[[Plate IIII. ― I. Senex sculp.^t]]
PNEUMATICKS.18An Explication of the FourthPlate.Figure1. Is a compound Instrument, to shew, why in a Storm the Mercury in the Barometer vibrates so much, by a parallel Case in an Imitation of such a Storm. A A is a large hollow Brass Sphere, into which by the means of the Syringe inFig. 2. Air is crouded till it is 8 or 10 times as dense as usual. H F and L K are Two Barometers, with their Basons in the Boxes F F, K K, which Boxes communicate by a long hollow Tube I I. E E is a Brass hollow Tube, to convey the crowded Air near the Surface of one of the Basons of Quicksilver, which Air passes out of that into a larger hollow Pipe G G, and so into the open Air. Upon the turning of the Stopcock C to give vent to the condensed Air, it rushes with great Force along the hollow Pipes E E, G G; and as it passes not far off the Surface of the Bason of Quicksilver F F, it causes the Mercury in both the Barometers H H, and L L, to descend and vibrate several Inches, as the great Storm made Barometers descend and vibrate in Chambers at a distance from it.Fig. 3.Is a Transferrer; containing one common hollow Stem I (here represented as screw'd to a square Piece of Wood, and thereby held upright) with its Stopcock I, and its Horizontal Hollow G H with which it communicates. Upon this Horizontal Piece two more hollow Stems are erected, and communicate therewith. These also have Stopcocks E and F, and to these are screw'd Two Brass Plates A B and C D, on which Two Recipients may be fix'd, and may communicate with the rest. By this means the whole Instrument may be apply'd to the Air Pump, and one or more of its Recipients exhausted; and afterward any Factitious or Natural Air may be transferr'd from one Receiver to another, as Occasion requires: Of which Instrument Mr.Boylemade great Use in his Second Continuation of Experiments.Fig. 4.Are very small or capillary Glass Tubes, of different Bores, let down into Tinged Water, in Vacuo, to shew, that by the Attraction of the Glass the Water will be elevated, contrary to the ordinary Law of Hydrostaticks, and that to a considerable Height; and what is chiefly remarkable, is, that the Altitude of the Liquid in the Tubes is the same in Vacuo as in the open Air, and is always in an exact reciprocal Proportion to the Diameters of their Bases.Fig. 5.Is the noble Improvement of the former Experiment by Mr.Hauksbee, Sen.upon which the Learned Mr.Dittonhas written a small Treatise. It is done by two Glass Plains, A C B, A D B, meeting in an Axis at A B; and being about a Tenth of an Inch distant at the greatest Aperture D C. These Plains are Erected in Spirit of Wine, and are like a Series of Tubes of all different Diameters less than D C, which must therefore elevate the Fluid a little at D C, and higher all the way to B, where the Elevation ought to be Infinite; the Tops of the elevated Columns will form an Hyperbola, E F G, with its Two Asymptotes, the Surface of the Fluid D C B, and the Line B A.Note, That if the Angle at D C be altered, the Bigness of the Hyperbola will be alter'd, while its Species remains; but that if the Angle A B C be alter'd, the Species of the Hyperbola will be alter'd also, though it will still be a true Hyperbola, and that if the Glass be clean, to a surprizing Degree of Exactness.
An Explication of the FourthPlate.
Figure1. Is a compound Instrument, to shew, why in a Storm the Mercury in the Barometer vibrates so much, by a parallel Case in an Imitation of such a Storm. A A is a large hollow Brass Sphere, into which by the means of the Syringe inFig. 2. Air is crouded till it is 8 or 10 times as dense as usual. H F and L K are Two Barometers, with their Basons in the Boxes F F, K K, which Boxes communicate by a long hollow Tube I I. E E is a Brass hollow Tube, to convey the crowded Air near the Surface of one of the Basons of Quicksilver, which Air passes out of that into a larger hollow Pipe G G, and so into the open Air. Upon the turning of the Stopcock C to give vent to the condensed Air, it rushes with great Force along the hollow Pipes E E, G G; and as it passes not far off the Surface of the Bason of Quicksilver F F, it causes the Mercury in both the Barometers H H, and L L, to descend and vibrate several Inches, as the great Storm made Barometers descend and vibrate in Chambers at a distance from it.
Fig. 3.Is a Transferrer; containing one common hollow Stem I (here represented as screw'd to a square Piece of Wood, and thereby held upright) with its Stopcock I, and its Horizontal Hollow G H with which it communicates. Upon this Horizontal Piece two more hollow Stems are erected, and communicate therewith. These also have Stopcocks E and F, and to these are screw'd Two Brass Plates A B and C D, on which Two Recipients may be fix'd, and may communicate with the rest. By this means the whole Instrument may be apply'd to the Air Pump, and one or more of its Recipients exhausted; and afterward any Factitious or Natural Air may be transferr'd from one Receiver to another, as Occasion requires: Of which Instrument Mr.Boylemade great Use in his Second Continuation of Experiments.
Fig. 4.Are very small or capillary Glass Tubes, of different Bores, let down into Tinged Water, in Vacuo, to shew, that by the Attraction of the Glass the Water will be elevated, contrary to the ordinary Law of Hydrostaticks, and that to a considerable Height; and what is chiefly remarkable, is, that the Altitude of the Liquid in the Tubes is the same in Vacuo as in the open Air, and is always in an exact reciprocal Proportion to the Diameters of their Bases.
Fig. 5.Is the noble Improvement of the former Experiment by Mr.Hauksbee, Sen.upon which the Learned Mr.Dittonhas written a small Treatise. It is done by two Glass Plains, A C B, A D B, meeting in an Axis at A B; and being about a Tenth of an Inch distant at the greatest Aperture D C. These Plains are Erected in Spirit of Wine, and are like a Series of Tubes of all different Diameters less than D C, which must therefore elevate the Fluid a little at D C, and higher all the way to B, where the Elevation ought to be Infinite; the Tops of the elevated Columns will form an Hyperbola, E F G, with its Two Asymptotes, the Surface of the Fluid D C B, and the Line B A.Note, That if the Angle at D C be altered, the Bigness of the Hyperbola will be alter'd, while its Species remains; but that if the Angle A B C be alter'd, the Species of the Hyperbola will be alter'd also, though it will still be a true Hyperbola, and that if the Glass be clean, to a surprizing Degree of Exactness.
[[Plate V. ― Sutton Nicholls sculp:]]
PNEUMATICKS.19An Explication of the FifthPlate.Figure1. AreOttoGuerick's Hemispheres, with their several Screws and Apparatus at large, set separately by themselves. They are designed to prove that the Force of the outward Air, when the inward is extracted from between them, is equal to the Weight of a Column of Quicksilver of about 29 Inches and a half: Of Water of about 34 Feet: And of Air to the Top of the Atmosphere, all pressing upon the same Base with the largest Circles of those Hemispheres.Fig. 2.Is the Syringe, with its Hole; to be screw'd on to the Top of the Receiver of the next Figure; in order to thrust Air into it, for the Improvement of the former Experiment; or to shew that tho' common Air be left in the Hemispheres, yet if that on their outward Surface be made twice or thrice as dense, they will still sustain an equal, or a double Weight respectively, before they are separated.Fig. 3.Is that Instrument included in such a Receiver D B, and that Receiver kept close to its Basis by a cross Piece and Screws, as in the Condenser before: Together with a newly contriv'd Stiliard, to which the upper Hemisphere is hung; with its fixed Base, and its Gage, to measure the Degrees of Condensation of the Air, where by the Proportion of S P to P K, the Weight 50 w. is equivalent to greater Weights, and shews how many Pounds are required to separate the Hemispheres in all Cases. If the Diameter be 3 Inches and a half, they will sustain about 150 Pounds; and so in all other Proportions.Fig. 4.Is the Plate which covers the upper Part of the Receiver. And through the Hole C the Piece D E slides, which takes hold on the upper Hemisphere.Fig. 5.Shews the Gage of the same Instrument; this is like that for the Glass Condenser before describ'd, and contains a bended Tube, whose open End is in a small Basin of Mercury; and the other is Hermetically seal'd: For this Mercury crowded by the condensed Air in the Receiver, will croud the Air in the small Tube closer in Proportion to its Density, and so will afford us the Knowledge of the Quantity thereof.Fig. 6.Is a like Experiment of the Cohesion of polished Plates of Brass, or of Marble; when the Air is excluded by a little Oil, and an exact Application. This Cohesion may be weighed by the Stiliard, as well as that of the Hemispheres; and is equal to the same, upon the same Base; provided a Ring do prevent their side or sliding Motion; and provided the Air can equally be excluded from between the Plates,as between the Hemispheres. Which last yet is almost impossible to be done.Fig. 7.Is a Number of great Weights, kept steady one over another by an Iron Rod passing through them, and pressing upon a Bladder half blown, plac'd below them: This Bladder, by the Elasticity of its included Air, gradually elevates all those Weights; as soon as by the Extraction of the other Air out of the Receiver, wherein they are all included, its Counterpoise is gradually taken away.Fig. 8.Is a Number ofJet d'Eaus, or Fountains, made by condens'd Air, in a large Copper Vessel C D, pressing on the Surface of Water at the Bottom of the Vessel; into which Water a hollow Brass Pipe is immers'd. For if there be then a Stopcock at G, to open or shut the hollow Pipe at Pleasure; and several smaller Pipes at I K, communicating therewith, turning upon Balls or Joints, and plac'd in Order, we shall have a very pleasant Set of theseJet d'Eaus, or Fountains; all whose Water will be caught by the Bason A B, which Water may be again let into the Vessel C D, by unscrewing the Pillar in the Center of the Bason.
An Explication of the FifthPlate.
Figure1. AreOttoGuerick's Hemispheres, with their several Screws and Apparatus at large, set separately by themselves. They are designed to prove that the Force of the outward Air, when the inward is extracted from between them, is equal to the Weight of a Column of Quicksilver of about 29 Inches and a half: Of Water of about 34 Feet: And of Air to the Top of the Atmosphere, all pressing upon the same Base with the largest Circles of those Hemispheres.
Fig. 2.Is the Syringe, with its Hole; to be screw'd on to the Top of the Receiver of the next Figure; in order to thrust Air into it, for the Improvement of the former Experiment; or to shew that tho' common Air be left in the Hemispheres, yet if that on their outward Surface be made twice or thrice as dense, they will still sustain an equal, or a double Weight respectively, before they are separated.
Fig. 3.Is that Instrument included in such a Receiver D B, and that Receiver kept close to its Basis by a cross Piece and Screws, as in the Condenser before: Together with a newly contriv'd Stiliard, to which the upper Hemisphere is hung; with its fixed Base, and its Gage, to measure the Degrees of Condensation of the Air, where by the Proportion of S P to P K, the Weight 50 w. is equivalent to greater Weights, and shews how many Pounds are required to separate the Hemispheres in all Cases. If the Diameter be 3 Inches and a half, they will sustain about 150 Pounds; and so in all other Proportions.
Fig. 4.Is the Plate which covers the upper Part of the Receiver. And through the Hole C the Piece D E slides, which takes hold on the upper Hemisphere.
Fig. 5.Shews the Gage of the same Instrument; this is like that for the Glass Condenser before describ'd, and contains a bended Tube, whose open End is in a small Basin of Mercury; and the other is Hermetically seal'd: For this Mercury crowded by the condensed Air in the Receiver, will croud the Air in the small Tube closer in Proportion to its Density, and so will afford us the Knowledge of the Quantity thereof.
Fig. 6.Is a like Experiment of the Cohesion of polished Plates of Brass, or of Marble; when the Air is excluded by a little Oil, and an exact Application. This Cohesion may be weighed by the Stiliard, as well as that of the Hemispheres; and is equal to the same, upon the same Base; provided a Ring do prevent their side or sliding Motion; and provided the Air can equally be excluded from between the Plates,as between the Hemispheres. Which last yet is almost impossible to be done.
Fig. 7.Is a Number of great Weights, kept steady one over another by an Iron Rod passing through them, and pressing upon a Bladder half blown, plac'd below them: This Bladder, by the Elasticity of its included Air, gradually elevates all those Weights; as soon as by the Extraction of the other Air out of the Receiver, wherein they are all included, its Counterpoise is gradually taken away.
Fig. 8.Is a Number ofJet d'Eaus, or Fountains, made by condens'd Air, in a large Copper Vessel C D, pressing on the Surface of Water at the Bottom of the Vessel; into which Water a hollow Brass Pipe is immers'd. For if there be then a Stopcock at G, to open or shut the hollow Pipe at Pleasure; and several smaller Pipes at I K, communicating therewith, turning upon Balls or Joints, and plac'd in Order, we shall have a very pleasant Set of theseJet d'Eaus, or Fountains; all whose Water will be caught by the Bason A B, which Water may be again let into the Vessel C D, by unscrewing the Pillar in the Center of the Bason.
[[Plate VI. ― I. Senex sculp.^t]]
PNEUMATICKS.20An Explication of the SixthPlate.This Plate is in Reality but one compound Instrument or Apparatus, for trying the Electricity of Glass, and its Luminousness, when put into Motion, and rubb'd upon to heat it. Wherein B C is a Wheel, with its String A B C. D E is a Sphere of Glass, whose Air has been drawn out by the Air-Pump: This is turned round by the former Wheel-string at A. F is a Stopcock, whereby the Air is exhausted, and may be readmitted at Discretion.InFig. 1.K L M is an Arch with Threads of Cruel or Yarn upon it, as they hang about the Glass D E, (here represented by a smaller Circle within the Arch) before it is turned round or heated by rubbing.Fig. 2.G H I is the same with the former; only the Threads are here represented as they hang at the Beginning of the turning round of the Globe, before it be heated by Friction; being plainly bent one way, by a Wind arising from that Convolution.Fig. 3.N P O is the same; only with the Threads pointing towards the Sphere, or its Center, when the Arch is in an upright Posture, and some of the Threads hang partly downwards, and this upon the Spheres being heated sufficiently.Fig. 4.Q S R is the same, with its Threads pointing the same way, though in a downward Posture, when some of the Threads thereby are forc'd to stand erect.Fig. 5.T U is a Circular Arch, in an horizontal Position, when the Threads point towards the same Center, in the same horizontal Plain.Fig. 6.Is another Sphere, communicating with the Air, and to be apply'd to the same Wheel in the Room of D E, where-into is inserted an Axis with a Circle affixed to it; at the Edges of which Circle the Threads are placed. These upon the Friction and Heat of the Glass extend themselves outward, and point from the Center to the Circumference, contrary to the former. In both Cases the Threads, when under the Influence of the Electricity, will be moved by the Finger, even without Contact, nay by the Finger and Breath, even through the Glass it self; so subtle are theseEffluvia. The Light is made when the Air is exhausted, and diminishes as you readmit it. It spreads and branches it self inwardly like Lightning, when about half that Air is readmitted. The Colour of that Light is always Purple. It spreads at some Distance, and makes the Edges of a Cravat look a little like the milky Way, by the great Number of Sparkles it emits: Which may also be felt by the Flesh, with a crackling Noise that accompanies them. If you also sufficiently rub and heat a large Tube of Glass, either solid or hollow, it becomes strongly Electrical, even through Glass it self; tho' not so muchthrough Muslin. Other Heat than that by Friction signifies nothing. It will attract and repel Leaf Gold, and the like small and light Bodies, after a strange manner, by turns; when once they have been fully repell'd they cannot be made to touch them, till they have been reflected from some other Body. If they lye between two Pieces of Wood, laid pretty near, the Electricity fails of its Effect. With other Circumstances very surprizing and unaccountable.FINIS.
An Explication of the SixthPlate.
This Plate is in Reality but one compound Instrument or Apparatus, for trying the Electricity of Glass, and its Luminousness, when put into Motion, and rubb'd upon to heat it. Wherein B C is a Wheel, with its String A B C. D E is a Sphere of Glass, whose Air has been drawn out by the Air-Pump: This is turned round by the former Wheel-string at A. F is a Stopcock, whereby the Air is exhausted, and may be readmitted at Discretion.
InFig. 1.K L M is an Arch with Threads of Cruel or Yarn upon it, as they hang about the Glass D E, (here represented by a smaller Circle within the Arch) before it is turned round or heated by rubbing.
Fig. 2.G H I is the same with the former; only the Threads are here represented as they hang at the Beginning of the turning round of the Globe, before it be heated by Friction; being plainly bent one way, by a Wind arising from that Convolution.
Fig. 3.N P O is the same; only with the Threads pointing towards the Sphere, or its Center, when the Arch is in an upright Posture, and some of the Threads hang partly downwards, and this upon the Spheres being heated sufficiently.
Fig. 4.Q S R is the same, with its Threads pointing the same way, though in a downward Posture, when some of the Threads thereby are forc'd to stand erect.
Fig. 5.T U is a Circular Arch, in an horizontal Position, when the Threads point towards the same Center, in the same horizontal Plain.
Fig. 6.Is another Sphere, communicating with the Air, and to be apply'd to the same Wheel in the Room of D E, where-into is inserted an Axis with a Circle affixed to it; at the Edges of which Circle the Threads are placed. These upon the Friction and Heat of the Glass extend themselves outward, and point from the Center to the Circumference, contrary to the former. In both Cases the Threads, when under the Influence of the Electricity, will be moved by the Finger, even without Contact, nay by the Finger and Breath, even through the Glass it self; so subtle are theseEffluvia. The Light is made when the Air is exhausted, and diminishes as you readmit it. It spreads and branches it self inwardly like Lightning, when about half that Air is readmitted. The Colour of that Light is always Purple. It spreads at some Distance, and makes the Edges of a Cravat look a little like the milky Way, by the great Number of Sparkles it emits: Which may also be felt by the Flesh, with a crackling Noise that accompanies them. If you also sufficiently rub and heat a large Tube of Glass, either solid or hollow, it becomes strongly Electrical, even through Glass it self; tho' not so muchthrough Muslin. Other Heat than that by Friction signifies nothing. It will attract and repel Leaf Gold, and the like small and light Bodies, after a strange manner, by turns; when once they have been fully repell'd they cannot be made to touch them, till they have been reflected from some other Body. If they lye between two Pieces of Wood, laid pretty near, the Electricity fails of its Effect. With other Circumstances very surprizing and unaccountable.
FINIS.
Transcription note:The original punctuation and ortography of the book have been faithfully preserved; words which are spelled variantly, or inconsistently capitalized (e.g.,Axelvs.Axle,crowdedvs.crouded,blue, redvs.Blue, Red, etc.) have been left as such.Likewise, the (mis)spelling of names likeGalilæo,Azout,Hugen,Guerick, has been retained.The following typographical mistakes have been corrected, taking into account recurrences across the text:Page III, 25th day:The Ebullition of Liquors inVacuo→The Ebullition of Liquorsin VacuoMechanicks, Explication of the 2nd Plate:Figure. 1. Is the deceitful Balance; which yet isin Equilibrio→Figure 1. Is the deceitful Balance; which yet isin ÆquilibrioFig. 3→Fig. 3.[Fig. 10]: perpendiculary →perpendicularly[between Fig. 9 and 10]: N.B.→N. B.[Fig. 10]: and in this Leaver →and in this LeverMechanicks, Expl. 5th Plate, Fig. 3:us it is less restrained. →as it is less restrained.Opticks, Expl. 1st Plate, Fig. 3:Looking-glass →Looking-GlassOpticks, Expl. 2nd Plate:Fig. 8.Shows →Fig. 8.Shews[Fig. 10]: on the like Acccount. →on the like Account.Hydrostaticks, Expl. 1st Plate:[Fig. 5]: specifick Gravity of Water →Specifick Gravity of WaterHydrostaticks, Table of Specifick Gravities:Spirit of Nirre →Spirit of NitrePneumaticks, Expl. 2nd Plate:[Fig. 1]: 'tis by this Thteefold →'tis by this Threefold[Fig. 2]: small Part of ccmmon Air →small Part of common AirPneumaticks, Expl. 5th Plate:[Fig. 6]: as between the Hemispheres →as between the Hemispheres.Pneumaticks, Expl. 6th Plate:[Fig. 6]: througn Muslin →through Muslin
The original punctuation and ortography of the book have been faithfully preserved; words which are spelled variantly, or inconsistently capitalized (e.g.,Axelvs.Axle,crowdedvs.crouded,blue, redvs.Blue, Red, etc.) have been left as such.
Likewise, the (mis)spelling of names likeGalilæo,Azout,Hugen,Guerick, has been retained.
The following typographical mistakes have been corrected, taking into account recurrences across the text: