Note.Gothicaifor Greek η is exceptional; e. g.,Hairodiadins, gen. to Ἡρωδίας (Mk. VI, 17);Neikaúdaimus(Skeir. 52); Νικόδημος (forNikaúdêmuselsewhere.)
Note.Gothicaifor Greek η is exceptional; e. g.,Hairodiadins, gen. to Ἡρωδίας (Mk. VI, 17);Neikaúdaimus(Skeir. 52); Νικόδημος (forNikaúdêmuselsewhere.)
Also Goth.au(likeai) stands for historically and fonetically different sounds.
§24. I.The short vowelaú.—auin Gothic denotes a short openo-sound. In this case grammarians put an accute accent over theu(aú) in order to keep it apart from the difthongau. Goth.aúcorresponds to o or u in OHG. and in the other Germanic languages.
Theaú, beforehandrin Gothic words, has in every instance developt from a shortuwhich, when immediately followd by these sounds, was 'broken' to short ŏ. E. g.
waúrms,wurm;haúrn,horn;baúrgs(OHG. burg),city;waúrd,word;waúrpum, prt. pl. ofwaírpan,to throw(cp.§ 32);saúhts(OHG. suht),sickness;daúhtar,daughter;aúhsa,ox;taúhum, prt. pl. oftiuhan,to pul;baúhta, prt. ofbugjan,to buy.
Note 1.aúbefore other sounds is entirely exceptional and sumwhat doutful. Thus, inauftô,perhaps(onse alsoufto; Mt. XXVII, 64),bisauljan,to sully;bisaulnan,to becum sullied. Holtzmann (altd. gr., p. 14) regards alsoufbauljan(II. Tim. III, 4) as belonging to this class.Note 2.The change of shortuintoaúbeforehis without exception. An apparent exception is the enclitic-uh,and, theuof which must be referd to a secondary development; it is never found after a short accented vowel, nor after a long vowel or difthong; e. g.,sa-h,ni-h,þai-h,wiljáu-h,ƕarjanô-h;uoccurs after consonants, and in polysyllabic words in which a final shortabefore theuwas elided; as,ƕaz-uh,þammuh(=þamma uh),qiþuh(=qiþa uh). Sum, however, assume-ûh(cp. Beitr. 18, 299).—Otherus beforehar all long:þûhta(cp.§ 15).—There ar a few cases ofubeforerin unaccented syllabls (§ 13, n. 1), namely in the foren wordsspaikulâturandpaúrpura(besidepaúrpaúra),purpl; so, also, in the Gothicfidur-(§ 141, n. 1) which, however, stands perhaps forfidûr-(cp. IF. 4, 334).—The prefixur-(inurreisan,urruns, etc.) does not belong here; it is a late form forusthesof which was assimilated to a followingr(§ 78, n. 4).Note 3.Not everyaubeforehandrhas developt fromu, but may also be the difthongau; as,háuhs,high;táuh, prt. oftiuhan(but pl.taúhum,§ 31);gáurs,sorry(cp. OHG. gôrag,wreched, and Goth.gaunôn,to mourn).Note 4.Theauforuin the endings of theu-declension may beaú, but alsoáuwhich would be due to confusion caused by analogy. Beitr., 18, 280.—Cp. alsouftôforauftô,§ 24, n. 1.Note 5.As a rule, the Greek ο is represented byaú; e. g.,apaustaulus, ἀπόστολος;alabalstraun, ἀλάβαστρον;Barþaulaumaius, Βαρθολομαῖος;Pauntius, Πόντιος;aú= υ inSaúr, Σύρος;paúrpaúra, πορφύρα.—Goth.aú= o in the East Gothic nameThorisa. (Wrede, 'Ostg.', 76. 165).
Note 1.aúbefore other sounds is entirely exceptional and sumwhat doutful. Thus, inauftô,perhaps(onse alsoufto; Mt. XXVII, 64),bisauljan,to sully;bisaulnan,to becum sullied. Holtzmann (altd. gr., p. 14) regards alsoufbauljan(II. Tim. III, 4) as belonging to this class.
Note 2.The change of shortuintoaúbeforehis without exception. An apparent exception is the enclitic-uh,and, theuof which must be referd to a secondary development; it is never found after a short accented vowel, nor after a long vowel or difthong; e. g.,sa-h,ni-h,þai-h,wiljáu-h,ƕarjanô-h;uoccurs after consonants, and in polysyllabic words in which a final shortabefore theuwas elided; as,ƕaz-uh,þammuh(=þamma uh),qiþuh(=qiþa uh). Sum, however, assume-ûh(cp. Beitr. 18, 299).—Otherus beforehar all long:þûhta(cp.§ 15).—There ar a few cases ofubeforerin unaccented syllabls (§ 13, n. 1), namely in the foren wordsspaikulâturandpaúrpura(besidepaúrpaúra),purpl; so, also, in the Gothicfidur-(§ 141, n. 1) which, however, stands perhaps forfidûr-(cp. IF. 4, 334).—The prefixur-(inurreisan,urruns, etc.) does not belong here; it is a late form forusthesof which was assimilated to a followingr(§ 78, n. 4).
Note 3.Not everyaubeforehandrhas developt fromu, but may also be the difthongau; as,háuhs,high;táuh, prt. oftiuhan(but pl.taúhum,§ 31);gáurs,sorry(cp. OHG. gôrag,wreched, and Goth.gaunôn,to mourn).
Note 4.Theauforuin the endings of theu-declension may beaú, but alsoáuwhich would be due to confusion caused by analogy. Beitr., 18, 280.—Cp. alsouftôforauftô,§ 24, n. 1.
Note 5.As a rule, the Greek ο is represented byaú; e. g.,apaustaulus, ἀπόστολος;alabalstraun, ἀλάβαστρον;Barþaulaumaius, Βαρθολομαῖος;Pauntius, Πόντιος;aú= υ inSaúr, Σύρος;paúrpaúra, πορφύρα.—Goth.aú= o in the East Gothic nameThorisa. (Wrede, 'Ostg.', 76. 165).
§25. II.The old difthongau[= ou in E. house]. Everyaunot broken fromu(beforeh,r; s.§ 24and note 3) is a difthong; it corresponds to OHG. au, ou, or ô (ahd. gr.,§§ 45.46), OS. ô, ON. au. Whenever it is likely to be confused withaú, we put (according to Grimm), an accute accent over thea(áu). E. g.
The prts. sg. of the II. ablaut-series (§ 31):gaut,I pour(inf.giutan);laug,I lied, etc.;laugnjan,to deny;daupjan,to baptize;galaubjan,to believ;galaubeins,belief;rauþs,red;dauþus,deth; —aukan,to increase;hlaupan,to run;stautan,to push, strike; —haubiþ,hed;augô,ey.
auin inflections and final occurs in theu-declension:sunaus,sunau; 1st pers. sg. opt.:nimau,nêmjau; 3d pers. sg. imper.:lausjadau; opt. midl:haitaidau.
Note 1.auoften interchanges withaw(cp.§ 42); e. g.,taujan, prt.tawida,to do;mawi, gen.maujôs,girl;sniwan, prt.snau,to hasten.Note 2.Latin writers express Goth.auby au; as,Ausila,Austrovaldus,Audericus. Cp. Wrede, 'Wand.', 96 et seq. Concerning East Gothic monofthongizations, s. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 165 et seq. (Zs. fda., 36, 2732).Note 3.In theu-declensionuis often found foráu; cp.§ 24, n. 4;§ 105, n. 2.
Note 1.auoften interchanges withaw(cp.§ 42); e. g.,taujan, prt.tawida,to do;mawi, gen.maujôs,girl;sniwan, prt.snau,to hasten.
Note 2.Latin writers express Goth.auby au; as,Ausila,Austrovaldus,Audericus. Cp. Wrede, 'Wand.', 96 et seq. Concerning East Gothic monofthongizations, s. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 165 et seq. (Zs. fda., 36, 2732).
Note 3.In theu-declensionuis often found foráu; cp.§ 24, n. 4;§ 105, n. 2.
§26. Anotherau, historically, and probably also fonetically, different from the preceding ones occurs before vowels.
(a) For originalô:stauida, prt. ofstôjan,to judge;staua, f.,judgment;staua, m.,judge;taui, n., gen.tôjis,deed(cp. alsoubiltôjis,evil-doer;taujan,to do, prt.tawida);afmauidaiandafdauidai, pps. of*afmôjan, and*afdôjan,to tire out, weary;sauil, n.,sun.
(b) For û in the other Germanic languages:trauan(OHG. trûên),to trust;bauan(OHG. bûan),to dwel;bnauan,to rub(to piecesorpowder. ON. (g)núa, OHG. nûan). Cp. also§ 179, n. 2.
Sinse thisaudoes not change intoawbefore vowels, it must denote a monofthong which is likely to be the long ofaú, hense a long openo(= a in E. fall), while long closeo(shading very much toû, like ô in E. home) is denoted byô. Accordingly, Goth. antevocalicô,ûpast intoau. Cp. Brgm., I, 156. For the extensiv literature on this question, s. Noreen's 'Urgerm. Lautlehre', p. 34; also Beitr., 17, 563-567.
Note 1.Also Gr. ω before a vowel, which is represented as a rule byô, is renderd byau:Trauada, Τρῳάς;Nauêl, Νωέ;Lauidja, Λωίς.Note 2.ôbeforeuoccurs, however, in the preterit formswaiwôun(inf.waian,§ 182),lailôun(inf.*lauan,§ 179, 4). Cp. Beitr., 11, 742.
Note 1.Also Gr. ω before a vowel, which is represented as a rule byô, is renderd byau:Trauada, Τρῳάς;Nauêl, Νωέ;Lauidja, Λωίς.
Note 2.ôbeforeuoccurs, however, in the preterit formswaiwôun(inf.waian,§ 182),lailôun(inf.*lauan,§ 179, 4). Cp. Beitr., 11, 742.
§27. Beside the vowel-signs discust in the foregoing paragrafs, a few consonant-signs may likewise discharge the function of vowels, for the Gothic liquidsl,rand the nasalsm,nar very often vocalic (i. e. syllabic) at the end of a word after a consonant. Here an original suffixal vowel was lost in most cases, and in its place the following liquid or nasal became the bearer of the accent. Thus the Gothic has dissyllabic words with vocalic liquids or vocalic nasals (sonant liquids or sonant nasals); as,akrs,field;fugls,bird;taikns,token;maiþms,present.
NoteIn the West Germanic languages a new vowel (OHG. a) has developt from these vocalic liquids and nasals; e. g., OHG. akkar, fogal, zeihhan, OS. mêþom. Cp. ahd. gr.,§ 65, and Brgm., I, 190. 237.
NoteIn the West Germanic languages a new vowel (OHG. a) has developt from these vocalic liquids and nasals; e. g., OHG. akkar, fogal, zeihhan, OS. mêþom. Cp. ahd. gr.,§ 65, and Brgm., I, 190. 237.
FOOTNOTES:[1]For the values of this sign according to 'Amended Spelling', s. 'Standard Dictionary', p. 568.
[1]For the values of this sign according to 'Amended Spelling', s. 'Standard Dictionary', p. 568.
[1]For the values of this sign according to 'Amended Spelling', s. 'Standard Dictionary', p. 568.