FINNISH POPULAR SONG.

Hyvästi[461]kultaseni[462], hyvästi kultani,Mun[86]lähteä[1]nyt[463]täytyy[464]pois[465]kotimaaltan[466].Mun[86]täytyvi[464]nyt[463]mennä[294]merille[295]kulkemaan[240]!Ja sinua en tieä[466a]jos[102]näen[466b]millonkaan[467].Lahella[468]laiva[469]pieni[470]minua outtelee[471];5Se mulla[472]kotimaani[466]ja tuttavani[473]lie[285].Se kotimaani[466]mulla[472]ja tuuli[474]kultani[462],Ja aalto[99]armnhani[475]tahikka[476]surmani[60].Jo[12]ennen[477]monta[478]miestä[164]se meri[295]petteli[479],Ja monen[478]kullan[462]silmät[480]vesille[481]jätteli[482].10Vaan[483]ellös[484]mua[472]surko[484], jos[102]ehkä[485]kuolisin[486];Sä[487]suotta[488]kaottaisit[489]ikäsi[490]kaunihin[491].Kun[50]kuulet[492]kuolleheksi[493], tee[494]risti[495]rantahan[391],Ja aallon[99]luomat[496]luuni[497]ne peitä[498]santahan[499].Ja ota[385]pieni[470]ruusu[500]ja laita[156]kasvamaan[501],15Käy[7]sitte[502]kesäilloin[503]välistä[504]katsomaan[193].Kun[71]ruusu[500]kaunihisti[491]kesällä[503]kukostaa[505],Se rakkauteni[506]kuvan[507]eteesi[508]muovostaa[509].Hyvästi[461]vielä[107]kerta[108], hyvästi ystävä[510]!Ei[512]suremaan[511]nyt[463]auta[512], vaan[483]täytyy[404]lähteä.20

Hyvästi[461]kultaseni[462], hyvästi kultani,

Mun[86]lähteä[1]nyt[463]täytyy[464]pois[465]kotimaaltan[466].

Mun[86]täytyvi[464]nyt[463]mennä[294]merille[295]kulkemaan[240]!

Ja sinua en tieä[466a]jos[102]näen[466b]millonkaan[467].

Lahella[468]laiva[469]pieni[470]minua outtelee[471];5

Se mulla[472]kotimaani[466]ja tuttavani[473]lie[285].

Se kotimaani[466]mulla[472]ja tuuli[474]kultani[462],

Ja aalto[99]armnhani[475]tahikka[476]surmani[60].

Jo[12]ennen[477]monta[478]miestä[164]se meri[295]petteli[479],

Ja monen[478]kullan[462]silmät[480]vesille[481]jätteli[482].10

Vaan[483]ellös[484]mua[472]surko[484], jos[102]ehkä[485]kuolisin[486];

Sä[487]suotta[488]kaottaisit[489]ikäsi[490]kaunihin[491].

Kun[50]kuulet[492]kuolleheksi[493], tee[494]risti[495]rantahan[391],

Ja aallon[99]luomat[496]luuni[497]ne peitä[498]santahan[499].

Ja ota[385]pieni[470]ruusu[500]ja laita[156]kasvamaan[501],15

Käy[7]sitte[502]kesäilloin[503]välistä[504]katsomaan[193].

Kun[71]ruusu[500]kaunihisti[491]kesällä[503]kukostaa[505],

Se rakkauteni[506]kuvan[507]eteesi[508]muovostaa[509].

Hyvästi[461]vielä[107]kerta[108], hyvästi ystävä[510]!

Ei[512]suremaan[511]nyt[463]auta[512], vaan[483]täytyy[404]lähteä.20

Farewell, dear love, farewell, my love,Now must I set forth from home.Now I must go to wander on the seasAnd know not if I shall ever see thee.A little ship awaits me in the bay:5It will be my home and friend.It will be my home and the wind my love,And the wave my darling or my death.That sea has lured many men ere now,And filled many a lover’s eyes with tears.10But grieve not for me, if perchance I die:Thou wouldst waste thy fair life in vain.If thou hearest I am dead, place a cross on the shore,And my bones cast up by the wave, hide them in the sand.And take a little rose and set it to grow,15Then go sometimes on summer evenings to look at it.When the rose flowers gaily in the summerIt will form a picture of my love for thee.Farewell once more, farewell, friend,It is no good grieving: I must start.20

Farewell, dear love, farewell, my love,

Now must I set forth from home.

Now I must go to wander on the seas

And know not if I shall ever see thee.

A little ship awaits me in the bay:5

It will be my home and friend.

It will be my home and the wind my love,

And the wave my darling or my death.

That sea has lured many men ere now,

And filled many a lover’s eyes with tears.10

But grieve not for me, if perchance I die:

Thou wouldst waste thy fair life in vain.

If thou hearest I am dead, place a cross on the shore,

And my bones cast up by the wave, hide them in the sand.

And take a little rose and set it to grow,15

Then go sometimes on summer evenings to look at it.

When the rose flowers gaily in the summer

It will form a picture of my love for thee.

Farewell once more, farewell, friend,

It is no good grieving: I must start.20

[461]Adv. ofhyvä,good(p.117), used to meangood-bye.[462]Dimin. ofkulta,goldordarling, with affix of 1st person.[463]Adv.now.[464]Impers. verbit is necessary, followed by 1st infin. (p.187);täytyyandtäytyviare identical (p.226, viii).[465]Adv.away, also used in inessivepoissa.[466]Compound ofkoti,home, andmaa,land;v.No.65.[466a]=tiedä, negative form oftietää,to know.[466b]1st pers. sing. ofnähdä(p.108).[467]=milloinkaan(v.pp.117,169).[468]=lahdella, adessive sing. oflahti,bay.[469]Nominative sing. aship.[470]Nominative sing.little.[471]=odottelee, 3rd sing. pres. ofodotella, deriv. fromodottaa,to wait.[472]=minulla; cf.mua=minua.[473]1st part. passive fortunnettava, fromtuntea,to know. Here used as substantive with affix of 1st pers.,friend.[474]Nominative sing.wind.[475]Nominative with suffix of 1st pers. from stemarmaha(nom.armas),dear.[476]=taikka,or.[477]Adv. (gen. ofensi),before.[478]Part. sing. ofmoni,many, taking a partitive after it (p.171, iv.).[479]3rd sing. imperf. ofpetellä, deriv. verb frompettää,to deceive.[480]Accusative plur. ofsilmä,eye.[481]Allative plur. ofvesi,water.[482]3rd sing. imperf. ofjätellä, derived fromjättää. For the use of this verb with the illative or allative,v.p.156. The sentence means literallyhas abandoned the eyes of many a lover to waters; i.e. has filled with tears.[483]Conj.but.[484]2nd sing. negative opt. ofsurra(liketulla).[485]Adv.perhaps.[486]1st sing. conditional ofkuolla,to die(liketulla).[487]=sinä.[488]Part. sing. ofsuosi,pleasure(not used); used adverbially to meanfor mere pleasure,without serious cause; hencein vain,uselessly.[489]2nd sing. conditional ofkadottaa,to loose, trans. form ofkadota,to fall.[490]Accusative sing. ofikä,life, with suffix of 2nd pers. N.B.kis not weakened.[491]Accusative sing. ofkaunis,beautiful, stemkaunihi; the adv. is used in l. 17.[492]2nd sing. pres. ofkuulla(liketulla),to hear.[493]Translative sing. of 2nd part. act. ofkuolla(v.486). For usev.p.201.[494]2nd sing. imperf. oftehdä, followed by illative;v.p.156ad. in.[495]Nominative sing.cross, obj. oftee(p.128, iii).[496]Accusative plur. of 3rd infin. ofluoda, used as a past part. (p.191). Forluoda, meaningto cast,v.No.375.[497]Accusative plur. ofluu,bone, with affix of 1st pers. sing.[498]2nd sing. imperf. ofpeittää,to hide.[499]Illative sing. (p.156) ofsanta,sand.[500]Nom. sing.rose, object ofota(p.128).[501]Illative of 3rd infin. ofkasvaa,to grow(p.192).[502]Adv.then(p.117).[503]Compound ofkesä,summer, andilta,evening, instr. plur. (p.161, iii).[504]Elative sing. ofväli,interval; here adverbial,now and then.[505]3rd sing. pres. ofkukostaa,to flower, fromkukka,a flower(p.114).[506]Genitive sing. with affix of 1st pers.; fromrakkaus(stemrakkaute),love.[507]Accusative sing. ofkuva,picture.[508]Illative sing. ofesi, with affix of 2nd pers. (p.146).[509]=muodostaa,vbeing a dialectical variant ford; 3rd sing. pres. (with future signif.) ofmuodostaa, deriv. verb frommuoto,form.[510]Nominative sing. (p.134, v),friend; Lönnrot suggests it is forysättävä, derived fromyskä,bosom.[511]Illative of 3rd infin.; cf. No.484.[512]Negative pres. ofauttaa,to helporavail.

[461]Adv. ofhyvä,good(p.117), used to meangood-bye.

[462]Dimin. ofkulta,goldordarling, with affix of 1st person.

[463]Adv.now.

[464]Impers. verbit is necessary, followed by 1st infin. (p.187);täytyyandtäytyviare identical (p.226, viii).

[465]Adv.away, also used in inessivepoissa.

[466]Compound ofkoti,home, andmaa,land;v.No.65.

[466a]=tiedä, negative form oftietää,to know.

[466b]1st pers. sing. ofnähdä(p.108).

[467]=milloinkaan(v.pp.117,169).

[468]=lahdella, adessive sing. oflahti,bay.

[469]Nominative sing. aship.

[470]Nominative sing.little.

[471]=odottelee, 3rd sing. pres. ofodotella, deriv. fromodottaa,to wait.

[472]=minulla; cf.mua=minua.

[473]1st part. passive fortunnettava, fromtuntea,to know. Here used as substantive with affix of 1st pers.,friend.

[474]Nominative sing.wind.

[475]Nominative with suffix of 1st pers. from stemarmaha(nom.armas),dear.

[476]=taikka,or.

[477]Adv. (gen. ofensi),before.

[478]Part. sing. ofmoni,many, taking a partitive after it (p.171, iv.).

[479]3rd sing. imperf. ofpetellä, deriv. verb frompettää,to deceive.

[480]Accusative plur. ofsilmä,eye.

[481]Allative plur. ofvesi,water.

[482]3rd sing. imperf. ofjätellä, derived fromjättää. For the use of this verb with the illative or allative,v.p.156. The sentence means literallyhas abandoned the eyes of many a lover to waters; i.e. has filled with tears.

[483]Conj.but.

[484]2nd sing. negative opt. ofsurra(liketulla).

[485]Adv.perhaps.

[486]1st sing. conditional ofkuolla,to die(liketulla).

[487]=sinä.

[488]Part. sing. ofsuosi,pleasure(not used); used adverbially to meanfor mere pleasure,without serious cause; hencein vain,uselessly.

[489]2nd sing. conditional ofkadottaa,to loose, trans. form ofkadota,to fall.

[490]Accusative sing. ofikä,life, with suffix of 2nd pers. N.B.kis not weakened.

[491]Accusative sing. ofkaunis,beautiful, stemkaunihi; the adv. is used in l. 17.

[492]2nd sing. pres. ofkuulla(liketulla),to hear.

[493]Translative sing. of 2nd part. act. ofkuolla(v.486). For usev.p.201.

[494]2nd sing. imperf. oftehdä, followed by illative;v.p.156ad. in.

[495]Nominative sing.cross, obj. oftee(p.128, iii).

[496]Accusative plur. of 3rd infin. ofluoda, used as a past part. (p.191). Forluoda, meaningto cast,v.No.375.

[497]Accusative plur. ofluu,bone, with affix of 1st pers. sing.

[498]2nd sing. imperf. ofpeittää,to hide.

[499]Illative sing. (p.156) ofsanta,sand.

[500]Nom. sing.rose, object ofota(p.128).

[501]Illative of 3rd infin. ofkasvaa,to grow(p.192).

[502]Adv.then(p.117).

[503]Compound ofkesä,summer, andilta,evening, instr. plur. (p.161, iii).

[504]Elative sing. ofväli,interval; here adverbial,now and then.

[505]3rd sing. pres. ofkukostaa,to flower, fromkukka,a flower(p.114).

[506]Genitive sing. with affix of 1st pers.; fromrakkaus(stemrakkaute),love.

[507]Accusative sing. ofkuva,picture.

[508]Illative sing. ofesi, with affix of 2nd pers. (p.146).

[509]=muodostaa,vbeing a dialectical variant ford; 3rd sing. pres. (with future signif.) ofmuodostaa, deriv. verb frommuoto,form.

[510]Nominative sing. (p.134, v),friend; Lönnrot suggests it is forysättävä, derived fromyskä,bosom.

[511]Illative of 3rd infin.; cf. No.484.

[512]Negative pres. ofauttaa,to helporavail.

FOOTNOTES[1]This applies not only to case or personal suffixes, but to any formative element.[2]Kalevala. 3 painos. 1887. Johdanto. p.XV.[3]The following sketch of Esthonian is taken mainly from Wiedemann’s ‘Grammatik der Estnischen Sprache.’ Petersburg, 1875.[4]Donner’s ‘Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Finnish-Ugrischen Sprachen’ also contains many comparisons with Samoyede.[5]Butsuola,salt, andpuola,bilberry, change the finalaintooto distinguish them fromsuoli,an intestine, andpuoli,half.[6]It is noticeable that this rule does not apply in the rare case of a monosyllabic root ending in a short open vowel becoming closed.Ku, the root of the pronounkuka, formskunnotgun.[7]In the Kalevala dialecttalways disappears instead of becomingd, and some traces of this remain in ordinary Finnish, (a) In the declensions of such roots aslyhyte, short: gen.lyhyen, and in some contracted substantives. (b) In the loss oftin the syllabletaused to form infinitives and partitives.[8]In the Bible and old Finnish are found such forms askaksitoistakymmentä.[9]This suffix frequently loses its vowel and becomes simple s.[10]The closing of the root and omission or weakening oftin the first and second forms of the infinitive is no doubt due to the extremely frequent use of the forms with suffixes. Thussaadaksenifromsaatais grammatically correct, as is alsolukeaksenifromluketa, according to the euphonic rules of the Kalevala or Old Karelian dialect. Such forms assaadaare probably not nominatives, but shortened translatives.[11]The first infinitive is occasionally found in the Bible, e.g. Psalm xliv. 12Sinä annat meitä syötää niinkuin lampaita.[12]The participle isnousnutornoussut.[13]These forms are ably discussed by Mr. Setälä, in vol. II of the Journal de la Société Finne-Ugrienne, p. 29 ff. He endeavours to prove [and it seems to me with success] thatkis a suffix of the present tense, andsea pronominal affix.[14]Cf.kaikkialla,toisialla,kuusialla. Some consider these forms as compounds of the pronominal stem with the wordala, so thatmuuallastands formuu + ala + lla.[15]It is noticeable that peasants frequently use the passive with the pronoun of the first person plural, as if it were a personal form.Jokohan mekin tuo lehmä myötäisiin?Shall we not sell this cow too?[16]Analogy has no doubt played a great part in the development of these constructions, but they clearly have their origin in the use of the participle as a substantive, just like the infinitive. CompareMinä toivon saada rahojawithMinä luulen saavani rahojaandMiehet nayttävät tulevanwithMiehet taitavat tulla. Compare such Turkish constructions as ‎‏كلديكمى بلدكز‏‎ geldiyimi bildiniz,you knew I had come.[17]Vasitenorvasetenoccurs in dialects.[18]I should say that in this account I am deeply indebted to the Finnish introduction to the edition of the Kalevala, published in 1887 at Helsingfors.[19]The word seems to imply low-lying marshy places.[20]This is apparently a reference to some kind of costume in which a corpse was dressed.[21]This passage seems a little confused. Wäinämöinen was building a boat by means of magic spells, of whose efficacy so much is said in the Kalevala. During this process he lost (apparently forgot) three words which were necessary. The language in 350 ff. is metaphorical: the sledge of his song was broken, i.e. the spells did not run smoothly.[22]It would seem that this is not the same personage as the ‘dwarfish daughter of Tuoni’ (also called Tuonetar in 263). But who this new character is, is not explained.[23]This rather obscure remark appears to be a taunt. ‘Every body is a man, in the sense of adding to the male population. But one wants a good deal more to really deserve the name.’

[1]This applies not only to case or personal suffixes, but to any formative element.

[2]Kalevala. 3 painos. 1887. Johdanto. p.XV.

[3]The following sketch of Esthonian is taken mainly from Wiedemann’s ‘Grammatik der Estnischen Sprache.’ Petersburg, 1875.

[4]Donner’s ‘Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Finnish-Ugrischen Sprachen’ also contains many comparisons with Samoyede.

[5]Butsuola,salt, andpuola,bilberry, change the finalaintooto distinguish them fromsuoli,an intestine, andpuoli,half.

[6]It is noticeable that this rule does not apply in the rare case of a monosyllabic root ending in a short open vowel becoming closed.Ku, the root of the pronounkuka, formskunnotgun.

[7]In the Kalevala dialecttalways disappears instead of becomingd, and some traces of this remain in ordinary Finnish, (a) In the declensions of such roots aslyhyte, short: gen.lyhyen, and in some contracted substantives. (b) In the loss oftin the syllabletaused to form infinitives and partitives.

[8]In the Bible and old Finnish are found such forms askaksitoistakymmentä.

[9]This suffix frequently loses its vowel and becomes simple s.

[10]The closing of the root and omission or weakening oftin the first and second forms of the infinitive is no doubt due to the extremely frequent use of the forms with suffixes. Thussaadaksenifromsaatais grammatically correct, as is alsolukeaksenifromluketa, according to the euphonic rules of the Kalevala or Old Karelian dialect. Such forms assaadaare probably not nominatives, but shortened translatives.

[11]The first infinitive is occasionally found in the Bible, e.g. Psalm xliv. 12Sinä annat meitä syötää niinkuin lampaita.

[12]The participle isnousnutornoussut.

[13]These forms are ably discussed by Mr. Setälä, in vol. II of the Journal de la Société Finne-Ugrienne, p. 29 ff. He endeavours to prove [and it seems to me with success] thatkis a suffix of the present tense, andsea pronominal affix.

[14]Cf.kaikkialla,toisialla,kuusialla. Some consider these forms as compounds of the pronominal stem with the wordala, so thatmuuallastands formuu + ala + lla.

[15]It is noticeable that peasants frequently use the passive with the pronoun of the first person plural, as if it were a personal form.Jokohan mekin tuo lehmä myötäisiin?Shall we not sell this cow too?

[16]Analogy has no doubt played a great part in the development of these constructions, but they clearly have their origin in the use of the participle as a substantive, just like the infinitive. CompareMinä toivon saada rahojawithMinä luulen saavani rahojaandMiehet nayttävät tulevanwithMiehet taitavat tulla. Compare such Turkish constructions as ‎‏كلديكمى بلدكز‏‎ geldiyimi bildiniz,you knew I had come.

[17]Vasitenorvasetenoccurs in dialects.

[18]I should say that in this account I am deeply indebted to the Finnish introduction to the edition of the Kalevala, published in 1887 at Helsingfors.

[19]The word seems to imply low-lying marshy places.

[20]This is apparently a reference to some kind of costume in which a corpse was dressed.

[21]This passage seems a little confused. Wäinämöinen was building a boat by means of magic spells, of whose efficacy so much is said in the Kalevala. During this process he lost (apparently forgot) three words which were necessary. The language in 350 ff. is metaphorical: the sledge of his song was broken, i.e. the spells did not run smoothly.

[22]It would seem that this is not the same personage as the ‘dwarfish daughter of Tuoni’ (also called Tuonetar in 263). But who this new character is, is not explained.

[23]This rather obscure remark appears to be a taunt. ‘Every body is a man, in the sense of adding to the male population. But one wants a good deal more to really deserve the name.’

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