A Zeppelin raid on Kent.
April 27 (Thur.)
Martial law is proclaimed throughout Ireland.
H.M.S.Russell(battleship) is sunk by a mine off Malta.
H.M.S.Nasturtium(sloop) is sunk by a mine in the Mediterranean.
The German submarine UC5 is captured in the North Sea.
April 28 (Fri.)
The Second Battle of Lake Narotch: a Russian reverse.
April 29 (Sat.)
Italy:—The Austrians are driven from the Adamello glacier by Alpini.
Mesopotamia:—Kut-el-Amara capitulates, after a siege of 144 days, owing to failure of supplies (see Dec. 7, 1915).
May 1 (Mon.)
The Irish rebellion is crushed (see April 20).
A Zeppelin raid on Scotland and the northeast of England.
May 2 (Tues.)
Resignation of Mr. Birrell, Secretary of State for Ireland.
Verdun:—A French success at the Mort Homme.
A Zeppelin raid on Scotland and England: the Zeppelin L20, returning from this raid, is wrecked off Norway.
May 3 (Wed.)
Verdun:—Fresh German attacks on the Mort Homme begin.
May 4 (Thur.)
Germany, in a Note to the U.S.A., agrees to sink no ships without warning (see April 19).
The Zeppelin L 7 is destroyed off Schleswig by the gunfire of British warships.
May 5 (Fri.)
Verdun:—Fierce fighting for Hill 304.
A Zeppelin is destroyed near Salonika.
May 7 (Sun.)
Verdun:—A great German attack on Hill 304 results in a slight gain of ground.
May 8 (Mon.)
Verdun:—The Germans lose ground at the Mort Homme and Fort Douaumont.
The White Star linerCymricis torpedoed without warning by a German submarine near the Irish coast.
May 10 (Wed.)
Persia:—Kasr-i-Shirin is occupied by the Russians.
May 11 (Thur.)
A German success near Vermelles: 500 yards of British front-line trenches are captured.
May 12 (Fri.)
A British counter-attack near Vermelles is partially successful.
May 13 (Sat.)
The Germans attack the British at Ploegsteert Wood and are repulsed.
The Caucasus:—The Russians retire on Erzerum.
The British monitor M30 is sunk in action in the Gulf of Smyrna.
May 14 (Sun.)
Italy:—The Battle of the Trentino begins (see June 4).
May 15 (Mon.)
The British capture a German trench on the Vimy Ridge.
The Austrians advance in the Trentino.
May 16 (Tues.)
A Turkish force is defeated by an Australian detachment in the Sinai Peninsula.
May 17 (Wed.)
Verdun:—Fresh German attacks on Hill 304 are unsuccessful.
British monitors engage German destroyers off the Belgian coast and put them to flight.
May 18 (Thur.)
An Air Board is constituted in Great Britain.
The Italians retire in the Trentino.
Sinai Peninsula:—A British raid on El Arish.
Mesopotamia:—Russian cavalry, after a ride of 200 miles from the Persian frontier, join the British on the Tigris.
May 19 (Fri.)
A British success at Vimy Ridge.
Mesopotamia:—The Turks evacuate the Es Sinn position and withdraw to Kut.
A German air-raid on Kent.
May 20 (Sat.)
Verdun:—Fierce fighting for the Mort Homme.
A further Italian withdrawal in the Trentino.
May 21 (Sun.)
The Germans win trenches from the British on the Vimy Ridge.
Verdun:—Part of the Mort Homme is captured by the Germans, but the French advance on the Douaumont Plateau and carry the Haudromont quarries.
Mesopotamia:—The British advance on the south bank of the Tigris.
May 22 (Mon.)
The Sudan:—The action of Beringia: the Sultan of Darfur is defeated.
May 23 (Tues.) Ramillies, 1706.
The Sudan:—El Fasher, the capital of Darfur, is captured by the British.
May 24 (Wed.)
Verdun:—Cumières is stormed by the Germans.
May 25 (Thur.)
Compulsory service for married as well as single men between 18 and 41 becomes law in Great Britain, to take effect from June 24.
The Germans win successes at Verdun and Vimy.
Italy:—Bettale is taken by the Austrians.
May 26 (Fri.)
The Bulgarians and Germans advance into Greek Macedonia and capture Fort Rupel.
May 29 (Mon.)
A great German attack at Verdun: the French line holds.
A renewed British advance in German East Africa: Neu Langenburg is occupied.
May 30 (Tues.)
Verdun:—The French abandon the Bethincourt-Cumières road.
Italy:—The battle for the Pass of Buola.
East Africa:—A Belgian force invades Ruanda.
May 31 (Wed.) Union Day, South Africa, 1910.
The Battle of Jutland is fought between the main British and German fleets: the German fleet, with considerable loss, escapes aided by mist.[3]
Italy:—Asiago and Arsiero are captured by the Austrians (see June 25 and 27).
The Caucasus:—Mamakhatun is retaken by the Turks (see March 14 and July 12).
June 1 (Thur.)
Verdun:—The Germans begin a fresh attack on Fort Vaux.
June 2 (Fri.)
The Germans capture trenches from the Canadians at Ypres (see June 13), and from the French at Verdun.
June 4 (Sun.)
Verdun:—Fort Vaux is isolated.
A great Russian offensive is launched in the Bukovina and the Ukraine (with the 8th and 9th Armies): rapid progress is made, and many thousands of prisoners are captured.
The end of the Battle of the Trentino: the Austrian advance is checked (see May 14).
June 5 (Mon.)
H.M.S.Hampshireis sunk off the Orkneys and Lord Kitchener drowned.
June 6 (Tues.)
The Germans gain ground from the British at Hooge.
Verdun:—Fierce German attacks on Fort Vaux.
The Russians capture Lutsk from the Austrians.
June 7 (Wed.)
Verdun:—Fort Vaux is captured by the Germans.
June 8 (Thur.)
The Russian 7th Army launches an offensive in Eastern Galicia: Buczacz is captured.
June 9 (Fri.)
The War Council of the Allies meets in London.
Arabia:—The Emir Hussein, Grand Sherif of Mecca, revolts against the Turks and gains possession of Mecca.
The Italian transportPrincipe Umbertois sunk by a submarine in the Adriatic (many lives lost).
June 10 (Sat.)
A great Russian victory near Czernowitz: 35,000 prisoners are captured.
East Africa:—Momba is occupied by the British.
June 11 (Whit Sunday)
Verdun:—A German advance near Thiaumont.
Venice is bombed by Austrian seaplanes.
June 12 (Mon.)
The Germans are within four miles of Verdun.
A further Russian advance in the Bukovina.
Southern Persia:—Kerman is occupied by a British force.
June 13 (Tues.)
The Canadians win back the trenches they had lost at Ypres (from south of Sanctuary Wood to north of Hill 60: see June 2).
The Russian 4th Army advances on Baranovitchi.
In the Baltic, Russian destroyers attack a convoy of German steamers escorted by warships: they sink the German auxiliary cruiserHerrmannand two German torpedo boats.
June 14 (Wed.)
The Allied Economic Conference meets in Paris.
The British occupy Wilhelmsthal, the capital of German East Africa.
June 15 (Thur.)
Fresh German attacks at Verdun.
Russian victories on the Strypa and on the frontiers of Galicia.
Mesopotamia:—A British success on the Tigris.
June 16 (Fri.)
Arabia:—The Grand Sherif of Mecca captures Jeddah from the Turks.
H.M.S.Eden(destroyer) is sunk by a collision in the Channel.
June 17 (Sat.)
Czernowitz is again captured by the Russians.
June 18 (Sun.)
Death of von Moltke.
Immelman, the famous German airman, is shot down by a British airman.
Russian progress continues in the Bukovina.
June 19 (Mon.)
Fierce fighting between the Russians and Austrians before Kovel.
June 21 (Wed.)
A Note is presented to the Greek Government by Great Britain, France, and Russia, demanding complete demobilisation of the Greek army.
June 22 (Thur.)
M. Skouloudis, the Greek Premier, resigns and is succeeded by M. Zaimis (see Nov. 4, 1915, and Sept. 11, 1916). Greece accepts the Allies' demands.
The Germans are within three miles of Verdun.
Further Russian progress in the Bukovina.
June 23 (Fri.)
Fierce German attacks at Verdun: Fort Thiaumont is stormed.
Kimpolung (Southern Bukovina) is captured by the Russians.
The Great Eastern Railway Company's steamerBrussels(master, Captain Charles Fryatt) is captured by a German torpedo flotilla and taken to Zeebrugge (see July 27).
June 24 (Sat.)
Verdun:—Fleury is stormed by the Germans; this is the extreme point of their advance.
The Russians are in possession of almost all the Bukovina.
June 25 (Sun.)
Verdun:—A French success at Fleury.
Asiago is recaptured by the Italians (see May 31); the Austrians are pressed back along the entire Trentino Front.
June 26 (Mon.)
The trial of Sir Roger Casement for high treason begins (see June 29).
June 27 (Tues.)
Western Front:—Heavy bombardments and many trench raids by the British.
A Russian reverse near Kovel.
The Italians recapture Arsiero (see May 31) and Posina.
June 28 (Wed.)
It is announced in the House of Commons that the British and French Governments have abandoned the Declaration of London.
June 29 (Thur.)
Sir Roger Casement is sentenced to death (see April 21, Aug. 3).
June 30 (Fri.)
Verdun:—The French recapture Fort Thiaumont.
Heavy bombardments of the German lines along the Western Front.
The Russians capture Kolomea (Galicia).
July 1 (Sat.) (The Battle of the Boyne, 1690).
The Battle of the Somme begins (see Nov. 17): Montaubon, Mametz, and other villages are captured by the British; the French capture Dompierre, Becquincourt, and other villages.
The German offensive at Verdun is virtually at an end (see Feb. 21).
July 2 (Sun.)
The Somme Front:—The British capture Fricourt; the French capture Curlu and Frise.
The Battle of Baranovitchi (an importantjunction on the railway running south from Vilna) begins (see July 14): the Russians advance.
Persia:—Kermanshah is retaken by the Turks (see Feb. 27, 1916, and March 13, 1917).
July 3 (Mon.)
The Somme Front:—Fighting is in progress for Ovillers, Contalmaison, and La Boiselle; the British capture Serre; the French take a number of villages beyond the German second position.
July 4 (Tues.)
The Somme Front:—La Boiselle is captured by the British; the French advance towards Péronne.
July 5 (Wed.)
The Russians advance towards the Stokhod.
July 6 (Thur.)
Mr. Lloyd George is appointed British Secretary of State for War.
July 7 (Fri.)
The Somme Front:—The British line is advanced: Leipsig Redoubt is carried; Contalmaison is taken and lost.
East Africa:—The British occupy Tanga.
July 8 (Sat.)
The Russians cross the Stokhod.
July 9 (Sun.)
The Somme Front:—Heavy fighting on the British Front for Ovillers and in Trônes Wood; the French approach Péronne and capture Hardecourt.
The German cargo-carrying submarineDeutschlandreaches Norfolk in Virginia (see Aug. 23).
July 10 (Mon.)
The Somme Front:—The British capture Contalmaison.
Mesopotamia:—A Turkish attack on the British position near Sanna-i-Yat.
July 11 (Tues.) Oudenarde, 1708.
A German submarine bombards Seaham harbour.
July 12 (Wed.)
The Somme Front:—The British complete the capture of Mametz Wood.
The Caucasus:—Mamakhatun is retaken by the Russians (see May 31).
East Africa:—The British capture Mwanza.
July 14 (Fri.)
British attacks on the Somme are renewed: Bazentin-le-Petit and the greater part of Longueval are captured (see July 29); the British complete the capture of Trônes Wood.
The Battle of Baranovitchi (see July 2) ends in the repulse of strong German attacks with slight change of position.
July 15 (Sat.)
The Somme Front:—The British abandon High Wood (entered the previous day), but advance towards Pozières; fierce fighting in Delville Wood.
The Russian 11th Army launches an offensive towards Brody (Galicia).
The Caucasus:—The Russians capture Baiburt (between Erzerum and Trebizond).
July 16 (Sun.)
The Somme Front:—The British complete the capture of Ovillers; fierce fighting on the French front near Péronne.
Umlej surrenders to the Sherif of Mecca.
July 18 (Tues.)
The Somme Front:—German counter-attacks in Delville Wood and Longueval are partially successful.
The Caucasus:—The Russians capture Kighi.
July 19 (Wed.)
The Somme Front:—A British attack on Guillemont fails, but an advance is made near Thiepval.
July 20 (Thur.)
The Somme Front:—A British success at High Wood; a French success near Hardecourt.
The Russians advance across the Styr: 12,000 prisoners are captured.
July 21 (Fri.)
The Somme Front:—The Germans attack the French near Chaulnes and are repulsed.
July 22 (Sat.)
The Russians occupy Berestetchko, south of the Lipa.
An action is fought between British and German light craft off the Belgian coast.
July 23 (Sun.)
The Somme Front:—The British attack towards Pozières and make progress.
Taif surrenders to the Grand Sherif of Mecca.
July 24 (Mon.)
East Africa:—The action of Malangali.
July 25 (Tues.)
The Somme Front:—The British complete the capture of Pozières.
The Russians advance on Brody (Galicia).
The Caucasus:—The Russians complete the conquest of Armenia by the capture of Erzingan.
July 27 (Thur.)
Captain Fryatt is executed in the Jardin de l'Aurore at Bruges by order of a German court-martial (see June 23).
The Somme Front:—The British complete the capture of Delville Wood.
July 28 (Fri.)
Brody (Galicia) is captured by the Russians, with 20,000 prisoners and many guns.
July 29 (Sat.)
The Somme Front:—The British complete the capture of Longueval.
A Zeppelin raid on Lincolnshire and Norfolk.
July 30 (Sun.)
The Somme Front:—A French success near Hardecourt.
Russian troops land at Salonika.
East Africa:—The British occupy Dodoma.
July 31 (Mon.)
The Somme Front:—The French advance near Maurepas.
A Zeppelin raid on the east and south-east of England.
Aug. 1 (Tues.)
The Russians attack before Kovel.
The Italians bombard the Austrian positions on the Isonzo.
Aug. 2 (Wed.)
The Caucasus:—Mush and Bitlis are recaptured by the Turks (see Feb. 19, Mar. 2, and Aug. 23 and 24).
The Italian dreadnoughtLeonardo da Vinciis sunk by an internal explosion in Taranto harbour.
A Zeppelin raid on the eastern counties of England.
Aug. 3 (Thur.)
Sir Roger Casement is hanged in Pentonville Prison (see June 29).
Fierce fighting on the Stokhod; the Russian advance is checked.
East Africa:—Ujiji is captured by the Belgians.
Aug. 4 (Fri.)
The Somme Front:—The British advance near Pozières.
The Russians attack on the Sereth.
The Turks attack on the Suez Canal (the Battle of Romani).
Aug. 5 (Sat.)
The Somme Front:—A further British advance near Pozières.
The Italians attack on the Isonzo (the Battle of Gorizia: see Aug. 8 and 14).
Egypt:—The Turks are routed in the Battle of Romani.
Aug. 6 (Sun.)
The Somme Front:—A German counter-attack at Pozières is repulsed.
A Russian success on the Sereth.
Aug. 7 (Mon.)
The Russians attack south of the Dniester: Tysmienica (near Stanislau) is captured and many prisoners are taken.
Aug. 8 (Tues.)
The Isonzo Front:—The Italians capture Gorizia and take 12,000 prisoners (see Oct. 28, 1917).
Aug. 9 (Wed.)
The French advance on a four-mile front north of the Somme.
A Zeppelin raid on England. A British air-raid on the Zeppelin sheds near Brussels.
Aug. 10 (Thur.)
The Somme Front:—The British and French advance at a number of points.
Stanislau is captured by the Russians, with a large sector of the remaining Austrian defences in Eastern Galicia; over 80,000 prisoners and many guns are taken.
Aug. 11 (Fri.)
Macedonia:—Italian troops land at Salonika; a French success near Doiran.
East Africa:—Mpwapwa is occupied by the British.
British airmen bombard the Zeppelin sheds near Brussels and Namur.
Aug. 12 (Sat.)
The Somme Front:—The French advance near Hardecourt.
The Italians advance on the Carso.
A German seaplane bombs Dover.
Aug. 13 (Sun.)
The Somme Front:—The British advance near Pozières; the French advance near Maurepas.
The British destroyerLassoois sunk by a mine off the Dutch coast.
Aug. 14 (Mon.)
The end of the Battle of Gorizia (see Aug. 5), which results in an important advance and the capture of Gorizia and many prisoners by the Italians.
Aug. 15 (Tues.)
The Russians occupy Jablonica (Carpathians).
Aug. 16 (Wed.)
The Somme Front:—The French and British reach the Guillemont-Maurepas road.
Aug. 17 (Thurs.)
The Bulgarians attack near Salonika.
Aug. 18 (Fri.) Gravelotte, 1870.
The Somme Front:—The British attack along a front of 11 miles between Thiepval and Guillemont and capture important positions; the French gain ground near Maurepas.
Macedonia:—The Bulgarians advance towards Kavalla.
Aug. 19 (Sat.)
The Somme Front:—The British capture important positions on the Thiepval Ridge.
H.M.S.Nottinghamand H.M.S.Falmouth(light cruisers) are torpedoed in the North Sea. The British submarine E23 torpedoes a German battleship, theWestfalen, in the North Sea.
Aug. 20 (Sun.)
The Somme Front:—The Germans counterattack unsuccessfully near Thiepval.
Macedonia:—The Bulgarians capture Florina; a general offensive is launched by the Allies.
Aug. 22 (Tues.)
The Somme Front:—The British gain ground before Thiepval and near Pozières.
Verdun:—The French advance between Fleury and Thiaumont Wood.
The heights of the Jablonica Pass (Carpathians) are carried by the Russians.
Macedonia:—The Bulgarians are driven back by the British and Serbians on the Doiran Front.
East Africa:—Kilossa is captured by the British.
Aug. 23 (Wed.)
The Caucasus:—Bitlis is recaptured by the Russians (see Aug 2).
The mercantile submarineDeutschlandarrives back in Germany (see July 9).
A Zeppelin raid on the eastern counties of England.
Aug. 24 (Thur.)
The Caucasus:—Mush is recaptured by the Russians (see Aug. 2, 1916, and May 3, 1917).
A Zeppelin raid on London and the eastern counties of England.
Aug. 25 (Fri.)
Macedonia:—The forts of Kavala are occupied by the Bulgarians.
A raid by British naval aeroplanes on the Zeppelin sheds near Namur.
H.M.S.Duke of Albany(armed boarding-steamer) is sunk by a submarine in the North Sea.
Aug. 26 (Sat.)
The Somme Front:—A strong attack by the Prussian Guard near Thiepval is repulsed by the British.
East Africa:—Mrogoro, the seat of German Government in the colony, is captured by the British.
Aug. 27 (Sun.)
Roumania declares war on Austria.
Aug. 28 (Mon.)
Germany declares war on Roumania.
Italy declares war on Germany.
The Roumanians invade Transylvania.
Sir Stanley Maude assumes command of the British forces in Mesopotamia (see Nov. 18, 1917).
British warships bombard the forts of Kavala.
Aug. 29 (Tues.)
Hindenburg succeeds Falkenhayn as Chief of the German General Staff.
Brasso (Kronstadt) is occupied by the Roumanians (see Oct. 7).
East Africa:—Neu Iringa is occupied by the British.
Aug. 30 (Wed.)
Turkey declares war on Roumania.
The Russians advance in the Carpathians.
Aug. 31 (Thur.)
The Somme Front:—A German attack at High Wood is repulsed by the British.
The Russians continue to advance in the Carpathians and take many prisoners.
Sept. 1 (Fri.)
An Allied naval demonstration at Athens.
Bulgaria declares war on Roumania.
Hermanstadt is occupied by the Roumanians.
Sept. 2 (Sat.)
The Russians capture the Ploska Height near the Jablonica Pass (Carpathians).
Sept. 3 (Sun.)
The Somme Front:—Guillemont and part of Ginchy are captured by the British; the French take Cléry.
German and Bulgarian forces enter the Dobrudja.
A Zeppelin raid on London and the Eastern Counties; a Zeppelin is brought down in flames at Cuffley by Lieut. W. L. Robinson.
Sept. 4 (Mon.)
The Somme Front:—The advance of the French and British continues.
East Africa:—Dar-es-Salaam surrenders to British naval forces.
Sept. 5 (Tues.)
The Somme Front:—Leuze Wood is captured by the British; south of the Somme the French make a notable advance.
A Russian victory near Halicz (4500 prisoners).
Sept. 6 (Wed.)
The French advance at Verdun and make further progress south of the Somme.
The Russians advance rapidly on Halicz.
The Bulgarians capture Tutrakan (Dobrudja).
Sept. 7 (Thur.)
The Roumanians occupy Orsova (in Hungarian territory on the Danube: see Nov. 23).
Sept. 9 (Sat.)
The Somme Front:—The British complete the capture of Ginchy.
Silistria, the Roumanian fortress on the Danube, is captured by the Bulgarians.
Sept. 10 (Sun.)
Macedonia:—The British advance across the Struma.
Sept. 11 (Mon.)
Resignation of M. Zaimis, the Greek Premier (see June 22).
Sept. 12 (Tues.)
The French advance north of the Somme and reach the Bapaume-Péronne road.
The 4th Greek Army Corps at Kavala surrenders to the Germans.
Sept. 13 (Wed.)
The Somme Front:—The French advance across the Bapaume-Péronne road.
Sept. 14 (Thur.)
The Somme Front:—The British storm 'the Wonderwork' near Thiepval.
A new Italian offensive is launched on the Isonzo front.
The Roumanians advance in Transylvania, but are forced to retire in the Dobrudja.
Sept. 15 (Fri.)
The Somme Front:—The British attack on a wide front; tanks are used for the first time; Martinpuich, Flers, and Courcelette are taken and the capture of High Wood is completed.
The Italians capture San Grado (on the Carso).
Macedonia:—The Allies capture high ground overlooking Florina.
Sept. 16 (Sat.)
A new Greek cabinet is formed under M. Kalogeropoulos.
The Russians and Roumanians are definitely in retreat in the Dobrudja.
Sept. 17 (Sun.)
The French attack south of the Somme and capture Vermandovillers and Berny.
The Isonzo Front:—The Italians capture important positions and a number of prisoners.
Sept. 18 (Mon.)
The Somme Front:—'The Quadrilateral' near Morval is stormed by the British. Deniécourt is captured by the French.
Macedonia:—The Allies capture Florina.
The Russo-Roumanian army in the Dobrudja is forced to retire from strong positions.
Sept. 20 (Wed.)
Transylvania:—The Austro-Germans gain the summit of the Vulcan Pass.
Sept. 21 (Thur.)
The Great Eastern Railway Company's steamerColchesteris captured by German small craft and taken to Zeebrugge.
Sept. 23 (Sat.)
A Zeppelin raid on England: two Zeppelins are brought down in Essex, the L 32 and L 33.
Sept. 25 (Mon.)
Greece:—M. Venizelos leaves the Piræus for Crete, where he proclaims a Provisional Government four days later.
The Somme Front:—Morval and Les Bœufs are captured by the British; Rancourt and Fregicourt are taken by the French.
A Zeppelin raid on England.
Sept. 26 (Tues.)
The Somme Front:—Gueudecourt is captured by the British and Combles by the British and French; the British attack Thiepval; the French advance east of Combles to St. Pierre Vaast Wood.
The Roumanians regain ground in the Vulcan Pass.
Sept. 27 (Wed.)
The Somme Front:—The British complete the capture of Thiepval.
Sept. 28 (Thur.)
The Somme Front:—The greater part of Schwaben Redoubt, on the Thiepval Plateau, is captured by the British.
Sept. 29 (Fri.)
A Greek Provisional Government is formed in Crete by M. Venizelos (see Sept. 25).
Oct. 1 (Sun.)
The Somme Front:—Eaucourt l'Abbaye is captured by the British.
The Bulgarians and Germans are checked in the Dobrudja.
A Zeppelin raid on London: a Zeppelin is brought down near Potter's Bar by 2nd Lieut. W. J. Tempest.
Oct. 3 (Tues.)
The Greek Cabinet resigns owing to the attitude of the Allies.
The Roumanians counter-attack successfully both in Transylvania and the Dobrudja and capture many prisoners.
Macedonia:—The Serbians reach Kenali in their advance on Monastir.
Oct. 4 (Wed.)
The Somme Front:—The French advance east of Morval.
Macedonia:—The British advance east of the Struma and capture a number of villages.
The Cunard linerFranconiaand the French transportGalliaare sunk by submarines in the Mediterranean.
Oct. 5 (Thur.)
The Roumanians fall back in Transylvania.
Oct. 7 (Sat.)
The Somme Front:—The British capture Le Sars.
Transylvania:—Brasso (Kronstadt) is recaptured by the Austro-Germans (see Aug. 29).
The British advance in Macedonia.
The German submarine U53 reaches Newport, Rhode Island, after a voyage of seventeen days.
Oct. 8 (Sun.)
The Somme Front:—The French advance to the outskirts of Sailly-Saillisel.
The Germans advance in Transylvania.
Eight ships are torpedoed off the American coast by the U53.
Oct. 9 (Mon.)
A new Greek Cabinet is formed by Professor Lambros.
The Isonzo Front:—The Italians capture important positions and many prisoners.
Oct. 10 (Tues.)
An Allied ultimatum is presented to Greece demanding the surrender of the Greek fleet; the Greek Government protests but yields.
Oct. 11 (Wed.)
The Allies take possession of the Greek fleet.
The Isonzo Front:—The Italian advance continues.
Oct. 12 (Thur.)
A Franco-British raid by 40 aeroplanes on the mauser factories at Oberndorf.
Oct. 13 (Fri.)
The Germans enter Roumania.
Norway prohibits the use of her territorial waters by belligerent submarines.
Oct. 14 (Sat.)
The Somme Front:—The British advance at Schwaben Redoubt; the French advance near Bouchavesnes and Ablaincourt.
Oct. 16 (Mon.)
The Germans capture the Gyimes Pass leading into Northern Roumania.
Oct. 17 (Tues.)
The Allies land troops at Athens.
Oct. 18 (Wed.)
The Somme Front:—The French capture Sailly-Saillisel.
Oct. 19 (Thur.)
A new offensive is launched by the Germans and Bulgarians in the Dobrudja.
The German cruiserMünchenis sunk by a British submarine in the North Sea.
Oct. 20 (Fri.)
The Russian dreadnoughtImperatritsa Mariais sunk by an internal explosion.
Oct. 21 (Sat.)
Murder of the Austrian Premier, Count Sturgkh.
The Somme Front:—The British capture strong positions near Thiepval.
The Germans and Bulgarians advance in the Dobrudja and capture Tuzla.
Oct. 22 (Sun.)
The Germans and Bulgarians capture Constanza, the port of the Dobrudja. TheGermans continue to advance through the Transylvanian passes.
A German seaplane which raids Sheerness is destroyed.
Oct. 23 (Mon.)
The British mine-sweeping sloopGenistais sunk by a submarine in the Atlantic (many lives lost).
Oct. 24 (Tues.)
The French attack at Verdun: the village and fort of Douaumont and other important positions are captured with 4500 prisoners (see Nov. 4).
The Dobrudja:—Chernavoda is captured by the Germans and Bulgarians.
Oct. 25 (Wed.)
A further French advance at Verdun.
Oct. 27 (Fri.)
German destroyers make a raid into the Straits of Dover: the empty British transportQueenand the British destroyerFlirtare sunk; the British destroyersZuluandNubianare severely damaged (subsequently these last two are made into one ship named theZubian).
Oct. 28 (Sat.)
The Donaldson linerMarinais sunk by a submarine without warning off Queenstown.
Oct. 29 (Sun.)
The Somme Front:—The French capture trenches north of Sailly-Saillisel.
Captain Boelcke, the famous German airman, is shot down.
Oct. 30 (Mon.)
East Africa:—The Germans are defeated at Lupembe.
Oct. 31 (Tues.)
Macedonia:—The British advance in the Struma Valley.
Nov. 1 (Wed.)
The Somme Front:—The Allies advance near Les Bœufs and Sailly.
The Italians advance on the Isonzo Front in the sector between Gorizia and the sea: 4700 prisoners are captured.
An action between destroyers in the North Sea.
A raid on Pola by Italian torpedo-boats.
Nov. 2 (Thur.)
Verdun:—The French recapture Fort Vaux.
The Italians continue to advance on the Carso.
Russian warships bombard Constanza.
Nov. 3 (Fri.)
Verdun:—The French make further progress.
Isonzo Front:—The Italians make further progress on the Carso.
Nov. 4 (Sat.)
The recapture by the French of all the main defences of Verdun is completed by the occupation of the Damloup work (see Oct. 24).
Nov. 5 (Sun.)
Germany and Austria proclaim an 'independent State of Poland' with an 'hereditary Monarchy and Constitution.'
Nov. 6 (Mon.)
The Somme Front:—The French advance in St. Pierre Vaast Wood.
The Germans advance in Roumania.
The P. & O. linerArabiais sunk by a submarine without warning in the Mediterranean.
Nov. 7 (Tues.)
Mr. Wilson is re-elected President of the United States.
The French advance south of the Somme.
The Russians and Roumanians advance in the Dobrudja.
Nov. 8 (Wed.)
A further German advance into Roumania.
Nov. 10 (Fri.)
The Somme Front:—The British make progress north of Thiepval.
The Serbians make progress towards Monastir: Chuke heights and the village of Polag are captured.
German destroyers shell the Russian coast near Reval.
British naval aeroplanes bombard the harbours and submarine shelters at Zeebrugge and Ostend.
Nov. 11 (Sat.)
The armed French transportMagellanis sunk by a submarine in the Mediterranean.
Nov. 12 (Sun.)
The Somme Front:—The French capture Saillisel.
A further German advance into Roumania.
The Serbians gain ground towards Monastir: 16 guns and 1000 prisoners are captured.
Nov. 13 (Mon.)
The British attack astride the Ancre and capture St. Pierre Divion, Beaumont Hamel, and 3300 prisoners.
The Germans continue to advance in Roumania.
Nov. 14 (Tues.)
The British capture Beaucourt (on the Ancre Front).
The Allies advance in Macedonia: the Bulgarians fall back on the Bystritza, five miles south of Monastir.
Nov. 15 (Wed.)
The Germans advance rapidly in Roumania.
British naval aeroplanes bombard the harbours and submarine shelters at Zeebrugge and Ostend.
Nov. 17 (Fri.)
The end of the Battle of the Somme (see July 1).
British airmen raid Zeebrugge and Ostend.
Nov. 18 (Sat.)
A further British advance astride the Ancre.
An important German victory in Roumania which breaks the Roumanian resistance.
Macedonian Front:—Monastir is recaptured by the Allies (see Dec. 5, 1915).
Nov. 21 (Tues.)
Death of the Austrian Emperor, Francis Joseph.
Roumania:—Craiova is captured by the Germans.
The British hospital shipBritannicis sunk by a mine or submarine in the Ægean Sea.
Nov. 23 (Thur.)
Orsova is recaptured by the Austro-Germans (see Sept. 7).
Nov. 24 (Fri.)
The Germans and Bulgarians under Mackensen cross the Danube at several points from the Dobrudja.
The British hospital shipBraemar Castleis torpedoed in the Mediterranean; the vessel is subsequently salved and repaired.
Nov. 25 (Sat.)
Roumania:—The armies of Falkenhayn and Mackensen effect a junction north of the Danube.
The French battleshipSuffrenis sunk by a submarine in the Atlantic.
Nov. 26 (Sun.)
The Allies demand of the Greek Government the surrender of ten mountain batteries.
The Roumanians are in full retreat.
A Serbian success north of Monastir: Hill 105 is captured.
A German naval raid on Lowestoft.
Nov. 27 (Mon.)
The Roumanian retreat continues: the line of the Aluta is abandoned; Giurgevo, on the Danube, is captured by the enemy.
A Zeppelin raid on England: two Zeppelins are destroyed.
Nov. 28 (Tues.)
A daylight raid on London by one German aeroplane.
A British air-raid on the harbour at Zeebrugge.
Nov. 29 (Wed.)
The appointments of Sir John Jellicoe to the office of First Sea Lord (see May 28, 1915, and Dec. 26, 1917) and of Sir David Beatty to the command of the Grand Fleet are announced in Parliament.
Dec. 1 (Fri.)
Mr. Lloyd George makes proposals to Mr. Asquith for the reform of war administration in Great Britain.
The Allies' demands are rejected by the Greek Government; an Allied force which is landed at the Piræus is attacked by Greek troops.
Dec. 3 (Sun.)
Roumania:—A German victory in the Arges Valley; the Roumanian armies are driven back all along the line. The Serbians advance and carry high ground north-east of Monastir.
A German submarine bombards Funchal (Madeira).
Dec. 4 (Mon.)
The Serbians continue to advance north-east of Monastir; they capture Stravina.
The British linerCaledoniais sunk by a submarine in the Mediterranean.
Dec. 5 (Tues.)
Resignation of Mr. Asquith, British Prime Minister.
Dec. 6 (Wed.)
Roumania:—Bucharest and Ploesti are captured by the Germans.
Greece:—The Royalist party in Athens regains control of the posts and telegraphs.
Dec. 7 (Thur.)
Mr. Lloyd George becomes British Prime Minister.
Roumania:—The German successes continue; many prisoners are captured.
Dec. 8 (Fri.)
A blockade of Greece is proclaimed by the Allies, as from this date, until adequate reparation shall be made for recent outrages.
Dec. 10 (Sun.)
The formation of the new British Cabinet is announced. Mr. Balfour becomes Foreign Secretary, Lord Derby Secretary for War, Sir E. Carson First Lord of the Admiralty, Mr. Chamberlain Secretary for India, Lord Devonport Food Controller; Minister of Munitions, Dr. Addison; Minister of Blockade, Lord R. Cecil (see May 26, 1915, and July 17, 1917).
Dec. 11 (Mon.)
An Allied Note is presented to Greece demanding the demobilisation of the Greek troops.
The Roumanian retreat continues: enemy forces are 20 miles east of Ploesti.
The Italian battleshipRegina Margheritais sunk by a mine in the Adriatic.
A British air-raid on Zeebrugge.
Dec. 12 (Tues.)
The German Chancellor announces that Germany has made proposals for peace.
General Nivelle succeeds General Joffre in command of the armies in the field on the Western Front.
Vice-Admiral Gauchet succeeds Admiral du Fournet in command of the Allied Fleets in the Mediterranean.
Dec. 13 (Wed.)
Mesopotamia:—A new offensive against Kut-el-Amara is launched by the British forces under General Sir Stanley Maude.
Dec. 14 (Thur.)
The Allies present an ultimatum to Greece demanding the withdrawal of all Greek forces from Thessaly.
The Roumanians evacuate Buzeu.
The empty British transportRussiais sunk by a submarine.
Dec. 15 (Fri.)
The Greek Government accepts the ultimatum of the Allies.
A brilliant French advance at Verdun: important positions and 7500 prisoners are taken.
East Africa:—A British victory near Kibata.
Dec. 16 (Sat.)
The French advance at Verdun continues.
Dec. 18 (Mon.)
Germany's peace proposals are received by the British Foreign Office (see Dec. 12 and 30).
The end of the French offensive at Verdun (see Dec. 15), over 11,000 prisoners and 115 guns having been captured and much ground gained.
Roumania:—The Germans advancing on Braila, the grain port on the Danube, are checked by the Russians at Botogu.
Dec. 19 (Tues.)
Mr. Lloyd George announces the attitude of the British Government and of the Allies towards the German peace proposals: 'restitution, reparation, and a guarantee against repetition' are declared essential.
Dec. 20 (Wed.)
A Peace Note from President Wilson is communicated to the belligerents (see Dec. 25).
Dec. 21 (Thur.)
Sinai Peninsula:—The British occupy El Arish.
The British destroyerNegrois sunk by collision in the North Sea.
Dec. 23 (Sat.)
Sinai Peninsula:—The British capture the strong Turkish position of Magdhaba, near the Syrian border: 1300 prisoners and 7 guns are taken.
Dec. 25 (Mon.)
Germany replies to President Wilson's Peace Note, ignoring his request for the statement of terms but proposing that Peace Delegates should be summoned immediately.
Dec. 26 (Tues.)
General Joffre is created a Marshal of France.
The British take over more trench-line on the Western Front.
Roumania:—The Germans capture Rimnic-Sarat.
Dec. 27 (Wed.)
The French battleshipGauloisis sunk by a submarine in the Mediterranean.
Dec. 28 (Thur.)
Roumania:—Further German successes at Rimnic-Sarat: 10,000 prisoners are taken.
Dec. 29 (Fri.)
Rasputin, the notorious Russian monk, is assassinated.
Dec. 30 (Sat.)
The Allies reply to the German peace proposals, which they describe as empty and insincere, with a direct negative (see Dec. 12 and 18).
Jan. 1 (Mon.)
Sir Douglas Haig is gazetted a Field Marshal.
East Africa:—The British storm a strong enemy position in the Mageta Valley and approach Kilambawe.
The British transportIverniais sunk by a submarine in the Mediterranean.
Jan. 2 (Tues.)
The Roumanian Cabinet is reconstituted with M. Bratiano as Premier.
Jan. 3 (Wed.)
A Russian success in the Southern Bukovina (600 prisoners).
Jan. 4 (Thur.)
East Africa:—The British occupy the German camp on the Tshogowali River.
Jan. 5 (Fri.)
Roumania:—The Austro-Germans capture Braila.
Mesopotamia:—The Second Battle of Kut-el-Amara begins (see Feb. 24).
East Africa:—The British reach Kilambawe, on the north bank of the Rufiji River.
Jan. 7 (Sun.)
The Russians make a successful advance near Riga.
Jan. 8 (Mon.)
The Allies present an ultimatum to Greece repeating former demands (see Jan. 16).
Roumania:—The Austro-Germans capture Focsani and 5500 prisoners; the Sereth line is thus turned. The Dobrudja is finally evacuated by the Russians and Roumanians.
Jan. 9 (Tues.)
The Allies reply to President Wilson's Note, stating their terms of peace.
Resignation of M. Trepoff, the Russian Premier; he is succeeded by M. Golitzine.
The Russians continue to advance in the Riga district.
Syria:—Australian mounted troops and the Imperial Camel Corps capture a strong enemy position at Rafa (the Battle of Rafa).
Jan. 11 (Thur.)
The Ancre Front:—The British capture the Beaumont Hamel spur.
Roumania:—Galatz is evacuated by the Russians: the conquest of Wallachia by the Germans is complete.
H.M.S.Cornwallis(battleship) is sunk by a submarine off Malta. H.M.S.Ben-my-Chree(aircraft carrier) is sunk in action off Asia Minor.
Jan. 12 (Fri.)
Germany and Austria-Hungary reply through Neutrals to the Allied Note which refused to consider the German peace proposals.
Jan. 16 (Tues.)
The Greek Government accepts in their entirety the demands of the Allies (see Jan. 8).
Jan. 17 (Wed.)
Roumania:—The enemy's advance is checked in the Moldavian Hills.
Jan. 19 (Fri.)
An explosion at a munitions factory at Silvertown, in the East End of London (69 killed).
Jan. 20 (Sat.)
Roumania:—Fundeni, on the Sereth, is captured by the Germans.
Jan. 23 (Tues.)
The Germans attack in the Riga district and compel the Russians to withdraw slightly.
Two actions are fought in the North Sea between British and German light forces: a German destroyer and the British destroyerSimoonare sunk.
The British armed merchant cruiserLaurenticis sunk by a mine off the Irish coast.
Jan. 24 (Wed.)
East Africa:—A small German force is isolated and compelled to surrender.
Jan. 25 (Thur.)
The Greek Government offers a formal apology to the Allies for the events of December 1.
Mesopotamia:—A British attack on Turkishtrenches south-west of Kut is partially successful.
A German vessel shells Southwold at night: there are no casualties.
The French transportAmiral Magonis sunk by a submarine in the Mediterranean.
Jan. 26 (Fri.)
To regulate exchange, the British Government by Order in Council enforces the sale or loan of foreign securities to the Treasury.
Mesopotamia:—The British complete the capture of the Turkish position attacked on the previous day.
Jan. 27 (Sat.)
A Russian success in the Southern Bukovina: 1200 prisoners are captured.
Jan. 28 (Sun.)
Lieut.-General Smuts is succeeded by Major-General Hoskins as British Commander-in-Chief in East Africa (see Feb. 10, 1916, and May 16, 1917).
Jan. 30 (Tues.)
German attacks between Soissons and Rheims are repulsed.
Riga Front:—The Germans attack in strength: the Russians fall back slightly.
Jan. 31 (Wed.)
Germany announces 'unrestricted naval warfare' as from February 1.
The German intention to sink hospital ships is announced in a statement by the British Foreign Office.
Feb. 1 (Thur.)
The Government of the U.S.A. is officially informed that Germany 'must abandon the limitations she has hitherto imposed upon herself in the employment of her fighting weapons at sea.'
Mesopotamia:—The British capture the last line but one of the Turkish trenches before Kut east of the Hai-Tigris junction.
Feb. 2 (Fri.)
The Food Controller, Lord Devonport, appeals to the British nation to economise in food as the only way to avoid compulsory rationing.
A British naval air-raid on Bruges harbour.
Feb. 3 (Sat.)
The Government of the U.S.A. breaks off diplomatic relations with Germany; Count Bernstorff is handed his passports; Mr. Gerrard is recalled from Berlin; interned German cruisers and Hamburg-Amerika liners are seized.
The United States s.s.Housatonicis sunk in daylight off the Scillies by a German submarine.
Mesopotamia:—The British capture three lines of Turkish trenches west of the Hai-Tigris junction.
Feb. 4 (Sun.)
The Ancre Front:—The British carry important enemy positions.
President Wilson invites other Neutral Powers to follow the example of the U.S.A.in the interests of peace and civilisation (i.e.to break off diplomatic relations with Germany).
Feb. 5 (Mon.)
The Swiss Government declines to follow President Wilson's advice to break off relations with Germany.
Resignation of Said Kalim; a new Turkish Cabinet is formed with Talaat Bey as Grand Vizier.
Western Egypt:—The action of Siwa: the Senussi are defeated near the Siwa oasis.
Feb. 6 (Tues.)
The Ancre Front:—The British line is advanced near Grandcourt: 1000 yards of German trenches are taken.
Feb. 7 (Wed.)
The Ancre Front:—The British occupy Grandcourt.
TheCalifornia, of the Anchor Line, is sunk by a German submarine with serious loss of life.
Feb. 8 (Thur.)
The British advance from Grandcourt on both banks of the Ancre.
The British destroyerGhurkais sunk by a mine in the English Channel.
A British naval air-raid on Bruges harbour.
Feb. 9 (Fri.)
The Isonzo Front:—The Austrians attack and gain some ground east of Gorizia.
Feb. 10 (Sat.)
The Ancre Front:—The British capture a strong German position south of Serre Hill.
Mesopotamia:—The British storm Turkish trenches west of Kut and capture the 'Liquorice Factory.'
Feb. 11 (Sun.)
Germany attempts through the Swiss Government to reopen negotiations with the U.S.A.
The Italian line is re-established east of Gorizia.
Feb. 12 (Mon.)
President Wilson refuses to negotiate with Germany until her proclamation of unrestricted sea-warfare is withdrawn.
Roumanian Front:—The Germans attack the Russians near Jacobeny with partial success.
Feb. 13 (Tues.)
Roumanian Front:—The Russians regain ground near Jacobeny, but the Germans renew their attack, and make further progress.
Feb. 14 (Wed.)
Mesopotamia:—General Maude clears the Turks from the Dahra bend of the Tigris.
A British naval air-raid on Bruges harbour.
Feb. 15 (Thur.)
The Germans attack the French between Tahure and Massiges: they gain ground and capture 800 prisoners.