NOTES
[1]There is a widespread recognition among psychologists and students of character that the study of conduct should begin with these unreasoned impulses. For examples of such a recognition see the following: Jas. R. Angell,Chapters from Modern Psychology,pp.24, 25; Wm. McDougall,An Introduction to Social Psychology,pp.2, 3, 43; Gilbert Murray, Herd Instinct and the War, a lecture inThe International Conflictby Murray and others,p.23; Wilfred Trotter,The Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War,p.15; Graham Wallas,The Great Society,p.41; E. B. Holt,The Freudian Wish,p.132; Walter Lippmann,The Stakes of Diplomacy,p.50; A. F. Shand,The Foundations of Character, Introduction,pp.1-9.
[2]Cf. Francis Galton:Inquiries Into Human Faculty and Its Development,p.72.
[3]Wm. James:The Principles of Psychology, Vol. II,p.430. Quoted by Wm. McDougall:Social Psychology,pp.85, 86.
[4]Wilfred Trotter:The Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War. Other writers have emphasized gregariousness, but Trotter’s book is the most elaborate and important in recent literature. Aristotle declared that man was a social animal. SeePolitics, Book I,Chap.I. Cf. also McDougall:Social Psychology,p.84.
[5]W. G. Sumner:Folkways,p.15.
[6]Martin Conway:The Crowd in Peace and War,p.76.
[7]Gilbert Murray:Herd Instinct and the War,p.34.
[8]Ibid.,p.37.
[9]Conway:The Crowd,p.79.
[10]Bertrand Russell:Why Men Fight,p.51.
[11]We have been following here an article by Anne C. E. Allinson entitled “Virgil and the New Patriotism” in theYale Review, October, 1917.
[12]Prof. Max F. Meyer, of the University of Missouri, in a letter in theNew York Timesof August 16, 1917.
[13]McDougall:Social Psychology,p.208. Footnote.
[14]The termsout-groupandin-groupare borrowed from Sumner. See W. G. Sumner:Folkways.
[15]Alfred Loisy:The War and Religion.
[16]Ibid.,p.65.
[17]Ibid.,p.62.
[18]Ibid.,p.20.
[19]Ibid.,p.79.
[20]J. M. Robertson:Patriotism and Empire.
[21]Ibid.,p.36.
[22]Wm. McDougall:Social Psychology,p.55.
[23]Walter Lippmann:The Stakes of Diplomacy,p.208.
[24]J. M. Robertson:Patriotism and Empire,p.138.
[25]Goethe:Faust, Part II, Act 2. The translation here used is quoted by F. M. Stawell: Patriotism and Humanity.I. J. E., April, 1915,p.299.
[26]McDougall:Social Psychology,p.140.
[27]For a book that emphasizes the emulative impulse in its account of the behavior of nations see Thorstein Veblen:The Nature of Peace. Cf.pp.31 ff.
[28]William James has contended that the center of the problem of peace and war is that there is an impulse of pugnacity. Cf. The Moral Equivalent of War and Remarks at the Peace Banquet inMemories and Studies.
[29]Graham Wallas:The Great Society,p.50.
[30]Ibid.,p.50.
[31]Lessing:Nathan the Wise, Act IV, Scene IV. The translation used here is that of the edition of Geo. Alex. Kohut. New York, 1917.
[32]W. G. Sumner:Folkways,p.23.
[33]For data concerning such societies in America see Sydney Aaron Phillips:Patriotic Societies of the United States. No less than forty-four are listed.
[34]J. M. Robertson:Patriotism and Empire. Part II. The Militarist Regimen.
[35]Hegel:The Philosophy of Right, Dyde’s edition.
[36]Ibid.,p.310.
[37]Ibid.,pp.313, 314.
[38]Edward Everett Hale:The Man Without a Country.
[39]J. M. Robertson: The Jingoism of Poets. See hisCriticisms,Vol.II.
[40]Graham Wallas:The Great Society,p.153.
[41]Sumner:Folkways,pp.630, 631.
[42]The Teaching of Patriotism. InSocial and International Ideals. Lect. I.
[43]The Citizenof Milford, Conn.
[44]Cf. Harry Pratt Judson:The Young American; Ella Lyman Cabot and Others:A Course in Citizenship; Constance D’Arcy Mackay:Patriotic PlaysandPageants for Young People.
[45]Russell:Why Men Fight,pp.160, 161.
[46]W. G. Sumner:Folkways,pp.635, 636.
[47]Ibid.,p.177.
[48]Trotter:Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War,p.205.
[49]Russell:Why Men Fight,p.154.
[50]McDougall:Social Psychology,p.97.
[51]Cooley:Human Nature and the Social Order,p.265.
[52]Graham Wallas:The Great Society,pp.281, 282.
[53]M. Gabriel Tarde has made more of this disposition than any other writer. See Tarde:The Laws of Imitation. His definition of imitation is onp.XIV, in preface to the second edition.
[54]Sumner:Folkways,p.5. Italics mine.
[55]C. D. Burns:The Morality of Nations,p.106.
[56]Lippmann:The Stakes of Diplomacy,p.51.
[57]Sumner:Folkways,p.30.
[58]Ibid.,pp.77, 173, 174.
[59]Ibid.,p.71.
[60]Cf. C. D. Burns:The Morality of Nations,pp.14, 15.
[61]Lessing:Nathan the Wise, Act III, Sc. VII. Kohut’s edition.
[62]Cooley:Human Nature and the Social Order,p.36. Quoted by Ross:Social Psychology,p.4.
[63]Ross:Social Psychology,p.273.
[64]Russell:Why Men Fight,p.236. The fact that patriotism has been relatively uncriticized is not its only source of strength; it is an important one.
[65]Sumner:Folkways,p.95. Italics mine.
[66]The beliefs, however, are often closely related to the impulses and habits, and may simply be the latter raised to the level of consciousness. In fact, when an impulse or a habit gets raised to the conscious level, it becomes a belief.
[67]Graham Wallas:The Great Society,p.36.
[68]Alfred Tennyson. Poem has no title. Stanza given is the opening one. SeeThe Works of Alfred Lord Tennyson, London and New York, MacMillanCo., 1892,p.64.
[69]Herbert Spencer:Social Statics,p.283.
[70]Daniel Webster: Reply to Hayne. Jan. 26, 1830.
[71]Green: Works.Vol.II.The Principles of Political Obligation,p.384. Italics mine.
[72]Cf. Thomas Hobbes:Leviathan.
[73]J. S. Mill. In letter to John Sterling,Oct.20-22, 1831. Elliott:Letters,Vol.I,p.15.
[74]Josiah Quincy, Jr.: Second Centennial of Boston. Sept. 17, 1830.
[75]L. T. Chamberlin:Patriotism and The Moral Law,p.10.
[76]J. S. Mill:Principles of Political Economy,Vol.II,p.397.
[77]Cf. Aristotle:Politics, Bk. I,Chap.1,p.3. Jowett’s edition.
[78]Cf. Plato:The Republic.
[79]Edward Everett Hale:The Man Without a Country. Preface,pp.IV, V. School edition; Boston; Little, Brown, andCo.; 1905.
[80]The term “syndicalism” as here used means roughly the principle that societal control should be in the hands of organizations based upon the fact of common occupation. Cf. G. D. H. Cole:The World of Labour.
[81]Plato:Crito,pp.371 ff. Jowett’s edition.
[82]Bernard Bosanquet:Social and International Ideals,p.8.
[83]Bertrand Russell:Why Men Fight,p.55.
[84]Herbert Spencer:Social Statics,pp.296, 297.
[85]Loisy:The War and Religion,pp.36, 37.
[86]Zimmermann:On National Pride,p.94.
[87]Patrick Henry: Speech in Virginia Legislature, 1775.
[88]Abraham Lincoln: Gettysburg Address. Nov. 19, 1863.
[89]Bacon:De Augmentis Scientarum, B. VI,Ch.III. (Spedding and Ellis). Quoted by Alexander F. Shand:The Foundations of Character,p.7.
[90]Walter Lippmann:The Stakes of Diplomacy,pp.74, 75.
[91]Samuel Adams: Protest of Boston Against Taxation. May 24, 1764.
[92]John Dewey: Progress,I. J. E., April, 1916,p.321.
[93]Cf. Veblen:The Nature of Peace,pp.166, 167.
[94]Chamberlain:Patriotism and The Moral Law,p.6.
[95]L. P. Jacks:The Changing Mind of a Nation at War,pp.78, 79. Jacks is talking of war-time conditions.
[96]George Washington: Letter to the Governors. June 18, 1783. Italics mine.
[97]McDougall:Social Psychology,p.207.
[98]C. D. Burns:The Morality of Nations,p.11.
[99]Bosanquet:Social and International Ideals,p.3.
[100]Royce:The Philosophy of Loyalty,p.40.
[101]Ibid.,p.41.
[102]Zimmermann:On National Pride,pp.280, 281.
[103]William Cowper: The Task, II, 206.
[104]Sir Walter Scott: The Lay of the Last Minstrel. Canto Sixth.
[105]Cf. Mill:On Liberty; and Spencer:Social Statics.
[106]Hegel:The Philosophy of Right,pp.330, 337.
[107]Cf. H. P. Judson:The Young American.Chap.I,pp.9, 10.
[108]H. H. Powers:The Things Men Fight For,p.283.
[109]Nitobe:Bushido, The Soul of Japan,p.116.
[110]C. D. Broad: The Prevention of War.I. J. E., Jan., 1916,p.243.
[111]For a clear statement of the diplomatic aims of the different nations in this present war see H. H. Powers:The Things Men Fight For.
[112]J. S. Mill: Letter datedOct.25, 1865. Elliott:Letters.Vol.II,p.47.
[113]Chas. Sumner: The True Grandeur of Nations. Boston, July 4, 1845.
[114]Powers:The Things Men Fight For,p.340.
[115]Green: Works.Vol.II.The Principles of Political Obligation,p.338.
[116]See Anne C. E. Allinson: Virgil and the New Patriotism,Yale Review,Oct., 1917,p.158.
[117]King: Washington or Greatness. InPatriotism and Other Papers,pp.72, 73.
[118]L. S. Woolf: International Morality.I. J. E.,Oct., 1915,p.18.
[119]Loisy:The War and Religion,p.21.
[120]Elroy Headley:Patriotic Essays, Introduction,p.XV.
[121]Mazzini: 1834. Quoted by Rose:Nationality in Modern History,p.74.
[122]Longfellow: The Building of the Ship.
[123]Josiah Quincy, Jr. Speech at Second Centennial of Boston, Sept. 17, 1830.
[124]Wm. Watson: The True Patriotism. SeeThe Poems of William Watson, New York and London, MacmillanCo., 1893,p.76.
[125]Chamberlin:Patriotism and The Moral Law,pp.24, 25.
[126]Chas. E. Hughes:Addresses Before the Empire State Society, S. A. R.Nov. 26, 1906.
[127]Bosanquet:Social and International Ideals, preface,pp.VI, VII.
[128]Chamberlin:Patriotism and The Moral Law,p.14.
[129]John Grier Hibben:The Higher Patriotism,p.18.
[130]J. M. Robertson:Patriotism and Empire,p.202.
[131]International Reform Bureau:Patriotic Studies, 1888-1905.
[132]Thos. S. King:Patriotism and Other Papers,p.49.
[133]Cf. E. A. Venturi:Joseph Mazzini, with two essays by Mazzini:Thoughts on DemocracyandThe Duties of Man.
[134]Royce:Loyalty,pp.214, 215, 118.
[135]Royce: Duties of Americans in the Present War. InThe Hope of the Great Community,pp.3, 4. Italics mine.
[136]Graham Wallas:Human Nature in Politics,p.100.
[137]J. M. Robertson:Patriotism and Empire.
[138]W. Trotter:The Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War.
[139]T. Veblen:The Nature of Peace.
[140]Loisy:The War and Religion.
[141]H. H. Powers:The Things Men Fight For.
[142]Cf. statement of procedure in the preface.
[143]Sophie Bryant:Hastings Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics,Vol.IX,p.678:2.
[144]Of course, one can care about the fate of countries other than his own and be interested in institutions of another order, the church, for instance, but when he does these things, he does them in his character as something other than a patriot. No person is merely a patriot. In so far as he is a patriot his interest is absorbed in his country.
[145]Royce:The World and the Individual,Vol.I,p.292.
[146]Veblen:The Nature of Peace. Cf.Chap.IV, Peace Without Honour.
[147]Bosanquet:The Principle of Individuality and Value,p.68.
[148]Ibid., margin ofp.68.
[149]E. B. Talbot: Individuality and Freedom.Philosophical Review, November, 1909,p.600.
[150]Aristotle:Politics. Book II,Chap.2,p.28. Jowett’s translation.
[151]Gertrude B. King: The Servile Mind.I. J. E., July, 1916,p.503.
[152]Ellen B. Talbot: Individuality and Freedom.Philosophical Review, November, 1909,p.603.
[153]Warner Fite:Individualism,p.14.
[154]Ellen B. Talbot: Individuality and Freedom.Philosophical Review, November, 1909,p.602.
[155]Cf. Aristotle:Politics. Book I,Chap.2,p.4. Jowett’s edition.
[156]Warner Fite:Individualism,p.126.
[157]Ibid.,p.122.
[158]Royce:The Problem of Christianity,Vol.I,p.152.
[159]Ibid., preface,p.XXV.
[160]Fite:Individualism,p.173.
[161]Howison:The Limits of Evolution,p.7.
[162]C. M. Bakewell: Royce As an Interpreter of American Ideals.I. J. E.,p.307, April, 1917,Vol.XXVII.
[163]Joseph Mazzini:On the Duties of Man,Ch.V. In E. A. Venturi:Joseph Mazzini,p.312.
[164]Ibid.,p.313.
[165]Ibid.,pp.314, 315.
[166]Arthur Ponsonby,I. J. E., Jan., 1915,pp.143, 144.
[167]Cited by Edward Everett Hale:The Man Without a Country, introduction,p.VIII.
[168]McDougall:Social Psychology,p.85.
[169]Green:Works,Vol.II,Principles of Political Obligation,p.523.
[170]Sumner:Folkways,pp.566, 567.
[171]Spencer:Social Statics,p.300.
[172]Green:Works,Vol.II,Principles of Political Obligation, table of contents,p.XXXV, forp.446.
[173]H. C. Brown: Human Nature and the State,I. J. E., Jan., 1916,p.179.
[174]Spencer:Social Statics,p.279.
[175]Green:Works,Vol.II,Principles of Political Obligation,p.444.
[176]Rose:Nationality in Modern History,p.12.
[177]J. Berg Esenwein:Short Story Masterpieces: Russian. Introduction to Gogol,p.67.
[178]Warner Fite:Individualism,p.100. Italics mine. The last sentence, also, comes before the rest of the passage in the author’s own text.
[179]Ibid.,p.112.
[180]Joseph Mazzini:On the Duties of Man,Ch.V. In E. A. Venturi:Joseph Mazzini,p.317.
[181]Ernest Barker: The Discredited State,Political Quarterly, Feb., 1915,p.111.
[182]Robert C. Winthrop: The Patriot Traveler in a Foreign Land. See H. P. Judson:The Young American,p.118.
[183]Veblen:The Nature of Peace,p.142.
[184]C. D. Burns:The Morality of Nations,pp.7, 65.
[185]Russell:Why Men Fight,p.151.
[186]Lippmann:The Stakes of Diplomacy,p.38.
[187]Ibid.,p.50.
[188]Cf. Graham Wallas:The Great Society,p.308.
[189]Zimmermann:On National Pride,p.137.
[190]Royce:The Religious Aspect of Philosophy,p.212. Italics mine.
[191]Anne C. E. Allinson: Virgil and the New Patriotism,Yale Review, October, 1917,p.141.
[192]Aristotle:Politics, Book III,Ch.3,p.72. Jowett’s translation.
[193]Graham Wallas:The Great Society,p.10.
[194]Sumner:Folkways,p.94.
[195]A. C. Haddon:Universal Races Congress, Record of Proceedings, London, 1911,p.26. Quoted by G. F. Barbour,I. J. E.,Oct., 1913,pp.14, 15. Footnote.
[196]G. F. Barbour,I. J. E.,Oct., 1913,p.15.
[197]Royce:Provincialism,p.99. InRace Questions and Other American Problems.
[198]Ibid.,p.99.
[199]Ibid.,p.65.
[200]Ibid.,pp.100, 102.
[201]F. Melian Stawell,I. J. E., April, 1915,pp.296, 297.
[202]C. D. Burns and L. S. Woolf have made a good deal of these tendencies. Cf. C. D. Burns:The Morality of Nations, and L. S. Woolf:International Government.
[203]C. D. Burns:The Morality of Nations,p.237.
[204]For these and similar facts see C. D. Burns: The State and Its External Relations.Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 1915-1916,p.300.
[205]Lippmann:The Stakes of Diplomacy,p.45.
[206]TheNew York Timesof Nov. 27, 1917, contained a report to the effect that the United States Government was preparing to notify Berlin of the steps that had been taken in the United States regarding the internment of unnaturalized Germans in this country. It was the purpose to inform Germany of the number of those interned, who they were, and how they were treated. The object was to reassure Germany that the interned Germans were not being ill-treated, and so to protect Americans interned in Germany.
[207]Trotter:The Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War,pp.121, 122.
[208]Zimmerman:On National Pride,p.306.
[209]Lippmann:The Stakes of Diplomacy,p.224.
[210]H. H. Powers:The Things Men Fight For,p.7.