§210. Adverbs of Manner ar formd from adjectivs. (a) The commonest adverbial suff. is-bawhich is added to the stem of the adjectiv.
Thus, froma-stems (§§ 123.124); e. g.,ubilaba,evilly;baírhtaba,brightly; from aja-stem (§ 125et seq.):sunjaba,truly.—The originali-andu-stems (§§ 129-131) also show here their real stem-endings; e. g.,analaugniba,secretly;anasiuniba,visibly;arniba,surely;gatêmiba,fitly; —harduba,hard, severely;manwuba,redily;glaggwuba,accurately.
Note.aforuis found onse each inhardaba; II. Cor. XIII, 10 (in Cod. A,hardubain B);glaggwaba; Lu. XV, 8.—Cp.brôþra-lubô(in A),§ 88a, n. 2.
Note.aforuis found onse each inhardaba; II. Cor. XIII, 10 (in Cod. A,hardubain B);glaggwaba; Lu. XV, 8.—Cp.brôþra-lubô(in A),§ 88a, n. 2.
§211. (b) Another class of adverbs formd from adjectivs hav the suffix-ôwhich contains the final vowel of theadjectival stem; e. g.,galeikô,similarly;ûhteigô,seasonably;þiubjô,secretly;glaggwô(besideglaggwuba,accurately).
Note.The same adverbial ending also inauftô,perhaps;sprautô,quickly;missô,reciprocally;sundrô,especially;unwêniggô,unexpectedly;ufarô,abuv;undarô,below;aftarô,behind, from behind.
Note.The same adverbial ending also inauftô,perhaps;sprautô,quickly;missô,reciprocally;sundrô,especially;unwêniggô,unexpectedly;ufarô,abuv;undarô,below;aftarô,behind, from behind.
§212. From comparativ adjectivs an adverbial form has developt which ends in the bare comparativ suffix (-iz),-is; e. g.,háuhis,higher;áiris,erlier;mais,more;haldis,rather, more;framis,further;nêƕis,nearer.
Note 1.Without theiof the suffix ar formd:mins(§ 78, n. 1),less;waírs,wurse;þana-seiþs,further, more.Note 2.With the comparativ suffix-ôsappearsniumundôs,more speedily;aljaleikôs,otherwise.Note 3.As superlativ adverbs occur the neuter formsfrumist,first;maist,most.
Note 1.Without theiof the suffix ar formd:mins(§ 78, n. 1),less;waírs,wurse;þana-seiþs,further, more.
Note 2.With the comparativ suffix-ôsappearsniumundôs,more speedily;aljaleikôs,otherwise.
Note 3.As superlativ adverbs occur the neuter formsfrumist,first;maist,most.
§213. Adverbs of Place ar formd either without a suffix or by means of the suffixes-þ(-d) and-drêto denote motion towards a place; by means of the suffixes-rand-ato denote rest in a place; with the suffixes-þrôand-anato denote motion from a place.
Note 1.From pronominal stems ar thus formd the correlativs:ƕaþ,ƕadrê,wither?ƕar,whereƕaþrô,whense[þaþ](þadei,where, whither)þar,thereþaþrô,thensejaind,jaindrê,thitherjainar,yonderjainþrô,thensealjaþ,elsewhere, awayaljar,elsewherealjaþrô,by another wayhêr,hereNote 2.Other exampls: (a) 'Whither'?dalaþ,down;samaþ,together;iup,upwards;ût,out;inn,into. (b) 'Where'?dalaþa,below;iupa,abuv;ûta,out;inna,in;faírra,far;afta,behind. (c) 'Whense'?dalaþrô,from below;iupaþrôandiupana,from abuv;ûtaþrôandûtana,from without;innaþrôandinnana,from within;allaþrô,from all sides;faírraþrô,from afar;aftana,from behind;hindana,from behind, beyond.
Note 1.From pronominal stems ar thus formd the correlativs:
ƕaþ,ƕadrê,wither?ƕar,whereƕaþrô,whense[þaþ](þadei,where, whither)þar,thereþaþrô,thensejaind,jaindrê,thitherjainar,yonderjainþrô,thensealjaþ,elsewhere, awayaljar,elsewherealjaþrô,by another wayhêr,here
Note 2.Other exampls: (a) 'Whither'?dalaþ,down;samaþ,together;iup,upwards;ût,out;inn,into. (b) 'Where'?dalaþa,below;iupa,abuv;ûta,out;inna,in;faírra,far;afta,behind. (c) 'Whense'?dalaþrô,from below;iupaþrôandiupana,from abuv;ûtaþrôandûtana,from without;innaþrôandinnana,from within;allaþrô,from all sides;faírraþrô,from afar;aftana,from behind;hindana,from behind, beyond.
§214. Adverbs of Time ar for the most part represented by cases of substantivs; e. g.,gistradagis,to-morrow;himma daga,to-day;du maúrgina,to-morrow;ni aiw,never(acc. ofaiws,time);framwigis,continually.
Note.Simpl adverbs of time are rare:nu,now;ju,alredy;áir,erly;simlê,onse;ufta,often; from pronominal stems:þan,then;ƕan,when?, whenever;suman,in times past.
Note.Simpl adverbs of time are rare:nu,now;ju,alredy;áir,erly;simlê,onse;ufta,often; from pronominal stems:þan,then;ƕan,when?, whenever;suman,in times past.
§215. Other nominal cases than those givn in§ 214ar also uzed as adverbs; e. g.,landis,far away, lit. 'of land';allis,holely;sunjaandbi sunjai,truly.
§216. Questions and Answers ar mostly accumpanied by adverbial particls. Interrogativ particls ar:-u(niu,not?,§ 18, n. 2);an,nuh,then?;ibai,whether;jau(ja-u),whether;þau,perhaps.—Affirmativ particls:ja,jai,yes, truly!; a negativ particl isnê,no!These particls, however, ar rarely uzed 'alone' as answers, the verb of the question being uzually repeated, in negativ sentences with the adv.ni.
Note.The interrogativ particl-uis enclitically attacht to the first word of the sentence; as,skuldu; e. g.,skuldu ist kaisaragild giban; Mk. XII, 14. In combinations with a prefix theuis attacht to the prefix; e. g.,galaubjats þatei magjau þata taujan?Mk. IX, 28.
Note.The interrogativ particl-uis enclitically attacht to the first word of the sentence; as,skuldu; e. g.,skuldu ist kaisaragild giban; Mk. XII, 14. In combinations with a prefix theuis attacht to the prefix; e. g.,galaubjats þatei magjau þata taujan?Mk. IX, 28.
§217. (a) With the Dativ:alja,except;af,of;du,to;miþ,with;us,out, out of;faúra,before;fram,from;nêƕa,near;faírra,far off;undarô,under.
(b) With the Accusativ:and,along;þaírh,thru, by;inuh,without;undar,under;wiþra,against;faúr,for.
(c) With Dativ and Accusativ:ana,on, upon;at,at, by;afar,after;bi,by, according to, against, about, concerning;hindar,behind, beyond;undw. dat.,for; w. acc.,unto, to, until;uf,under, beneath;ufar,over, abuv.
(d) With Genitiv and Dativ:ufarô,over, abuv, upon.
(e) With Genitiv, Dativ, and Accusativ:inw. gen.,on account of, for ... sake; w. dat.,in, into, within, among, on, at; w. acc.,in, into, toward, against, etc. (s. the Glossary).
Note.Also adverbs ar uzed as prepositions with the genitiv;as,utaþrô,utana,hindana,innana(§ 213, n. 2).
Note.Also adverbs ar uzed as prepositions with the genitiv;as,utaþrô,utana,hindana,innana(§ 213, n. 2).
§218. (a) Copulativ:jah,and, also;-uh,and(cp.§ 24, n. 2);nih,and not. (b) Disjunctiv:aíþþau,or;andizuh... aíþþau,either ... or;jaþþê...jaþþê,whether ... or;þau(þáuh),or. (c) Adversativ:iþ,þan,aþþan,akei,but, however;ak,but. (d) Causal:allis,auk,untê,raíhtis,for, because. (e) Conclusiv:þanuh,þaruh,eiþan,nu,nuh,þannu,nunu,now, therefore, hense. (f) Conditional:jabai,if,niba,nibai,if not, unless(§ 10, n. 2). (g) Concessiv:þáuhjabai,even if, tho;swêþauh,yet, indeed, however. (h) Final:ei,þatei,þêei,þei,that, in order that;ei,swaei,waswê,so that;ibai(iba),that not, lest. (i) Comparativ:ƕaiwa,how?;swê,as;swaswê,so as, as;þau, (þáuh),than. (k) Temporal:swê,as, when;þan,þandê,when, as long as;biþê,miþþanei,while;sunsei,as soon as;faúrþizei,before;untê,und þatei,þandê,til, until, as long as.
Note.Sum of these conjunctions ar uzed also as adverbs. The adverbial origin of a few is even recognizabl from their form; e. g.,allis,raihtis,faúrþizei(faúrþis, adv.,beforehand).
§219.ô,oh! ah!;wai,woe!;sai,behold!—Interjectional in meaning ar the sg.hiri, the du.hirjats, and the pl.hirjiþ,cum here!(cp.§ 20, n. 1;§ 187, n. 4).