions. The fourth Gospel is marked by a more profound speculation upon the person and the work of Christ, by which the Christian mind freed itself entirely from the Jewish forms in which Jesus, as a popular teacher in Israel, had set forth his doctrine.

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