Q.Why is the lime-stoneburnt, in order to make it intolime?A. The fireexpels the carbonic acid, and converts the hard lime-stone into aloose powder.
Q.Why is the lime-stoneburnt, in order to make it intolime?
Q.Why is the lime-stoneburnt, in order to make it intolime?
A. The fireexpels the carbonic acid, and converts the hard lime-stone into aloose powder.
A. The fireexpels the carbonic acid, and converts the hard lime-stone into aloose powder.
Q.Why doesmortarbecomehard, after a few days?A. Because the limere-imbibesthe carbonic acid of the air, which wasexpelled by fire; and the loosepowderagain becomes as hard as the originallime-stone.
Q.Why doesmortarbecomehard, after a few days?
Q.Why doesmortarbecomehard, after a few days?
A. Because the limere-imbibesthe carbonic acid of the air, which wasexpelled by fire; and the loosepowderagain becomes as hard as the originallime-stone.
A. Because the limere-imbibesthe carbonic acid of the air, which wasexpelled by fire; and the loosepowderagain becomes as hard as the originallime-stone.
Q.Why ismortaradhesive?A. When the carbonic acid is expelled, the hard lime-stone isconverted into a loose powder, which (being mixed with sand and water) becomes asoft and sticky plaster; but, as soon as it is placed between bricks, itimbibes carbonic acid again, and hardens intolime-stone.
Q.Why ismortaradhesive?
Q.Why ismortaradhesive?
A. When the carbonic acid is expelled, the hard lime-stone isconverted into a loose powder, which (being mixed with sand and water) becomes asoft and sticky plaster; but, as soon as it is placed between bricks, itimbibes carbonic acid again, and hardens intolime-stone.
A. When the carbonic acid is expelled, the hard lime-stone isconverted into a loose powder, which (being mixed with sand and water) becomes asoft and sticky plaster; but, as soon as it is placed between bricks, itimbibes carbonic acid again, and hardens intolime-stone.
Q.What ischoke-damp?A.Carbonic acid gasaccumulated at the bottom of wells and pits. It iscalledchokedamp, because itchokes(or suffocates)every animal that inhales it. (see p.264).
Q.What ischoke-damp?
Q.What ischoke-damp?
A.Carbonic acid gasaccumulated at the bottom of wells and pits. It iscalledchokedamp, because itchokes(or suffocates)every animal that inhales it. (see p.264).
A.Carbonic acid gasaccumulated at the bottom of wells and pits. It iscalledchokedamp, because itchokes(or suffocates)every animal that inhales it. (see p.264).
Q.What is marsh-gas orfire-damp?A.Carburetted hydrogen gasaccumulated on marshes, in stagnant waters, and coal pits; it is frequently called “inflammable air.”
Q.What is marsh-gas orfire-damp?
Q.What is marsh-gas orfire-damp?
A.Carburetted hydrogen gasaccumulated on marshes, in stagnant waters, and coal pits; it is frequently called “inflammable air.”
A.Carburetted hydrogen gasaccumulated on marshes, in stagnant waters, and coal pits; it is frequently called “inflammable air.”
Q.What iscarburetted hydrogen gas?A.Carboncombined withhydrogen.
Q.What iscarburetted hydrogen gas?
Q.What iscarburetted hydrogen gas?
A.Carboncombined withhydrogen.
A.Carboncombined withhydrogen.
Q.How maycarburetted hydrogen gasbeprocuredon marshes?A. Bystirring the mudat the bottom of any stagnant pool, and collecting the gas (as it escapes upwards) in an inverted glass vessel.
Q.How maycarburetted hydrogen gasbeprocuredon marshes?
Q.How maycarburetted hydrogen gasbeprocuredon marshes?
A. Bystirring the mudat the bottom of any stagnant pool, and collecting the gas (as it escapes upwards) in an inverted glass vessel.
A. Bystirring the mudat the bottom of any stagnant pool, and collecting the gas (as it escapes upwards) in an inverted glass vessel.
Q.What iscoal gas?A.Carburetted hydrogenextracted from coals, by the heat offire.
Q.What iscoal gas?
Q.What iscoal gas?
A.Carburetted hydrogenextracted from coals, by the heat offire.
A.Carburetted hydrogenextracted from coals, by the heat offire.
Q.Why is carburetted hydrogen gas calledfire-damp, or inflammable air?A. Because it very readilycatches fire and explodes, when a light is introduced to it.
Q.Why is carburetted hydrogen gas calledfire-damp, or inflammable air?
Q.Why is carburetted hydrogen gas calledfire-damp, or inflammable air?
A. Because it very readilycatches fire and explodes, when a light is introduced to it.
A. Because it very readilycatches fire and explodes, when a light is introduced to it.
Q.Why is carburetted hydrogen gas frequently calledmarsh gas?A. Because it is generated inmeadows and marshesfrom putrefying vegetable substances. (See ignis fatuus,p.285).
Q.Why is carburetted hydrogen gas frequently calledmarsh gas?
Q.Why is carburetted hydrogen gas frequently calledmarsh gas?
A. Because it is generated inmeadows and marshesfrom putrefying vegetable substances. (See ignis fatuus,p.285).
A. Because it is generated inmeadows and marshesfrom putrefying vegetable substances. (See ignis fatuus,p.285).
Q.What gas is evolved by thewickof a burningcandle?A.Carburetted hydrogen gas: that is, thecarbon and hydrogenof the tallowcombine into a gasfrom the heat of the flame; and this gas iscarburetted hydrogen, or inflammable air.
Q.What gas is evolved by thewickof a burningcandle?
Q.What gas is evolved by thewickof a burningcandle?
A.Carburetted hydrogen gas: that is, thecarbon and hydrogenof the tallowcombine into a gasfrom the heat of the flame; and this gas iscarburetted hydrogen, or inflammable air.
A.Carburetted hydrogen gas: that is, thecarbon and hydrogenof the tallowcombine into a gasfrom the heat of the flame; and this gas iscarburetted hydrogen, or inflammable air.
Q.Why docoal-minesso frequentlyexplode?A. Because thecarburetted hydrogen gas(which is generated in these mines by the coals) explodes, when a light is incautiously introduced.
Q.Why docoal-minesso frequentlyexplode?
Q.Why docoal-minesso frequentlyexplode?
A. Because thecarburetted hydrogen gas(which is generated in these mines by the coals) explodes, when a light is incautiously introduced.
A. Because thecarburetted hydrogen gas(which is generated in these mines by the coals) explodes, when a light is incautiously introduced.
Q.How can minersseein the coal-pits, if they mayneverintroduce alight?A. Sir Humphrey Davy invented a lantern for the use of miners, called “the Safety Lamp,” which may be used without danger.
Q.How can minersseein the coal-pits, if they mayneverintroduce alight?
Q.How can minersseein the coal-pits, if they mayneverintroduce alight?
A. Sir Humphrey Davy invented a lantern for the use of miners, called “the Safety Lamp,” which may be used without danger.
A. Sir Humphrey Davy invented a lantern for the use of miners, called “the Safety Lamp,” which may be used without danger.
Q.Who wasSir Humphrey Davy?A. A very clever chemist, born in Cornwall. (1778—1829).
Q.Who wasSir Humphrey Davy?
Q.Who wasSir Humphrey Davy?
A. A very clever chemist, born in Cornwall. (1778—1829).
A. A very clever chemist, born in Cornwall. (1778—1829).
Q.What kind of thing is thesafety lamp?A. It is a kind of lanterncovered with a fine gauze wire, instead of glass or horn.
Q.What kind of thing is thesafety lamp?
Q.What kind of thing is thesafety lamp?
A. It is a kind of lanterncovered with a fine gauze wire, instead of glass or horn.
A. It is a kind of lanterncovered with a fine gauze wire, instead of glass or horn.
Q.How does this finegauze wireprevent anexplosionin the coal mine?A. 1st—Because flame willnever pass through fine gauze wire: and2ndly—Though the wire getred-hot, it will not ignite the gas; for carburetted hydrogen gas can be ignited only byflame.(N. B. The interstices of the gauze wire must not exceed the 7th of an inch in diameter.)
Q.How does this finegauze wireprevent anexplosionin the coal mine?
Q.How does this finegauze wireprevent anexplosionin the coal mine?
A. 1st—Because flame willnever pass through fine gauze wire: and2ndly—Though the wire getred-hot, it will not ignite the gas; for carburetted hydrogen gas can be ignited only byflame.(N. B. The interstices of the gauze wire must not exceed the 7th of an inch in diameter.)
A. 1st—Because flame willnever pass through fine gauze wire: and
2ndly—Though the wire getred-hot, it will not ignite the gas; for carburetted hydrogen gas can be ignited only byflame.
(N. B. The interstices of the gauze wire must not exceed the 7th of an inch in diameter.)
Q.Why will notflame pass throughvery fine wire-gauze?A. Because the metal wire is a veryrapid conductor of heat; and when the flame of burning gas in the lamp reaches the wire gauze, the heat (which is needful to produce flame) isconducted away by the wire, and the flame isextinguished.
Q.Why will notflame pass throughvery fine wire-gauze?
Q.Why will notflame pass throughvery fine wire-gauze?
A. Because the metal wire is a veryrapid conductor of heat; and when the flame of burning gas in the lamp reaches the wire gauze, the heat (which is needful to produce flame) isconducted away by the wire, and the flame isextinguished.
A. Because the metal wire is a veryrapid conductor of heat; and when the flame of burning gas in the lamp reaches the wire gauze, the heat (which is needful to produce flame) isconducted away by the wire, and the flame isextinguished.
Q.Does the gas of thecoal-pitgetthroughthe wire gauzeintothelantern?A. Yes; but the inflammable gasignites and burnsinside the lamp: as soon, however, as this is the case,the miner is in danger, and should withdraw.
Q.Does the gas of thecoal-pitgetthroughthe wire gauzeintothelantern?
Q.Does the gas of thecoal-pitgetthroughthe wire gauzeintothelantern?
A. Yes; but the inflammable gasignites and burnsinside the lamp: as soon, however, as this is the case,the miner is in danger, and should withdraw.
A. Yes; but the inflammable gasignites and burnsinside the lamp: as soon, however, as this is the case,the miner is in danger, and should withdraw.
Q.Why is the miner indanger, if the gas ignites and burns in theinsideof the safety-lamp?A. Because the heat of the burning gas will soondestroy the wire gauze, and then the flame (being free) will set fire to the mine.
Q.Why is the miner indanger, if the gas ignites and burns in theinsideof the safety-lamp?
Q.Why is the miner indanger, if the gas ignites and burns in theinsideof the safety-lamp?
A. Because the heat of the burning gas will soondestroy the wire gauze, and then the flame (being free) will set fire to the mine.
A. Because the heat of the burning gas will soondestroy the wire gauze, and then the flame (being free) will set fire to the mine.
Q.From what does the veryoffensive effluviaofchurch-yardsarise?A. From a gas calledphosphuretted hydrogen; which isphosphoruscombined withhydrogen gas.
Q.From what does the veryoffensive effluviaofchurch-yardsarise?
Q.From what does the veryoffensive effluviaofchurch-yardsarise?
A. From a gas calledphosphuretted hydrogen; which isphosphoruscombined withhydrogen gas.
A. From a gas calledphosphuretted hydrogen; which isphosphoruscombined withhydrogen gas.
Q.What isphosphorus?A. A pale amber-coloured substance,resembling wax in appearance. The word is derived from two Greek words, which mean “to produce or carry light.” (φῶς-φέρεινφῶς).
Q.What isphosphorus?
Q.What isphosphorus?
A. A pale amber-coloured substance,resembling wax in appearance. The word is derived from two Greek words, which mean “to produce or carry light.” (φῶς-φέρεινφῶς).
A. A pale amber-coloured substance,resembling wax in appearance. The word is derived from two Greek words, which mean “to produce or carry light.” (φῶς-φέρεινφῶς).
Q.How isphosphorus obtained?A. By heating bones to a white heat; by which means the animal matter and charcoal areconsumed, and what is left is called “phosphate of lime.”
Q.How isphosphorus obtained?
Q.How isphosphorus obtained?
A. By heating bones to a white heat; by which means the animal matter and charcoal areconsumed, and what is left is called “phosphate of lime.”
A. By heating bones to a white heat; by which means the animal matter and charcoal areconsumed, and what is left is called “phosphate of lime.”
Q.How isphosphate of limeconverted intophosphorus?A. It is reduced topowder, and mixed withsulphuric acid; which (being heated and filtered) is converted intophosphorus.
Q.How isphosphate of limeconverted intophosphorus?
Q.How isphosphate of limeconverted intophosphorus?
A. It is reduced topowder, and mixed withsulphuric acid; which (being heated and filtered) is converted intophosphorus.
A. It is reduced topowder, and mixed withsulphuric acid; which (being heated and filtered) is converted intophosphorus.
Q.Of what arelucifer matchesmade?A. Of phosphorus; and above 250 thousand lbs. of phosphorus are used every year in London alone, merely for the manufacture of lucifer matches.
Q.Of what arelucifer matchesmade?
Q.Of what arelucifer matchesmade?
A. Of phosphorus; and above 250 thousand lbs. of phosphorus are used every year in London alone, merely for the manufacture of lucifer matches.
A. Of phosphorus; and above 250 thousand lbs. of phosphorus are used every year in London alone, merely for the manufacture of lucifer matches.
Q.Why does aputrefyingdeadbody smellso offensively?A. From thephosphuretted hydrogen gas, which always arises from putrefying animal substances.The escape ofammoniaandsulphurcontributes also to this offensive effluvia.
Q.Why does aputrefyingdeadbody smellso offensively?
Q.Why does aputrefyingdeadbody smellso offensively?
A. From thephosphuretted hydrogen gas, which always arises from putrefying animal substances.The escape ofammoniaandsulphurcontributes also to this offensive effluvia.
A. From thephosphuretted hydrogen gas, which always arises from putrefying animal substances.
The escape ofammoniaandsulphurcontributes also to this offensive effluvia.
Q.What is the cause of theignis fatuus,Jack o’Lantern, or Will o’the Wisp?A. This luminous appearance (which haunts meadows, bogs, and marshes) arises from thegas of putrefying animal and vegetable substances; especially decaying fish.
Q.What is the cause of theignis fatuus,Jack o’Lantern, or Will o’the Wisp?
Q.What is the cause of theignis fatuus,Jack o’Lantern, or Will o’the Wisp?
A. This luminous appearance (which haunts meadows, bogs, and marshes) arises from thegas of putrefying animal and vegetable substances; especially decaying fish.
A. This luminous appearance (which haunts meadows, bogs, and marshes) arises from thegas of putrefying animal and vegetable substances; especially decaying fish.
Q.What gases arise from theseputrefyingsubstances?A.Phosphuretted hydrogen gasfrom putrefyinganimalsubstances: andCarburetted hydrogen, (or inflammable gas) from fermentingvegetablematters.Some persons erroneously think that theAurora Borealis, or Northern Lights, may be attributed to the same gases, burning in the upper regions of the air.
Q.What gases arise from theseputrefyingsubstances?
Q.What gases arise from theseputrefyingsubstances?
A.Phosphuretted hydrogen gasfrom putrefyinganimalsubstances: andCarburetted hydrogen, (or inflammable gas) from fermentingvegetablematters.Some persons erroneously think that theAurora Borealis, or Northern Lights, may be attributed to the same gases, burning in the upper regions of the air.
A.Phosphuretted hydrogen gasfrom putrefyinganimalsubstances: and
Carburetted hydrogen, (or inflammable gas) from fermentingvegetablematters.
Some persons erroneously think that theAurora Borealis, or Northern Lights, may be attributed to the same gases, burning in the upper regions of the air.
Q.How are these gasesignitedon bogs and meadows?A. By the electricity of the air, the rays of the sun, some accidental spark, the lamp of some traveller, or in some similar way.And sometimes from the spontaneous combustion of some dung-heaps, &c. in the locality.
Q.How are these gasesignitedon bogs and meadows?
Q.How are these gasesignitedon bogs and meadows?
A. By the electricity of the air, the rays of the sun, some accidental spark, the lamp of some traveller, or in some similar way.
A. By the electricity of the air, the rays of the sun, some accidental spark, the lamp of some traveller, or in some similar way.
And sometimes from the spontaneous combustion of some dung-heaps, &c. in the locality.
And sometimes from the spontaneous combustion of some dung-heaps, &c. in the locality.
Q.Why does an ignis fatuus or Will o’the Wispflyfrom us when weruntomeetit?A. When we runtowardsan ignisfatuus, we produce a current of air, which drives the light gasforwards.
Q.Why does an ignis fatuus or Will o’the Wispflyfrom us when weruntomeetit?
Q.Why does an ignis fatuus or Will o’the Wispflyfrom us when weruntomeetit?
A. When we runtowardsan ignisfatuus, we produce a current of air, which drives the light gasforwards.
A. When we runtowardsan ignisfatuus, we produce a current of air, which drives the light gasforwards.
Q.Why does an ignis fatuus runafterus, when wefleefrom it in fright?A. When we runawayfrom the ignis fatuus, we produce a current in the way we run, whichattractsthe light inflammable gas in thesame course.
Q.Why does an ignis fatuus runafterus, when wefleefrom it in fright?
Q.Why does an ignis fatuus runafterus, when wefleefrom it in fright?
A. When we runawayfrom the ignis fatuus, we produce a current in the way we run, whichattractsthe light inflammable gas in thesame course.
A. When we runawayfrom the ignis fatuus, we produce a current in the way we run, whichattractsthe light inflammable gas in thesame course.
Q.Is not a kind of Jack o’Lantern sometimes produced by aninsect?A. Yes; a swarm of luminous insects sometimes passes over a meadow, and produces an appearance exactly like that of the ignis fatuus.
Q.Is not a kind of Jack o’Lantern sometimes produced by aninsect?
Q.Is not a kind of Jack o’Lantern sometimes produced by aninsect?
A. Yes; a swarm of luminous insects sometimes passes over a meadow, and produces an appearance exactly like that of the ignis fatuus.
A. Yes; a swarm of luminous insects sometimes passes over a meadow, and produces an appearance exactly like that of the ignis fatuus.
Q.May this meteoric appearance be attributed to anyothercause, besides those mentioned?A. Yes; if many horses, sheep, pigs, or oxen, are pastured on a meadow, theanimal vapourarising from them (strongly electrified by the air)will ignite, and produce a luminous appearance.
Q.May this meteoric appearance be attributed to anyothercause, besides those mentioned?
Q.May this meteoric appearance be attributed to anyothercause, besides those mentioned?
A. Yes; if many horses, sheep, pigs, or oxen, are pastured on a meadow, theanimal vapourarising from them (strongly electrified by the air)will ignite, and produce a luminous appearance.
A. Yes; if many horses, sheep, pigs, or oxen, are pastured on a meadow, theanimal vapourarising from them (strongly electrified by the air)will ignite, and produce a luminous appearance.
Q.May not manyghoststories have risen from some ignis fatuus lurking about church-yards?A. Perhapsallthe ghost stories (which deserve any credit at all) havearisen from the ignited gas of church-yards lurking about the tombs, to whichfearhas added its own creations.
Q.May not manyghoststories have risen from some ignis fatuus lurking about church-yards?
Q.May not manyghoststories have risen from some ignis fatuus lurking about church-yards?
A. Perhapsallthe ghost stories (which deserve any credit at all) havearisen from the ignited gas of church-yards lurking about the tombs, to whichfearhas added its own creations.
A. Perhapsallthe ghost stories (which deserve any credit at all) havearisen from the ignited gas of church-yards lurking about the tombs, to whichfearhas added its own creations.
Q.What iswind?A. Wind isair in motion.
Q.What iswind?
Q.What iswind?
A. Wind isair in motion.
A. Wind isair in motion.
Q.Whatputsthe air in motion, so as to producewind?A. The principal causes are thevariations of heat and cold, produced by the succession ofday and night, and thefour seasons.
Q.Whatputsthe air in motion, so as to producewind?
Q.Whatputsthe air in motion, so as to producewind?
A. The principal causes are thevariations of heat and cold, produced by the succession ofday and night, and thefour seasons.
A. The principal causes are thevariations of heat and cold, produced by the succession ofday and night, and thefour seasons.
Q.What effect hasheatupon the air?A. Heatrarefiesthe air, and causes it toexpand.
Q.What effect hasheatupon the air?
Q.What effect hasheatupon the air?
A. Heatrarefiesthe air, and causes it toexpand.
A. Heatrarefiesthe air, and causes it toexpand.
Q.How do youknowthat heat causes the air toexpand?A. If a bladderhalf full of air(tied tight round the neck), were laid before afire, the heat of the fire would expand the air so much, that the bladder would soon beentirely inflated; (in this case, the air in the bladder is expanded totwice its original bulk, by the heat of the fire).
Q.How do youknowthat heat causes the air toexpand?
Q.How do youknowthat heat causes the air toexpand?
A. If a bladderhalf full of air(tied tight round the neck), were laid before afire, the heat of the fire would expand the air so much, that the bladder would soon beentirely inflated; (in this case, the air in the bladder is expanded totwice its original bulk, by the heat of the fire).
A. If a bladderhalf full of air(tied tight round the neck), were laid before afire, the heat of the fire would expand the air so much, that the bladder would soon beentirely inflated; (in this case, the air in the bladder is expanded totwice its original bulk, by the heat of the fire).
Q.Whateffectis produced upon air byrarefaction?A. It causes the air toascend through colder strata, as a cork (put at the bottom of a basin of water) would ascend through the water.
Q.Whateffectis produced upon air byrarefaction?
Q.Whateffectis produced upon air byrarefaction?
A. It causes the air toascend through colder strata, as a cork (put at the bottom of a basin of water) would ascend through the water.
A. It causes the air toascend through colder strata, as a cork (put at the bottom of a basin of water) would ascend through the water.
Q.How do youknowthat rarefied airascends?A. When a boy sets fire to the cotton of his balloon, the flameheats the airinside the balloon; and the air becomesso light, that it ascends, andcarries the balloon with it.
Q.How do youknowthat rarefied airascends?
Q.How do youknowthat rarefied airascends?
A. When a boy sets fire to the cotton of his balloon, the flameheats the airinside the balloon; and the air becomesso light, that it ascends, andcarries the balloon with it.
A. When a boy sets fire to the cotton of his balloon, the flameheats the airinside the balloon; and the air becomesso light, that it ascends, andcarries the balloon with it.
Q.What effect is produced uponairbycold?A. Air iscondensed by cold, or squeezed into a smaller compass; in consequence of which,it becomes heavier, and descends towards the ground.
Q.What effect is produced uponairbycold?
Q.What effect is produced uponairbycold?
A. Air iscondensed by cold, or squeezed into a smaller compass; in consequence of which,it becomes heavier, and descends towards the ground.
A. Air iscondensed by cold, or squeezed into a smaller compass; in consequence of which,it becomes heavier, and descends towards the ground.
Q.How do youknowthat air iscondensedbycold?A. After the bladder isfully inflated, (by lying before the fire), if it be takenaway from the fire, the bladder willcollapse, and show that it is not half full.
Q.How do youknowthat air iscondensedbycold?
Q.How do youknowthat air iscondensedbycold?
A. After the bladder isfully inflated, (by lying before the fire), if it be takenaway from the fire, the bladder willcollapse, and show that it is not half full.
A. After the bladder isfully inflated, (by lying before the fire), if it be takenaway from the fire, the bladder willcollapse, and show that it is not half full.
Q.What is meant by the bladder “collapsing?”A. The skin will becomewrinkled, shrivelled, and flabby, because there is not sufficient air inside tofill it out.
Q.What is meant by the bladder “collapsing?”
Q.What is meant by the bladder “collapsing?”
A. The skin will becomewrinkled, shrivelled, and flabby, because there is not sufficient air inside tofill it out.
A. The skin will becomewrinkled, shrivelled, and flabby, because there is not sufficient air inside tofill it out.
Q.How do youknowthatcondensedair willdescend?A. As soon as the cotton of the balloonis burnt out, the air inside becomescold again, and the balloonfalls to the earth.
Q.How do youknowthatcondensedair willdescend?
Q.How do youknowthatcondensedair willdescend?
A. As soon as the cotton of the balloonis burnt out, the air inside becomescold again, and the balloonfalls to the earth.
A. As soon as the cotton of the balloonis burnt out, the air inside becomescold again, and the balloonfalls to the earth.
Q.Does thesun heattheairas it does theearth?A. No; the air isnot heated by the rays of the sun, because air (like water) is a verybad conductor.
Q.Does thesun heattheairas it does theearth?
Q.Does thesun heattheairas it does theearth?
A. No; the air isnot heated by the rays of the sun, because air (like water) is a verybad conductor.
A. No; the air isnot heated by the rays of the sun, because air (like water) is a verybad conductor.
Q.How is theair heated?A. Byconvection, thus:—Thesunheats theearth, and theearthheats theair resting upon it; the air thus heatedrises, and is succeeded byother air, whichis heated in a similar way, tillall is warmedby “convective currents.”
Q.How is theair heated?
Q.How is theair heated?
A. Byconvection, thus:—Thesunheats theearth, and theearthheats theair resting upon it; the air thus heatedrises, and is succeeded byother air, whichis heated in a similar way, tillall is warmedby “convective currents.”
A. Byconvection, thus:—Thesunheats theearth, and theearthheats theair resting upon it; the air thus heatedrises, and is succeeded byother air, whichis heated in a similar way, tillall is warmedby “convective currents.”
Q.What is meant by “convective currentsof air?”A. Streams of air heated by the earth, whichrise upwardsandcarry heat with them, are called “convective currents” of hot air.
Q.What is meant by “convective currentsof air?”
Q.What is meant by “convective currentsof air?”
A. Streams of air heated by the earth, whichrise upwardsandcarry heat with them, are called “convective currents” of hot air.
A. Streams of air heated by the earth, whichrise upwardsandcarry heat with them, are called “convective currents” of hot air.
Q.Is the air in aroomin perpetual motion, as the airabroadis?A. Yes; there are alwaystwo currents of airin the room we occupy, one ofhotair flowingoutof the room, and another ofcolderair flowingintothe room.
Q.Is the air in aroomin perpetual motion, as the airabroadis?
Q.Is the air in aroomin perpetual motion, as the airabroadis?
A. Yes; there are alwaystwo currents of airin the room we occupy, one ofhotair flowingoutof the room, and another ofcolderair flowingintothe room.
A. Yes; there are alwaystwo currents of airin the room we occupy, one ofhotair flowingoutof the room, and another ofcolderair flowingintothe room.
Q.How do youknow, that there are thesetwocurrents of air in every occupiedroom?A. If I hold a lighted candle near the creviceat the top of the door, the flame will be blownoutward(towards thehall); but if I hold the candleat the bottom of the door, the flame will be blowninwards(into theroom).
Q.How do youknow, that there are thesetwocurrents of air in every occupiedroom?
Q.How do youknow, that there are thesetwocurrents of air in every occupiedroom?
A. If I hold a lighted candle near the creviceat the top of the door, the flame will be blownoutward(towards thehall); but if I hold the candleat the bottom of the door, the flame will be blowninwards(into theroom).
A. If I hold a lighted candle near the creviceat the top of the door, the flame will be blownoutward(towards thehall); but if I hold the candleat the bottom of the door, the flame will be blowninwards(into theroom).
Q.Why would the flame be blownoutwards(towards thehall), if the candle were held at thetopof the door?A. Because as the air of the room iswarmed by the fire, &c.,it ascends; and (floating about the upper part of the room) some of it escapesthrough the creviceat thetop of the door, and thus produces a current of airoutwards(into thehall).
Q.Why would the flame be blownoutwards(towards thehall), if the candle were held at thetopof the door?
Q.Why would the flame be blownoutwards(towards thehall), if the candle were held at thetopof the door?
A. Because as the air of the room iswarmed by the fire, &c.,it ascends; and (floating about the upper part of the room) some of it escapesthrough the creviceat thetop of the door, and thus produces a current of airoutwards(into thehall).
A. Because as the air of the room iswarmed by the fire, &c.,it ascends; and (floating about the upper part of the room) some of it escapesthrough the creviceat thetop of the door, and thus produces a current of airoutwards(into thehall).
Q.Why would the flame be blowninwards(into theroom), if the candle were held at thebottomof the door?A. Because after the warm air of the room has ascended to the ceiling, or made its escape into the hall, &c., a partialvacuumis made at thebottom of the room; and cold air (from the hall)rushes under the doorto supply the void.
Q.Why would the flame be blowninwards(into theroom), if the candle were held at thebottomof the door?
Q.Why would the flame be blowninwards(into theroom), if the candle were held at thebottomof the door?
A. Because after the warm air of the room has ascended to the ceiling, or made its escape into the hall, &c., a partialvacuumis made at thebottom of the room; and cold air (from the hall)rushes under the doorto supply the void.
A. Because after the warm air of the room has ascended to the ceiling, or made its escape into the hall, &c., a partialvacuumis made at thebottom of the room; and cold air (from the hall)rushes under the doorto supply the void.
Q.What is meant by a “partialvacuumbeing made, at thebottomof theroom?”A. A vacuum means a placefrom which the air has been taken: and a “partialvacuum” means, a place from which apart of its airhas been taken away. Thus when the air on the floorascends to the ceiling, a partial vacuum is madeon the floor.
Q.What is meant by a “partialvacuumbeing made, at thebottomof theroom?”
Q.What is meant by a “partialvacuumbeing made, at thebottomof theroom?”
A. A vacuum means a placefrom which the air has been taken: and a “partialvacuum” means, a place from which apart of its airhas been taken away. Thus when the air on the floorascends to the ceiling, a partial vacuum is madeon the floor.
A. A vacuum means a placefrom which the air has been taken: and a “partialvacuum” means, a place from which apart of its airhas been taken away. Thus when the air on the floorascends to the ceiling, a partial vacuum is madeon the floor.
Q.And how is thevacuumfilled UP again?A. It is filled up bycolder air, whichrushes (under thedoor, and through thewindowcrevices) into the room.
Q.And how is thevacuumfilled UP again?
Q.And how is thevacuumfilled UP again?
A. It is filled up bycolder air, whichrushes (under thedoor, and through thewindowcrevices) into the room.
A. It is filled up bycolder air, whichrushes (under thedoor, and through thewindowcrevices) into the room.
Q.Give me anillustration.A. If I dip a pail into a pond and fill it with water, a hole (or vacuum) is made in the pondas big as the pail; but the moment Idraw the pail out, the hole isfilled upby the water around.
Q.Give me anillustration.
Q.Give me anillustration.
A. If I dip a pail into a pond and fill it with water, a hole (or vacuum) is made in the pondas big as the pail; but the moment Idraw the pail out, the hole isfilled upby the water around.
A. If I dip a pail into a pond and fill it with water, a hole (or vacuum) is made in the pondas big as the pail; but the moment Idraw the pail out, the hole isfilled upby the water around.
Q.Show how this illustrationapplies.A. The heated air which ascends from the bottom of a room, is as muchtaken away, as the water in the pail; and (as the void was instantly supplied byother water in the pond) so thevoid of air is suppliedby a current fromwithout.
Q.Show how this illustrationapplies.
Q.Show how this illustrationapplies.
A. The heated air which ascends from the bottom of a room, is as muchtaken away, as the water in the pail; and (as the void was instantly supplied byother water in the pond) so thevoid of air is suppliedby a current fromwithout.
A. The heated air which ascends from the bottom of a room, is as muchtaken away, as the water in the pail; and (as the void was instantly supplied byother water in the pond) so thevoid of air is suppliedby a current fromwithout.
Q.What is thecauseofwind?A. Thesunheats theearth, and theearthheats theair resting upon it; as the warm air ascends, the void is filled up by arush of cold airto the place, and thisrush of airwe callwind.
Q.What is thecauseofwind?
Q.What is thecauseofwind?
A. Thesunheats theearth, and theearthheats theair resting upon it; as the warm air ascends, the void is filled up by arush of cold airto the place, and thisrush of airwe callwind.
A. Thesunheats theearth, and theearthheats theair resting upon it; as the warm air ascends, the void is filled up by arush of cold airto the place, and thisrush of airwe callwind.
Q.Does thewind alwaysblow?A. Yes; there is alwayssomemotion in the air; but theviolenceof the motion is perpetually varying.
Q.Does thewind alwaysblow?
Q.Does thewind alwaysblow?
A. Yes; there is alwayssomemotion in the air; but theviolenceof the motion is perpetually varying.
A. Yes; there is alwayssomemotion in the air; but theviolenceof the motion is perpetually varying.
Q.Why is there alwayssomemotion in the air?A. As the earth isalways turning round, the vertical rays of the sun are alwaysvarying.
Q.Why is there alwayssomemotion in the air?
Q.Why is there alwayssomemotion in the air?
A. As the earth isalways turning round, the vertical rays of the sun are alwaysvarying.
A. As the earth isalways turning round, the vertical rays of the sun are alwaysvarying.
Q.What do you mean by “thevertical raysof thesun?”A. The rays made atnoon-day: when the sun is in adirect lineabove any place, his rays are said to be “vertical” to that place.
Q.What do you mean by “thevertical raysof thesun?”
Q.What do you mean by “thevertical raysof thesun?”
A. The rays made atnoon-day: when the sun is in adirect lineabove any place, his rays are said to be “vertical” to that place.
A. The rays made atnoon-day: when the sun is in adirect lineabove any place, his rays are said to be “vertical” to that place.
Q.How are theverticalrays of the sun alwaysvarying?A. Suppose the brass meridian of a globe to represent the vertical rays of the sun; as you turn the globe round,different partsof it will pass under the brass rim, in constantsuccession.
Q.How are theverticalrays of the sun alwaysvarying?
Q.How are theverticalrays of the sun alwaysvarying?
A. Suppose the brass meridian of a globe to represent the vertical rays of the sun; as you turn the globe round,different partsof it will pass under the brass rim, in constantsuccession.
A. Suppose the brass meridian of a globe to represent the vertical rays of the sun; as you turn the globe round,different partsof it will pass under the brass rim, in constantsuccession.
Q.And is itnoon-dayto the place over which thesunisvertical?A. Yes; as each place passesunder the brass meridian, it isnoon-daytoonehalf, andmid-nightto theother.
Q.And is itnoon-dayto the place over which thesunisvertical?
Q.And is itnoon-dayto the place over which thesunisvertical?
A. Yes; as each place passesunder the brass meridian, it isnoon-daytoonehalf, andmid-nightto theother.
A. Yes; as each place passesunder the brass meridian, it isnoon-daytoonehalf, andmid-nightto theother.
Q.Show how thisrotationof the earth affects theair.A. If we suppose the brass meridianto be the vertical sun, the whole column of airbeneathwill be heated by thenoon-day rays; that part which the sun hasleft, will become graduallycolder and colder; and that part to which the sun isapproaching, will grow constantlywarmer and warmer.
Q.Show how thisrotationof the earth affects theair.
Q.Show how thisrotationof the earth affects theair.
A. If we suppose the brass meridianto be the vertical sun, the whole column of airbeneathwill be heated by thenoon-day rays; that part which the sun hasleft, will become graduallycolder and colder; and that part to which the sun isapproaching, will grow constantlywarmer and warmer.
A. If we suppose the brass meridianto be the vertical sun, the whole column of airbeneathwill be heated by thenoon-day rays; that part which the sun hasleft, will become graduallycolder and colder; and that part to which the sun isapproaching, will grow constantlywarmer and warmer.
Q.Then there arethreequalities of air about this spot?A. Yes; the air over the place whichhas passed the meridianiscooling: the air underthe vertical sunis thehottest; and the air which is over the placeabout to pass under the meridian, isincreasing in heat.
Q.Then there arethreequalities of air about this spot?
Q.Then there arethreequalities of air about this spot?
A. Yes; the air over the place whichhas passed the meridianiscooling: the air underthe vertical sunis thehottest; and the air which is over the placeabout to pass under the meridian, isincreasing in heat.
A. Yes; the air over the place whichhas passed the meridianiscooling: the air underthe vertical sunis thehottest; and the air which is over the placeabout to pass under the meridian, isincreasing in heat.
Q.How does thisvarietyin theheatofairproducewind?A. The air always seeks topreserve an equilibrium; so thecold airrushes to thevoid, made by theupward current of the warmer air.
Q.How does thisvarietyin theheatofairproducewind?
Q.How does thisvarietyin theheatofairproducewind?
A. The air always seeks topreserve an equilibrium; so thecold airrushes to thevoid, made by theupward current of the warmer air.
A. The air always seeks topreserve an equilibrium; so thecold airrushes to thevoid, made by theupward current of the warmer air.
Q.Why does not the windalways blow oneway, following the direction of thesun?A. Because the direction of the wind is subject to perpetual interruptions fromhills and valleys,deserts and seas.
Q.Why does not the windalways blow oneway, following the direction of thesun?
Q.Why does not the windalways blow oneway, following the direction of thesun?
A. Because the direction of the wind is subject to perpetual interruptions fromhills and valleys,deserts and seas.
A. Because the direction of the wind is subject to perpetual interruptions fromhills and valleys,deserts and seas.
Q.How canhillsandmountains alterthe course of thewind?A. Suppose a wind, blowing from the north, comes to a mountain, as it cannot passthrough it, it must either rushback again, orfly off at one side(as amarblewhen it strikes against awall).
Q.How canhillsandmountains alterthe course of thewind?
Q.How canhillsandmountains alterthe course of thewind?
A. Suppose a wind, blowing from the north, comes to a mountain, as it cannot passthrough it, it must either rushback again, orfly off at one side(as amarblewhen it strikes against awall).
A. Suppose a wind, blowing from the north, comes to a mountain, as it cannot passthrough it, it must either rushback again, orfly off at one side(as amarblewhen it strikes against awall).
Q.Domountainsaffect the wind in anyotherway?A. Yes; many mountains arecapped with snow, and thewarm airiscondensedas it comes in contact with them; but as soon as thetemperature of the windis changed, itsdirectionmay be changed also.Suppose A B C to bethree columns of air. A, the column of air which iscooling down; B, the column to which thesun is vertical; and C, the column whichis to be heated next. In this case thecoldair of A will rush towards B C, because the air of B and C ishotterthan A. But suppose now C to be asnow-capped mountain. As the hot air of B reaches C, it ischilled; and (being nowcolderthan the airbehind) it rushesback againtowards A, instead of following the sun.
Q.Domountainsaffect the wind in anyotherway?
Q.Domountainsaffect the wind in anyotherway?
A. Yes; many mountains arecapped with snow, and thewarm airiscondensedas it comes in contact with them; but as soon as thetemperature of the windis changed, itsdirectionmay be changed also.Suppose A B C to bethree columns of air. A, the column of air which iscooling down; B, the column to which thesun is vertical; and C, the column whichis to be heated next. In this case thecoldair of A will rush towards B C, because the air of B and C ishotterthan A. But suppose now C to be asnow-capped mountain. As the hot air of B reaches C, it ischilled; and (being nowcolderthan the airbehind) it rushesback againtowards A, instead of following the sun.
A. Yes; many mountains arecapped with snow, and thewarm airiscondensedas it comes in contact with them; but as soon as thetemperature of the windis changed, itsdirectionmay be changed also.
Suppose A B C to bethree columns of air. A, the column of air which iscooling down; B, the column to which thesun is vertical; and C, the column whichis to be heated next. In this case thecoldair of A will rush towards B C, because the air of B and C ishotterthan A. But suppose now C to be asnow-capped mountain. As the hot air of B reaches C, it ischilled; and (being nowcolderthan the airbehind) it rushesback againtowards A, instead of following the sun.
Q.How can theoceanaffect the direction of thewind?A. When the ocean rolls beneath thevertical sun, the water isnot made so hotas theland; and (as anotherchange oftemperatureis produced) another obstacle is offered to theuniform direction of the wind.
Q.How can theoceanaffect the direction of thewind?
Q.How can theoceanaffect the direction of thewind?
A. When the ocean rolls beneath thevertical sun, the water isnot made so hotas theland; and (as anotherchange oftemperatureis produced) another obstacle is offered to theuniform direction of the wind.
A. When the ocean rolls beneath thevertical sun, the water isnot made so hotas theland; and (as anotherchange oftemperatureis produced) another obstacle is offered to theuniform direction of the wind.
Q.Why is not thewaterof the sea made sohotby the vertical sun, as the surface of theland?A. 1st—Because theevaporationof the sea is greater than that of the land:2ndly—The waters arenever still: and3rdly—The rays of the sun strikeintothe water, and arenot reflected from its surface, as they are byland.
Q.Why is not thewaterof the sea made sohotby the vertical sun, as the surface of theland?
Q.Why is not thewaterof the sea made sohotby the vertical sun, as the surface of theland?
A. 1st—Because theevaporationof the sea is greater than that of the land:2ndly—The waters arenever still: and3rdly—The rays of the sun strikeintothe water, and arenot reflected from its surface, as they are byland.
A. 1st—Because theevaporationof the sea is greater than that of the land:
2ndly—The waters arenever still: and
3rdly—The rays of the sun strikeintothe water, and arenot reflected from its surface, as they are byland.
Q.Why does theevaporationof the sea prevent its surface from beingheatedby the vertical sun?A. As waterabsorbsheat by beingconverted into vapour; the surface of the sea is continuallylosing heat by evaporation.
Q.Why does theevaporationof the sea prevent its surface from beingheatedby the vertical sun?
Q.Why does theevaporationof the sea prevent its surface from beingheatedby the vertical sun?
A. As waterabsorbsheat by beingconverted into vapour; the surface of the sea is continuallylosing heat by evaporation.
A. As waterabsorbsheat by beingconverted into vapour; the surface of the sea is continuallylosing heat by evaporation.
Q.How does themotionof the sea prevent its surface from beingheatedby the vertical sun?A. As one portion is heatedit rolls away, and is succeeded byanother; and this constant motion preventsonepart of the sea from being heatedmore than another.
Q.How does themotionof the sea prevent its surface from beingheatedby the vertical sun?
Q.How does themotionof the sea prevent its surface from beingheatedby the vertical sun?
A. As one portion is heatedit rolls away, and is succeeded byanother; and this constant motion preventsonepart of the sea from being heatedmore than another.
A. As one portion is heatedit rolls away, and is succeeded byanother; and this constant motion preventsonepart of the sea from being heatedmore than another.
Q.How is thewindaffected by thesea?A. When air from the hot earthreaches the sea, it is oftencondensed, and either rushesback again, or else its violence is very greatlyabated.
Q.How is thewindaffected by thesea?
Q.How is thewindaffected by thesea?
A. When air from the hot earthreaches the sea, it is oftencondensed, and either rushesback again, or else its violence is very greatlyabated.
A. When air from the hot earthreaches the sea, it is oftencondensed, and either rushesback again, or else its violence is very greatlyabated.
Q.Docloudsaffect thewind?A. Yes. As passing clouds screen the direct heat of the sun from the earth, they diminish therarefication of the air also: and this isanothercause why neither the strength nor direction of the wind isuniform.
Q.Docloudsaffect thewind?
Q.Docloudsaffect thewind?
A. Yes. As passing clouds screen the direct heat of the sun from the earth, they diminish therarefication of the air also: and this isanothercause why neither the strength nor direction of the wind isuniform.
A. Yes. As passing clouds screen the direct heat of the sun from the earth, they diminish therarefication of the air also: and this isanothercause why neither the strength nor direction of the wind isuniform.
Q.Would the winds blow regularly from east to west, if theseobstructionswereremoved?A. Without doubt they would. If the whole earth were covered withwater, the winds would alwaysfollow the sun, and blow from east to west. Their irregularity is owing to the interspersion ofsea and land, and the irregularities of the earth’s surface.
Q.Would the winds blow regularly from east to west, if theseobstructionswereremoved?
Q.Would the winds blow regularly from east to west, if theseobstructionswereremoved?
A. Without doubt they would. If the whole earth were covered withwater, the winds would alwaysfollow the sun, and blow from east to west. Their irregularity is owing to the interspersion ofsea and land, and the irregularities of the earth’s surface.
A. Without doubt they would. If the whole earth were covered withwater, the winds would alwaysfollow the sun, and blow from east to west. Their irregularity is owing to the interspersion ofsea and land, and the irregularities of the earth’s surface.
Q.Do windsneverblowregularly?A. Yes; in those parts of the world, where these obstructions do not exist; as on the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean, the winds are pretty uniform.
Q.Do windsneverblowregularly?
Q.Do windsneverblowregularly?
A. Yes; in those parts of the world, where these obstructions do not exist; as on the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean, the winds are pretty uniform.
A. Yes; in those parts of the world, where these obstructions do not exist; as on the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean, the winds are pretty uniform.
Q.What are the winds, which blow over theAtlanticandPacificOcean, called?A. They are called “Trade Winds.”
Q.What are the winds, which blow over theAtlanticandPacificOcean, called?
Q.What are the winds, which blow over theAtlanticandPacificOcean, called?
A. They are called “Trade Winds.”
A. They are called “Trade Winds.”
Q.Why are they calledtrade winds?A. Because (as they blow uniformly in one direction) they are very convenient to those whocarry on tradeby means of these oceans.
Q.Why are they calledtrade winds?
Q.Why are they calledtrade winds?
A. Because (as they blow uniformly in one direction) they are very convenient to those whocarry on tradeby means of these oceans.
A. Because (as they blow uniformly in one direction) they are very convenient to those whocarry on tradeby means of these oceans.
Q.In whatdirectiondo thetrade windsblow?A. That in thenorthernhemisphere blows from thenorth-east: that in thesouthernhemisphere from thesouth-east.
Q.In whatdirectiondo thetrade windsblow?
Q.In whatdirectiondo thetrade windsblow?
A. That in thenorthernhemisphere blows from thenorth-east: that in thesouthernhemisphere from thesouth-east.
A. That in thenorthernhemisphere blows from thenorth-east: that in thesouthernhemisphere from thesouth-east.
Q.Why do they not blow from thefull northandsouth?A. Because thepolar current, combining with theequatorial current, give the wind anew direction.
Q.Why do they not blow from thefull northandsouth?
Q.Why do they not blow from thefull northandsouth?
A. Because thepolar current, combining with theequatorial current, give the wind anew direction.
A. Because thepolar current, combining with theequatorial current, give the wind anew direction.
Q.What is thecauseof theequatorialcurrent?A. The rotation of the earth upon its axis.
Q.What is thecauseof theequatorialcurrent?
Q.What is thecauseof theequatorialcurrent?
A. The rotation of the earth upon its axis.
A. The rotation of the earth upon its axis.
Q.What is the cause of thepolar current?A. As the heat in thetorrid zoneis alwaysgreatest, and at thepolestheleast, therefore a constant current of air rushesfrom the polestowards theequator.
Q.What is the cause of thepolar current?
Q.What is the cause of thepolar current?
A. As the heat in thetorrid zoneis alwaysgreatest, and at thepolestheleast, therefore a constant current of air rushesfrom the polestowards theequator.
A. As the heat in thetorrid zoneis alwaysgreatest, and at thepolestheleast, therefore a constant current of air rushesfrom the polestowards theequator.
Q.How does thecombinationof these two currents give a new direction to them both?A. When these currents of air meet at the equator, theyclash together, and fly off in a new direction.
Q.How does thecombinationof these two currents give a new direction to them both?
Q.How does thecombinationof these two currents give a new direction to them both?
A. When these currents of air meet at the equator, theyclash together, and fly off in a new direction.
A. When these currents of air meet at the equator, theyclash together, and fly off in a new direction.
Q.Do trade winds blow from the north-east and south-eastalltheyear round?A. Yes,in the open sea; that is, in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans for about 30 degs.each side of the equator.
Q.Do trade winds blow from the north-east and south-eastalltheyear round?
Q.Do trade winds blow from the north-east and south-eastalltheyear round?
A. Yes,in the open sea; that is, in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans for about 30 degs.each side of the equator.
A. Yes,in the open sea; that is, in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans for about 30 degs.each side of the equator.
Q.Do thetrade windsblow uniformly from north-east and south-east in theindian ocean?A. No; nor yet in those parts of theAtlanticandPacificwhichverge on the land.
Q.Do thetrade windsblow uniformly from north-east and south-east in theindian ocean?
Q.Do thetrade windsblow uniformly from north-east and south-east in theindian ocean?
A. No; nor yet in those parts of theAtlanticandPacificwhichverge on the land.
A. No; nor yet in those parts of theAtlanticandPacificwhichverge on the land.
Q.Why do not the trade winds blow uniformly from north-east and south-east in theindian ocean?A. Because when Arabia, Persia, India, and China, are exposed to the enormous heat of their summer sun, theair is so rarefied, that the colder air from the south pole rushestowards these nations, and not to theequator; in consequence of which, asouth-westwind is produced forsix months of the year.
Q.Why do not the trade winds blow uniformly from north-east and south-east in theindian ocean?
Q.Why do not the trade winds blow uniformly from north-east and south-east in theindian ocean?
A. Because when Arabia, Persia, India, and China, are exposed to the enormous heat of their summer sun, theair is so rarefied, that the colder air from the south pole rushestowards these nations, and not to theequator; in consequence of which, asouth-westwind is produced forsix months of the year.
A. Because when Arabia, Persia, India, and China, are exposed to the enormous heat of their summer sun, theair is so rarefied, that the colder air from the south pole rushestowards these nations, and not to theequator; in consequence of which, asouth-westwind is produced forsix months of the year.
Q.How does it blow for theother6 months?A. When the sun has left thenorthernside of the equator for thesouthern, then thesouthern part of the torrid zoneis most heated; and the cold air from the north (rushing towards the southern tropic) is diverted to thenorth-east, where it continues for theothersix months of the year.
Q.How does it blow for theother6 months?
Q.How does it blow for theother6 months?
A. When the sun has left thenorthernside of the equator for thesouthern, then thesouthern part of the torrid zoneis most heated; and the cold air from the north (rushing towards the southern tropic) is diverted to thenorth-east, where it continues for theothersix months of the year.
A. When the sun has left thenorthernside of the equator for thesouthern, then thesouthern part of the torrid zoneis most heated; and the cold air from the north (rushing towards the southern tropic) is diverted to thenorth-east, where it continues for theothersix months of the year.
Q.What are the six-month trade winds called?A. They are calledmonsoons; and blow from thenorth-eastfrom September to April, and from thesouth-westfor theothersix months of the year.
Q.What are the six-month trade winds called?
Q.What are the six-month trade winds called?
A. They are calledmonsoons; and blow from thenorth-eastfrom September to April, and from thesouth-westfor theothersix months of the year.
A. They are calledmonsoons; and blow from thenorth-eastfrom September to April, and from thesouth-westfor theothersix months of the year.
Q.Haveweany regular winds inEngland?A. No; our island (having acontinent on one side, and asea on the other) has a mostvariableclimate.
Q.Haveweany regular winds inEngland?
Q.Haveweany regular winds inEngland?
A. No; our island (having acontinent on one side, and asea on the other) has a mostvariableclimate.
A. No; our island (having acontinent on one side, and asea on the other) has a mostvariableclimate.
Q.Have the winds in Englandnogeneral direction throughout the year?A. We generally find thateasterlywinds prevail during thespringof the year, andwesterlywinds are most common in thesummerandautumn.S-West winds are most frequent in July and August. N-East winds in January, March, April, May, June; and most seldom in July, September, and December.
Q.Have the winds in Englandnogeneral direction throughout the year?
Q.Have the winds in Englandnogeneral direction throughout the year?
A. We generally find thateasterlywinds prevail during thespringof the year, andwesterlywinds are most common in thesummerandautumn.S-West winds are most frequent in July and August. N-East winds in January, March, April, May, June; and most seldom in July, September, and December.
A. We generally find thateasterlywinds prevail during thespringof the year, andwesterlywinds are most common in thesummerandautumn.
S-West winds are most frequent in July and August. N-East winds in January, March, April, May, June; and most seldom in July, September, and December.
Q.When are thewindsinEnglandgenerally thehighest?A. The winds in December and January are generally the highest. Those in February and November the next; and those in August and September the least boisterous.
Q.When are thewindsinEnglandgenerally thehighest?
Q.When are thewindsinEnglandgenerally thehighest?
A. The winds in December and January are generally the highest. Those in February and November the next; and those in August and September the least boisterous.
A. The winds in December and January are generally the highest. Those in February and November the next; and those in August and September the least boisterous.
Q.Why are the winds of Europe generallyhighestinDecemberandJanuary?A. Because the sun isfurthest southin those months; and (as the heat in these northern regions rapidlydecreases) thecontrast between our temperatureand that of thetorrid zoneis greater in December and January, than in anyothertwo months throughout the year.
Q.Why are the winds of Europe generallyhighestinDecemberandJanuary?
Q.Why are the winds of Europe generallyhighestinDecemberandJanuary?
A. Because the sun isfurthest southin those months; and (as the heat in these northern regions rapidlydecreases) thecontrast between our temperatureand that of thetorrid zoneis greater in December and January, than in anyothertwo months throughout the year.
A. Because the sun isfurthest southin those months; and (as the heat in these northern regions rapidlydecreases) thecontrast between our temperatureand that of thetorrid zoneis greater in December and January, than in anyothertwo months throughout the year.
Q.Why does thiscontrastof heat increase theviolenceof thewinds?A. As the air always seeks topreserve an equilibrium, therefore thegreater the contrast, the more violent will be the rush of air toequalizethe two volumes.
Q.Why does thiscontrastof heat increase theviolenceof thewinds?
Q.Why does thiscontrastof heat increase theviolenceof thewinds?
A. As the air always seeks topreserve an equilibrium, therefore thegreater the contrast, the more violent will be the rush of air toequalizethe two volumes.
A. As the air always seeks topreserve an equilibrium, therefore thegreater the contrast, the more violent will be the rush of air toequalizethe two volumes.
Q.Why are the winds in Europe generally the mostplacidduring the months ofSeptemberandAugust?A. August and September are ourwarmest months, when we approach nearer to the heat of the torrid zone than in anyother two months; therefore, the air (to and from the equator)moves with less velocityin our northern hemisphere.
Q.Why are the winds in Europe generally the mostplacidduring the months ofSeptemberandAugust?
Q.Why are the winds in Europe generally the mostplacidduring the months ofSeptemberandAugust?
A. August and September are ourwarmest months, when we approach nearer to the heat of the torrid zone than in anyother two months; therefore, the air (to and from the equator)moves with less velocityin our northern hemisphere.
A. August and September are ourwarmest months, when we approach nearer to the heat of the torrid zone than in anyother two months; therefore, the air (to and from the equator)moves with less velocityin our northern hemisphere.
Q.Show thegoodnessandwisdomofGodin the constant tendency of air to equilibrium.A. If the cool air of the polar regions did not rush into the torrid zone,it would become so hot, that no human being could endure it. If (on the other hand) the hot air from the torrid zone did not modify the polar regions, they would soon becomeinsufferably cold.
Q.Show thegoodnessandwisdomofGodin the constant tendency of air to equilibrium.
Q.Show thegoodnessandwisdomofGodin the constant tendency of air to equilibrium.
A. If the cool air of the polar regions did not rush into the torrid zone,it would become so hot, that no human being could endure it. If (on the other hand) the hot air from the torrid zone did not modify the polar regions, they would soon becomeinsufferably cold.
A. If the cool air of the polar regions did not rush into the torrid zone,it would become so hot, that no human being could endure it. If (on the other hand) the hot air from the torrid zone did not modify the polar regions, they would soon becomeinsufferably cold.
Q.Why areeast windsin England generallydry?A. Because, as they come over thevast continentsof Asia and Europe, they absorbvery little water.
Q.Why areeast windsin England generallydry?
Q.Why areeast windsin England generallydry?
A. Because, as they come over thevast continentsof Asia and Europe, they absorbvery little water.
A. Because, as they come over thevast continentsof Asia and Europe, they absorbvery little water.
Q.Why does their imbibing so little water make themdrywinds?A. Being thirsty when they reach our island, they readily imbibe moisture from the air and clouds; and, therefore,bring dry weather.
Q.Why does their imbibing so little water make themdrywinds?
Q.Why does their imbibing so little water make themdrywinds?
A. Being thirsty when they reach our island, they readily imbibe moisture from the air and clouds; and, therefore,bring dry weather.
A. Being thirsty when they reach our island, they readily imbibe moisture from the air and clouds; and, therefore,bring dry weather.
Q.Why is thenorth windin England generallycold?A. The north wind comes from thepolar regions, over mountains of snow, and seas of ice; in consequence of which, it is verycold.
Q.Why is thenorth windin England generallycold?
Q.Why is thenorth windin England generallycold?
A. The north wind comes from thepolar regions, over mountains of snow, and seas of ice; in consequence of which, it is verycold.
A. The north wind comes from thepolar regions, over mountains of snow, and seas of ice; in consequence of which, it is verycold.
Q.Why arenorth windsin England generallydryand biting?A. As they come from regionscolder than our own, they arewarmed by the heat of our island; and (as their temperature is raised)they absorb moisturefrom every thing they touch; in consequence of which, they are bothdry and parching.
Q.Why arenorth windsin England generallydryand biting?
Q.Why arenorth windsin England generallydryand biting?
A. As they come from regionscolder than our own, they arewarmed by the heat of our island; and (as their temperature is raised)they absorb moisturefrom every thing they touch; in consequence of which, they are bothdry and parching.
A. As they come from regionscolder than our own, they arewarmed by the heat of our island; and (as their temperature is raised)they absorb moisturefrom every thing they touch; in consequence of which, they are bothdry and parching.
Q.Why is thesouth windgenerallywarmin England?A. The south wind comes over the hot sandy deserts of Africa, and is heated by the land it traverses.
Q.Why is thesouth windgenerallywarmin England?
Q.Why is thesouth windgenerallywarmin England?
A. The south wind comes over the hot sandy deserts of Africa, and is heated by the land it traverses.
A. The south wind comes over the hot sandy deserts of Africa, and is heated by the land it traverses.
Q.Why does thesouth windoften bring usrain?A. The south wind (being muchheatedby the hot sands of Africa)imbibes water very plentifully, as it passes over the Mediterranean Sea and British Channel.
Q.Why does thesouth windoften bring usrain?
Q.Why does thesouth windoften bring usrain?
A. The south wind (being muchheatedby the hot sands of Africa)imbibes water very plentifully, as it passes over the Mediterranean Sea and British Channel.
A. The south wind (being muchheatedby the hot sands of Africa)imbibes water very plentifully, as it passes over the Mediterranean Sea and British Channel.
Q.Why does thesaturationof the south wind causerain?A. As soon as it reaches our cold climate,it is condensed, and its vapour is squeezed out (as water from a wet sponge).
Q.Why does thesaturationof the south wind causerain?
Q.Why does thesaturationof the south wind causerain?
A. As soon as it reaches our cold climate,it is condensed, and its vapour is squeezed out (as water from a wet sponge).
A. As soon as it reaches our cold climate,it is condensed, and its vapour is squeezed out (as water from a wet sponge).
Q.Why arewest windsin England generallyrainy?A. The west winds come over theAtlantic Ocean, and are laden withvapour: if, therefore, they meet with the leastchill, some of the vapour is squeezed out.
Q.Why arewest windsin England generallyrainy?
Q.Why arewest windsin England generallyrainy?
A. The west winds come over theAtlantic Ocean, and are laden withvapour: if, therefore, they meet with the leastchill, some of the vapour is squeezed out.
A. The west winds come over theAtlantic Ocean, and are laden withvapour: if, therefore, they meet with the leastchill, some of the vapour is squeezed out.
Q.Why is a fineclear daysometimesovercastin a few minutes?A. Because somesudden change of temperaturehas condensed the vapour of the airinto clouds.
Q.Why is a fineclear daysometimesovercastin a few minutes?
Q.Why is a fineclear daysometimesovercastin a few minutes?
A. Because somesudden change of temperaturehas condensed the vapour of the airinto clouds.
A. Because somesudden change of temperaturehas condensed the vapour of the airinto clouds.
Q.Why arecloudssometimesdissipatedquite as suddenly?A. Because somedry wind(blowing over the clouds) hasimbibed their moisture, and carried it off in invisible vapour.
Q.Why arecloudssometimesdissipatedquite as suddenly?
Q.Why arecloudssometimesdissipatedquite as suddenly?
A. Because somedry wind(blowing over the clouds) hasimbibed their moisture, and carried it off in invisible vapour.
A. Because somedry wind(blowing over the clouds) hasimbibed their moisture, and carried it off in invisible vapour.
Q.Why does asouth-westwind bring usrain?A. As it comes from thetorrid zone, andcrosses the ocean, the hot wind isladen with vapour; and as some of the heat escapes (as soon as it reaches our northern island) thevapour is condensed, and precipitated as rain.
Q.Why does asouth-westwind bring usrain?
Q.Why does asouth-westwind bring usrain?
A. As it comes from thetorrid zone, andcrosses the ocean, the hot wind isladen with vapour; and as some of the heat escapes (as soon as it reaches our northern island) thevapour is condensed, and precipitated as rain.
A. As it comes from thetorrid zone, andcrosses the ocean, the hot wind isladen with vapour; and as some of the heat escapes (as soon as it reaches our northern island) thevapour is condensed, and precipitated as rain.
Q.Why does anorth-eastwindrarelybringrain?A. As it comes from a climatecolder than our own, its capacity for imbibing vapour isincreasedwhen it reaches our island; in consequence of which, itdries the air, dispels the clouds, and promotes evaporation.
Q.Why does anorth-eastwindrarelybringrain?
Q.Why does anorth-eastwindrarelybringrain?
A. As it comes from a climatecolder than our own, its capacity for imbibing vapour isincreasedwhen it reaches our island; in consequence of which, itdries the air, dispels the clouds, and promotes evaporation.
A. As it comes from a climatecolder than our own, its capacity for imbibing vapour isincreasedwhen it reaches our island; in consequence of which, itdries the air, dispels the clouds, and promotes evaporation.
Q.Why doeswindsometimes bringrain, and sometimesfineweather?A. If the wind becolder than the clouds, it will condense their vapour intorain: if the wind bewarmer than the clouds, it willdissolvethem, and cause them to disappear.
Q.Why doeswindsometimes bringrain, and sometimesfineweather?
Q.Why doeswindsometimes bringrain, and sometimesfineweather?
A. If the wind becolder than the clouds, it will condense their vapour intorain: if the wind bewarmer than the clouds, it willdissolvethem, and cause them to disappear.
A. If the wind becolder than the clouds, it will condense their vapour intorain: if the wind bewarmer than the clouds, it willdissolvethem, and cause them to disappear.
Q.Why areMarchwindsdry?A. Because they generally blow from the east or north-east; and, therefore,sweep over the continent of Europe.
Q.Why areMarchwindsdry?
Q.Why areMarchwindsdry?
A. Because they generally blow from the east or north-east; and, therefore,sweep over the continent of Europe.
A. Because they generally blow from the east or north-east; and, therefore,sweep over the continent of Europe.