A Tableshewing the Rate per Thousand Cubic feet received for any Burner consuming from1⁄2a Cubic foot to 10 Cubic feet per hour, at any given price per annum, and to the times below stated. By Joseph Hedley, Esq.Time of Burning per annum.No.ofHours.[D]Single Jets.2 Jets.3 Jets.Small Argand.Large Argand.Fancy and extravagantBurners.Cub.ft.1⁄2Cub.ft.3⁄4Cub.ft.1Cub.ft.11⁄4Cub.ft.11⁄2Cub.ft.13⁄4Cub.ft.2Cub.ft.21⁄2Cub.ft.3Cub.ft.31⁄2Cub.ft.4Cub.ft.41⁄2Cub.ft.5Cub.ft.6Cub.ft.7Cub.ft.8Cub.ft.9Cub.ft.10From Dusk to8o’clock7812·561·7061·281·026·853·731·64·5132·4268·3658·3201·2846·2561·2134·1829·16·1423·128ditto and Sundays9022·2161·4781·108·887·739·633·554·4434·3695·3168·2771·2464·2217·1848·1584·1383·1232·1108ditto and from 6 o’clock mornings10501·9041·27·952·762·635·544·476·381·3174·272·2381·2116·1905·1587·136·119·1058·0952ditto and Sundays and from ditto11721·7061·138·853·682·569·487·426·3412·2844·2438·2133·1896·1706·1422·1219·1067·0948·08539o’clock10541·8961·264·948·759·632·542·474·3794·3162·271·2371·2108·1897·1581·1355·1185·1054·0948ditto and Sundays12211·6381·092·819·675·546·463·409·3376·273·234·2047·182·1638·1365·117·1024·091·0819ditto and from 6 o’clock mornings13231·5101·066·755·604·503·431·378·3022·2519·2158·1889·1678·1511·1259·1079·0945·0839·0755ditto and Sundays and from ditto14901·342·894·671·536·447·383·335·2684·2236·1918·1675·1492·1312·1118·0959·0839·0746·067110o’clock13671·462·974·731·585·487·418·366·2926·2438·209·1829·1626·1463·1219·1045·0914·0813·0731ditto and Sundays15861·26·84·63·504·42·36·315·2522·2101·1802·1576·14·1261·1051·0901·0789·07·0630ditto and from 6 o’clock mornings16361·222·814·611·489·407·349·305·2444·2037·1746·1528·1358·1222·1019·0873·0764·0679·0611ditto and Sundays and from ditto18551·078·718·539·431·359·308·269·2156·1796·154·1347·1198·1078·0898·077·0674·0599·053911o’clock16801·19·794·595·476·397·34·297·238·1984·17·1488·133·119·0992·085·0744·0665·0595ditto and Sundays19511·024·682·512·409·341·293·256·2048·1707·1466·1281·1138·1024·0854·0733·064·0569·0512ditto and from 6 o’clock mornings19491·026·684·513·41·342·294·256·2052·171·1466·1282·114·1026·0855·0733·0641·057·0513ditto and Sundays and from ditto2220·9·6·45·36·3·257·225·1802·1501·1286·1126·1·0981·0751·0643·0563·05·04512o’clock19931··668·502·4·334·287·251·2006·1672·1434·1254·1114·1003·0836·0717·0627·0557·0502ditto and Sundays2316·862·574·432·345·287·247·215·1726·1439·1236·1079·0958·0863·0719·0618·0539·0479·0432ditto and from 6 o’clock mornings2262·884·59·442·353·295·255·221·1768·1476·1274·1105·0982·0884·0737·0637·0552·0491·0442ditto and Sundays and from ditto2585·772·514·387·309·257·221·193·1546·1289·1104·0967·0858·0773·0645·0552·0483·0429·03871o’clock2306·866·578·434·347·289·247·217·1734·1445·1238·1080·0962·0867·0723·0619·0542·0481·0434ditto and Sundays2681·746·498·373·298·249·213·186·1492·1243·1066·0932·0828·0746·0621·0533·0466·0414·0373ditto and from 6 o’clock mornings2575·776·518·388·31·259·222·194·1552·1294·111·0971·0862·0776·0647·0555·0485·0431·0388ditto and Sundays and from ditto2950·678·452·339·271·226·193·169·1356·113·0968·0847·0754·0678·0565·0484·0424·0377·0339All night4327·462·308·231·185·154·132·115·6924·077·066·0578·0515·0462·0385·033·0289·0257·0231To use the Table.—Select the hour to which it is agreed the gas is to burn,—9, 10, 11 o’clock, Sundays, &c., as the case may be, and the description of the burner.—Multiply the decimal number opposite to it by the amount in shillings agreed to be paid per annum, and the product will be the sum received per m. cubic feet for the gas.Example.—Suppose a small argand which should burn 31⁄2feet per hour, is agreed for till 9 o’clock at 2l.per annum. Look along the line of 9 o’clock till you arrive at the column of 31⁄2feet per hour, and you find the number, ·271. Multiply this number by 40s.and the result gives 10s.10d.per m. cubic feet. But suppose instead of keeping to 9 o’clock the party burns till 1 o’clock, Sundays and mornings, and by enlarging the holes or height of flame consumes 8 cubic feet of gas per hour; then you have the number, ·0424, which multiplied by 40s., still the price paid, gives 1s.8d.per m. cubic feet only, and so on for any greater or lesser variation of the agreement.[D]The “number of hours” includes1⁄4of an hour allowed for shutting shops, and 1 hour’s extra burning on Saturday nights.Time of Burning per annum.No.ofHours.[D]Single Jets.2 Jets.Cub.ft.1⁄2Cub.ft.3⁄4Cub.ft.1Cub.ft.11⁄4Cub.ft.11⁄2Cub.ft.13⁄4From Dusk to8o’clock7812·561·7061·281·026·853·731ditto and Sundays9022·2161·4781·108·887·739·633ditto and from 6 o’clock mornings10501·9041·27·952·762·635·544ditto and Sundays and from ditto11721·7061·138·853·682·569·4879o’clock10541·8961·264·948·759·632·542ditto and Sundays12211·6381·092·819·675·546·463ditto and from 6 o’clock mornings13231·5101·066·755·604·503·431ditto and Sundays and from ditto14901·342·894·671·536·447·38310o’clock13671·462·974·731·585·487·418ditto and Sundays15861·26·84·63·504·42·36ditto and from 6 o’clock mornings16361·222·814·611·489·407·349ditto and Sundays and from ditto18551·078·718·539·431·359·30811o’clock16801·19·794·595·476·397·34ditto and Sundays19511·024·682·512·409·341·293ditto and from 6 o’clock mornings19491·026·684·513·41·342·294ditto and Sundays and from ditto2220·9·6·45·36·3·25712o’clock19931··668·502·4·334·287ditto and Sundays2316·862·574·432·345·287·247ditto and from 6 o’clock mornings2262·884·59·442·353·295·255ditto and Sundays and from ditto2585·772·514·387·309·257·2211o’clock2306·866·578·434·347·289·247ditto and Sundays2681·746·498·373·298·249·213ditto and from 6 o’clock mornings2575·776·518·388·31·259·222ditto and Sundays and from ditto2950·678·452·339·271·226·193All night4327·462·308·231·185·154·132To use the Table.—Select the hour to which it is agreed the gas is to burn,—9, 10, 11 o’clock, Sundays, &c., as the case may be, and the description of the burner.—Multiply the decimal number opposite to it by the amount in shillings agreed to be paid per annum, and the product will be the sum received per m. cubic feet for the gas.Example.—Suppose a small argand which should burn 31⁄2feet per hour, is agreed for till 9 o’clock at 2l.per annum. Look along the line of 9 o’clock till you arrive at the column of 31⁄2feet per hour, and you find the number, ·271. Multiply this number by 40s.and the result gives 10s.10d.per m. cubic feet. But suppose instead of keeping to 9 o’clock the party burns till 1 o’clock, Sundays and mornings, and by enlarging the holes or height of flame consumes 8 cubic feet of gas per hour; then you have the number, ·0424, which multiplied by 40s., still the price paid, gives 1s.8d.per m. cubic feet only, and so on for any greater or lesser variation of the agreement.[D]The “number of hours” includes1⁄4of an hour allowed for shutting shops, and 1 hour’s extra burning on Saturday nights.Time of Burning per annum.No.ofHours.[D]3 Jets.Small Argand.Cub.ft.2Cub.ft.21⁄2Cub.ft.3Cub.ft.31⁄2Cub.ft.4Cub.ft.41⁄2From Dusk to8o’clock781·64·5132·4268·3658·3201·2846ditto and Sundays902·554·4434·3695·3168·2771·2464ditto and from 6 o’clock mornings1050·476·381·3174·272·2381·2116ditto and Sundays and from ditto1172·426·3412·2844·2438·2133·18969o’clock1054·474·3794·3162·271·2371·2108ditto and Sundays1221·409·3376·273·234·2047·182ditto and from 6 o’clock mornings1323·378·3022·2519·2158·1889·1678ditto and Sundays and from ditto1490·335·2684·2236·1918·1675·149210o’clock1367·366·2926·2438·209·1829·1626ditto and Sundays1586·315·2522·2101·1802·1576·14ditto and from 6 o’clock mornings1636·305·2444·2037·1746·1528·1358ditto and Sundays and from ditto1855·269·2156·1796·154·1347·119811o’clock1680·297·238·1984·17·1488·133ditto and Sundays1951·256·2048·1707·1466·1281·1138ditto and from 6 o’clock mornings1949·256·2052·171·1466·1282·114ditto and Sundays and from ditto2220·225·1802·1501·1286·1126·112o’clock1993·251·2006·1672·1434·1254·1114ditto and Sundays2316·215·1726·1439·1236·1079·0958ditto and from 6 o’clock mornings2262·221·1768·1476·1274·1105·0982ditto and Sundays and from ditto2585·193·1546·1289·1104·0967·08581o’clock2306·217·1734·1445·1238·1080·0962ditto and Sundays2681·186·1492·1243·1066·0932·0828ditto and from 6 o’clock mornings2575·194·1552·1294·111·0971·0862ditto and Sundays and from ditto2950·169·1356·113·0968·0847·0754All night4327·115·6924·077·066·0578·0515To use the Table.—Select the hour to which it is agreed the gas is to burn,—9, 10, 11 o’clock, Sundays, &c., as the case may be, and the description of the burner.—Multiply the decimal number opposite to it by the amount in shillings agreed to be paid per annum, and the product will be the sum received per m. cubic feet for the gas.Example.—Suppose a small argand which should burn 31⁄2feet per hour, is agreed for till 9 o’clock at 2l.per annum. Look along the line of 9 o’clock till you arrive at the column of 31⁄2feet per hour, and you find the number, ·271. Multiply this number by 40s.and the result gives 10s.10d.per m. cubic feet. But suppose instead of keeping to 9 o’clock the party burns till 1 o’clock, Sundays and mornings, and by enlarging the holes or height of flame consumes 8 cubic feet of gas per hour; then you have the number, ·0424, which multiplied by 40s., still the price paid, gives 1s.8d.per m. cubic feet only, and so on for any greater or lesser variation of the agreement.[D]The “number of hours” includes1⁄4of an hour allowed for shutting shops, and 1 hour’s extra burning on Saturday nights.Time of Burning per annum.No.ofHours.[D]Large Argand.Fancy and extravagantBurners.Cub.ft.5Cub.ft.6Cub.ft.7Cub.ft.8Cub.ft.9Cub.ft.10From Dusk to8o’clock781·2561·2134·1829·16·1423·128ditto and Sundays902·2217·1848·1584·1383·1232·1108ditto and from 6 o’clock mornings1050·1905·1587·136·119·1058·0952ditto and Sundays and from ditto1172·1706·1422·1219·1067·0948·08539o’clock1054·1897·1581·1355·1185·1054·0948ditto and Sundays1221·1638·1365·117·1024·091·0819ditto and from 6 o’clock mornings1323·1511·1259·1079·0945·0839·0755ditto and Sundays and from ditto1490·1312·1118·0959·0839·0746·067110o’clock1367·1463·1219·1045·0914·0813·0731ditto and Sundays1586·1261·1051·0901·0789·07·0630ditto and from 6 o’clock mornings1636·1222·1019·0873·0764·0679·0611ditto and Sundays and from ditto1855·1078·0898·077·0674·0599·053911o’clock1680·119·0992·085·0744·0665·0595ditto and Sundays1951·1024·0854·0733·064·0569·0512ditto and from 6 o’clock mornings1949·1026·0855·0733·0641·057·0513ditto and Sundays and from ditto2220·0981·0751·0643·0563·05·04512o’clock1993·1003·0836·0717·0627·0557·0502ditto and Sundays2316·0863·0719·0618·0539·0479·0432ditto and from 6 o’clock mornings2262·0884·0737·0637·0552·0491·0442ditto and Sundays and from ditto2585·0773·0645·0552·0483·0429·03871o’clock2306·0867·0723·0619·0542·0481·0434ditto and Sundays2681·0746·0621·0533·0466·0414·0373ditto and from 6 o’clock mornings2575·0776·0647·0555·0485·0431·0388ditto and Sundays and from ditto2950·0678·0565·0484·0424·0377·0339All night4327·0462·0385·033·0289·0257·0231To use the Table.—Select the hour to which it is agreed the gas is to burn,—9, 10, 11 o’clock, Sundays, &c., as the case may be, and the description of the burner.—Multiply the decimal number opposite to it by the amount in shillings agreed to be paid per annum, and the product will be the sum received per m. cubic feet for the gas.Example.—Suppose a small argand which should burn 31⁄2feet per hour, is agreed for till 9 o’clock at 2l.per annum. Look along the line of 9 o’clock till you arrive at the column of 31⁄2feet per hour, and you find the number, ·271. Multiply this number by 40s.and the result gives 10s.10d.per m. cubic feet. But suppose instead of keeping to 9 o’clock the party burns till 1 o’clock, Sundays and mornings, and by enlarging the holes or height of flame consumes 8 cubic feet of gas per hour; then you have the number, ·0424, which multiplied by 40s., still the price paid, gives 1s.8d.per m. cubic feet only, and so on for any greater or lesser variation of the agreement.[D]The “number of hours” includes1⁄4of an hour allowed for shutting shops, and 1 hour’s extra burning on Saturday nights.GENERAL SUMMARY.For lighting London and its suburbs with gas, there are—18 public gas works.12publdo.gascompanies.2,800,000l.capital employed in works, pipes, tanks, gas-holders, apparatus.450,000l.yearly revenue derived.180,000 tons of coals used in the year for making gas.1,460,000,000 cubic feet of gas made in the year.134,300 private burners supplied to about 40,000 consumers.30,400 public or street do. N. B. about 2650 of these are in thecityof London.380 lamplighters employed.176 gas-holders; several of them double ones, capable of storing 5,500,000 cubic feet.890 tons of coals used in the retorts on the shortest day, in 24 hours.7,120,000 cubic feet of gas used in longest night, say 24th December.About 2500 persons are employed in the metropolis alone, in this branch of manufacture.Between 1822 and 1827 the quantity nearly doubled itself, and that in 5 years.Between 1827 and 1837 it doubled itself again.Mr. Kirkham, engineer, obtained a patent, in June, 1837, for an improved mode of removing the carbonaceous incrustation from the internal surfaces of gas retorts. He employs a jet or jets of heated atmospheric air, or other gases containing oxygen, which he impels with force into the interior of such retorts as have become incrusted in consequence of the decomposition of the coal. The retort is to be kept thoroughly red hot during the application of the proposed jets. An iron pipe, constructed with several flexible joints, leading from a blowing machine, is bent in such a way as to allow its nozzle end to be introduced within the retort, and directed to any point of its surface.I should suppose that air, even at common temperatures, applied to a retort ignited to the pitch of making gas, would burn away the incrustations; but hot air will, no doubt, be more powerful.
A Tableshewing the Rate per Thousand Cubic feet received for any Burner consuming from1⁄2a Cubic foot to 10 Cubic feet per hour, at any given price per annum, and to the times below stated. By Joseph Hedley, Esq.
GENERAL SUMMARY.
For lighting London and its suburbs with gas, there are—
18 public gas works.
12publdo.gascompanies.
2,800,000l.capital employed in works, pipes, tanks, gas-holders, apparatus.
450,000l.yearly revenue derived.
180,000 tons of coals used in the year for making gas.
1,460,000,000 cubic feet of gas made in the year.
134,300 private burners supplied to about 40,000 consumers.
30,400 public or street do. N. B. about 2650 of these are in thecityof London.
380 lamplighters employed.
176 gas-holders; several of them double ones, capable of storing 5,500,000 cubic feet.
890 tons of coals used in the retorts on the shortest day, in 24 hours.
7,120,000 cubic feet of gas used in longest night, say 24th December.
About 2500 persons are employed in the metropolis alone, in this branch of manufacture.
Between 1822 and 1827 the quantity nearly doubled itself, and that in 5 years.
Between 1827 and 1837 it doubled itself again.
Mr. Kirkham, engineer, obtained a patent, in June, 1837, for an improved mode of removing the carbonaceous incrustation from the internal surfaces of gas retorts. He employs a jet or jets of heated atmospheric air, or other gases containing oxygen, which he impels with force into the interior of such retorts as have become incrusted in consequence of the decomposition of the coal. The retort is to be kept thoroughly red hot during the application of the proposed jets. An iron pipe, constructed with several flexible joints, leading from a blowing machine, is bent in such a way as to allow its nozzle end to be introduced within the retort, and directed to any point of its surface.
I should suppose that air, even at common temperatures, applied to a retort ignited to the pitch of making gas, would burn away the incrustations; but hot air will, no doubt, be more powerful.