FOOTNOTES:[31]Like all generalisation dealing with complex matters, this must be qualified by individual exceptions. For example, men who have made fortunes for themselves, and have added to the world's stock, by work in the gold-fields, have been in many caseslabourers, directing their own efforts by their own intelligence. But some men have been exceptional in one or other of two ways—either in propinquity to the scene of action, or (and this is the more common case) in handihood, determination, and courage. It is not every one who has it in him to go in search of gold to Alaska.
[31]Like all generalisation dealing with complex matters, this must be qualified by individual exceptions. For example, men who have made fortunes for themselves, and have added to the world's stock, by work in the gold-fields, have been in many caseslabourers, directing their own efforts by their own intelligence. But some men have been exceptional in one or other of two ways—either in propinquity to the scene of action, or (and this is the more common case) in handihood, determination, and courage. It is not every one who has it in him to go in search of gold to Alaska.
[31]Like all generalisation dealing with complex matters, this must be qualified by individual exceptions. For example, men who have made fortunes for themselves, and have added to the world's stock, by work in the gold-fields, have been in many caseslabourers, directing their own efforts by their own intelligence. But some men have been exceptional in one or other of two ways—either in propinquity to the scene of action, or (and this is the more common case) in handihood, determination, and courage. It is not every one who has it in him to go in search of gold to Alaska.
Ability, and labour defined,19;labour as opposed to,29;capital as the implement of,32;a name for the directive faculties,33;value of directive,68;monopoly of business,89,93;and individual motive,110;modern socialists' recognition of products due to,191;rent of business,191,194Abstract justice, interest and,204,206,208,210,212,214,216,218,220,222,224,226Activity, two kinds represented by two groups of,28;military distinct from industrial,121Agriculture, Mill on nature in,181;and rent,192Allen, Grant,The Woman Who Did,147Arkwright, the inventor of the spinning-frame,83,197Artist, the case of an,115Bastiat, his plane,213,214Bellamy,Looking Backward,92;his description of a socialistic Utopia,92;his argument,105Bessemer,197,220Boy messengers,80Bradlaugh, Charles,85Brazil, Rossi fails to found a socialistic colony in,141Brigand chief, his justification,206Capital, is labour in an externalised and permanent form,14;is past labour crystallised,14,20;as the implement of ability,32;fixed and circulating,35;the primary function of,40;its interest described by George as the gift of nature,212Capitalism (a comparatively modern phenomenon), causes of its accelerateddevelopment,2;as a working system,3;essence of modern,14;and wages,16;state and private,62,71;economics of: the "economic man" and economic science,123,124Cause and effect,185Cellini, Benvenuto,24Christian socialism as a substitute for secular democracy,seeDemocracy; the message of,153;its view of the steel-kings and the oil-kings,153,158,160;its preaching a species of ecclesiastical electioneering,156;and the faculty of invention,159;abolishes competition,160;on the moral conversion of able men,160Christian Socialist, The,150Christian socialists, are simply secular socialists of the more modern and educated type,163;their temperamental deficiency finds its fullest expression in socialism,172Coleridge, Lord,135Colossal fortunes, growth of,130,131Competition,160Corvée system, and slavery,57,58Crozier, Dr. Beattie,Wheel of Wealth,217,218,236Darby of Coalbrookdale,83Demand and supply,143Democracy,130,132,134,136,138,140,142,144,146,148;Christian socialism as a substitute for secular,150,152,154,156,158,160,162,164,166,168,170,172,174Direction, wage-capital an implement of,70Directive ability,191;its value,68;and socialism,87;and labour,182,187,189to193—— faculties,31;function of the, as applied to the operations of modern labour,29;their function, illustrated by the case of a printed book,29;name for the,33Dudley,82Eclecticism,186Economic distinction, abolished by the truly socialistic scheme,58Economic emancipation, is entire abolition of the wage-system,56—— man, the,111,123—— motive, personal gain the primary,127—— opportunity,254—— science, capitalism and,124;its reasonings,177—— values,166Economics of capitalism,123Eddy, Mrs., her Christian science,150Edison,47,150,197,220Education, its ideal object as a means of happiness,273Electric lighting of London,84Equality of opportunity,253,254,256,258,260,262,264,266,268,270,272,274,276Equilibrium an ideal,288Evolution, organic,85Evolutionary socialists,102—— sociology,94Fabian Essays,58Family life,135,140,141Fighting instinct, the,121France, state monopolies in,80Frederick the Great,99French revolution,206George, Henry,210,211"Gospel for To-day, The,"151,153,157,159Great Eastern, The,264Greed,125Gronlünd, a disciple of Marx,18Happiness, an equation between desire and attainment,273Harrison, Frederic, the English prophet of Positivism,118;on the soldier's willing service,120Helots in Sparta,59Heroism, socialists' view of,118,122Hillquit, Mr., the American socialist,42,43,50;and "common manual labour,"48,50;his irrelevancies,50;his argument,51,53;verbal jugglery of,53Ideal equilibrium, an,288Income, of labour,197;earned and unearned,226Individual motive and democracy,130,132,134,136,138,140,142,144,146,148Industrial effort, its progress depends on thought and the advance ofknowledge,32;productivity of,157—— productivity,195—— towns, present structure of great,294Industry, state-directed,81;the iron,82Intellect, inequalities of the human,102,107Interest, and abstract justice,204,206,208,210,212,214,216,218,220,222,224,226;socialistic attack on,227,228,230,232,234,236,238,240,242,244,246,248,250,252Invention, Christian socialists on the faculty of,159Inventors,160to162Iron industry, the,82Jesuit Fathers in Uruguay,193Just reward of labour,176,178,180,182,184,186,188,190,192,194,196,198,200,202Justice, interest and abstract,204,206,208,210,212,214,216,218,220,222,224,226Kidd, on rival and independent claims,93;his argument,103,106Labour, as a wealth-producer,11,21,42;definition of ability and,19;two distinguishable kinds of,23;a productive agent,25,199;directive,31,71,75,77,78;emancipation of,47;the Marxian doctrine of the all-productivity of,47;by itself, impotent to produce the wealth of modern nations,54;and the socialistic promise,127;as estimated by its actual products—the just reward of,176,178,180,182,184,186,188,190,192,194,196,198,200,202;income of,197,295;as opposed to ability,291Labour-certificates,12Labourer, the ordinary manual,66,67,174Laplace,91Legislation,134,135;and the Government's will,136Lombe, the great silk-factory erected at Derby by,197L.C.C. steamboats,73Macaulay,Essay on Dryden,92;on the absurdity of confounding speculative sociology with practical,101Machine-capital,219Machinery, a development of capitalism,2;Marx on,27;embodies labour directed in a new way,38;the question of,88Majority, will of the,129,139,140;powers of the "sovereign,"137Marx, Karl, his formula,7;his treatise on capital,8;his theory summarised,9,10,12,14,16,18,20;his doctrine of scientific socialism,11,18;his falsified prophecies,17;errors of,19,20,22,24,26,28,30,32,34,36,38,40;on machinery,27;repudiated by modern socialists,41,42,44,46,48,50,52,54,56,58,60,62,64,66,68Melba,116,144Military, distinct from industrial, activity,121Mill, J.S.,2,32;Political Economy,20,21,179;on nature in agriculture,180,181Modern socialists, their repudiation of Marx,q.v.;and the question of motive,90,111,113;their assertion,115Monastic orders,117Monopolists,93Monopoly, modern capital is,38;of business-ability,89,93Motive, ability, and individual,110—— individual,130,132,134,136,138,140,142,144,146,148—— practical as distinct from moral,287—— socialists and,90,111,113Motives, discussion of various,113to115Multi-millionaires,131to133;a suggested limit,138Napoleon III.,99North American Review,130Opportunity, equality of,253,254,256,258,260,262,264,266,268,270,272,274,276Orders, monastic,117Organic evolution,185—— nature, products of,210Owen, Robert,170;his views on socialism,7Peasant proprietors,20,57Penny post,79Plane, Bastiat's,213,214Positivism, Frederic Harrison, the English prophet of,118to120Post Office, British,79Postal employé, the,260,261Press, a state,85Problems of practical life,95Product, correspondence between productive effort and,207Production, unequal powers of,142,254;labour, capital, and law the only factors in,191Productive agent, labour as a,25,199—— effort, the astounding advances of the efficiency of,26Productivity, industrial,195Rent, of business-ability, the,191,194;and agriculture,192Reward of labour, as estimated by its actual products, just,176,178,180,182,184,186,188,190,192,194,196,198,200,202Ricardo,2,12,32,92Roosevelt, President,169Rossi, Govanni, the Italian socialist, his failure to found a socialistic colony in Brazil,141Rousseau, his theory of the social contract,283,284Ruskin, John,23;his scheme of political economy,118Sentimental thinkers,123Shakespeare,92,96Shaw, Bernard,43,208,209;Man and Superman,215,216,222Slave, contrasted with wage-paid labourer,59Slavery,57Smith, Adam,Wealth of Nations,25,26,36Social Democratic Federation, its campaign and its catechism,45Social policy of the future,278,280,282,284,286,288,290,292,294Socialism, Christian.SeeChristian socialism—— historical beginning of,1,et seq.;two ideas of,1;and capitalism,3;a theory,5;regarded as a practical force,8;basic doctrine of so-called scientific,18;a fallacy,49,167;proximate difficulties of,69,70,72,74,76,78,80,82,84,86,88;its ultimate difficulty,89,90,92,94,96,98,100,102,104,106,108,110,112,114,116,118,120,122,124,126,128;"the Great Man theory,"91Socialistic attack on interest, and the nature of its error,227,228,230,232,234,236,238,240,242,244,246,248,250,252Socialistic temperament, debilitates the faculties,169—— theory of society, a,56,58Socialists, on heroism,118,122;their two main doctrines, moral and economic,165;their false and true theories of production,166;their fallacy,167—— evolutionary,102Society, two contrasted groups of,15Sociology, scientific,111—— speculative,109Spencer, Herbert,106;causal importance of the great man,89to101;on modern production,97,98;Study of Sociology,99;on the invention of theTimesprinting-press,100;Social Statics,ibid.;criticised by Author'sAristocracy and Evolution,101State officials,69Steel and oil,153,158,159,160,162Supply and demand,143Utopia, Bellamy's description of a socialistic,92Value, surplus,13Wage-capital,36,37,39,41,57,58,264;an implement of direction,70;its waste brings about its own remedy,71Wagedom, socialists and,59,60Wage-fund, division of total,201Wage-system, alternatives to,57,60;an escape from,59Watt,221Wealth, socialists' conception of,145;a form of power,146;superfluous,155;produced by two functionally different classes,176—— of modern nations, "common manual labour" impotent to produce the,48,50,54Wealth-producer, the greed of the,125Wealth-producing power, labour's,11,21,42Webb, Sidney,43,58to60,89,90,119,191,194,197;his argument,107,108Wilshire, Gayford, his leaflet,47,143,257