Q.What issnow?A. The condensed vapour of the airfrozen, and precipitated to the earth.
Q.What issnow?
Q.What issnow?
A. The condensed vapour of the airfrozen, and precipitated to the earth.
A. The condensed vapour of the airfrozen, and precipitated to the earth.
Q.What is thecauseofsnow?A. When the air is nearly saturated with vapour, and condensed by a currentof airbelow freezing point, some of the vapour is squeezed out, and frozen into snow.A few years ago, some fishermen (who wintered at Nova-Zembla), after they had been shut up in a hut for several days,opened the window, and the cold external air rushing in, instantly condensed the air of the hut, and the vapour (which was squeezed out) fell on the floorin a shower of snow.
Q.What is thecauseofsnow?
Q.What is thecauseofsnow?
A. When the air is nearly saturated with vapour, and condensed by a currentof airbelow freezing point, some of the vapour is squeezed out, and frozen into snow.
A. When the air is nearly saturated with vapour, and condensed by a currentof airbelow freezing point, some of the vapour is squeezed out, and frozen into snow.
A few years ago, some fishermen (who wintered at Nova-Zembla), after they had been shut up in a hut for several days,opened the window, and the cold external air rushing in, instantly condensed the air of the hut, and the vapour (which was squeezed out) fell on the floorin a shower of snow.
A few years ago, some fishermen (who wintered at Nova-Zembla), after they had been shut up in a hut for several days,opened the window, and the cold external air rushing in, instantly condensed the air of the hut, and the vapour (which was squeezed out) fell on the floorin a shower of snow.
Q.Why doessnowfall inwintertime?A. Because the sun’s rays are tooobliqueto heat the surface of the earth; and (as theearth has no heatto radiate into the air) the air is very cold.
Q.Why doessnowfall inwintertime?
Q.Why doessnowfall inwintertime?
A. Because the sun’s rays are tooobliqueto heat the surface of the earth; and (as theearth has no heatto radiate into the air) the air is very cold.
A. Because the sun’s rays are tooobliqueto heat the surface of the earth; and (as theearth has no heatto radiate into the air) the air is very cold.
Q.What issleet?A. When flakes of snow (in their descent) pass through a bed of airabove freezing point, they melt; and fall to the earth as half-melted snow or sleet.
Q.What issleet?
Q.What issleet?
A. When flakes of snow (in their descent) pass through a bed of airabove freezing point, they melt; and fall to the earth as half-melted snow or sleet.
A. When flakes of snow (in their descent) pass through a bed of airabove freezing point, they melt; and fall to the earth as half-melted snow or sleet.
Q.What is theuseofsnow?A. To keep theearth warm, and tonourishit.
Q.What is theuseofsnow?
Q.What is theuseofsnow?
A. To keep theearth warm, and tonourishit.
A. To keep theearth warm, and tonourishit.
Q.How can snow keep theearth warm?A. Because it is a verybad conductor; in consequence of which, the earth which is covered with snow, very rarely descendsbelow freezing point, even when the air is 15 or 20 degrees colder.
Q.How can snow keep theearth warm?
Q.How can snow keep theearth warm?
A. Because it is a verybad conductor; in consequence of which, the earth which is covered with snow, very rarely descendsbelow freezing point, even when the air is 15 or 20 degrees colder.
A. Because it is a verybad conductor; in consequence of which, the earth which is covered with snow, very rarely descendsbelow freezing point, even when the air is 15 or 20 degrees colder.
Q.Why issnowabad conductorof heat and cold?A. Becauseairis confined and entangled between the crystals, andairis a verybad conductor; when, therefore, the earth is covered with snow, it cannot throw off its heat by radiation.
Q.Why issnowabad conductorof heat and cold?
Q.Why issnowabad conductorof heat and cold?
A. Becauseairis confined and entangled between the crystals, andairis a verybad conductor; when, therefore, the earth is covered with snow, it cannot throw off its heat by radiation.
A. Becauseairis confined and entangled between the crystals, andairis a verybad conductor; when, therefore, the earth is covered with snow, it cannot throw off its heat by radiation.
Q.Tell me the words of thepsalmist(cxlvii. 16.)respecting snow, and explain what he means.A. The Psalmist says—“The Lord giveth snow like wool:” and he means not only that snow is aswhite as wool, but that it is also aswarm as wool.
Q.Tell me the words of thepsalmist(cxlvii. 16.)respecting snow, and explain what he means.
Q.Tell me the words of thepsalmist(cxlvii. 16.)respecting snow, and explain what he means.
A. The Psalmist says—“The Lord giveth snow like wool:” and he means not only that snow is aswhite as wool, but that it is also aswarm as wool.
A. The Psalmist says—“The Lord giveth snow like wool:” and he means not only that snow is aswhite as wool, but that it is also aswarm as wool.
Q.Why iswool warm?A. Becauseairis entangled between the fibres of the wool, and air is abad conductor.
Q.Why iswool warm?
Q.Why iswool warm?
A. Becauseairis entangled between the fibres of the wool, and air is abad conductor.
A. Becauseairis entangled between the fibres of the wool, and air is abad conductor.
Q.Why issnow warm?A. Becauseairis entangled between the crystals of the snow, and air is abad conductor.
Q.Why issnow warm?
Q.Why issnow warm?
A. Becauseairis entangled between the crystals of the snow, and air is abad conductor.
A. Becauseairis entangled between the crystals of the snow, and air is abad conductor.
Q.Why doessnow nourishthe earth?A. Because it supplies it withmoisturefor a considerable time; which penetrates slowly into the soil, and insinuates itself through every clod, ridge, and furrow.
Q.Why doessnow nourishthe earth?
Q.Why doessnow nourishthe earth?
A. Because it supplies it withmoisturefor a considerable time; which penetrates slowly into the soil, and insinuates itself through every clod, ridge, and furrow.
A. Because it supplies it withmoisturefor a considerable time; which penetrates slowly into the soil, and insinuates itself through every clod, ridge, and furrow.
Q.Why is thereno snowinsummertime?A. No snow reaches the general surface of the earth in summer time, because theheat of the earthmelts it in its descent.
Q.Why is thereno snowinsummertime?
Q.Why is thereno snowinsummertime?
A. No snow reaches the general surface of the earth in summer time, because theheat of the earthmelts it in its descent.
A. No snow reaches the general surface of the earth in summer time, because theheat of the earthmelts it in its descent.
Q.Why are somemountains always coveredwithsnow?A. 1st—Because theair is more rarefied; and rarefied airabstracts heatwhich it holds in alatent state:2ndly—As the mountain top isnot surrounded by earthto radiate heat into the air; therefore, the snow isnot meltedin its descent, but falls on the mountain, and lies there.
Q.Why are somemountains always coveredwithsnow?
Q.Why are somemountains always coveredwithsnow?
A. 1st—Because theair is more rarefied; and rarefied airabstracts heatwhich it holds in alatent state:2ndly—As the mountain top isnot surrounded by earthto radiate heat into the air; therefore, the snow isnot meltedin its descent, but falls on the mountain, and lies there.
A. 1st—Because theair is more rarefied; and rarefied airabstracts heatwhich it holds in alatent state:
2ndly—As the mountain top isnot surrounded by earthto radiate heat into the air; therefore, the snow isnot meltedin its descent, but falls on the mountain, and lies there.
Q.Why issnow white?A. Snow is formed of an infinite number of very minute crystals and prisms, which reflect all the colours of the rays of light; and these coloursunitingbefore they meet the eye, cause snow to appear white.
Q.Why issnow white?
Q.Why issnow white?
A. Snow is formed of an infinite number of very minute crystals and prisms, which reflect all the colours of the rays of light; and these coloursunitingbefore they meet the eye, cause snow to appear white.
A. Snow is formed of an infinite number of very minute crystals and prisms, which reflect all the colours of the rays of light; and these coloursunitingbefore they meet the eye, cause snow to appear white.
Q.What ishail?A. Rain, which has passed in its descentthrough some cold bed of air, and has been frozen into drops of ice.
Q.What ishail?
Q.What ishail?
A. Rain, which has passed in its descentthrough some cold bed of air, and has been frozen into drops of ice.
A. Rain, which has passed in its descentthrough some cold bed of air, and has been frozen into drops of ice.
Q.Why isonebed of aircolderthan another?A. This is frequently caused byelectricityin the air,unequally distributed.
Q.Why isonebed of aircolderthan another?
Q.Why isonebed of aircolderthan another?
A. This is frequently caused byelectricityin the air,unequally distributed.
A. This is frequently caused byelectricityin the air,unequally distributed.
Q.Why ishailfrequently accompanied withthunderandlightning?A. 1st—Because thecongelation of water into haildisturbs the electricity of the air: and2ndly—Thefriction(produced by the fall of hail) excites it still more.
Q.Why ishailfrequently accompanied withthunderandlightning?
Q.Why ishailfrequently accompanied withthunderandlightning?
A. 1st—Because thecongelation of water into haildisturbs the electricity of the air: and2ndly—Thefriction(produced by the fall of hail) excites it still more.
A. 1st—Because thecongelation of water into haildisturbs the electricity of the air: and
2ndly—Thefriction(produced by the fall of hail) excites it still more.
Q.Why doeshailfall generally insummerandautumn?A. 1st—Because theair is more highly electrifiedin summer and autumn: and2ndly—The vapours (being rarefied) ascend to the more elevated regions, where thecold is greaterthan it is nearer the earth.
Q.Why doeshailfall generally insummerandautumn?
Q.Why doeshailfall generally insummerandautumn?
A. 1st—Because theair is more highly electrifiedin summer and autumn: and2ndly—The vapours (being rarefied) ascend to the more elevated regions, where thecold is greaterthan it is nearer the earth.
A. 1st—Because theair is more highly electrifiedin summer and autumn: and
2ndly—The vapours (being rarefied) ascend to the more elevated regions, where thecold is greaterthan it is nearer the earth.
Q.Whattwothings are essential to cause HAIL?A. Twostrata of cloudshavingopposite electricities, andtwo currents of wind. Thelower cloud(being negative) is the oneprecipitated.
Q.Whattwothings are essential to cause HAIL?
Q.Whattwothings are essential to cause HAIL?
A. Twostrata of cloudshavingopposite electricities, andtwo currents of wind. Thelower cloud(being negative) is the oneprecipitated.
A. Twostrata of cloudshavingopposite electricities, andtwo currents of wind. Thelower cloud(being negative) is the oneprecipitated.
Q.What israin?A. The vapour of the clouds or aircondensed, and precipitated to the earth.
Q.What israin?
Q.What israin?
A. The vapour of the clouds or aircondensed, and precipitated to the earth.
A. The vapour of the clouds or aircondensed, and precipitated to the earth.
Q.Why is the vapour of the air or cloudsprecipitated?A. When the air issaturated with vapour, if a cold currentcondensesit, it is no longerable to hold all its vapourin solution, and some of it is squeezed out, and falls as rain.
Q.Why is the vapour of the air or cloudsprecipitated?
Q.Why is the vapour of the air or cloudsprecipitated?
A. When the air issaturated with vapour, if a cold currentcondensesit, it is no longerable to hold all its vapourin solution, and some of it is squeezed out, and falls as rain.
A. When the air issaturated with vapour, if a cold currentcondensesit, it is no longerable to hold all its vapourin solution, and some of it is squeezed out, and falls as rain.
Q.Why doesrainfall indrops?A. The vapoury particles in their descentattract each other; and those which are sufficiently near,uniteand form into a drop.
Q.Why doesrainfall indrops?
Q.Why doesrainfall indrops?
A. The vapoury particles in their descentattract each other; and those which are sufficiently near,uniteand form into a drop.
A. The vapoury particles in their descentattract each other; and those which are sufficiently near,uniteand form into a drop.
Q.Why does not thecoldofnight alwayscause rain?A. When the air is notnear saturation(although condensed by the chill of evening), it will still be able to hold its vapour in solution.
Q.Why does not thecoldofnight alwayscause rain?
Q.Why does not thecoldofnight alwayscause rain?
A. When the air is notnear saturation(although condensed by the chill of evening), it will still be able to hold its vapour in solution.
A. When the air is notnear saturation(although condensed by the chill of evening), it will still be able to hold its vapour in solution.
Q.Why does apassing cloudoften droprain?A. Because the cloud (travelling about on the wind) comes into contact withsomething that chills it; and itsvapour being squeezed out,falls to the earth as rain.
Q.Why does apassing cloudoften droprain?
Q.Why does apassing cloudoften droprain?
A. Because the cloud (travelling about on the wind) comes into contact withsomething that chills it; and itsvapour being squeezed out,falls to the earth as rain.
A. Because the cloud (travelling about on the wind) comes into contact withsomething that chills it; and itsvapour being squeezed out,falls to the earth as rain.
Q.Why arerain-dropssometimes muchlargerthan atothertimes?A. When the rain-cloud is floatingnear the earth, the drops are large, because such a cloud ismuch more densethan one which is more elevated.The size of the rain-drop is increased according to therapiditywith which the vapours are condensed.
Q.Why arerain-dropssometimes muchlargerthan atothertimes?
Q.Why arerain-dropssometimes muchlargerthan atothertimes?
A. When the rain-cloud is floatingnear the earth, the drops are large, because such a cloud ismuch more densethan one which is more elevated.The size of the rain-drop is increased according to therapiditywith which the vapours are condensed.
A. When the rain-cloud is floatingnear the earth, the drops are large, because such a cloud ismuch more densethan one which is more elevated.
The size of the rain-drop is increased according to therapiditywith which the vapours are condensed.
Q.Does notwindsometimesincreasethesizeof rain-drops?A. Yes; by blowing two or more drops into one.
Q.Does notwindsometimesincreasethesizeof rain-drops?
Q.Does notwindsometimesincreasethesizeof rain-drops?
A. Yes; by blowing two or more drops into one.
A. Yes; by blowing two or more drops into one.
Q.Why doclouds fallinrainyweather?A. 1st—Because theclouds are heavywith abundant vapour: and2ndly—As the density of the air isdiminished, it is less able to buoy the clouds up.
Q.Why doclouds fallinrainyweather?
Q.Why doclouds fallinrainyweather?
A. 1st—Because theclouds are heavywith abundant vapour: and2ndly—As the density of the air isdiminished, it is less able to buoy the clouds up.
A. 1st—Because theclouds are heavywith abundant vapour: and
2ndly—As the density of the air isdiminished, it is less able to buoy the clouds up.
Q.How do youknowthat thedensityof the air isdiminishedinrainyweather?A. Because themercury of a barometer falls.
Q.How do youknowthat thedensityof the air isdiminishedinrainyweather?
Q.How do youknowthat thedensityof the air isdiminishedinrainyweather?
A. Because themercury of a barometer falls.
A. Because themercury of a barometer falls.
Q.Why israin-water morefertilizingthanpump-water?A. Because it contains a compound of hydrogen and nitrogen (calledammonia), which is a very excellent food for young plants.
Q.Why israin-water morefertilizingthanpump-water?
Q.Why israin-water morefertilizingthanpump-water?
A. Because it contains a compound of hydrogen and nitrogen (calledammonia), which is a very excellent food for young plants.
A. Because it contains a compound of hydrogen and nitrogen (calledammonia), which is a very excellent food for young plants.
Q.Why isNovembermade by God to be arainy month?A. Because rainhastens the putrefaction of the fallen leavesby causing fermentation.
Q.Why isNovembermade by God to be arainy month?
Q.Why isNovembermade by God to be arainy month?
A. Because rainhastens the putrefaction of the fallen leavesby causing fermentation.
A. Because rainhastens the putrefaction of the fallen leavesby causing fermentation.
Q.Why doesrain purifytheair?A. 1st—Because itbeats down the noxious exhalationscollected in the air, anddissolvesthem:2ndly—It mixes the air of theupperregions with that of thelower regions: and3rdly—Itwashes the earth, and sets in motion the stagnantsewers and ditches.
Q.Why doesrain purifytheair?
Q.Why doesrain purifytheair?
A. 1st—Because itbeats down the noxious exhalationscollected in the air, anddissolvesthem:2ndly—It mixes the air of theupperregions with that of thelower regions: and3rdly—Itwashes the earth, and sets in motion the stagnantsewers and ditches.
A. 1st—Because itbeats down the noxious exhalationscollected in the air, anddissolvesthem:
2ndly—It mixes the air of theupperregions with that of thelower regions: and
3rdly—Itwashes the earth, and sets in motion the stagnantsewers and ditches.
Q.Why aremountainouscountries morerainythan flat ones?A. The air (striking against the side of the mountains) iscarried up the inclined plane, and brought in contact with thecold air of the higher regions, by which it iscondensed, and itsvapour squeezed out.
Q.Why aremountainouscountries morerainythan flat ones?
Q.Why aremountainouscountries morerainythan flat ones?
A. The air (striking against the side of the mountains) iscarried up the inclined plane, and brought in contact with thecold air of the higher regions, by which it iscondensed, and itsvapour squeezed out.
A. The air (striking against the side of the mountains) iscarried up the inclined plane, and brought in contact with thecold air of the higher regions, by which it iscondensed, and itsvapour squeezed out.
Q.Why does asponge swellwhen it iswetted?A. Because the waterpenetrates the poresof the sponge, and drives the particles of the spongefurther from each other; in consequence of which, thebulkof the sponge is greatlyincreased.
Q.Why does asponge swellwhen it iswetted?
Q.Why does asponge swellwhen it iswetted?
A. Because the waterpenetrates the poresof the sponge, and drives the particles of the spongefurther from each other; in consequence of which, thebulkof the sponge is greatlyincreased.
A. Because the waterpenetrates the poresof the sponge, and drives the particles of the spongefurther from each other; in consequence of which, thebulkof the sponge is greatlyincreased.
Q.Why dofiddle-stringssnapinwetweather?A. Because the moisture of the air (penetrating the string)causes it to swell; and (as the cordthickens) itstension is increased, and the string snaps.
Q.Why dofiddle-stringssnapinwetweather?
Q.Why dofiddle-stringssnapinwetweather?
A. Because the moisture of the air (penetrating the string)causes it to swell; and (as the cordthickens) itstension is increased, and the string snaps.
A. Because the moisture of the air (penetrating the string)causes it to swell; and (as the cordthickens) itstension is increased, and the string snaps.
Q.Why doespaper puckerwhen it iswetted?A. Because the moisture (penetrating the paper)drives its particles further apart; and (as the moisture is absorbedunequallyby the paper) some parts are more enlarged than others; in consequence of which, the paperblistersorpuckers.
Q.Why doespaper puckerwhen it iswetted?
Q.Why doespaper puckerwhen it iswetted?
A. Because the moisture (penetrating the paper)drives its particles further apart; and (as the moisture is absorbedunequallyby the paper) some parts are more enlarged than others; in consequence of which, the paperblistersorpuckers.
A. Because the moisture (penetrating the paper)drives its particles further apart; and (as the moisture is absorbedunequallyby the paper) some parts are more enlarged than others; in consequence of which, the paperblistersorpuckers.
Q.Why do the weather toys calledcapu’chinslift the cowl over the figures in wet weather, and remove it in dry?A. The cowl of the capu’chin isfastened to a piece of cat-gut. When the weather iswet, the moistureswells the cat-gutand it isshortened, by which means thecowl is pulled up; but indryweather, thestring is loosened, and the cowl falls down.
Q.Why do the weather toys calledcapu’chinslift the cowl over the figures in wet weather, and remove it in dry?
Q.Why do the weather toys calledcapu’chinslift the cowl over the figures in wet weather, and remove it in dry?
A. The cowl of the capu’chin isfastened to a piece of cat-gut. When the weather iswet, the moistureswells the cat-gutand it isshortened, by which means thecowl is pulled up; but indryweather, thestring is loosened, and the cowl falls down.
A. The cowl of the capu’chin isfastened to a piece of cat-gut. When the weather iswet, the moistureswells the cat-gutand it isshortened, by which means thecowl is pulled up; but indryweather, thestring is loosened, and the cowl falls down.
Q.In another weather toy, themancomes out inwetweather, and theladyinfine:—Why is this?A. The two figures are attached to a piece ofcat-gutin such a manner, that when thecat-gut is shortened by moisture, it pulls theman out; but when it isloose, the womanfalls out by her own weight.
Q.In another weather toy, themancomes out inwetweather, and theladyinfine:—Why is this?
Q.In another weather toy, themancomes out inwetweather, and theladyinfine:—Why is this?
A. The two figures are attached to a piece ofcat-gutin such a manner, that when thecat-gut is shortened by moisture, it pulls theman out; but when it isloose, the womanfalls out by her own weight.
A. The two figures are attached to a piece ofcat-gutin such a manner, that when thecat-gut is shortened by moisture, it pulls theman out; but when it isloose, the womanfalls out by her own weight.
Q.Why arewet stockings difficulttopull on?A. The moisture (by penetrating the threads of the stockings) causes them toshrink in size.
Q.Why arewet stockings difficulttopull on?
Q.Why arewet stockings difficulttopull on?
A. The moisture (by penetrating the threads of the stockings) causes them toshrink in size.
A. The moisture (by penetrating the threads of the stockings) causes them toshrink in size.
Q.What is themost rainyspot inEngland?A. Keswick (in Cumberland); and then Kendal (a market town in Westmoreland).(In Keswick, about 63 inches of rain fall in a year. In Kendal, 58; Manchester, 38; Liverpool, 34; Dublin and Cambridge, 25; Lincoln, 24; London, 21; and in Paris, only 18.)
Q.What is themost rainyspot inEngland?
Q.What is themost rainyspot inEngland?
A. Keswick (in Cumberland); and then Kendal (a market town in Westmoreland).(In Keswick, about 63 inches of rain fall in a year. In Kendal, 58; Manchester, 38; Liverpool, 34; Dublin and Cambridge, 25; Lincoln, 24; London, 21; and in Paris, only 18.)
A. Keswick (in Cumberland); and then Kendal (a market town in Westmoreland).
(In Keswick, about 63 inches of rain fall in a year. In Kendal, 58; Manchester, 38; Liverpool, 34; Dublin and Cambridge, 25; Lincoln, 24; London, 21; and in Paris, only 18.)
Q.In whichpartof thedaydoes themost rainfall?A. More rain falls bynightthan by day; because the cold nightcondenses the air, and diminishes its capacity for holding vapour in solution.
Q.In whichpartof thedaydoes themost rainfall?
Q.In whichpartof thedaydoes themost rainfall?
A. More rain falls bynightthan by day; because the cold nightcondenses the air, and diminishes its capacity for holding vapour in solution.
A. More rain falls bynightthan by day; because the cold nightcondenses the air, and diminishes its capacity for holding vapour in solution.
Q.Does more rain fall insummeror inwintertime?A. There aremore rainy daysfrom September to March; butheavierrains between March and September.
Q.Does more rain fall insummeror inwintertime?
Q.Does more rain fall insummeror inwintertime?
A. There aremore rainy daysfrom September to March; butheavierrains between March and September.
A. There aremore rainy daysfrom September to March; butheavierrains between March and September.
Q.Why are theremore rainy daysfrom September to March, than from March to September?A. Because the temperature of the air isconstantly decreasing, and its capacity for vapour decreases also; in consequence of which, it is perpetually obliged topart with some of its vapourin rain.
Q.Why are theremore rainy daysfrom September to March, than from March to September?
Q.Why are theremore rainy daysfrom September to March, than from March to September?
A. Because the temperature of the air isconstantly decreasing, and its capacity for vapour decreases also; in consequence of which, it is perpetually obliged topart with some of its vapourin rain.
A. Because the temperature of the air isconstantly decreasing, and its capacity for vapour decreases also; in consequence of which, it is perpetually obliged topart with some of its vapourin rain.
Q.In whatpartof theworlddoesrainfallmost abundantly?A. Near theequator; and the quantity of raindecreasesas we approach thepoles.
Q.In whatpartof theworlddoesrainfallmost abundantly?
Q.In whatpartof theworlddoesrainfallmost abundantly?
A. Near theequator; and the quantity of raindecreasesas we approach thepoles.
A. Near theequator; and the quantity of raindecreasesas we approach thepoles.
Q.Why doesmore rainfall at theequatorthan at thepoles?A. Because thecontrastbetween thenight and dayis very great. The hot airabsorbs moisture very abundantlyduring the day; and when the cold nightcondensesthe air, it is unable toretain the moisture imbibed, and some of it falls in rain.
Q.Why doesmore rainfall at theequatorthan at thepoles?
Q.Why doesmore rainfall at theequatorthan at thepoles?
A. Because thecontrastbetween thenight and dayis very great. The hot airabsorbs moisture very abundantlyduring the day; and when the cold nightcondensesthe air, it is unable toretain the moisture imbibed, and some of it falls in rain.
A. Because thecontrastbetween thenight and dayis very great. The hot airabsorbs moisture very abundantlyduring the day; and when the cold nightcondensesthe air, it is unable toretain the moisture imbibed, and some of it falls in rain.
Q.What iswater?A. Water is composed oftwo gases, oxygen and hydrogen.(In 9 lbs. of water, 8 are oxygen, and 1 is hydrogen.)
Q.What iswater?
Q.What iswater?
A. Water is composed oftwo gases, oxygen and hydrogen.(In 9 lbs. of water, 8 are oxygen, and 1 is hydrogen.)
A. Water is composed oftwo gases, oxygen and hydrogen.
(In 9 lbs. of water, 8 are oxygen, and 1 is hydrogen.)
Q.Why iswater fluid?A. Because its particles are kept separate bylatent heat; but when a certain quantity of this latent heat is driven out,water becomes solid, and is called ice.
Q.Why iswater fluid?
Q.Why iswater fluid?
A. Because its particles are kept separate bylatent heat; but when a certain quantity of this latent heat is driven out,water becomes solid, and is called ice.
A. Because its particles are kept separate bylatent heat; but when a certain quantity of this latent heat is driven out,water becomes solid, and is called ice.
Q.How canwaterbe converted into agas?A. By increasing itslatent heat, the particles, of water are againsubdivided into invisible steam.
Q.How canwaterbe converted into agas?
Q.How canwaterbe converted into agas?
A. By increasing itslatent heat, the particles, of water are againsubdivided into invisible steam.
A. By increasing itslatent heat, the particles, of water are againsubdivided into invisible steam.
Q.Why ispumpwater calledhardwater?A. Because it is laden with foreign matters, and will not readilydissolve substancesimmersed in it.
Q.Why ispumpwater calledhardwater?
Q.Why ispumpwater calledhardwater?
A. Because it is laden with foreign matters, and will not readilydissolve substancesimmersed in it.
A. Because it is laden with foreign matters, and will not readilydissolve substancesimmersed in it.
Q.What makespump-waterhard?A. Because when it filters through the earth, it becomes impregnated withsulphate of lime, and many other impurities from theearths and mineralswith which it comes in contact.
Q.What makespump-waterhard?
Q.What makespump-waterhard?
A. Because when it filters through the earth, it becomes impregnated withsulphate of lime, and many other impurities from theearths and mineralswith which it comes in contact.
A. Because when it filters through the earth, it becomes impregnated withsulphate of lime, and many other impurities from theearths and mineralswith which it comes in contact.
Q.Why is it difficult towashourhandsclean withhardwater?A. Because thesoda of the soapcombines with thesulphuric acidof the hard water, and theoil of the soapwith thelime, and float in flakes on the top of the water.N.B. Sulphate of lime consists of sulphuric acid and lime.
Q.Why is it difficult towashourhandsclean withhardwater?
Q.Why is it difficult towashourhandsclean withhardwater?
A. Because thesoda of the soapcombines with thesulphuric acidof the hard water, and theoil of the soapwith thelime, and float in flakes on the top of the water.N.B. Sulphate of lime consists of sulphuric acid and lime.
A. Because thesoda of the soapcombines with thesulphuric acidof the hard water, and theoil of the soapwith thelime, and float in flakes on the top of the water.
N.B. Sulphate of lime consists of sulphuric acid and lime.
Q.Why is it difficult to wash insalt water?A. Because salt water containsmuriatic acid; and thesoda of soapcombineswith themuriatic acid of the salt water, and produces a cloudiness.
Q.Why is it difficult to wash insalt water?
Q.Why is it difficult to wash insalt water?
A. Because salt water containsmuriatic acid; and thesoda of soapcombineswith themuriatic acid of the salt water, and produces a cloudiness.
A. Because salt water containsmuriatic acid; and thesoda of soapcombineswith themuriatic acid of the salt water, and produces a cloudiness.
Q.Why does ablack hatturnredat thesea side?A. Themuriatic acid of the sea-waterdisturbs thegallic acid of the black dye, and turns itred.
Q.Why does ablack hatturnredat thesea side?
Q.Why does ablack hatturnredat thesea side?
A. Themuriatic acid of the sea-waterdisturbs thegallic acid of the black dye, and turns itred.
A. Themuriatic acid of the sea-waterdisturbs thegallic acid of the black dye, and turns itred.
Q.Of what issoapmade?A. Of kelp (or the ashes of sea-weed dried and burnt in a pit) mixed with oil or fat.Yellow Soapis made of whale-oil, soda, and resin.Soft soapis made of oil and potash.Hard soapof oil and soda.
Q.Of what issoapmade?
Q.Of what issoapmade?
A. Of kelp (or the ashes of sea-weed dried and burnt in a pit) mixed with oil or fat.Yellow Soapis made of whale-oil, soda, and resin.Soft soapis made of oil and potash.Hard soapof oil and soda.
A. Of kelp (or the ashes of sea-weed dried and burnt in a pit) mixed with oil or fat.
Yellow Soapis made of whale-oil, soda, and resin.Soft soapis made of oil and potash.Hard soapof oil and soda.
Q.Why doeswater cleandirtylinen?A. Because theoxygenof the water attaches itself to thestains of the linen, anddissolvesthem; as oxalic acid dissolves ink spots.
Q.Why doeswater cleandirtylinen?
Q.Why doeswater cleandirtylinen?
A. Because theoxygenof the water attaches itself to thestains of the linen, anddissolvesthem; as oxalic acid dissolves ink spots.
A. Because theoxygenof the water attaches itself to thestains of the linen, anddissolvesthem; as oxalic acid dissolves ink spots.
Q.Why doessoapgreatlyincreasethe cleansing power of water?A. 1st—Because soapincreases the oxygenof the water: and2ndly—Itneutralizes the greaseof the things washed.
Q.Why doessoapgreatlyincreasethe cleansing power of water?
Q.Why doessoapgreatlyincreasethe cleansing power of water?
A. 1st—Because soapincreases the oxygenof the water: and2ndly—Itneutralizes the greaseof the things washed.
A. 1st—Because soapincreases the oxygenof the water: and
2ndly—Itneutralizes the greaseof the things washed.
Q.Why israin water soft?A. Because it hasnot come in contact with earths and minerals.
Q.Why israin water soft?
Q.Why israin water soft?
A. Because it hasnot come in contact with earths and minerals.
A. Because it hasnot come in contact with earths and minerals.
Q.Why is itmore easytowashwithsoftwater than withhard?A. Because it unites freely with the soap,dissolvingit instead ofdecomposing it, as hard water does.
Q.Why is itmore easytowashwithsoftwater than withhard?
Q.Why is itmore easytowashwithsoftwater than withhard?
A. Because it unites freely with the soap,dissolvingit instead ofdecomposing it, as hard water does.
A. Because it unites freely with the soap,dissolvingit instead ofdecomposing it, as hard water does.
Q.Why dowood ashesmakehardwatersoft?A. 1st—Because thecarbonic acid of the wood ashescombines with thesulphate of lime in the hard water, and converts it intochalk: and2ndly—Thesulphuric acid of the watercombines with thepotash of the wood ashes, and prevents it from neutralizing the oily matter of the soap.
Q.Why dowood ashesmakehardwatersoft?
Q.Why dowood ashesmakehardwatersoft?
A. 1st—Because thecarbonic acid of the wood ashescombines with thesulphate of lime in the hard water, and converts it intochalk: and2ndly—Thesulphuric acid of the watercombines with thepotash of the wood ashes, and prevents it from neutralizing the oily matter of the soap.
A. 1st—Because thecarbonic acid of the wood ashescombines with thesulphate of lime in the hard water, and converts it intochalk: and
2ndly—Thesulphuric acid of the watercombines with thepotash of the wood ashes, and prevents it from neutralizing the oily matter of the soap.
Q.Why hasrainwater such anunpleasant smell, when it is collected in a rain water tub or tank?A. Because it is impregnated withdecomposed organic matter, washed from roofs, trees, or the casks in which it is collected.
Q.Why hasrainwater such anunpleasant smell, when it is collected in a rain water tub or tank?
Q.Why hasrainwater such anunpleasant smell, when it is collected in a rain water tub or tank?
A. Because it is impregnated withdecomposed organic matter, washed from roofs, trees, or the casks in which it is collected.
A. Because it is impregnated withdecomposed organic matter, washed from roofs, trees, or the casks in which it is collected.
Q.Why doeswater melt sugar?A. Because very minute particles ofwaterinsinuate themselves into the poresof the sugar, and force the crystalsapart from each other.
Q.Why doeswater melt sugar?
Q.Why doeswater melt sugar?
A. Because very minute particles ofwaterinsinuate themselves into the poresof the sugar, and force the crystalsapart from each other.
A. Because very minute particles ofwaterinsinuate themselves into the poresof the sugar, and force the crystalsapart from each other.
Q.Why doeswater melt salt?A. Because very minute particles of water insinuate themselves into thepores of the salt, and force the crystalsapart from each other.
Q.Why doeswater melt salt?
Q.Why doeswater melt salt?
A. Because very minute particles of water insinuate themselves into thepores of the salt, and force the crystalsapart from each other.
A. Because very minute particles of water insinuate themselves into thepores of the salt, and force the crystalsapart from each other.
Q.Why does meltedsugarorsaltgive aflavourto thewater?A. Because the sugar or salt (being disunited into very minute pieces)floats about the water, and mixes withevery part.
Q.Why does meltedsugarorsaltgive aflavourto thewater?
Q.Why does meltedsugarorsaltgive aflavourto thewater?
A. Because the sugar or salt (being disunited into very minute pieces)floats about the water, and mixes withevery part.
A. Because the sugar or salt (being disunited into very minute pieces)floats about the water, and mixes withevery part.
Q.Why doeshotwater melt sugar and saltquickerthancoldwater?A. 1st—Because theheatof the water entering the pores of the sugar or salt,opens a passage for the water: and2ndly—Theparticles of hot waterbeingsmallerthan those of cold, canmore readily penetratethe pores of salt or sugar.
Q.Why doeshotwater melt sugar and saltquickerthancoldwater?
Q.Why doeshotwater melt sugar and saltquickerthancoldwater?
A. 1st—Because theheatof the water entering the pores of the sugar or salt,opens a passage for the water: and2ndly—Theparticles of hot waterbeingsmallerthan those of cold, canmore readily penetratethe pores of salt or sugar.
A. 1st—Because theheatof the water entering the pores of the sugar or salt,opens a passage for the water: and
2ndly—Theparticles of hot waterbeingsmallerthan those of cold, canmore readily penetratethe pores of salt or sugar.
Q.Why issea-watersalt?A. 1st—Because it containsmines of saltat the bottom of its bed:2ndly—It is impregnated withbituminous matter, which is brackish: and3rdly—It contains manyputrid substances, which increase its brackishness.
Q.Why issea-watersalt?
Q.Why issea-watersalt?
A. 1st—Because it containsmines of saltat the bottom of its bed:2ndly—It is impregnated withbituminous matter, which is brackish: and3rdly—It contains manyputrid substances, which increase its brackishness.
A. 1st—Because it containsmines of saltat the bottom of its bed:
2ndly—It is impregnated withbituminous matter, which is brackish: and
3rdly—It contains manyputrid substances, which increase its brackishness.
Q.Why isnot rain-watersalt, although most of it is evaporated from thesea?A. Becausesalt will not evaporate; and, therefore, when sea-water is turned to vapour, itssalt is left behind.
Q.Why isnot rain-watersalt, although most of it is evaporated from thesea?
Q.Why isnot rain-watersalt, although most of it is evaporated from thesea?
A. Becausesalt will not evaporate; and, therefore, when sea-water is turned to vapour, itssalt is left behind.
A. Becausesalt will not evaporate; and, therefore, when sea-water is turned to vapour, itssalt is left behind.
Q.Why doesstagnantwaterputrefy?A. Because leaves, plants, insects, &c. are decomposed in it.
Q.Why doesstagnantwaterputrefy?
Q.Why doesstagnantwaterputrefy?
A. Because leaves, plants, insects, &c. are decomposed in it.
A. Because leaves, plants, insects, &c. are decomposed in it.
Q.Why isstagnantwater full ofworms,eels, &c.?A. Because numberless insectslay their eggsin the leaves and plants which float on the surface; these eggs are soon hatched, and produce swarms of worms, eels, and insects.
Q.Why isstagnantwater full ofworms,eels, &c.?
Q.Why isstagnantwater full ofworms,eels, &c.?
A. Because numberless insectslay their eggsin the leaves and plants which float on the surface; these eggs are soon hatched, and produce swarms of worms, eels, and insects.
A. Because numberless insectslay their eggsin the leaves and plants which float on the surface; these eggs are soon hatched, and produce swarms of worms, eels, and insects.
Q.Why areflowingwatersfreefrom theseimpurities?A. 1st—Because the motion of running waterprevents its fermentation:2ndly—Itdissolves the putrid substanceswhich happen to fall into it: and3rdly—It castson the bank(by itscurrent) such substances as it cannotdissolve.
Q.Why areflowingwatersfreefrom theseimpurities?
Q.Why areflowingwatersfreefrom theseimpurities?
A. 1st—Because the motion of running waterprevents its fermentation:2ndly—Itdissolves the putrid substanceswhich happen to fall into it: and3rdly—It castson the bank(by itscurrent) such substances as it cannotdissolve.
A. 1st—Because the motion of running waterprevents its fermentation:
2ndly—Itdissolves the putrid substanceswhich happen to fall into it: and
3rdly—It castson the bank(by itscurrent) such substances as it cannotdissolve.
Q.Why doesrunningwateroscillateandwhirlin its current?A. 1st—Because itimpinges against its banks, and is perpetually diverted from its forward motion: and2ndly—Because thecentreof a riverflows fasterthan itssides.
Q.Why doesrunningwateroscillateandwhirlin its current?
Q.Why doesrunningwateroscillateandwhirlin its current?
A. 1st—Because itimpinges against its banks, and is perpetually diverted from its forward motion: and2ndly—Because thecentreof a riverflows fasterthan itssides.
A. 1st—Because itimpinges against its banks, and is perpetually diverted from its forward motion: and
2ndly—Because thecentreof a riverflows fasterthan itssides.
Q.Why do thesidesof a river flow moretardilythan itscentre?A. Because theyrub against the banks, and are delayed in their current thereby.
Q.Why do thesidesof a river flow moretardilythan itscentre?
Q.Why do thesidesof a river flow moretardilythan itscentre?
A. Because theyrub against the banks, and are delayed in their current thereby.
A. Because theyrub against the banks, and are delayed in their current thereby.
Q.Why doessoapywaterbubble?A. Because the soapmakes the water tenacious, and prevents the bubbles fromburstingas soon as they are formed.
Q.Why doessoapywaterbubble?
Q.Why doessoapywaterbubble?
A. Because the soapmakes the water tenacious, and prevents the bubbles fromburstingas soon as they are formed.
A. Because the soapmakes the water tenacious, and prevents the bubbles fromburstingas soon as they are formed.
Q.Why will not water bubblewithout soap?A. Because it is not tenacious enoughto hold together the bubblesthat are formed.
Q.Why will not water bubblewithout soap?
Q.Why will not water bubblewithout soap?
A. Because it is not tenacious enoughto hold together the bubblesthat are formed.
A. Because it is not tenacious enoughto hold together the bubblesthat are formed.
Q.Whensoap bubblesare blown from a pipe, why do theyascend?A. Because they arefilled with warm breath, which is lighter than air.
Q.Whensoap bubblesare blown from a pipe, why do theyascend?
Q.Whensoap bubblesare blown from a pipe, why do theyascend?
A. Because they arefilled with warm breath, which is lighter than air.
A. Because they arefilled with warm breath, which is lighter than air.
Q.What isice?A.Frozen Water.When the air is reduced to 32 degrees of heat, water will no longer remain in afluid state.
Q.What isice?
Q.What isice?
A.Frozen Water.When the air is reduced to 32 degrees of heat, water will no longer remain in afluid state.
A.Frozen Water.When the air is reduced to 32 degrees of heat, water will no longer remain in afluid state.
Q.Why issolid ice lighterthanwater?A. Because waterexpands by freezing; and as thebulk is increased, thegravitymust beless.Nine cubic inches of water become ten when frozen.
Q.Why issolid ice lighterthanwater?
Q.Why issolid ice lighterthanwater?
A. Because waterexpands by freezing; and as thebulk is increased, thegravitymust beless.Nine cubic inches of water become ten when frozen.
A. Because waterexpands by freezing; and as thebulk is increased, thegravitymust beless.
Nine cubic inches of water become ten when frozen.
Q.Why doewers breakin afrosty night?A. Because the water in themfreezes; and as thewater is expanded by frost, it bursts the ewers to make room for its increased volume.
Q.Why doewers breakin afrosty night?
Q.Why doewers breakin afrosty night?
A. Because the water in themfreezes; and as thewater is expanded by frost, it bursts the ewers to make room for its increased volume.
A. Because the water in themfreezes; and as thewater is expanded by frost, it bursts the ewers to make room for its increased volume.
Q.Why does it not expandupwards(like boiling water), andrun over?A. Because thesurfaceis first frozen, and the frozen surface acts as aplug, which is more difficult to burst than the earthen ewer itself.
Q.Why does it not expandupwards(like boiling water), andrun over?
Q.Why does it not expandupwards(like boiling water), andrun over?
A. Because thesurfaceis first frozen, and the frozen surface acts as aplug, which is more difficult to burst than the earthen ewer itself.
A. Because thesurfaceis first frozen, and the frozen surface acts as aplug, which is more difficult to burst than the earthen ewer itself.
Q.Why dotiles,stones, androcksoftensplitin winter?A. Because the moisture (which they imbibed)freezes, and by its expansionsplits the solid mass.
Q.Why dotiles,stones, androcksoftensplitin winter?
Q.Why dotiles,stones, androcksoftensplitin winter?
A. Because the moisture (which they imbibed)freezes, and by its expansionsplits the solid mass.
A. Because the moisture (which they imbibed)freezes, and by its expansionsplits the solid mass.
Q.In winter time,foot-marksandwheel-rutsare often covered with an icynet-work, through the interstices of which the soil is clearly seen,—Whydoes the water freeze innet-work?A. The water in these hollows froze first at thesidesof the foot-prints: other crystals gradually shot across the water, and would havecovered the whole surface, had not the earthabsorbedthe water before it had time to freeze.
Q.In winter time,foot-marksandwheel-rutsare often covered with an icynet-work, through the interstices of which the soil is clearly seen,—Whydoes the water freeze innet-work?
Q.In winter time,foot-marksandwheel-rutsare often covered with an icynet-work, through the interstices of which the soil is clearly seen,—Whydoes the water freeze innet-work?
A. The water in these hollows froze first at thesidesof the foot-prints: other crystals gradually shot across the water, and would havecovered the whole surface, had not the earthabsorbedthe water before it had time to freeze.
A. The water in these hollows froze first at thesidesof the foot-prints: other crystals gradually shot across the water, and would havecovered the whole surface, had not the earthabsorbedthe water before it had time to freeze.
Q.In winter time thesefoot-marksandwheel-rutsare sometimes covered with a perfectsheetof ice, and not an icy net-work,—Why isthis?A. Theair being colderand theearth harder(than in the former case), theentire surfaceof the foot-print is frozen over, before the earth candraw the water in.
Q.In winter time thesefoot-marksandwheel-rutsare sometimes covered with a perfectsheetof ice, and not an icy net-work,—Why isthis?
Q.In winter time thesefoot-marksandwheel-rutsare sometimes covered with a perfectsheetof ice, and not an icy net-work,—Why isthis?
A. Theair being colderand theearth harder(than in the former case), theentire surfaceof the foot-print is frozen over, before the earth candraw the water in.
A. Theair being colderand theearth harder(than in the former case), theentire surfaceof the foot-print is frozen over, before the earth candraw the water in.
Q.Why is not the icesolidin these ruts?—whyis there only a very thinfilmornet-workof ice?A. Because the earthabsorbs the water, and leaves the icyfilm behind.
Q.Why is not the icesolidin these ruts?—whyis there only a very thinfilmornet-workof ice?
Q.Why is not the icesolidin these ruts?—whyis there only a very thinfilmornet-workof ice?
A. Because the earthabsorbs the water, and leaves the icyfilm behind.
A. Because the earthabsorbs the water, and leaves the icyfilm behind.
Q.Does not water expand byheatas well ascold?A. Yes; it expands as soon as it is more than 42 degreestill it boils, and then it flies off in steam.Here A B measures the bulk of a portion of water at 42 degrees.It goes on increasing in bulk to C D, when it boils. It also goes on increasing in bulk to E F, when it freezes.
Q.Does not water expand byheatas well ascold?
Q.Does not water expand byheatas well ascold?
A. Yes; it expands as soon as it is more than 42 degreestill it boils, and then it flies off in steam.Here A B measures the bulk of a portion of water at 42 degrees.It goes on increasing in bulk to C D, when it boils. It also goes on increasing in bulk to E F, when it freezes.
A. Yes; it expands as soon as it is more than 42 degreestill it boils, and then it flies off in steam.
Here A B measures the bulk of a portion of water at 42 degrees.It goes on increasing in bulk to C D, when it boils. It also goes on increasing in bulk to E F, when it freezes.
Here A B measures the bulk of a portion of water at 42 degrees.It goes on increasing in bulk to C D, when it boils. It also goes on increasing in bulk to E F, when it freezes.
Q.Why dowater-pipesfrequentlyburstinfrostyweather?A. Because the water in themfreezes; and as the waterexpands by frost, it bursts the pipes to make room for its increased volume.
Q.Why dowater-pipesfrequentlyburstinfrostyweather?
Q.Why dowater-pipesfrequentlyburstinfrostyweather?
A. Because the water in themfreezes; and as the waterexpands by frost, it bursts the pipes to make room for its increased volume.
A. Because the water in themfreezes; and as the waterexpands by frost, it bursts the pipes to make room for its increased volume.
Q.When doeswaterbegin toexpandfrom cold?A. Water (which is wisely ordainedby God to be anexceptionto a very general rule)contractstill it is reduced to 42 degrees, and then itexpands till it freezes.(Water freezes at 32°.)
Q.When doeswaterbegin toexpandfrom cold?
Q.When doeswaterbegin toexpandfrom cold?
A. Water (which is wisely ordainedby God to be anexceptionto a very general rule)contractstill it is reduced to 42 degrees, and then itexpands till it freezes.(Water freezes at 32°.)
A. Water (which is wisely ordainedby God to be anexceptionto a very general rule)contractstill it is reduced to 42 degrees, and then itexpands till it freezes.
(Water freezes at 32°.)
Q.Why does water expand when it freezes?A. Because it is converted intosolid crystals, whichdo not fit close, like the particles of water.
Q.Why does water expand when it freezes?
Q.Why does water expand when it freezes?
A. Because it is converted intosolid crystals, whichdo not fit close, like the particles of water.
A. Because it is converted intosolid crystals, whichdo not fit close, like the particles of water.
Q.Why is the water at thebottomof a rivernever frozen?A. Because when water is colder than 42 degrees, it instantlyascends to the surface; and (if it freezes)floats theretill it is melted.(When a river is frozen, the water below the surface is never less than 42°.)
Q.Why is the water at thebottomof a rivernever frozen?
Q.Why is the water at thebottomof a rivernever frozen?
A. Because when water is colder than 42 degrees, it instantlyascends to the surface; and (if it freezes)floats theretill it is melted.(When a river is frozen, the water below the surface is never less than 42°.)
A. Because when water is colder than 42 degrees, it instantlyascends to the surface; and (if it freezes)floats theretill it is melted.
(When a river is frozen, the water below the surface is never less than 42°.)
Q.Show thewisdomofGodin this wonderful exception to a general law.A. If ice wereheavier than water, it wouldsink; and a river would soon become a solidblock of ice, which could never be dissolved.
Q.Show thewisdomofGodin this wonderful exception to a general law.
Q.Show thewisdomofGodin this wonderful exception to a general law.
A. If ice wereheavier than water, it wouldsink; and a river would soon become a solidblock of ice, which could never be dissolved.
A. If ice wereheavier than water, it wouldsink; and a river would soon become a solidblock of ice, which could never be dissolved.
Q.Why does not the coldiceon thesurfaceof a riverchillthe waterbeneath, and make it freeze?A. 1st—Water is avery bad conductor, and is heated or chilled byconvectiononly:2ndly—If the ice on the surface were to communicate itscoldnessto the water beneath, thewater beneathmust communicate itsheat to the ice, and the ice would instantlymelt: and3rdly—The ice on the surface acts as ashieldtoprevent the cold air from penetrating the riverto freeze it below the mere crust.
Q.Why does not the coldiceon thesurfaceof a riverchillthe waterbeneath, and make it freeze?
Q.Why does not the coldiceon thesurfaceof a riverchillthe waterbeneath, and make it freeze?
A. 1st—Water is avery bad conductor, and is heated or chilled byconvectiononly:2ndly—If the ice on the surface were to communicate itscoldnessto the water beneath, thewater beneathmust communicate itsheat to the ice, and the ice would instantlymelt: and3rdly—The ice on the surface acts as ashieldtoprevent the cold air from penetrating the riverto freeze it below the mere crust.
A. 1st—Water is avery bad conductor, and is heated or chilled byconvectiononly:
2ndly—If the ice on the surface were to communicate itscoldnessto the water beneath, thewater beneathmust communicate itsheat to the ice, and the ice would instantlymelt: and
3rdly—The ice on the surface acts as ashieldtoprevent the cold air from penetrating the riverto freeze it below the mere crust.
Q.Why doeswater freezeat thesurfacefirst?A. Because the surface is incontact with the air, and the aircarries away its heat.
Q.Why doeswater freezeat thesurfacefirst?
Q.Why doeswater freezeat thesurfacefirst?
A. Because the surface is incontact with the air, and the aircarries away its heat.
A. Because the surface is incontact with the air, and the aircarries away its heat.
Q.Why does the coat of ice growthickerandthicker, if the frostcontinues?A. Because theheat of the water(immediately below the frozen surface)passes through the pores of the iceinto thecold air.
Q.Why does the coat of ice growthickerandthicker, if the frostcontinues?
Q.Why does the coat of ice growthickerandthicker, if the frostcontinues?
A. Because theheat of the water(immediately below the frozen surface)passes through the pores of the iceinto thecold air.
A. Because theheat of the water(immediately below the frozen surface)passes through the pores of the iceinto thecold air.
Q.Why then are notwhole rivers frozen(layer by layer) till they become solid ice?A. Because water isso slow a conductor, that our frosts never continuelong enoughto convert a whole river into a solid mass of ice.
Q.Why then are notwhole rivers frozen(layer by layer) till they become solid ice?
Q.Why then are notwhole rivers frozen(layer by layer) till they become solid ice?
A. Because water isso slow a conductor, that our frosts never continuelong enoughto convert a whole river into a solid mass of ice.
A. Because water isso slow a conductor, that our frosts never continuelong enoughto convert a whole river into a solid mass of ice.
Q.Why does notrunningwater freeze so fast asstillwater?A. 1st—Because the motion of the currentdissolves the crystalsas fast as they are formed; and2ndly—The heat of theundersurface is more freely distributed to theuppersurface by therolling water.
Q.Why does notrunningwater freeze so fast asstillwater?
Q.Why does notrunningwater freeze so fast asstillwater?
A. 1st—Because the motion of the currentdissolves the crystalsas fast as they are formed; and2ndly—The heat of theundersurface is more freely distributed to theuppersurface by therolling water.
A. 1st—Because the motion of the currentdissolves the crystalsas fast as they are formed; and
2ndly—The heat of theundersurface is more freely distributed to theuppersurface by therolling water.
Q.Whenrunningwater isfrozen, why is theicegenerally veryrough?A. Because little flakes of ice are first formed andcarried down the stream, till they meet someobstacletostopthem;otherflakes of ice (impinging against them) are arrested in like manner; and theedgesof the different flakesoverlappingeach other,make the surface rough.
Q.Whenrunningwater isfrozen, why is theicegenerally veryrough?
Q.Whenrunningwater isfrozen, why is theicegenerally veryrough?
A. Because little flakes of ice are first formed andcarried down the stream, till they meet someobstacletostopthem;otherflakes of ice (impinging against them) are arrested in like manner; and theedgesof the different flakesoverlappingeach other,make the surface rough.
A. Because little flakes of ice are first formed andcarried down the stream, till they meet someobstacletostopthem;otherflakes of ice (impinging against them) are arrested in like manner; and theedgesof the different flakesoverlappingeach other,make the surface rough.
Q.Why dosomeparts of ariver freeze lessthanothers?A. Becausespringsissue from the bottom, and (as they bubble upwards)thaw the ice, or make it thin.
Q.Why dosomeparts of ariver freeze lessthanothers?
Q.Why dosomeparts of ariver freeze lessthanothers?
A. Becausespringsissue from the bottom, and (as they bubble upwards)thaw the ice, or make it thin.
A. Becausespringsissue from the bottom, and (as they bubble upwards)thaw the ice, or make it thin.
Q.When personsfallinto ariverin winter time, why does thewaterfeel remarkablywarm?A. Because thefrosty airis at least 10 or 12 degreescolderthan the water.(The water below the surface is at least 42°; but the air 32°, or even less.)
Q.When personsfallinto ariverin winter time, why does thewaterfeel remarkablywarm?
Q.When personsfallinto ariverin winter time, why does thewaterfeel remarkablywarm?
A. Because thefrosty airis at least 10 or 12 degreescolderthan the water.(The water below the surface is at least 42°; but the air 32°, or even less.)
A. Because thefrosty airis at least 10 or 12 degreescolderthan the water.
(The water below the surface is at least 42°; but the air 32°, or even less.)
Q.Why isshallowwaterfrozen quickerthandeepwater?A. Because (as thewhole volumeof water must be cooled to 42 degrees before thesurface can be frozen) it will take a longer time to cool down adeepbed of water than ashallowone.
Q.Why isshallowwaterfrozen quickerthandeepwater?
Q.Why isshallowwaterfrozen quickerthandeepwater?
A. Because (as thewhole volumeof water must be cooled to 42 degrees before thesurface can be frozen) it will take a longer time to cool down adeepbed of water than ashallowone.
A. Because (as thewhole volumeof water must be cooled to 42 degrees before thesurface can be frozen) it will take a longer time to cool down adeepbed of water than ashallowone.
Q.Why issea-water rarely frozen?A. 1st—Because themass of water is so greatthat it requires a very long time to cool the whole volume down to 42 degrees:2ndly—Theebb and flowof the sea interfere with the cooling influence of the air: and3rdly—Saltnever freezes till the surface is cooled down at least 25 degreesbelow the freezing point.
Q.Why issea-water rarely frozen?
Q.Why issea-water rarely frozen?
A. 1st—Because themass of water is so greatthat it requires a very long time to cool the whole volume down to 42 degrees:2ndly—Theebb and flowof the sea interfere with the cooling influence of the air: and3rdly—Saltnever freezes till the surface is cooled down at least 25 degreesbelow the freezing point.
A. 1st—Because themass of water is so greatthat it requires a very long time to cool the whole volume down to 42 degrees:
2ndly—Theebb and flowof the sea interfere with the cooling influence of the air: and
3rdly—Saltnever freezes till the surface is cooled down at least 25 degreesbelow the freezing point.
Q.Why do somelakes rarelyif everfreeze?A. 1st—Because they arevery deep:2ndly—Because their water is supplied bysprings, which bubble from the bottom.
Q.Why do somelakes rarelyif everfreeze?
Q.Why do somelakes rarelyif everfreeze?
A. 1st—Because they arevery deep:2ndly—Because their water is supplied bysprings, which bubble from the bottom.
A. 1st—Because they arevery deep:
2ndly—Because their water is supplied bysprings, which bubble from the bottom.
Q.Why does thedepthof the waterretarditsfreezing?A. As thewhole volume of watermust be reduced to 42 degrees before thesurface will freeze, thedeeperthe water, thelongerit will be before the whole volume is thus reduced.
Q.Why does thedepthof the waterretarditsfreezing?
Q.Why does thedepthof the waterretarditsfreezing?
A. As thewhole volume of watermust be reduced to 42 degrees before thesurface will freeze, thedeeperthe water, thelongerit will be before the whole volume is thus reduced.
A. As thewhole volume of watermust be reduced to 42 degrees before thesurface will freeze, thedeeperthe water, thelongerit will be before the whole volume is thus reduced.
Q.Why dospringsat the bottom of a lakepreventitsfreezing?A. Because they keep continually sending forthfresh water, which prevents the lake from being reduced to the necessary degree of coldness.
Q.Why dospringsat the bottom of a lakepreventitsfreezing?
Q.Why dospringsat the bottom of a lakepreventitsfreezing?
A. Because they keep continually sending forthfresh water, which prevents the lake from being reduced to the necessary degree of coldness.
A. Because they keep continually sending forthfresh water, which prevents the lake from being reduced to the necessary degree of coldness.
Q.Why is itcolderin athawthan in afrost?A. When frozen water isthawed, it absorbsheat from the air and objects aroundto melt its ice, in consequence of which the cold is greatly increased.
Q.Why is itcolderin athawthan in afrost?
Q.Why is itcolderin athawthan in afrost?
A. When frozen water isthawed, it absorbsheat from the air and objects aroundto melt its ice, in consequence of which the cold is greatly increased.
A. When frozen water isthawed, it absorbsheat from the air and objects aroundto melt its ice, in consequence of which the cold is greatly increased.
Q.Why is itwarmerin afrostthan in athaw?A. When water freezes itgives out its latent heat, in order that it may be converted intosolid ice; and as muchheat is liberatedfrom the water into the air, we feel warmer.
Q.Why is itwarmerin afrostthan in athaw?
Q.Why is itwarmerin afrostthan in athaw?
A. When water freezes itgives out its latent heat, in order that it may be converted intosolid ice; and as muchheat is liberatedfrom the water into the air, we feel warmer.
A. When water freezes itgives out its latent heat, in order that it may be converted intosolid ice; and as muchheat is liberatedfrom the water into the air, we feel warmer.
Q.Why doessalt dissolve ice?A. Water freezes at 32°, but salt and water will not freezetill the air is 25° colder: if, therefore, salt be added to frozen water it becomesliquid, unless the thermometer stands below 7°, (which it never does in our island).
Q.Why doessalt dissolve ice?
Q.Why doessalt dissolve ice?
A. Water freezes at 32°, but salt and water will not freezetill the air is 25° colder: if, therefore, salt be added to frozen water it becomesliquid, unless the thermometer stands below 7°, (which it never does in our island).
A. Water freezes at 32°, but salt and water will not freezetill the air is 25° colder: if, therefore, salt be added to frozen water it becomesliquid, unless the thermometer stands below 7°, (which it never does in our island).
Q.Will any thing doinsteadofsalt?A. Yes; anyacid, such as sulphuric, nitric, &c.
Q.Will any thing doinsteadofsalt?
Q.Will any thing doinsteadofsalt?
A. Yes; anyacid, such as sulphuric, nitric, &c.
A. Yes; anyacid, such as sulphuric, nitric, &c.
Q.Why aresaltandsnowmixed together, colder thansnow?A. Whensaltis mixed with snow, itdissolves the crystalsinto a fluid; and whenever a solid is converted to a liquid,heat is absorbed, and the cold made more intense.
Q.Why aresaltandsnowmixed together, colder thansnow?
Q.Why aresaltandsnowmixed together, colder thansnow?
A. Whensaltis mixed with snow, itdissolves the crystalsinto a fluid; and whenever a solid is converted to a liquid,heat is absorbed, and the cold made more intense.
A. Whensaltis mixed with snow, itdissolves the crystalsinto a fluid; and whenever a solid is converted to a liquid,heat is absorbed, and the cold made more intense.
Q.Why doesfrostmake theearth crack?A. During the warm weather the earthabsorbed abundance of moisture, which the winterfreezes: and (as waterexpandsby frost) the expanding waterthrusts the particles of earth apart from each other, and leaves a chink or crack behind.
Q.Why doesfrostmake theearth crack?
Q.Why doesfrostmake theearth crack?
A. During the warm weather the earthabsorbed abundance of moisture, which the winterfreezes: and (as waterexpandsby frost) the expanding waterthrusts the particles of earth apart from each other, and leaves a chink or crack behind.
A. During the warm weather the earthabsorbed abundance of moisture, which the winterfreezes: and (as waterexpandsby frost) the expanding waterthrusts the particles of earth apart from each other, and leaves a chink or crack behind.
Q.Show thewisdomofGodin this arrangement.A. Thesecracksin the earth let in the air, the dew and rain, and many gases favourable to vegetation.
Q.Show thewisdomofGodin this arrangement.
Q.Show thewisdomofGodin this arrangement.
A. Thesecracksin the earth let in the air, the dew and rain, and many gases favourable to vegetation.
A. Thesecracksin the earth let in the air, the dew and rain, and many gases favourable to vegetation.
Q.Why does theearth crumbleinspring?A. In spring theiceof the clodsdissolves, and the particles of earth (which had been held apart by the expanded ice) are leftunsupported, and tumble into minute parts (because theircement is dissolved).
Q.Why does theearth crumbleinspring?
Q.Why does theearth crumbleinspring?
A. In spring theiceof the clodsdissolves, and the particles of earth (which had been held apart by the expanded ice) are leftunsupported, and tumble into minute parts (because theircement is dissolved).
A. In spring theiceof the clodsdissolves, and the particles of earth (which had been held apart by the expanded ice) are leftunsupported, and tumble into minute parts (because theircement is dissolved).