Q.Where does theoxygenof the aircome from, which is blown to the lighted tinder?A. The air itself is composed of two gases (nitrogen and oxygen) mixed together.(Every 5 lbs. of common air contain 4 lbs. of nitrogen, and 1 lb. of oxygen.)
Q.Where does theoxygenof the aircome from, which is blown to the lighted tinder?
Q.Where does theoxygenof the aircome from, which is blown to the lighted tinder?
A. The air itself is composed of two gases (nitrogen and oxygen) mixed together.(Every 5 lbs. of common air contain 4 lbs. of nitrogen, and 1 lb. of oxygen.)
A. The air itself is composed of two gases (nitrogen and oxygen) mixed together.
(Every 5 lbs. of common air contain 4 lbs. of nitrogen, and 1 lb. of oxygen.)
Q.What is the good ofblowing oxygen gasto lighted tinder?A. Oxygen gassupports combustion; and lighted tinder isquickened by the breath, in the same way as a dull fire is revived by apair of bellows.
Q.What is the good ofblowing oxygen gasto lighted tinder?
Q.What is the good ofblowing oxygen gasto lighted tinder?
A. Oxygen gassupports combustion; and lighted tinder isquickened by the breath, in the same way as a dull fire is revived by apair of bellows.
A. Oxygen gassupports combustion; and lighted tinder isquickened by the breath, in the same way as a dull fire is revived by apair of bellows.
Q.Why dohorsessometimesstrike firewith theirfeet?A. When iron horse-shoes strike against the flint-stones of the road,very small fragments(either of the shoe or stones) areknocked off red-hot, and look like sparks.
Q.Why dohorsessometimesstrike firewith theirfeet?
Q.Why dohorsessometimesstrike firewith theirfeet?
A. When iron horse-shoes strike against the flint-stones of the road,very small fragments(either of the shoe or stones) areknocked off red-hot, and look like sparks.
A. When iron horse-shoes strike against the flint-stones of the road,very small fragments(either of the shoe or stones) areknocked off red-hot, and look like sparks.
Q.What makes these fragmentsred-hot?A. The percussioncondensesthe part struck,and squeezes out its latent heat.
Q.What makes these fragmentsred-hot?
Q.What makes these fragmentsred-hot?
A. The percussioncondensesthe part struck,and squeezes out its latent heat.
A. The percussioncondensesthe part struck,and squeezes out its latent heat.
Q.What is meant byfriction?A. The act ofrubbing two things together; as the Indians rub two pieces ofwoodtogether to produce fire.
Q.What is meant byfriction?
Q.What is meant byfriction?
A. The act ofrubbing two things together; as the Indians rub two pieces ofwoodtogether to produce fire.
A. The act ofrubbing two things together; as the Indians rub two pieces ofwoodtogether to produce fire.
Q.How do the Indians producefire, by merelyrubbing two piecesof drywood together?A. They take a piece of dry wood (sharpened to a point), which they rub quickly up and down aflat piece, till agrooveis made; and thesaw-dust(collected in this groove) sooncatches fire.
Q.How do the Indians producefire, by merelyrubbing two piecesof drywood together?
Q.How do the Indians producefire, by merelyrubbing two piecesof drywood together?
A. They take a piece of dry wood (sharpened to a point), which they rub quickly up and down aflat piece, till agrooveis made; and thesaw-dust(collected in this groove) sooncatches fire.
A. They take a piece of dry wood (sharpened to a point), which they rub quickly up and down aflat piece, till agrooveis made; and thesaw-dust(collected in this groove) sooncatches fire.
Q.Why does the saw-dust of thewood catch firebyrubbing?A. Thelatent heatof the wood isdeveloped by friction; because the particles of the wood aresqueezed closer together, and the heat pours out, as water from a sponge.(The best woods for this purpose arebox-woodagainstmulberry, orlaurelagainstpoplarorivy.)
Q.Why does the saw-dust of thewood catch firebyrubbing?
Q.Why does the saw-dust of thewood catch firebyrubbing?
A. Thelatent heatof the wood isdeveloped by friction; because the particles of the wood aresqueezed closer together, and the heat pours out, as water from a sponge.(The best woods for this purpose arebox-woodagainstmulberry, orlaurelagainstpoplarorivy.)
A. Thelatent heatof the wood isdeveloped by friction; because the particles of the wood aresqueezed closer together, and the heat pours out, as water from a sponge.
(The best woods for this purpose arebox-woodagainstmulberry, orlaurelagainstpoplarorivy.)
Q.Do notcarriage wheelssometimescatch fire?A. Yes; if the wheels bedry,—orfit too tightly,—orrevolve very rapidly,—they often catch fire.
Q.Do notcarriage wheelssometimescatch fire?
Q.Do notcarriage wheelssometimescatch fire?
A. Yes; if the wheels bedry,—orfit too tightly,—orrevolve very rapidly,—they often catch fire.
A. Yes; if the wheels bedry,—orfit too tightly,—orrevolve very rapidly,—they often catch fire.
Q.Why do wheels catch fire in such cases?A. Thefrictionof the wheels againstthe axle-treeis so great, that theirlatent heat is disturbed, and produces ignition.
Q.Why do wheels catch fire in such cases?
Q.Why do wheels catch fire in such cases?
A. Thefrictionof the wheels againstthe axle-treeis so great, that theirlatent heat is disturbed, and produces ignition.
A. Thefrictionof the wheels againstthe axle-treeis so great, that theirlatent heat is disturbed, and produces ignition.
Q.What is the use ofgreasing cart wheels?A. The greaselessens the friction; and (by diminishing thefriction) the latent heat is less disturbed.
Q.What is the use ofgreasing cart wheels?
Q.What is the use ofgreasing cart wheels?
A. The greaselessens the friction; and (by diminishing thefriction) the latent heat is less disturbed.
A. The greaselessens the friction; and (by diminishing thefriction) the latent heat is less disturbed.
Q.Why is thetopof amountain colderthan thevalleybeneath, although it be two or three miles nearer to the sun?A. 1st—Because the air on a mountain isless compressed, than the air in a valley.2ndly—It ismore rarefied: and3rdly—It isless heated by reflection.
Q.Why is thetopof amountain colderthan thevalleybeneath, although it be two or three miles nearer to the sun?
Q.Why is thetopof amountain colderthan thevalleybeneath, although it be two or three miles nearer to the sun?
A. 1st—Because the air on a mountain isless compressed, than the air in a valley.2ndly—It ismore rarefied: and3rdly—It isless heated by reflection.
A. 1st—Because the air on a mountain isless compressed, than the air in a valley.
2ndly—It ismore rarefied: and
3rdly—It isless heated by reflection.
Q.Why is aircolderon a mountain “because it isless compressed?”A. As the air in avalleyis more compressed (by the mass of air above) than that on the top of amountain, thereforemore heat runs out; just as more water runs from a sponge, the closer it issqueezed together.
Q.Why is aircolderon a mountain “because it isless compressed?”
Q.Why is aircolderon a mountain “because it isless compressed?”
A. As the air in avalleyis more compressed (by the mass of air above) than that on the top of amountain, thereforemore heat runs out; just as more water runs from a sponge, the closer it issqueezed together.
A. As the air in avalleyis more compressed (by the mass of air above) than that on the top of amountain, thereforemore heat runs out; just as more water runs from a sponge, the closer it issqueezed together.
Q.Why is a mountain-topcolderthan a valley, “because theairthere ismore rarefied?”A. As the air ismore rarefied, its heat isdiffused over a larger spaceand islessintense; just as a candle wouldshow less lightin alargeroom, than in asmallone.
Q.Why is a mountain-topcolderthan a valley, “because theairthere ismore rarefied?”
Q.Why is a mountain-topcolderthan a valley, “because theairthere ismore rarefied?”
A. As the air ismore rarefied, its heat isdiffused over a larger spaceand islessintense; just as a candle wouldshow less lightin alargeroom, than in asmallone.
A. As the air ismore rarefied, its heat isdiffused over a larger spaceand islessintense; just as a candle wouldshow less lightin alargeroom, than in asmallone.
Q.Why is a mountain-topcolderthan a valley, “because theairthere isless heatedbyreflection?”A. Air isnotheated by thesun, but byreflection from the surface of the earth; and as there isno earthround amountain-topto reflect heat, therefore the air there is intensely cold.
Q.Why is a mountain-topcolderthan a valley, “because theairthere isless heatedbyreflection?”
Q.Why is a mountain-topcolderthan a valley, “because theairthere isless heatedbyreflection?”
A. Air isnotheated by thesun, but byreflection from the surface of the earth; and as there isno earthround amountain-topto reflect heat, therefore the air there is intensely cold.
A. Air isnotheated by thesun, but byreflection from the surface of the earth; and as there isno earthround amountain-topto reflect heat, therefore the air there is intensely cold.
Q.Why doesrubbingourhandsandfacesmake them feelwarm?A. Chiefly because the frictionexcites the latent heatof our hands and faces, and makes it sensible to our feeling.
Q.Why doesrubbingourhandsandfacesmake them feelwarm?
Q.Why doesrubbingourhandsandfacesmake them feelwarm?
A. Chiefly because the frictionexcites the latent heatof our hands and faces, and makes it sensible to our feeling.
A. Chiefly because the frictionexcites the latent heatof our hands and faces, and makes it sensible to our feeling.
Q.When a man has been almostdrowned, why is suspended animationrestoredbyrubbing?A. The vital heat of the body (which had becomelatentby the action of the water) isagain developed by friction: and, as soon as this animal heat can be excited, the vital powers of the body are restored.
Q.When a man has been almostdrowned, why is suspended animationrestoredbyrubbing?
Q.When a man has been almostdrowned, why is suspended animationrestoredbyrubbing?
A. The vital heat of the body (which had becomelatentby the action of the water) isagain developed by friction: and, as soon as this animal heat can be excited, the vital powers of the body are restored.
A. The vital heat of the body (which had becomelatentby the action of the water) isagain developed by friction: and, as soon as this animal heat can be excited, the vital powers of the body are restored.
Q.Why do two pieces ofice(rubbed together)melt?A. Ice contains 140degrees of latent heat, and (when two pieces arerubbedtogether)theirparticles are compressed, and thislatent heatrolls out andmelts the ice.
Q.Why do two pieces ofice(rubbed together)melt?
Q.Why do two pieces ofice(rubbed together)melt?
A. Ice contains 140degrees of latent heat, and (when two pieces arerubbedtogether)theirparticles are compressed, and thislatent heatrolls out andmelts the ice.
A. Ice contains 140degrees of latent heat, and (when two pieces arerubbedtogether)theirparticles are compressed, and thislatent heatrolls out andmelts the ice.
Q.Are notforestssometimessetonfireby friction?A. Yes; when two branches or trunks of trees (blown about by the wind)rub violently against each other, theirlatent heat is developed, and sets fire to the forest.
Q.Are notforestssometimessetonfireby friction?
Q.Are notforestssometimessetonfireby friction?
A. Yes; when two branches or trunks of trees (blown about by the wind)rub violently against each other, theirlatent heat is developed, and sets fire to the forest.
A. Yes; when two branches or trunks of trees (blown about by the wind)rub violently against each other, theirlatent heat is developed, and sets fire to the forest.
Q.What is meant bycompression?A. The act ofbringing parts nearer together; as a sponge iscompressedby beingsqueezed in the hand.
Q.What is meant bycompression?
Q.What is meant bycompression?
A. The act ofbringing parts nearer together; as a sponge iscompressedby beingsqueezed in the hand.
A. The act ofbringing parts nearer together; as a sponge iscompressedby beingsqueezed in the hand.
Q.Cannotheatbe evolved from common air merely bycompression?A. Yes; if a piece ofGerman tinderbe placed at thebottom of a glass tube, and the air in the tubecompressed by a piston,[11]the tinder will catch fire.[11]In a common syringe or squirt, thehandlepart whichcontains the sucker(and is forced up and down), is called “The Piston.”
Q.Cannotheatbe evolved from common air merely bycompression?
Q.Cannotheatbe evolved from common air merely bycompression?
A. Yes; if a piece ofGerman tinderbe placed at thebottom of a glass tube, and the air in the tubecompressed by a piston,[11]the tinder will catch fire.[11]In a common syringe or squirt, thehandlepart whichcontains the sucker(and is forced up and down), is called “The Piston.”
A. Yes; if a piece ofGerman tinderbe placed at thebottom of a glass tube, and the air in the tubecompressed by a piston,[11]the tinder will catch fire.
[11]In a common syringe or squirt, thehandlepart whichcontains the sucker(and is forced up and down), is called “The Piston.”
[11]In a common syringe or squirt, thehandlepart whichcontains the sucker(and is forced up and down), is called “The Piston.”
Q.Why will the tinder catch fire?A. Because theair is compressed; and itslatent heat being squeezed out, sets fire to the tinder at the bottom of the tube.
Q.Why will the tinder catch fire?
Q.Why will the tinder catch fire?
A. Because theair is compressed; and itslatent heat being squeezed out, sets fire to the tinder at the bottom of the tube.
A. Because theair is compressed; and itslatent heat being squeezed out, sets fire to the tinder at the bottom of the tube.
Q.What are the principaleffectsofheat?A. 1.—Expansion. 2.—Liquefaction. 3.—Vaporization. 4.—Evaporation; and 5.—Ignition.
Q.What are the principaleffectsofheat?
Q.What are the principaleffectsofheat?
A. 1.—Expansion. 2.—Liquefaction. 3.—Vaporization. 4.—Evaporation; and 5.—Ignition.
A. 1.—Expansion. 2.—Liquefaction. 3.—Vaporization. 4.—Evaporation; and 5.—Ignition.
Q.Doesheat expandtheair?A. Yes; if a bladder (partially filled with air) be tied up at the neck, andlaid before the fire, the air willswelltill the bladderbursts.
Q.Doesheat expandtheair?
Q.Doesheat expandtheair?
A. Yes; if a bladder (partially filled with air) be tied up at the neck, andlaid before the fire, the air willswelltill the bladderbursts.
A. Yes; if a bladder (partially filled with air) be tied up at the neck, andlaid before the fire, the air willswelltill the bladderbursts.
Q.Why will theair swell, if the bladder be laid before the fire?A. Because the heat of the firegets between the particles of air, and drives themfurther apart from each other; which causes the bladder to expand.
Q.Why will theair swell, if the bladder be laid before the fire?
Q.Why will theair swell, if the bladder be laid before the fire?
A. Because the heat of the firegets between the particles of air, and drives themfurther apart from each other; which causes the bladder to expand.
A. Because the heat of the firegets between the particles of air, and drives themfurther apart from each other; which causes the bladder to expand.
Q.Why do unslitchestnuts crackwith a loud noise, whenroasted?A. Chestnuts contain a great deal of air, which is expanded by the heat of the fire; and, as the thick rind prevents the air from escaping, it violentlybursts through, slitting the rind, and making a great noise.
Q.Why do unslitchestnuts crackwith a loud noise, whenroasted?
Q.Why do unslitchestnuts crackwith a loud noise, whenroasted?
A. Chestnuts contain a great deal of air, which is expanded by the heat of the fire; and, as the thick rind prevents the air from escaping, it violentlybursts through, slitting the rind, and making a great noise.
A. Chestnuts contain a great deal of air, which is expanded by the heat of the fire; and, as the thick rind prevents the air from escaping, it violentlybursts through, slitting the rind, and making a great noise.
Q.What occasions the loudcrackor report which we hear?A. 1st—Thesudden bursting of the rindmakes a report, in the same way as a piece ofwoodorglasswould do, ifsnapped in two: and2ndly—Theescape of hot airfrom the chestnut makes a report also, in the same way asgunpowder, when it escapes from agun.
Q.What occasions the loudcrackor report which we hear?
Q.What occasions the loudcrackor report which we hear?
A. 1st—Thesudden bursting of the rindmakes a report, in the same way as a piece ofwoodorglasswould do, ifsnapped in two: and2ndly—Theescape of hot airfrom the chestnut makes a report also, in the same way asgunpowder, when it escapes from agun.
A. 1st—Thesudden bursting of the rindmakes a report, in the same way as a piece ofwoodorglasswould do, ifsnapped in two: and
2ndly—Theescape of hot airfrom the chestnut makes a report also, in the same way asgunpowder, when it escapes from agun.
Q.Why does the suddenburstingof the rind, orsnappingof a piece of wood, make areport?A. As the attraction of the parts is suddenly overcome,a violent jerkis given to the air; this jerk producesrapid undulationsin the air, which (striking upon the ear) give the brain the sensation ofsound.
Q.Why does the suddenburstingof the rind, orsnappingof a piece of wood, make areport?
Q.Why does the suddenburstingof the rind, orsnappingof a piece of wood, make areport?
A. As the attraction of the parts is suddenly overcome,a violent jerkis given to the air; this jerk producesrapid undulationsin the air, which (striking upon the ear) give the brain the sensation ofsound.
A. As the attraction of the parts is suddenly overcome,a violent jerkis given to the air; this jerk producesrapid undulationsin the air, which (striking upon the ear) give the brain the sensation ofsound.
Q.Why does theescape of airfrom the chestnut, or theexplosionofgunpowder, produce areport?A. Because a quantity of air (suddenly let loose)pushes against the air around, in order to makeroom for itself; and as theair of the chestnutslaps against theair of the room, areportis made, (as when Islapa book or table).
Q.Why does theescape of airfrom the chestnut, or theexplosionofgunpowder, produce areport?
Q.Why does theescape of airfrom the chestnut, or theexplosionofgunpowder, produce areport?
A. Because a quantity of air (suddenly let loose)pushes against the air around, in order to makeroom for itself; and as theair of the chestnutslaps against theair of the room, areportis made, (as when Islapa book or table).
A. Because a quantity of air (suddenly let loose)pushes against the air around, in order to makeroom for itself; and as theair of the chestnutslaps against theair of the room, areportis made, (as when Islapa book or table).
Q.If achestnutbeslit, it willnot crack; why is this?A. Because theheated airof the chestnut canfreely escapethrough theslit in the rind.
Q.If achestnutbeslit, it willnot crack; why is this?
Q.If achestnutbeslit, it willnot crack; why is this?
A. Because theheated airof the chestnut canfreely escapethrough theslit in the rind.
A. Because theheated airof the chestnut canfreely escapethrough theslit in the rind.
Q.Why does anapplespit andspurtabout, when roasted?A. An apple contains a vast quantity ofair, which (being expanded by the heat of the fire)bursts through the peel, carrying the juice of the apple along with it.
Q.Why does anapplespit andspurtabout, when roasted?
Q.Why does anapplespit andspurtabout, when roasted?
A. An apple contains a vast quantity ofair, which (being expanded by the heat of the fire)bursts through the peel, carrying the juice of the apple along with it.
A. An apple contains a vast quantity ofair, which (being expanded by the heat of the fire)bursts through the peel, carrying the juice of the apple along with it.
Q.Does anapplecontainmore air, in proportion, than achestnut?A. Yes, much more. There is as much condensed air in a common apple, as would fill a space 48times as big as the apple itself.
Q.Does anapplecontainmore air, in proportion, than achestnut?
Q.Does anapplecontainmore air, in proportion, than achestnut?
A. Yes, much more. There is as much condensed air in a common apple, as would fill a space 48times as big as the apple itself.
A. Yes, much more. There is as much condensed air in a common apple, as would fill a space 48times as big as the apple itself.
Q.Where is all this quantity ofairstowed in theapple?A. Theinsideof an apple ismade up of little cells(like ahoney-comb), each of which contains a portion of the air.
Q.Where is all this quantity ofairstowed in theapple?
Q.Where is all this quantity ofairstowed in theapple?
A. Theinsideof an apple ismade up of little cells(like ahoney-comb), each of which contains a portion of the air.
A. Theinsideof an apple ismade up of little cells(like ahoney-comb), each of which contains a portion of the air.
Q.When anappleisroasted, why is one part madesoft, while all the rest remains hard?A. When an apple is roasted, the air in thecells next to the fireis expanded and flies out; thecells are broken, and their juicesmixed together; so the applecollapses(from loss of air and juice), and feelssoftin those parts.
Q.When anappleisroasted, why is one part madesoft, while all the rest remains hard?
Q.When anappleisroasted, why is one part madesoft, while all the rest remains hard?
A. When an apple is roasted, the air in thecells next to the fireis expanded and flies out; thecells are broken, and their juicesmixed together; so the applecollapses(from loss of air and juice), and feelssoftin those parts.
A. When an apple is roasted, the air in thecells next to the fireis expanded and flies out; thecells are broken, and their juicesmixed together; so the applecollapses(from loss of air and juice), and feelssoftin those parts.
Q.What is meant by the “applecollapsing?”A. Theplumpnessgives way, and the apple becomesflabbyandshrivelled.
Q.What is meant by the “applecollapsing?”
Q.What is meant by the “applecollapsing?”
A. Theplumpnessgives way, and the apple becomesflabbyandshrivelled.
A. Theplumpnessgives way, and the apple becomesflabbyandshrivelled.
Q.Why dosparksof fire start (with a crackling noise) from pieces ofwoodlaid upon afire?A. Theairin the wood (expanded by the heat),forces its way through the pores of the log; and carries along with it thecovering of the pore, which resisted its passage.
Q.Why dosparksof fire start (with a crackling noise) from pieces ofwoodlaid upon afire?
Q.Why dosparksof fire start (with a crackling noise) from pieces ofwoodlaid upon afire?
A. Theairin the wood (expanded by the heat),forces its way through the pores of the log; and carries along with it thecovering of the pore, which resisted its passage.
A. Theairin the wood (expanded by the heat),forces its way through the pores of the log; and carries along with it thecovering of the pore, which resisted its passage.
Q.What is meant by the “poresof thewood?”A. Very smallholes in the wood, through which thesapcirculates.
Q.What is meant by the “poresof thewood?”
Q.What is meant by the “poresof thewood?”
A. Very smallholes in the wood, through which thesapcirculates.
A. Very smallholes in the wood, through which thesapcirculates.
Q.What are thesparks of fire, which burst from thewood?A. Very small pieces of woodred hot, separated from the log by theforce of the air, as it bursts from its confinement.
Q.What are thesparks of fire, which burst from thewood?
Q.What are thesparks of fire, which burst from thewood?
A. Very small pieces of woodred hot, separated from the log by theforce of the air, as it bursts from its confinement.
A. Very small pieces of woodred hot, separated from the log by theforce of the air, as it bursts from its confinement.
Q.Why doesdealmake more snapping than anyother wood?A. The pores of deal arevery large, and contain muchmore airthan wood of acloser grain.
Q.Why doesdealmake more snapping than anyother wood?
Q.Why doesdealmake more snapping than anyother wood?
A. The pores of deal arevery large, and contain muchmore airthan wood of acloser grain.
A. The pores of deal arevery large, and contain muchmore airthan wood of acloser grain.
Q.Why doesdry woodmake moresnappingthangreen wood?A. Ingreen woodthe pores are filled withsap, and therefore containvery little air; but indrywood the sap isdried up, and the pores are filled withairinstead.
Q.Why doesdry woodmake moresnappingthangreen wood?
Q.Why doesdry woodmake moresnappingthangreen wood?
A. Ingreen woodthe pores are filled withsap, and therefore containvery little air; but indrywood the sap isdried up, and the pores are filled withairinstead.
A. Ingreen woodthe pores are filled withsap, and therefore containvery little air; but indrywood the sap isdried up, and the pores are filled withairinstead.
Q.Why doesdrywoodburnmore easily thangreenor wet wood?A. Because the pores of dry wood arefilled with air, which supports combustion; but the pores of green or wet wood are filled withvapour, which extinguishes flame.
Q.Why doesdrywoodburnmore easily thangreenor wet wood?
Q.Why doesdrywoodburnmore easily thangreenor wet wood?
A. Because the pores of dry wood arefilled with air, which supports combustion; but the pores of green or wet wood are filled withvapour, which extinguishes flame.
A. Because the pores of dry wood arefilled with air, which supports combustion; but the pores of green or wet wood are filled withvapour, which extinguishes flame.
Q.Why doesvapour extinguish flame?1st—Because the coat of water (which wraps the fuel round) prevents theoxygenof the air from getting to thefuel, to form intocarbonic acid gas: and2ndly—Heat is perpetually carried off, by the formation of the sap or waterinto steam.(Carbonic acid gas is a compound of carbon and oxygen. The solid part of the fuel iscarbon, and one of the gases of the air is oxygen.)
Q.Why doesvapour extinguish flame?1st—Because the coat of water (which wraps the fuel round) prevents theoxygenof the air from getting to thefuel, to form intocarbonic acid gas: and2ndly—Heat is perpetually carried off, by the formation of the sap or waterinto steam.(Carbonic acid gas is a compound of carbon and oxygen. The solid part of the fuel iscarbon, and one of the gases of the air is oxygen.)
Q.Why doesvapour extinguish flame?
1st—Because the coat of water (which wraps the fuel round) prevents theoxygenof the air from getting to thefuel, to form intocarbonic acid gas: and
2ndly—Heat is perpetually carried off, by the formation of the sap or waterinto steam.
(Carbonic acid gas is a compound of carbon and oxygen. The solid part of the fuel iscarbon, and one of the gases of the air is oxygen.)
Q.What hascarbonic acid gasto do withcombustion?A. Combustion is produced by thechemical actionwhich takes place, while thecarbonof fuel unites with theoxygenof air, and forms “carbonic acid gas.” (See p.36.)
Q.What hascarbonic acid gasto do withcombustion?
Q.What hascarbonic acid gasto do withcombustion?
A. Combustion is produced by thechemical actionwhich takes place, while thecarbonof fuel unites with theoxygenof air, and forms “carbonic acid gas.” (See p.36.)
A. Combustion is produced by thechemical actionwhich takes place, while thecarbonof fuel unites with theoxygenof air, and forms “carbonic acid gas.” (See p.36.)
Q.Why dostones snapand fly about, when heated in thefire?A. The air in the stones (expanded by the heat of the fire),meets with great resistancefrom the close texture of the stone; and, therefore,bursts forth with great violence, tearing the stone to atoms, and forcing the fragments into the room.
Q.Why dostones snapand fly about, when heated in thefire?
Q.Why dostones snapand fly about, when heated in thefire?
A. The air in the stones (expanded by the heat of the fire),meets with great resistancefrom the close texture of the stone; and, therefore,bursts forth with great violence, tearing the stone to atoms, and forcing the fragments into the room.
A. The air in the stones (expanded by the heat of the fire),meets with great resistancefrom the close texture of the stone; and, therefore,bursts forth with great violence, tearing the stone to atoms, and forcing the fragments into the room.
Q.Must notairbe verystrong, to shatter into atoms a hard stone?A. Yes. All the dreadful effects ofgunpowderare merely the results of thesudden expansion of air.
Q.Must notairbe verystrong, to shatter into atoms a hard stone?
Q.Must notairbe verystrong, to shatter into atoms a hard stone?
A. Yes. All the dreadful effects ofgunpowderare merely the results of thesudden expansion of air.
A. Yes. All the dreadful effects ofgunpowderare merely the results of thesudden expansion of air.
Q.When bottledaleandporteris set before afire, why is thecork forced outsometimes?A. If the bottle benot quite full, there will beairbetween the liquor and the cork; thisair(expanded by the heat of the fire)forces out the cork.
Q.When bottledaleandporteris set before afire, why is thecork forced outsometimes?
Q.When bottledaleandporteris set before afire, why is thecork forced outsometimes?
A. If the bottle benot quite full, there will beairbetween the liquor and the cork; thisair(expanded by the heat of the fire)forces out the cork.
A. If the bottle benot quite full, there will beairbetween the liquor and the cork; thisair(expanded by the heat of the fire)forces out the cork.
Q.Why doesaleorporter frothmore, after it has been set before the fire?A. Thefrothof ale or porterdepends upon the pressureto which it is subjected; and as the air (between the liquor and the cork) isexpandedby the heat,it presses against the liquor, and increases the quantity of froth.
Q.Why doesaleorporter frothmore, after it has been set before the fire?
Q.Why doesaleorporter frothmore, after it has been set before the fire?
A. Thefrothof ale or porterdepends upon the pressureto which it is subjected; and as the air (between the liquor and the cork) isexpandedby the heat,it presses against the liquor, and increases the quantity of froth.
A. Thefrothof ale or porterdepends upon the pressureto which it is subjected; and as the air (between the liquor and the cork) isexpandedby the heat,it presses against the liquor, and increases the quantity of froth.
Q.Why is thefrothof ale and porterincreasedbypressure?A. Because the liquor absorbscarbonic acidso long as it is underpressure; and the moment that the pressure isremoved, the carbonic acidescapesin foam or froth.
Q.Why is thefrothof ale and porterincreasedbypressure?
Q.Why is thefrothof ale and porterincreasedbypressure?
A. Because the liquor absorbscarbonic acidso long as it is underpressure; and the moment that the pressure isremoved, the carbonic acidescapesin foam or froth.
A. Because the liquor absorbscarbonic acidso long as it is underpressure; and the moment that the pressure isremoved, the carbonic acidescapesin foam or froth.
Q.When a boy makes aballoon, and sets fire to the cotton or sponge (which has been steeped in spirits of wine), why is the ballooninflated, or blown out?A. Theairinside the balloon isexpanded by the flame, till the whole balloon isblown outwithout a crumple.
Q.When a boy makes aballoon, and sets fire to the cotton or sponge (which has been steeped in spirits of wine), why is the ballooninflated, or blown out?
Q.When a boy makes aballoon, and sets fire to the cotton or sponge (which has been steeped in spirits of wine), why is the ballooninflated, or blown out?
A. Theairinside the balloon isexpanded by the flame, till the whole balloon isblown outwithout a crumple.
A. Theairinside the balloon isexpanded by the flame, till the whole balloon isblown outwithout a crumple.
Q.Why does theballoon rise, after it has been inflated by the expanded air?A. The same quantity of air is expandedto three or four times its original volume; and is made so muchlighter than common air, that even when all the paper, wire, and cotton are added, it is still lighter bulk for bulk.
Q.Why does theballoon rise, after it has been inflated by the expanded air?
Q.Why does theballoon rise, after it has been inflated by the expanded air?
A. The same quantity of air is expandedto three or four times its original volume; and is made so muchlighter than common air, that even when all the paper, wire, and cotton are added, it is still lighter bulk for bulk.
A. The same quantity of air is expandedto three or four times its original volume; and is made so muchlighter than common air, that even when all the paper, wire, and cotton are added, it is still lighter bulk for bulk.
Q.What is meant by being lighter “bulk for bulk?”A. If the balloon be 3 square feet in size, it islighter(when inflated) than 3 square feet ofcommon air, and thereforefloats through it; as a cork (at the bottom of a tub of water) would rise to the surface.
Q.What is meant by being lighter “bulk for bulk?”
Q.What is meant by being lighter “bulk for bulk?”
A. If the balloon be 3 square feet in size, it islighter(when inflated) than 3 square feet ofcommon air, and thereforefloats through it; as a cork (at the bottom of a tub of water) would rise to the surface.
A. If the balloon be 3 square feet in size, it islighter(when inflated) than 3 square feet ofcommon air, and thereforefloats through it; as a cork (at the bottom of a tub of water) would rise to the surface.
Q.Why doessmoke rush upachimney?A. The heat of the fireexpands the air in the chimney; and (being thus madelighterthan the air around), itrises up the chimney, and carries the smoke in its current.
Q.Why doessmoke rush upachimney?
Q.Why doessmoke rush upachimney?
A. The heat of the fireexpands the air in the chimney; and (being thus madelighterthan the air around), itrises up the chimney, and carries the smoke in its current.
A. The heat of the fireexpands the air in the chimney; and (being thus madelighterthan the air around), itrises up the chimney, and carries the smoke in its current.
Q.Why has along chimneya greaterdraughtthan a short one?A. Because air rises faster and faster thehigher it ascendsin a chimney flue;the same as a stone falls faster and faster thenearer it approaches to the ground.
Q.Why has along chimneya greaterdraughtthan a short one?
Q.Why has along chimneya greaterdraughtthan a short one?
A. Because air rises faster and faster thehigher it ascendsin a chimney flue;the same as a stone falls faster and faster thenearer it approaches to the ground.
A. Because air rises faster and faster thehigher it ascendsin a chimney flue;the same as a stone falls faster and faster thenearer it approaches to the ground.
Q.Why will alongchimneysmoke, unless thefirebe prettyfierce?A. If the fire be not pretty fierce, its heat will not be sufficient torarefy all the air in the chimney; and then the chimney willsmoke.
Q.Why will alongchimneysmoke, unless thefirebe prettyfierce?
Q.Why will alongchimneysmoke, unless thefirebe prettyfierce?
A. If the fire be not pretty fierce, its heat will not be sufficient torarefy all the air in the chimney; and then the chimney willsmoke.
A. If the fire be not pretty fierce, its heat will not be sufficient torarefy all the air in the chimney; and then the chimney willsmoke.
Q.Why will the chimney smoke, if the fire be notbigenough to heatallthe air in thechimney flue?A. Because thecold air(condensed in the upper part of the flue),will sink from its own weight, and sweep the ascending smokeback with itinto the room.
Q.Why will the chimney smoke, if the fire be notbigenough to heatallthe air in thechimney flue?
Q.Why will the chimney smoke, if the fire be notbigenough to heatallthe air in thechimney flue?
A. Because thecold air(condensed in the upper part of the flue),will sink from its own weight, and sweep the ascending smokeback with itinto the room.
A. Because thecold air(condensed in the upper part of the flue),will sink from its own weight, and sweep the ascending smokeback with itinto the room.
Q.What is the use of acowlupon a chimney-pot?A. The cowl acts as ascreen against the wind, to prevent it from blowing into the chimney.
Q.What is the use of acowlupon a chimney-pot?
Q.What is the use of acowlupon a chimney-pot?
A. The cowl acts as ascreen against the wind, to prevent it from blowing into the chimney.
A. The cowl acts as ascreen against the wind, to prevent it from blowing into the chimney.
Q.Whatharmwould thewinddo, if it were toblowinto achimney?A. 1st—It would prevent the smoke from getting out: and2ndly—Thecold air(introduced intothe chimney by the wind)would fall down the flue, and drive the smoke with itback into the room.
Q.Whatharmwould thewinddo, if it were toblowinto achimney?
Q.Whatharmwould thewinddo, if it were toblowinto achimney?
A. 1st—It would prevent the smoke from getting out: and2ndly—Thecold air(introduced intothe chimney by the wind)would fall down the flue, and drive the smoke with itback into the room.
A. 1st—It would prevent the smoke from getting out: and
2ndly—Thecold air(introduced intothe chimney by the wind)would fall down the flue, and drive the smoke with itback into the room.
Q.Why does asmoke-jackturn round in a chimney?A. The current of hot air up the chimney, striking against theoblique vanes of the smoke-jack, drives them round and round; in the same way as the sails of awind-millare driven round by thewind.
Q.Why does asmoke-jackturn round in a chimney?
Q.Why does asmoke-jackturn round in a chimney?
A. The current of hot air up the chimney, striking against theoblique vanes of the smoke-jack, drives them round and round; in the same way as the sails of awind-millare driven round by thewind.
A. The current of hot air up the chimney, striking against theoblique vanes of the smoke-jack, drives them round and round; in the same way as the sails of awind-millare driven round by thewind.
Q.Why are some thingssolid, othersliquid, and othersgaseous?A. Asheatenters any substance,it drives its particles further asunder; and asolid(likeice) becomes aliquid; and aliquid(likewater) becomes agas.
Q.Why are some thingssolid, othersliquid, and othersgaseous?
Q.Why are some thingssolid, othersliquid, and othersgaseous?
A. Asheatenters any substance,it drives its particles further asunder; and asolid(likeice) becomes aliquid; and aliquid(likewater) becomes agas.
A. Asheatenters any substance,it drives its particles further asunder; and asolid(likeice) becomes aliquid; and aliquid(likewater) becomes agas.
Q.Why doeswater simmerbefore it boils?A. The particles of waternear the bottom of the kettle(being formed intosteamsooner than the rest)shoot upwards; but arecondensedagain (as they rise)by the colder water, and produce what is called “simmering.”
Q.Why doeswater simmerbefore it boils?
Q.Why doeswater simmerbefore it boils?
A. The particles of waternear the bottom of the kettle(being formed intosteamsooner than the rest)shoot upwards; but arecondensedagain (as they rise)by the colder water, and produce what is called “simmering.”
A. The particles of waternear the bottom of the kettle(being formed intosteamsooner than the rest)shoot upwards; but arecondensedagain (as they rise)by the colder water, and produce what is called “simmering.”
Q.What is meant bysimmering?A. A gentle tremor orundulationonthe surface of the water. When watersimmers, the bubblescollapse beneath the surface, and the steam is condensed towater again: but when waterboils, the bubblesrise to the surface, andsteam is thrown off.
Q.What is meant bysimmering?
Q.What is meant bysimmering?
A. A gentle tremor orundulationonthe surface of the water. When watersimmers, the bubblescollapse beneath the surface, and the steam is condensed towater again: but when waterboils, the bubblesrise to the surface, andsteam is thrown off.
A. A gentle tremor orundulationonthe surface of the water. When watersimmers, the bubblescollapse beneath the surface, and the steam is condensed towater again: but when waterboils, the bubblesrise to the surface, andsteam is thrown off.
Q.Why does akettle singwhen the water simmers?A. Because theair(entangled in the water) escapes byfits and startsthrough thespout of the kettle; which makes a noise like a wind instrument, when it is blown into.
Q.Why does akettle singwhen the water simmers?
Q.Why does akettle singwhen the water simmers?
A. Because theair(entangled in the water) escapes byfits and startsthrough thespout of the kettle; which makes a noise like a wind instrument, when it is blown into.
A. Because theair(entangled in the water) escapes byfits and startsthrough thespout of the kettle; which makes a noise like a wind instrument, when it is blown into.
Q.Why doesnota kettlesing, when the waterboils?A. Asallthe water isboiling hot, the steam meets with noimpediment, but freely escapes in a continuous stream.
Q.Why doesnota kettlesing, when the waterboils?
Q.Why doesnota kettlesing, when the waterboils?
A. Asallthe water isboiling hot, the steam meets with noimpediment, but freely escapes in a continuous stream.
A. Asallthe water isboiling hot, the steam meets with noimpediment, but freely escapes in a continuous stream.
Q.When does a kettle sing most?A. When it is set on ahobto boil.
Q.When does a kettle sing most?
Q.When does a kettle sing most?
A. When it is set on ahobto boil.
A. When it is set on ahobto boil.
Q.Why does a kettlesing morewhen it is set on thesideof a fire, than when it is set in themidstof the fire?A. When the kettle is set on thehobto boil, the heat is applied verypartially: one side is hotter than the other, and therefore the steam is moreentangled.
Q.Why does a kettlesing morewhen it is set on thesideof a fire, than when it is set in themidstof the fire?
Q.Why does a kettlesing morewhen it is set on thesideof a fire, than when it is set in themidstof the fire?
A. When the kettle is set on thehobto boil, the heat is applied verypartially: one side is hotter than the other, and therefore the steam is moreentangled.
A. When the kettle is set on thehobto boil, the heat is applied verypartially: one side is hotter than the other, and therefore the steam is moreentangled.
Q.Why does akettlesing, when the boiling water begins tocoolagain?A. Because theuppersurface coolsfirst; and the steam (still rising from the lower parts of the kettle) isagain entangled, and escapes fitfully.
Q.Why does akettlesing, when the boiling water begins tocoolagain?
Q.Why does akettlesing, when the boiling water begins tocoolagain?
A. Because theuppersurface coolsfirst; and the steam (still rising from the lower parts of the kettle) isagain entangled, and escapes fitfully.
A. Because theuppersurface coolsfirst; and the steam (still rising from the lower parts of the kettle) isagain entangled, and escapes fitfully.
Q.Why doesboiling water swell?A. Water (like air)expands by heat. The heat of the fire drives the particles of waterfurther apart from each other; and (as they are notpacked so closely together) they take upmore room; or (in other words) the waterswells.
Q.Why doesboiling water swell?
Q.Why doesboiling water swell?
A. Water (like air)expands by heat. The heat of the fire drives the particles of waterfurther apart from each other; and (as they are notpacked so closely together) they take upmore room; or (in other words) the waterswells.
A. Water (like air)expands by heat. The heat of the fire drives the particles of waterfurther apart from each other; and (as they are notpacked so closely together) they take upmore room; or (in other words) the waterswells.
Q.What is meant when it is said, “thatheatdrives theparticlesof water furtherapartfrom each other.”A. Water is composed of little globules, like very small grains of sand; the heatdrivesthese particlesaway from each other; and (as they then require moreroom) the waterswells.
Q.What is meant when it is said, “thatheatdrives theparticlesof water furtherapartfrom each other.”
Q.What is meant when it is said, “thatheatdrives theparticlesof water furtherapartfrom each other.”
A. Water is composed of little globules, like very small grains of sand; the heatdrivesthese particlesaway from each other; and (as they then require moreroom) the waterswells.
A. Water is composed of little globules, like very small grains of sand; the heatdrivesthese particlesaway from each other; and (as they then require moreroom) the waterswells.
Q.Why doesboiling water bubble?A. Water containsair; and (as the water is heated)the air is driven out, and raises abubblein that part of the water which resists its escape.
Q.Why doesboiling water bubble?
Q.Why doesboiling water bubble?
A. Water containsair; and (as the water is heated)the air is driven out, and raises abubblein that part of the water which resists its escape.
A. Water containsair; and (as the water is heated)the air is driven out, and raises abubblein that part of the water which resists its escape.
Q.Why does akettlesometimesboil over?A. Liquidsexpand very much by heat; if, therefore, a kettle befilled with cold water, some of it mustrun overas soon as it isexpanded by heat.
Q.Why does akettlesometimesboil over?
Q.Why does akettlesometimesboil over?
A. Liquidsexpand very much by heat; if, therefore, a kettle befilled with cold water, some of it mustrun overas soon as it isexpanded by heat.
A. Liquidsexpand very much by heat; if, therefore, a kettle befilled with cold water, some of it mustrun overas soon as it isexpanded by heat.
Q.But I have seen akettle boil over, although it has not been filledfullofwater; how do you account forthat?A. If a fire bevery fierce, the air is expelled sorapidly, that thebubbles are very numerous; and (towering one above the other)reach the top of the kettle, and fall over.
Q.But I have seen akettle boil over, although it has not been filledfullofwater; how do you account forthat?
Q.But I have seen akettle boil over, although it has not been filledfullofwater; how do you account forthat?
A. If a fire bevery fierce, the air is expelled sorapidly, that thebubbles are very numerous; and (towering one above the other)reach the top of the kettle, and fall over.
A. If a fire bevery fierce, the air is expelled sorapidly, that thebubbles are very numerous; and (towering one above the other)reach the top of the kettle, and fall over.
Q.Why is a pot, which is full tooverflowing(while the water is boilinghot),nothing like full, when it has been taken off the fire for a short time?A. When the water wasswelled by boiling heat, it filled the pot even to overflowing; but as soon as the water iscondensed by cold, itcontractsagain, and occupies a much less space.
Q.Why is a pot, which is full tooverflowing(while the water is boilinghot),nothing like full, when it has been taken off the fire for a short time?
Q.Why is a pot, which is full tooverflowing(while the water is boilinghot),nothing like full, when it has been taken off the fire for a short time?
A. When the water wasswelled by boiling heat, it filled the pot even to overflowing; but as soon as the water iscondensed by cold, itcontractsagain, and occupies a much less space.
A. When the water wasswelled by boiling heat, it filled the pot even to overflowing; but as soon as the water iscondensed by cold, itcontractsagain, and occupies a much less space.
Q.Why does the water of akettlerun out of thespoutwhen itboils?A. Because the steam cannot escapeso fast as it is formed, and (beingconfined in the kettle)presses on the waterwith great power, and forces it out of the spout.
Q.Why does the water of akettlerun out of thespoutwhen itboils?
Q.Why does the water of akettlerun out of thespoutwhen itboils?
A. Because the steam cannot escapeso fast as it is formed, and (beingconfined in the kettle)presses on the waterwith great power, and forces it out of the spout.
A. Because the steam cannot escapeso fast as it is formed, and (beingconfined in the kettle)presses on the waterwith great power, and forces it out of the spout.
Q.How can thepressureofsteamon thesurfaceof the water,forcethe water through thekettle-spout?A. In the same manner asthe pressure of airon themercury of a barometer, forces thequicksilver up the glass tube.
Q.How can thepressureofsteamon thesurfaceof the water,forcethe water through thekettle-spout?
Q.How can thepressureofsteamon thesurfaceof the water,forcethe water through thekettle-spout?
A. In the same manner asthe pressure of airon themercury of a barometer, forces thequicksilver up the glass tube.
A. In the same manner asthe pressure of airon themercury of a barometer, forces thequicksilver up the glass tube.
Q.What causes therattling noiseso often made by thelidof a saucepan or boiler?A. The steam (seeking to escape)forces up the lidof the boiler, and theweightof the lid causes it tofall back again: this being donefrequently, produces a rattling noise.
Q.What causes therattling noiseso often made by thelidof a saucepan or boiler?
Q.What causes therattling noiseso often made by thelidof a saucepan or boiler?
A. The steam (seeking to escape)forces up the lidof the boiler, and theweightof the lid causes it tofall back again: this being donefrequently, produces a rattling noise.
A. The steam (seeking to escape)forces up the lidof the boiler, and theweightof the lid causes it tofall back again: this being donefrequently, produces a rattling noise.
Q.If the steamcould not lift up the lidof the boiler, how would it escape?A. If the lid fitted so tightly, that the steam could not raise it up, the boiler wouldburst into fragments, and the consequences might be fatal.
Q.If the steamcould not lift up the lidof the boiler, how would it escape?
Q.If the steamcould not lift up the lidof the boiler, how would it escape?
A. If the lid fitted so tightly, that the steam could not raise it up, the boiler wouldburst into fragments, and the consequences might be fatal.
A. If the lid fitted so tightly, that the steam could not raise it up, the boiler wouldburst into fragments, and the consequences might be fatal.
Q.When steam pours out from the spout of a kettle, thestreambegins apparentlyhalf an inchoff thespout; why does it not begincloseto the spout?A. Steam is reallyinvisible; and the half-inch (between the spout and the“stream of mist”) is thereal steam, before it has been condensed by air.
Q.When steam pours out from the spout of a kettle, thestreambegins apparentlyhalf an inchoff thespout; why does it not begincloseto the spout?
Q.When steam pours out from the spout of a kettle, thestreambegins apparentlyhalf an inchoff thespout; why does it not begincloseto the spout?
A. Steam is reallyinvisible; and the half-inch (between the spout and the“stream of mist”) is thereal steam, before it has been condensed by air.
A. Steam is reallyinvisible; and the half-inch (between the spout and the“stream of mist”) is thereal steam, before it has been condensed by air.
Q.Why is notallthe streaminvisible, as well as that half-inch?A. As the steamcomes in contact with the colder air, the invisible particles (beingcondensed), roll one into another, and look like a thick mist.
Q.Why is notallthe streaminvisible, as well as that half-inch?
Q.Why is notallthe streaminvisible, as well as that half-inch?
A. As the steamcomes in contact with the colder air, the invisible particles (beingcondensed), roll one into another, and look like a thick mist.
A. As the steamcomes in contact with the colder air, the invisible particles (beingcondensed), roll one into another, and look like a thick mist.
Q.Whatbecomes ofthesteam? for it soon vanishes.A. After it is condensed into mist, it isdissolved by the air, and dispersed abroad asinvisible vapour.
Q.Whatbecomes ofthesteam? for it soon vanishes.
Q.Whatbecomes ofthesteam? for it soon vanishes.
A. After it is condensed into mist, it isdissolved by the air, and dispersed abroad asinvisible vapour.
A. After it is condensed into mist, it isdissolved by the air, and dispersed abroad asinvisible vapour.
Q.And whatbecomesof theinvisible vapour?A. Beinglighter than air, itascendsto the upper regions, where (being againcondensed) it contributes to formclouds.
Q.And whatbecomesof theinvisible vapour?
Q.And whatbecomesof theinvisible vapour?
A. Beinglighter than air, itascendsto the upper regions, where (being againcondensed) it contributes to formclouds.
A. Beinglighter than air, itascendsto the upper regions, where (being againcondensed) it contributes to formclouds.
Q.Why does ametal spoon, left in a saucepan,retardthe process ofboiling?A. The metal spoon (being an excellentconductor)carries off the heat from the water; and (as heat is carried off by the spoon) the water takes a longer time to boil.
Q.Why does ametal spoon, left in a saucepan,retardthe process ofboiling?
Q.Why does ametal spoon, left in a saucepan,retardthe process ofboiling?
A. The metal spoon (being an excellentconductor)carries off the heat from the water; and (as heat is carried off by the spoon) the water takes a longer time to boil.
A. The metal spoon (being an excellentconductor)carries off the heat from the water; and (as heat is carried off by the spoon) the water takes a longer time to boil.
Q.Why will apot(filled with water)never boil, when immersed inanothervessel full of water also?A. Because water cannever be heated above the boiling point: all the heat absorbed by the water after itboils, is employed inconverting the water into steam.
Q.Why will apot(filled with water)never boil, when immersed inanothervessel full of water also?
Q.Why will apot(filled with water)never boil, when immersed inanothervessel full of water also?
A. Because water cannever be heated above the boiling point: all the heat absorbed by the water after itboils, is employed inconverting the water into steam.
A. Because water cannever be heated above the boiling point: all the heat absorbed by the water after itboils, is employed inconverting the water into steam.
Q.How does the conversion of water into steam prevent theinner potfromboiling?A. The moment the water in the larger pot isboiling hot(or 212°),steam is formed, andcarries off some of its heat; therefore, 212degs.of heat can neverpass through it, to raise theinnervessel to thesame heat.
Q.How does the conversion of water into steam prevent theinner potfromboiling?
Q.How does the conversion of water into steam prevent theinner potfromboiling?
A. The moment the water in the larger pot isboiling hot(or 212°),steam is formed, andcarries off some of its heat; therefore, 212degs.of heat can neverpass through it, to raise theinnervessel to thesame heat.
A. The moment the water in the larger pot isboiling hot(or 212°),steam is formed, andcarries off some of its heat; therefore, 212degs.of heat can neverpass through it, to raise theinnervessel to thesame heat.
Q.Why dosugar,salt, &c.retardthe process ofboiling?A. Because they have a tendency tofixwater by chemical attraction; and therefore retard itsconversion into steam.
Q.Why dosugar,salt, &c.retardthe process ofboiling?
Q.Why dosugar,salt, &c.retardthe process ofboiling?
A. Because they have a tendency tofixwater by chemical attraction; and therefore retard itsconversion into steam.
A. Because they have a tendency tofixwater by chemical attraction; and therefore retard itsconversion into steam.
Q.If you want water to boil, withoutcoming in contactwith thesaucepan, what plan must you adopt?A.Immerse the pot(containing the water you want to boil) in a saucepan containingstrong brine, or sugar.
Q.If you want water to boil, withoutcoming in contactwith thesaucepan, what plan must you adopt?
Q.If you want water to boil, withoutcoming in contactwith thesaucepan, what plan must you adopt?
A.Immerse the pot(containing the water you want to boil) in a saucepan containingstrong brine, or sugar.
A.Immerse the pot(containing the water you want to boil) in a saucepan containingstrong brine, or sugar.
Q.Why would theinnervessel boil, if theoutervessel contained strongbrine?A. Thoughwaterboils at 212degs.of heat, yetbrinewill not boil till raised to 218 or 220degs.Therefore, 212degs.of heat may easily pass through brineto raise the vessel immersed in it to boiling heat, before any of it iscarried off by steam.
Q.Why would theinnervessel boil, if theoutervessel contained strongbrine?
Q.Why would theinnervessel boil, if theoutervessel contained strongbrine?
A. Thoughwaterboils at 212degs.of heat, yetbrinewill not boil till raised to 218 or 220degs.Therefore, 212degs.of heat may easily pass through brineto raise the vessel immersed in it to boiling heat, before any of it iscarried off by steam.
A. Thoughwaterboils at 212degs.of heat, yetbrinewill not boil till raised to 218 or 220degs.Therefore, 212degs.of heat may easily pass through brineto raise the vessel immersed in it to boiling heat, before any of it iscarried off by steam.
Q.Why will brine impart to another vesselmorethan 212°, and waternot so much?A. Because both liquids willimpart heattill theyboil, and thenthey can impart heat no longer.
Q.Why will brine impart to another vesselmorethan 212°, and waternot so much?
Q.Why will brine impart to another vesselmorethan 212°, and waternot so much?
A. Because both liquids willimpart heattill theyboil, and thenthey can impart heat no longer.
A. Because both liquids willimpart heattill theyboil, and thenthey can impart heat no longer.
Q.Why can they impart no extra heat after they boil?A. Because allextraheat is spentin making steam. Hence water willnotboil a vessel of water immersed in it, because it cannot impart to it 212degs.of heat: butbrinewill, because it can impartmore than212degs.of heat, without being converted itself into steam.Ether boils at104degs.Alcohol boils at173-1/2degs.Water boils at212degs.Water with one-fifth salt at219degs.Syrup boils at221degs.Oil of turpentine at304degs.Sulphuric acid at472degs.Linseed oil at640degs.&c. &c.Any liquid which boils at alowerdegree can be made toboil if immersed in a liquid which boils at a higher degree. Thus acup of ethercan be made to boil in a saucepan ofwater. Acup of waterin a saucepan ofbrine or syrup. But acup of waterwillnotboil if immersed inether; nor acup of syrupinwater.
Q.Why can they impart no extra heat after they boil?
Q.Why can they impart no extra heat after they boil?
A. Because allextraheat is spentin making steam. Hence water willnotboil a vessel of water immersed in it, because it cannot impart to it 212degs.of heat: butbrinewill, because it can impartmore than212degs.of heat, without being converted itself into steam.Ether boils at104degs.Alcohol boils at173-1/2degs.Water boils at212degs.Water with one-fifth salt at219degs.Syrup boils at221degs.Oil of turpentine at304degs.Sulphuric acid at472degs.Linseed oil at640degs.&c. &c.
A. Because allextraheat is spentin making steam. Hence water willnotboil a vessel of water immersed in it, because it cannot impart to it 212degs.of heat: butbrinewill, because it can impartmore than212degs.of heat, without being converted itself into steam.
Any liquid which boils at alowerdegree can be made toboil if immersed in a liquid which boils at a higher degree. Thus acup of ethercan be made to boil in a saucepan ofwater. Acup of waterin a saucepan ofbrine or syrup. But acup of waterwillnotboil if immersed inether; nor acup of syrupinwater.
Any liquid which boils at alowerdegree can be made toboil if immersed in a liquid which boils at a higher degree. Thus acup of ethercan be made to boil in a saucepan ofwater. Acup of waterin a saucepan ofbrine or syrup. But acup of waterwillnotboil if immersed inether; nor acup of syrupinwater.
Q.Why areclouds higheron afine day?A. 1st—Because theair(expanded by heat)drives them higher up: and2ndly—Theclouds themselves are lighter, and thereforemore buoyant.
Q.Why areclouds higheron afine day?
Q.Why areclouds higheron afine day?
A. 1st—Because theair(expanded by heat)drives them higher up: and2ndly—Theclouds themselves are lighter, and thereforemore buoyant.
A. 1st—Because theair(expanded by heat)drives them higher up: and
2ndly—Theclouds themselves are lighter, and thereforemore buoyant.
Q.Why are theclouds lighteron afine day?A. Because their mists are eitherabsorbed by the dry air, orvapourizedby the hot sun.
Q.Why are theclouds lighteron afine day?
Q.Why are theclouds lighteron afine day?
A. Because their mists are eitherabsorbed by the dry air, orvapourizedby the hot sun.
A. Because their mists are eitherabsorbed by the dry air, orvapourizedby the hot sun.
Q.Why is acup puttopsy-turvy into afruit-pie?A. Its principal use is tohold the crust up, andprevent it from sinking, when the cooked fruit gives away under it.
Q.Why is acup puttopsy-turvy into afruit-pie?
Q.Why is acup puttopsy-turvy into afruit-pie?
A. Its principal use is tohold the crust up, andprevent it from sinking, when the cooked fruit gives away under it.
A. Its principal use is tohold the crust up, andprevent it from sinking, when the cooked fruit gives away under it.
Q.Does not the cuppreventthefruitof the pie fromboiling over?A. No, by no means; it would rather tend tomake it boil over, than otherwise.
Q.Does not the cuppreventthefruitof the pie fromboiling over?
Q.Does not the cuppreventthefruitof the pie fromboiling over?
A. No, by no means; it would rather tend tomake it boil over, than otherwise.
A. No, by no means; it would rather tend tomake it boil over, than otherwise.
Q.Why would the cup tend rather tomakethefruit boil over?A. As soon as the pie is put into theoven, theairin the cup willbegin to expand, and drive every particle of juice from under it; the pie dish, therefore, will have a cup-fullless roomto hold its fruit, than if the cup weretaken out.
Q.Why would the cup tend rather tomakethefruit boil over?
Q.Why would the cup tend rather tomakethefruit boil over?
A. As soon as the pie is put into theoven, theairin the cup willbegin to expand, and drive every particle of juice from under it; the pie dish, therefore, will have a cup-fullless roomto hold its fruit, than if the cup weretaken out.
A. As soon as the pie is put into theoven, theairin the cup willbegin to expand, and drive every particle of juice from under it; the pie dish, therefore, will have a cup-fullless roomto hold its fruit, than if the cup weretaken out.
Q.If the juice is drivenoutof the cup, why is thecupalwaysfullofjuice, when the pie is cut up?A. Immediately the pie is drawn, theairin the cup begins tocondense again, andoccupy a smaller space; in consequence of which, there is no longerenough air to fill the cup, and sojuicerushes into fill up the deficiency.
Q.If the juice is drivenoutof the cup, why is thecupalwaysfullofjuice, when the pie is cut up?
Q.If the juice is drivenoutof the cup, why is thecupalwaysfullofjuice, when the pie is cut up?
A. Immediately the pie is drawn, theairin the cup begins tocondense again, andoccupy a smaller space; in consequence of which, there is no longerenough air to fill the cup, and sojuicerushes into fill up the deficiency.
A. Immediately the pie is drawn, theairin the cup begins tocondense again, andoccupy a smaller space; in consequence of which, there is no longerenough air to fill the cup, and sojuicerushes into fill up the deficiency.
Q.Why doesjuicerush into the cup, because the cup isnot fullofair?A. As the external airpresses upon the surface of the juice, it rushes into the cupunobstructed; as mercury rises through the tube of a barometer through similar pressure.
Q.Why doesjuicerush into the cup, because the cup isnot fullofair?
Q.Why doesjuicerush into the cup, because the cup isnot fullofair?
A. As the external airpresses upon the surface of the juice, it rushes into the cupunobstructed; as mercury rises through the tube of a barometer through similar pressure.
A. As the external airpresses upon the surface of the juice, it rushes into the cupunobstructed; as mercury rises through the tube of a barometer through similar pressure.
Q.Does heat expand every thingelse besidesair and water?A. Yes;everything (that man is acquainted with) is expanded by heat.
Q.Does heat expand every thingelse besidesair and water?
Q.Does heat expand every thingelse besidesair and water?
A. Yes;everything (that man is acquainted with) is expanded by heat.
A. Yes;everything (that man is acquainted with) is expanded by heat.
Q.Why does acoopermake hishoops red-hot, when he puts them on a tub?A. 1st—Asiron expands by heat, the hoops will belargerwhen they are red-hot; and will, therefore,fit more easily on the tub: and2ndly—Asiron contracts by cold, the hoops willshrinkas they cool down, andgirt the tub with a tighter grasp.
Q.Why does acoopermake hishoops red-hot, when he puts them on a tub?
Q.Why does acoopermake hishoops red-hot, when he puts them on a tub?
A. 1st—Asiron expands by heat, the hoops will belargerwhen they are red-hot; and will, therefore,fit more easily on the tub: and2ndly—Asiron contracts by cold, the hoops willshrinkas they cool down, andgirt the tub with a tighter grasp.
A. 1st—Asiron expands by heat, the hoops will belargerwhen they are red-hot; and will, therefore,fit more easily on the tub: and
2ndly—Asiron contracts by cold, the hoops willshrinkas they cool down, andgirt the tub with a tighter grasp.
Q.Why does awheelwrightmake his hoopsred-hot, which he fixes on thenaveof awheel?A. 1st—That they mayfit on more easily: and2ndly—That they maygirt the nave more tightly.
Q.Why does awheelwrightmake his hoopsred-hot, which he fixes on thenaveof awheel?
Q.Why does awheelwrightmake his hoopsred-hot, which he fixes on thenaveof awheel?
A. 1st—That they mayfit on more easily: and2ndly—That they maygirt the nave more tightly.
A. 1st—That they mayfit on more easily: and
2ndly—That they maygirt the nave more tightly.
Q.Why will the wheelwright’shoop fitthe navemore easily, because they are madered-hot?A. Asiron expands by heat, the hoops will belargerwhen they are hot; and (being larger) will go on the nave moreeasily.
Q.Why will the wheelwright’shoop fitthe navemore easily, because they are madered-hot?
Q.Why will the wheelwright’shoop fitthe navemore easily, because they are madered-hot?
A. Asiron expands by heat, the hoops will belargerwhen they are hot; and (being larger) will go on the nave moreeasily.
A. Asiron expands by heat, the hoops will belargerwhen they are hot; and (being larger) will go on the nave moreeasily.
Q.Why will thehoops, which have beenput on hot, girt the nave morefirmly?A. Asiron contracts by cold, the hoops willshrink as they cool down; and, therefore,girt the nave with a tighter grasp.
Q.Why will thehoops, which have beenput on hot, girt the nave morefirmly?
Q.Why will thehoops, which have beenput on hot, girt the nave morefirmly?
A. Asiron contracts by cold, the hoops willshrink as they cool down; and, therefore,girt the nave with a tighter grasp.
A. Asiron contracts by cold, the hoops willshrink as they cool down; and, therefore,girt the nave with a tighter grasp.