ORDER PRIMATES.
THE BABOONS, MANGABEYS, AND MACAQUES
(Continued).
THE MACAQUES. GENUS MACACUS.
Macacus, Lacép., Mem. de l'Inst., iii., p. 450 (1801).
Macacus, Lacép., Mem. de l'Inst., iii., p. 450 (1801).
This genus embraces a large number of species which are characterised by having a thick-set body and short stout limbs, with the thumb set backward. The muzzle is considerably produced and rounded, but the nose does not extend as far out as the plane of the upper lip; the nostrils open in advance of its termination, and are directed obliquely outwards and downwards; their cheek-pouches are large, and their lips thick and protrusile; their eyes are approximated, and look out from below thick and prominent superciliary ridges; their ears are naked and applied flatly to the sides of the head and their hind upper angle is pointed; their callosities, which extend with age, are often surrounded by a portion of the buttocks, which is always nude. The tail is long, short, tufted, or reduced to a mere tubercle, and it may be quite invisible externally. Some have the hair of the head long, and radiating in all directions; others have the face encircled by a kind of mane. In some northern forms, the whole body is covered with a woolly fur, as a protection against cold.
In the skull the facial region predominates over the cranial, and the lower margin of the frontal bones are exserted to form a thick prominent ridge over the orbits and nose; the mastoid process on each side of the skull, behind the ear, is very prominent for the attachment of a muscle which assists in opening the mouth and in swallowing their food. Strong muscles also stretch from the back of the head to the spine for the support of the head. The canine teeth are long, and press against the anterior pre-molars of the lower jaw, the position of which is modified or distorted by the pressure, thus enabling these animals to crush and open hard-shelled fruits. Their anterior and median lower molars are four-cusped, while the posterior is markedly larger, and has five cusps and a posterior talon. The carpus, or wrist, possesses the central (os centrale) bone, and the fingers have their metacarpal bones elongated. The caudal vertebræ in the species of this genus are usually numerous; even in the short-tailed species they vary from fifteen to seventeen in number, the reduction in the length of the tail being the result of a great diminution in the size, not in the number, of the vertebræ. In the tail of one species (M. inuus), however, they are reduced in number to two or three; in the same species the tail lacks the chevron (or V-shaped) bones on its under side, as well as the processes to which the muscles for its movement are attached. Most of the Macaques have a throat-sac, which communicates with the larynx under the thyroid cartilage, and which fills with air, acting as a resonator to their voice.
The Macaques are among the commonest Monkeys of India and the East Indian islands. They occur also in Northern Africa (Morocco), and in Gibraltar, across the Straits. Eastwards they extend into Thibet and Northern China. They arealso found in Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes, and in Timor, this being the most eastern habitat of any of theAnthropoideaexcept that ofCynopithecus niger. Dr. Blanford, in his "Mammals of British India," says that the species of the present genus resemble each other in their habits; they are found in flocks, often of considerable size, and generally composed of both sexes and of all ages. They are active animals, though less agile in their movements, whether on trees or on the ground, than the Langurs (vide infrà). Their food is varied, most of the species, if not all, eating insects as well as seeds, fruits, &c., and one kind feeding entirely on Crustacea. They have occasionally been known to devour Lizards, and, it is said, Frogs also. All have the habit of cramming food into their cheek-pouches for mastication at leisure.... The voice and gestures of all the species (M. silenusperhaps excepted) are similar, and differ from those of both the Gibbons and Langurs. Tickell notices this in his MS. Notes, and gives the following details, which are worthy of quotation: "Anger is generally silent, or, at most, expressed by a low hoarse monotone, 'Heu,' not so gular or guttural as a growl; ennui and a desire for company by a whining 'Hom,' invitation, deprecation, entreaty, by a smacking of the lips and a display of the incisors into a regular broad grin, accompanied with a subdued grunting chuckle, highly expressive, but not to be rendered on paper; fear and alarm by a loud harsh shriek, 'Kra,' or 'Kraouh,' which serves also as a warning to the others who may be heedless of danger. Unlike the Langurs and Gibbons, they have no voice, if calling to one another."
The majority of the species are very docile when young. They thrive well, and several of them have bred in confinement. The period of gestation is about seven months, only asingle young one, as a rule, being produced at a birth. They become adult at the age of four or five years, but breed earlier.
In regard to the expression of emotion among these Monkeys, Mr. Darwin has recorded of different species that when pleased they draw back the corners of the mouth in a species of smile, become red in the face when angry, and pale when afraid.
The term Macaque was given to these monkeys by Buffon, who took it, however, from what is supposed to have been the native name of anAfricanspecies of Monkey, and misapplied it to this Indian group.Macacusis therefore the Latinised form of that word, which has now been applied too long to be changed.
I. THE BARBARY MACAQUE. MACACUS INUUS.
Simia inuus, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 34 (1766).Simia sylvanus, Linn., t.c. p. 35.Inuus ecaudatus, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 100 (1812); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 32 (1870).Le magot, F. Cuvier et Geoffr., Mamm., livr. ii. (1819); F. Cuv., Mammif., p. 114, pl. 41.Macacus inuus, Desmar., Mamm., p. 67 (1820).Inuus pithecus, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Méth., Primates, p. 31 (1851).Macacus sylvanus, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 115 (1876).
Simia inuus, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 34 (1766).
Simia sylvanus, Linn., t.c. p. 35.
Inuus ecaudatus, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 100 (1812); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 32 (1870).
Le magot, F. Cuvier et Geoffr., Mamm., livr. ii. (1819); F. Cuv., Mammif., p. 114, pl. 41.
Macacus inuus, Desmar., Mamm., p. 67 (1820).
Inuus pithecus, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Méth., Primates, p. 31 (1851).
Macacus sylvanus, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 115 (1876).
Characters.—Body short and thick-set, and about as big as a moderately-sized Dog. Head oblong, long, rounded, and wrinkled; face and chin naked; eyes approximated, set deep below the superciliary ridges; brow small; neck short. Ears pointed at their hind upper angle, and their margins haired; nose not prominent; nostrils two slit-like orifices converging at right angles to the partition; lips slender, extensile; upperlip broad; callosities less extensive than in the Baboons; tail invisible externally; toes longer than the fingers, and both much haired. Hair on the crown short and reflexed; hairs on the cheeks forming a whisker, directed backward; hair of the fore-arms directed towards the elbow.
Crown, and sides of head, cheeks, neck, shoulders, upper back, and front of fore-limbs golden-yellow, mixed with a few black hairs, the individual hairs being dark grey at the base, ringed for the rest of their length with yellow and grey; the rest of the upper part of the body greyish-yellow or yellowish-brown; under side of lower jaw, lower side of body, and inner face of limbs greyish-yellow, or yellowish-white; a dark spot of black hairs tipped with yellow at the inner angle of each eye, and stretching down on the cheeks; naked parts of face, ears, and callosities pale flesh-colour, as also is the thinly-haired skin of the inner sides of the limbs; tail represented by a small tubercle of naked skin. Length of the body, 2½ feet.
Female.—Exactly resembles the male in coloration, but is slightly smaller in size, and more amiable in disposition; the canines scarcely larger than the incisors.
Distribution.—This species, named by the French "Magot," inhabits Morocco, and Algeria in Northern Africa. It is found also on the Rock of Gibraltar, and some distance inland in Spain; but whether it has been transported from Africa, or has lived there since its ancestors were left isolated when the Straits of Gibraltar subsided and separated Europe from Africa, is a question impossible to decide now. It is certain that the Moors bring now, and probably for ages have been in the habit of bringing, captive specimens of this Monkey, to trade away on the European side; it is, therefore,not impossible that the "Apes of the Rock" may have thus been introduced. This is the only African (or European) species of the genus.
Habits.—This Monkey has been known to science for many centuries. It is now certain, as M. Frederick Cuvier remarks in his "History of Mammals," thanks to the researches of M. de Blainville upon the Monkey dissected by Galen, that thePithecusof Aristotle was our Magot, as we know of no other species of Macaque without a tail. The Barbary Macaques, when on the ground, invariably walk on their four legs, but in an uneasy and clumsy manner compared with their motions when climbing; they are far more at home in trees or rocks, where they climb with amazing rapidity. They live chiefly on fruits and leaves, feeding themselves with their hands, and smelling everything they are uncertain about, before putting it into the mouth. They also eat grass very readily. They are found in large crowds in the forests of Barbary, which reach to the sea, and are very destructive to the cultivated fields of the Moors, on which they make constant raids, and during which, like the Baboons, they post sentinels to give warning of danger to their foraging friends. This Monkey sleeps on its side or in a sitting posture with its head dropped between its knees.
On the European side of the Mediterranean, these Apes were at one time very abundant on the Rock of Gibraltar, but as they robbed the gardens of the garrison they were killed by every means for several years, till they were eventually reduced to three. Orders were, however, issued by the authorities for their preservation, and a few additional pairs were imported from Africa. They now frequent the inaccessible ledges of the Rock, especially on its Mediterranean face, on which they climb about with marvellous rapidity.
In reply to inquiries about the present condition of the Barbary Apes (Macacus inuus) on the Rock, Dr. Sclater records in 1893 that General Sir Lothian Bell, the Governor of Gibraltar, had informed him "that they were now distinctly increasing in numbers. He had himself counted as many as thirty in one group, and, according to some reports, there were altogether as many as double that number on the Rock. In fact they were so numerous, and their depredations had become so serious that a short time ago an agitation had been got up for their reduction in numbers, and it would perhaps be necessary to thin them a little, but their extermination was quite out of the question, and would not be thought of."
These animals are remarkably affectionate parents, the mother constantly tending her single young one, while the males may often be seen carrying about some of the babies of the troop. When young the "Rock Ape" is playful and gentle; but, when old, becomes ill-natured and vicious.
When angry their jaws are moved up and down with great rapidity, while they give utterance to loud and harsh cries. The males fight with their strong canine teeth and their long and strong, though flat, nails, with which they are capable of inflicting deep wounds on each other. When in a good temper their voice is generally soft; but Mr. Darwin observed in the Zoological Gardens that a specimen there, when pleased, made a shrill note, and likewise drew back the corners of its mouth, apparently through the contraction of the same muscles as with human beings. The skin of the lower eyelids also became much wrinkled. "At the same time it rapidly moved its lower jaw or lips in a spasmodic manner, the teeth being exposed; but the noise produced was hardly more distinct than that which we call silent laughter. Two of the keepers affirmed that thisslight sound was the animal's laughter, and when I expressed some doubt on this head (being at the time quite inexperienced) they made it attack, or rather threaten, a hatedEntellusMonkey, living in the same compartment. Instantly the whole expression of the face of theInuuschanged; the mouth was opened much more widely, the canine teeth were more fully exposed, and a hoarse barking noise was uttered."
II. THE BROWN MACAQUE. MACACUS ARCTOIDES.
Macacus speciosus, F. Cuvier, Mamm., pl. xlvi. (Feb., 1825) (founded on a drawing).Macacus arctoides, Is. Geoffr., Mag. de Zool., 1833, p. cli., pl. ii.; Sclater, P. Z. S., 1872, p. 203; Anderson, Zool. Yun-nan, p. 45, pls. i. and ii. (1878) with full synonymy; Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., p. 17 (1891); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, viii., p. 116 (1876).Papio melanotus, Ogilby, P. Z. S., 1839, p. 31.Macacus melanotus, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 29 (1870).Macacus thibetanus, Alph., Milne-Edwards, C. R., lxx., p. 341 (1870).Macacus brunneus, Anderson, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 628, 1872, p. 203, pl. xii. (Jun.), 1874, p. 652.
Macacus speciosus, F. Cuvier, Mamm., pl. xlvi. (Feb., 1825) (founded on a drawing).
Macacus arctoides, Is. Geoffr., Mag. de Zool., 1833, p. cli., pl. ii.; Sclater, P. Z. S., 1872, p. 203; Anderson, Zool. Yun-nan, p. 45, pls. i. and ii. (1878) with full synonymy; Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., p. 17 (1891); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, viii., p. 116 (1876).
Papio melanotus, Ogilby, P. Z. S., 1839, p. 31.
Macacus melanotus, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 29 (1870).
Macacus thibetanus, Alph., Milne-Edwards, C. R., lxx., p. 341 (1870).
Macacus brunneus, Anderson, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 628, 1872, p. 203, pl. xii. (Jun.), 1874, p. 652.
Characters.—Body short and stout; head large; muzzle short and truncated; chin bulging; chin and throat almost nude; eyes large; ears large and rounded, with a pointed projection behind; limbs short, stout and strong; hands and fingers short, the terminal phalanges nude; tail almost rudimentary; callosities and surrounding region of buttocks naked.
Fur long and woolly (especially in those living at highaltitudes), longer on the head, back and limbs, shortest over the sacrum; hair on the head parted outwards from the centre; fingers slightly haired; tail thinly haired, or nude in old animals. In individuals living in the inclement regions of Eastern Thibet, the tail is thickly haired.
General colour dark brown or blackish; cheeks, underside of body, inner sides of arms and legs paler, washed with yellowish, the hairs being very closely ringed (in some more distinctly than in others), for their outer two-thirds, with alternating annulations of golden-yellow and brown, their terminal points dark brown. Face, ears, sub-caudal callosities, bright reddish flesh-colour, deeper round the eyes. Length of the body, 15-24 inches; tail 1½-2 inches.
In the young the fur is lighter. When first born it is of purely uniform brown, the annulations appearing and increasing in number with advancing age.
In a young Bornean specimen the sides, abdomen, and legs are light chestnut colour; the tips of many of the hairs golden, which with age changes more and more into blackish-brown. The tail is 3½ inches long, and extremely slender for the last two-thirds of its length—a part easily lost in captivity.
Tongue with numerous papillated glandular crypts for lubrication of the cheek-pouches. Throat-pouch situated in an excavated hollow in the hyoid bone, the pouch being continuous with the convergence of the vocal chords.
Skull with strong inwardly projecting supra-orbital processes; external opening for the nostrils triangular. The anterior upper incisors appear first, followed by the anterior pre-molar, the median molar, the median pre-molar, and then the canines; anterior molar four-cusped; anterior lower molar five-cusped. Caudal vertebræ eleven in number.
Distribution.—Moupin in N.W. China, living on the snow-clad mountains; Upper Burmah (Bahmo); Siam; the Cachar and Kachin hill-region on the western frontier of the Province of Yun-nan, China; North-west Borneo, on the mainland opposite Labuan. This species has been recorded, but erroneously, from Madras, whither specimens are imported from Burmah, or from the Malayan Islands.
Dr. John Anderson, the distinguished naturalist of the Yun-nan Expedition, gives the following interesting remarks in reference to the distribution of this species: "M. arctoideswould seem to have a considerable range of distribution, in which, however, it conforms to that which is distinctive of a large series of the Mammalian forms which occur in the same region. It has been obtained in Cachar, and I have learned of its existence in Upper Assam, and have procured it alive in the Kachin Hills on the frontier of Yun-nan, beyond which it spreads to the south-east of Cochin-China. It seems essentially to be a hill or mountain form—occurring only in the mountainous regions of Cachar, being absent in the valley of the Irawady, but stretching round it into Yun-nan from Upper Assam, being doubtless distributed over the mountainous region that intervenes between the Irawady and Cochin-China."
Habits.—Of this Macaque little is known in a wild state. It is, however, very docile and gentle in captivity. In life the tail is rarely carried erect, and is as a rule applied over the anus; its latter fourth being doubled on itself to the left, and serving to fill up the interspace between the divergent portion of the callosities, so that the animal sits on this portion of its tail, which contains only a few rudiments of vertebræ at itsbase, and the upper surface of which is rough and somewhat callous.... Here we have a monkey which sits on its tail, and although it may be that it does not invariably do so, I am prepared to state, after careful observation, that it does so very frequently; and there is the more importance to be attached to this observation, because this habit appears to be a peculiarity of the species. (Anderson.)
III. RUFOUS STUMP-TAILED MACAQUE. MACACUS RUFESCENS.
Macacus rufescens, Anderson, P. Z. S., 1872, p. 204 (Juv.); id., Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 79 (1878); Scl., P. Z. S., 1872, p. 495, pl. xxiv.; 1873, p. 194.Macacus arctoides, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 116 (1876; part).
Macacus rufescens, Anderson, P. Z. S., 1872, p. 204 (Juv.); id., Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 79 (1878); Scl., P. Z. S., 1872, p. 495, pl. xxiv.; 1873, p. 194.
Macacus arctoides, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 116 (1876; part).
Characters.—Very nearly related toM. arctoides, of which it is perhaps only a southern race. Face red, more brilliant round the orbits; nose and lips brownish; tail stumpy, thinly haired. Fur rather brilliant brick-red, especially on the cheeks, flanks, and outside of the limbs. This animal is known, however, only from young specimens.
Distribution.—Malay Peninsula.
IV. THE MOOR MACAQUE. MACACUS MAURUS.
Macacus maurus, F. Cuvier, Mamm., pl. xlv. (Avril, 1823); Anderson, Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 80 (1878, pt.; with full synonymy); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 117 (1876).Cynocephalus niger(?), Quoy et Gaim., Voy. de l'Astrol., Zool, i., p. 67 (1830).Macacus arctoides, Is. Geoffr., Zool. Bélang. Voy., p. 61 (1834); id., Arch. Mus., ii., p. 573.Macacus ocreatus, Ogilby, P. Z. S., 1840, p. 56; Sclater, in Wolf, Zool. Sketches, ii., pl. i. (1865); id., P. Z. S., 1860, p. 420, pl. lxxxii.; Anderson, t.c., p. 81 (pt).Macacus fusco-ater, Schinz, Syn. Mamm. i., p. 58 (1844).Macacus inornatus, Gray, P. Z. S., 1866, p. 202, pl. xix.; id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 129 (1870).
Macacus maurus, F. Cuvier, Mamm., pl. xlv. (Avril, 1823); Anderson, Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 80 (1878, pt.; with full synonymy); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 117 (1876).
Cynocephalus niger(?), Quoy et Gaim., Voy. de l'Astrol., Zool, i., p. 67 (1830).
Macacus arctoides, Is. Geoffr., Zool. Bélang. Voy., p. 61 (1834); id., Arch. Mus., ii., p. 573.
Macacus ocreatus, Ogilby, P. Z. S., 1840, p. 56; Sclater, in Wolf, Zool. Sketches, ii., pl. i. (1865); id., P. Z. S., 1860, p. 420, pl. lxxxii.; Anderson, t.c., p. 81 (pt).
Macacus fusco-ater, Schinz, Syn. Mamm. i., p. 58 (1844).
Macacus inornatus, Gray, P. Z. S., 1866, p. 202, pl. xix.; id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 129 (1870).
Characters.—Face narrow and elongated, nude, except for a few short hairs on the upper lip; nose flat; ears rather long, rounded, thinly haired; hair on one side of the head forming a somewhat large whisker; groin, region external to the callosities, and down the thighs thinly haired; tail very short, nude, curved upwards; frontal band, face, and ears black; callosities and the surrounding parts thinly-haired; region of the buttocks flesh-coloured; hairs on the upper lip black; whisker-tufts black, with greyish tips; rest of the head and body sooty-black; lower side of neck, rump, under surface of body, inside of limbs, fore-arms, legs, and back of thighs grey; tail, black. Length of body, 21 inches; of tail, 1 inch.
Young.—Greyish-black.
In the skull the outer surface of the outer margin of the orbits is flattened; the nasal bones are short and expanded.
This species is distinguished fromM. arctoidesandM. fuscatus, by the colour of the face being black, instead of bright red.
Distribution.—This species, whose true home was for a long time unknown, but was assumed to be Borneo, has been certainly ascertained to be confined to the Southern Peninsula of Celebes, and to the neighbouring island of Bouton. Dr. Anderson speaks of a Monkey from the Aru Islands, far to the east of Celebes, "if not identical withM. maurus,at least so closely allied to it that I hesitate to separate it." The specimens both from Borneo and from Aru, if truly brought from these islands, must have been carried there in the stream of commerce from Celebes to the eastward in the first instance.
V. THE JAPANESE MACAQUE. MACACUS FUSCATUS.
Macacus speciosus, F. Cuv., Mammif., pl. 46 (1825); Murie, P. Z. S., 1872, p. 780; Sclater, P. Z. S., 1875, p. 418, pl. xlvii.; Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 114 (1876.)Inuus speciosus(nec. F. Cuv.), Temm., Faun. Jap. Zool. Mamm., p. 9, pl. i., figs. 1 to 8; pl. ii., figs. 1 to 6 (1847); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 32 (1870).Macacus fuscatus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xliv., extra no., p. 6 (1875); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1876, p. 332; Anderson, Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 78 (1878; with full synonymy).
Macacus speciosus, F. Cuv., Mammif., pl. 46 (1825); Murie, P. Z. S., 1872, p. 780; Sclater, P. Z. S., 1875, p. 418, pl. xlvii.; Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 114 (1876.)
Inuus speciosus(nec. F. Cuv.), Temm., Faun. Jap. Zool. Mamm., p. 9, pl. i., figs. 1 to 8; pl. ii., figs. 1 to 6 (1847); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 32 (1870).
Macacus fuscatus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xliv., extra no., p. 6 (1875); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1876, p. 332; Anderson, Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 78 (1878; with full synonymy).
Characters.—Face nude, prolonged forwards; muzzle prominent; superciliary ridges overhanging the eyes; eyebrows meeting in the mid-line; a bar over the eyes across the forehead bald, except for a few very short hairs; fur in general, long, soft, silky, and thick; short hairs forming a sort of whisker on the cheeks, continuous with the hair on the head and the moderately long beard; abdomen, chest, and inner surface of limbs thinly haired; ears large and, except on the margins, covered with long silky hairs; tail short, equally clad with long hairs, and with a terminal tuft, varying from 2-3 inches in length. Length of body, 24 inches. Face in life intensely red, with a purplish hue; nose and lower lip washed with brown; callosities and naked parts of the scrotal region purplish-red; sparse hairs of the face dark brown; general colour of fur dark brown, or yellowish-brown, or olive, darkest alongthe middle of the back, the hairs being ringed with yellow and brown, or black and brown; sides of head, breast, under surface of body, under sides of limbs, and under side of tail greyish; beard yellowish-brown.
The hair is not annulated in the young animal.
Distribution.—Japan. Common on the hills at Kioto, according to Mr. Gower, who was H.B.M. Consul at Hiogo in 1875. Dr. J. Rein records that it is found all over the island of Nippon up to 41° N. latitude, and has consequently a further northern habitat than any other existing Monkey.
Habits.—Nothing is known of the habits of the Japanese Macaque; but they are in all probability similar to those of its Indian relatives.
VI. THE LEONINE MACAQUE. MACACUS LEONINUS.
Macacus leoninus, Blyth, Cat. Mamm. Mus. A. S. Beng., p. 7 (1863); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1870, p. 663, pl. xxxv. (male and female); Anderson, Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 52 (1878; with full synonymy); Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind. Mamm., p. 18, fig. 6 (1891).Macacus andamanensis, Bartlett,Land and Water, viii., p. 57 (1869); P. Z. S., 1869, p. 467.Inuus leoninus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xliv., p. 2 (1875).
Macacus leoninus, Blyth, Cat. Mamm. Mus. A. S. Beng., p. 7 (1863); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1870, p. 663, pl. xxxv. (male and female); Anderson, Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 52 (1878; with full synonymy); Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind. Mamm., p. 18, fig. 6 (1891).
Macacus andamanensis, Bartlett,Land and Water, viii., p. 57 (1869); P. Z. S., 1869, p. 467.
Inuus leoninus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xliv., p. 2 (1875).
Characters.—A thick-set, short-limbed, somewhat Dog-like animal; head, broad, flat above; the muzzle short; tail short, turned over the back, about one-third the length of the body.
Upper surface of head with short fur radiating from the vertex, "surrounded in front and on both sides by a horse-shoe-shaped crest, the supra-orbital portion of which consists of very stiff hairs." (Blanford.) Face thinly covered with fine hairs;along the sides of the face a backwardly directed whisker meeting below the chin. Fur on the back of the neck, shoulders, and upper part of the fore-limb, long, shorter behind the shoulders and shortest on the rump; buttocks sparsely haired; tail somewhat tufted; belly and upper and inner parts of the limbs thinly haired. Length, 23 inches; tail (without the tuft), 8 inches.
Male.—Face brownish flesh-colour on the muzzle and between the eyes, bluish-white round the latter; frontal bar white; a narrow line from the outer corner of the eye backwards, red; a horse-shoe-shaped crest, mid-line of back, lower back, sacral region, and upper surface of tail, black, the hairs being grey at base, and dark brown, or black, along their outer portion; ears flesh-coloured, and the hair on and round them white; region above the eyes and round the face, chin, and throat, yellowish-brown—the hairs being ringed, above their grey bases, with dark brown and orange, and tipped with black; on the shoulders, back of the neck and upper part of the arms orange olive—the hairs having the orange rings more predominant than the brown; rest of the fore limb yellowish-olive; thighs dusky-grey, washed with black; buttocks grey; lower parts of body, inner sides of limbs, and under side of tail, light greyish-brown; caudal tuft often bright rufous. Excepting on the head, loins, tail, and buttocks, all the hairs are annulated, above their grey bases, with orange and brown, and dark-tipped. Hands and feet dusky flesh-colour.
Female.—Smaller than the males, but the black of the head and back absent, and the hairs of the under-parts not annulated; shoulders brighter than the rest of the body, which is yellowish-olive, and greyish-olive on the outside of the limbs.
Male.—Skull smaller, shorter, and more globular than that ofM. nemestrinus, which is its nearest ally; muzzle less projecting; little or no depression of the nose between the eyes; supra-orbital ridges prominent; orbits large, approximated; skull of the female feebler in all respects.
Distribution.—Southern portion of Arracan, and the valley of the Irawady in Upper Burmah. The Andaman Islands, whence Mr. Bartlett described a specimen as a new species, was an erroneous habitat, as the specimen had been introduced there from Burmah.
Habits.—Very little is known of this rare species in its native state. In captivity the females and the males, when young, become very tame, and are capable of being taught various performances. A female which lived in the Zoological Society's Gardens in 1869 was educated by the blue-jackets of one of Her Majesty's ships, who had obtained her at the Andaman Islands, and kept her on board for three or four years before she was sent to the Gardens. "Jenny" exhibited an extraordinary degree of cleverness, as Mr. Bartlett, the Superintendent, has narrated inLand and Water. She could drink out of a bottle and smoke a pipe. She walked upright on her hind legs with remarkable facility, and with much less effort than even the performing Monkeys of the London streets. When in an erect attitude she would carry things.
VII. THE PIG-TAILED MACAQUE. MACACUS NEMESTRINUS.
Simia nemestrina, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 35 (1766).Le Maimon, Audeb., Hist. Nat. Singes, Fam. ii., Sect. i., pl. i. (1797).Inuus nemestrinus, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 101 (1812).Macacus nemestrinus, F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm, livr. xlii. (1820); livr. xliv. (1822); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 29 (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 110 (1876); Anderson, Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 77 (1878; with full synonymy).
Simia nemestrina, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 35 (1766).
Le Maimon, Audeb., Hist. Nat. Singes, Fam. ii., Sect. i., pl. i. (1797).
Inuus nemestrinus, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 101 (1812).
Macacus nemestrinus, F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm, livr. xlii. (1820); livr. xliv. (1822); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 29 (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 110 (1876); Anderson, Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 77 (1878; with full synonymy).
Characters.—Male.—Of large size, even approaching that of "a good sized Mastiff." (Anderson.) Body short, and broad-chested; head flattened; muzzle long and Baboon-like; supra-orbital ridges large; limbs long and powerful; tail slender, about one-third the length of the body, pointed, and carried erect; face, ears, and callosities nude; sometimes a short membrane uniting the first phalanges of the fore and middle fingers and the second and third toes.
Fur short, longer over the shoulders; that on the top of the head radiating from a centre, short, erect and abundant; hair below and on the tail less abundant, that on the belly very sparse.
In the skull the protruding facial region is much larger proportionately than the cranial region; the orbits large, and nearly circular.
Face dark flesh-colour; ears and callosities the same; general colour of fur olive, the hairs being at the base grey, ringed higher up with alternate black and yellow bars, the predominance of the one bar over the other producing a brighter olive, even a yellow, or a deep brown colour; top of the head deep brown or brownish-black, extending along the middle of the back, broadening on the rump and basal part of the tail. Sides of the face blackish-grey; under surface of the body and inner side of the limbs greyish white; arms and legs lighter than the back; outer surface of the thighs olive-grey; hands and feet olive-brown.
Length of body, 18½ inches; of tail, 8 inches.
Females.—Similar to the males; the young of both sexes more brightly coloured than the adults. Gestation in the Pig-tailed Macaque lasts, according to Dr. Blanford, seven months and twenty days. A singular variety of a female from the Baram river, in Sarawak, Borneo, is of a dark fulvous above, darker in the mesial line, much paler on the lower surface, and growing nearly white on the middle of the chest.
Distribution.—Tenasserim, and chiefly in the southern parts of that province; Southern Burmah, the Malay peninsula, Bangka, Sumatra, Java, and Borneo.
Habits.—The Pig-tailed Macaque inhabits the thick jungles in the lower country, living in considerable companies, and feeding on fruits, seeds, and insects. "When young, these Monkeys are easily tamed," as Mr. Charles Hose records, "and in some places they are used to climb the cocoa-nut trees to throw down the nuts, the Monkeys having been taught to throw down only the ripe ones." This observation as to its collecting cocoa-nuts was also made many years ago by Sir Stamford Raffles in Sumatra. When old, the males are very savage, and will attack a Dog when provoked.
VIII. THE LION-TAILED MACAQUE. MACACUS SILENUS.
Simia silenus, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 35 (1766); Schreber, Säugeth., i., p. 87, pl. xi. (1775).Cercopithecus veter, Erxl., Syst. Regn. An., p. 24 (1777).Simia ferox, Shaw, Gen. Zool., i., p. 30, pl. xvi. (1800).Papio silenus, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 102 (1812); Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., p. 18 (1820).Macacus silenus, Desm., Mamm., p. 63 (1820); Anders., Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 93 (1878; with full synonymy); Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., p. 16, fig. 5; Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 109 (1876).Silenus veter, Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Brit. Mus., p. 32 (1870).
Simia silenus, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 35 (1766); Schreber, Säugeth., i., p. 87, pl. xi. (1775).
Cercopithecus veter, Erxl., Syst. Regn. An., p. 24 (1777).
Simia ferox, Shaw, Gen. Zool., i., p. 30, pl. xvi. (1800).
Papio silenus, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 102 (1812); Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., p. 18 (1820).
Macacus silenus, Desm., Mamm., p. 63 (1820); Anders., Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 93 (1878; with full synonymy); Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., p. 16, fig. 5; Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 109 (1876).
Silenus veter, Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Brit. Mus., p. 32 (1870).
Characters.—Head round; muzzle wide; hair on top of the head very short; face surrounded by long hairs, concealing the ears, and meeting under the chin; ears naked; face, hands, feet, and callosities naked; tail slender, one-half to three-quarters the length of the body and tufted with hair. Length, 24 inches; tail, 10 inches.
Skull rounded; muzzle wide in front, contracted at the base, concave beneath the orbits; orbital ridges large, and the frontal bone widely depressed behind them; pre-molars and molars small. The structure of this animal is essentially that of the ordinary Macaques, although it differs from them so much in external physiognomy. (Anderson).
Body, limbs, and tail deep black; a ruff of long hairs round the head, darkish grey; chest greyish or white; tail tipped with greyish or white; face, hands, and feet black; callosities flesh-coloured.
Distribution.—"The Lion-tailed Macaque inhabits the Western Ghats from below Goa to Cape Comorin, but there is no authentic record of its existence in a wild state in Ceylon." (Anderson.) It lives at a considerable altitude above the sea.
Habits.—This species, according to Jerdon (to whom, as Dr. Blanford observes, we are indebted for the only authentic account of this animal in a wild state), inhabits the most dense and unfrequented forests of the hills near the Malabar coast, in herds of from twelve to twenty or more. It is shy and wary.In captivity it is sulky and savage, and not easily taught. The call of the male is said to resemble the voice of a Man.
IX. HIMALAYAN MACAQUE. MACACUS ASSAMENSIS.
Macacus assamensis, McClell.; Horsfield, P. Z. S., 1839, p. 148; Blyth, J. A. Soc. Beng., xiii., p. 746 (1844); Anderson, Zool. Exp. Yun-nan, p. 64 (1878; with synonymy); Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., p. 15 (1888).Macacus pelops, Hodgs., J. A. S., Beng., ix., p. 1213 (1840); Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Brit. Mus., p. 30 (1870).Macacus problematicus, Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Brit. Mus., p. 128 (1870); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 222.Macacus rheso-similis, Scl., P. Z. S., 1872, p. 495, pl. xxv. (Juv.)Macacus erythræus, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas., vii, p. 112 1876; (part).
Macacus assamensis, McClell.; Horsfield, P. Z. S., 1839, p. 148; Blyth, J. A. Soc. Beng., xiii., p. 746 (1844); Anderson, Zool. Exp. Yun-nan, p. 64 (1878; with synonymy); Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., p. 15 (1888).
Macacus pelops, Hodgs., J. A. S., Beng., ix., p. 1213 (1840); Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Brit. Mus., p. 30 (1870).
Macacus problematicus, Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Brit. Mus., p. 128 (1870); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 222.
Macacus rheso-similis, Scl., P. Z. S., 1872, p. 495, pl. xxv. (Juv.)
Macacus erythræus, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas., vii, p. 112 1876; (part).
Characters.—Larger and more strongly-built thanM. rhesus. Fur moderately long, wavy, woolly (in some specimens), and without rings; the hair of the crown radiating from the centre of the forehead outwards and backwards; the hair round the face and on the chin rather long; that on and between the shoulders, and on the sides of the chest, longer than on the hind part of the body; hairs on the lower part of the flanks rather long; tail about, or less than, half the length of the body, not tufted, but longer, smaller, and much less densely furred than inM. rhesus; callosities surrounded by fur; ears tufted, and haired inside; beard well developed; face and ears dusky. Length, 26¾ inches; tail, 9¼ inches.
The fur above differs from that ofM. rhesus, in the anterior half being uniform dark brown, wanting the ashy-grey tint; and the hinder portion brown, without the rufous seen inM. rhesus; the outside of the fore-limbs, the back of the neck, and region between the shoulders, brown, washed with yellowish or golden; upper surface of head pale yellowish-brown; flanks, front of fore-limbs, outer aspect of thighs, back of feet and tail, darker; under surface of body and inside of limbs yellowish-grey or greyish-yellow; behind the angle of the mouth, below and behind the ears, and on the chin, the hairs are yellowish-grey, tipped with black; face and callosities, pale flesh-coloured.
The skull and skeleton agree closely with those ofM. rhesus, but are somewhat larger. Canine teeth long, and deeply grooved in front.
Distribution.—This Macaque inhabits the Himalayan ranges as far west as Masuri, or perhaps further, from near the base of the hills to a considerable elevation (Blanford); it extends eastwards from the Nepal Region of the Himalaya through Assam and the north-eastern portion of Bengal into the upper or hilly portion of the valley of the Irawady. (Anderson.) This species is said to have its home generally between 3,000 and 6,000 feet above the sea. Dr. Anderson obtained on the Irawady, 25 miles below Bhamo, a female out of a large colony "living below the huge Deva-faced limestone cliff, at the foot of which lies the small pagoda of Sessoungan. The crews of passing boats and pious visitors generally throw rice and fruits to these Monkeys as a work of merit."
Habits.—This species probably represents a Himalo-Burman race or sub-species ofM. rhesus. Its habits are much the same as those of that species, but it is said to have a slightly different voice and to be more sluggish, according to Blanford.
X. THE BENGAL MACAQUE. MACACUS RHESUS.
Simia rhesus, var. Audeb., Hist. Nat. Singes, Fam. ii., Sec. i., p. 5, pl. i. (1797).Simia erythræa, Schreber, Säugeth, Suppl., pl. 8, fig. c.Macacus erythræus, Cuv., Hist. Nat., Mamm., pl. xxxviii. (young; Oct., 1819); pls. xxxix. (1821) and xl. (1825; male); Gerv., Hist. Nat., Mamm., p. 91 (figs. ♂ and ♀; heads; 1834); Swinhoe, P. Z. S., 1870, p. 226; Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 112 (1876).Macacus rhesus, Desm., Mamm., p. 66, pl. vii., fig. 2 (1820); Anders., Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 55, pl. iii. (with synonymy); Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., p. 13.
Simia rhesus, var. Audeb., Hist. Nat. Singes, Fam. ii., Sec. i., p. 5, pl. i. (1797).
Simia erythræa, Schreber, Säugeth, Suppl., pl. 8, fig. c.
Macacus erythræus, Cuv., Hist. Nat., Mamm., pl. xxxviii. (young; Oct., 1819); pls. xxxix. (1821) and xl. (1825; male); Gerv., Hist. Nat., Mamm., p. 91 (figs. ♂ and ♀; heads; 1834); Swinhoe, P. Z. S., 1870, p. 226; Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 112 (1876).
Macacus rhesus, Desm., Mamm., p. 66, pl. vii., fig. 2 (1820); Anders., Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 55, pl. iii. (with synonymy); Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., p. 13.
Characters.—Body thick-set and with powerful limbs; face long and narrow, the muzzle somewhat projecting; a few short and coarse hairs on the lips, chin, and cheeks; eyes rather oval; ears somewhat large and sparsely haired. Fur moderately long and straight; hair of head coarse, not radiating, beginning on the orbital ridge, covering the forehead, and directed backwards; fingers haired to the end of the first digits; nails rather claw-like; toes haired; callosities surrounded by a semi-nude part of the buttocks; tail tapering, nearly one-half the length of the body. Length of males, 22 inches, with a tail of 10 inches; females, 16-18 inches, with a tail of 7-8 inches, the hair projecting 1½ inch beyond the vertebræ.
Face flesh-coloured, and sprinkled with short, silky, buff-coloured hair; general colour of the fur on the anterior and upper surface of the body and arms, greyish-brown, the hairs ashy at base, ringed with yellowish or light brown, and tipped with darker brown, or even black, giving a rich rufous, speckled appearance; hinder quarters and outer aspect of the thighsrufous-yellow, the hairs terminating in this colour; lower parts pale yellowish-white, or pale rufous yellow; base of the tail yellowish-chestnut, the rest browner; callosities flesh-colour; eyes yellowish-brown.
Distribution.—The Bengal Monkey is distributed abundantly throughout Northern India as far south as the Godaveri river on the one side, and Bombay on the other, and was long considered to be a characteristic species of Bengal and Upper India. It occurs, however, as Dr. Anderson records, in the valleys of the mountain systems to the north and east of Akyab, and may be traced across the range of mountains that defines Arracan from Burmah, and also as far east as the left bank of the Irawady below Mandalay. It has been obtained in Assam, and by Dr. Anderson in Yun-nan during the expedition to that country. It is said to ascend to 10,000 feet in Kashmir. Mr. Swinhoe obtained this Monkey also in Hainan, and in the Province of Kiung Chow, in China.
Habits.—The Bengal Macaque, or Bandar, as it is named by the Hindoos, lives in troops of considerable size in jungle or low forest, and very often in rocky places, feeding on insects, fruits, and leaves. It is very frequently seen on the ground searching for food, according to Dr. Blanford, and near cultivation, especially around tanks or amongst trees on the banks of streams. It swims well and takes readily to water. It is a very quarrelsome species, perpetually screaming and fighting. If not really sacred to the Hindoos, it is at least rarely molested by them. Dr. Bowdler Sharpe informs the present writer that he observed a flock of these Macaques on the road to Simla, when nearing the latter place. They were running along the road, and as the "tonga" approached, they scrambled up the rocks, and jabbered vociferously, especiallythe females, who were carrying their young. On Jacko there was, in 1885, a large troop of these animals, and they did considerable damage in the kitchen gardens of the mountain residences, so that the gardeners had to keep a sharp look-out, and fire at them occasionally. When he was staying at Mr. Hume's beautiful place at Simla in 1885, it was often necessary to drive off the Monkeys, and as one or two had been wounded by the head-gardener, the fakir who lived at the top of Jacko was much offended. This man had tamed the Monkeys to such an extent that, when he called them, the trees instantly began to move in all directions with the approach of numbers of these animals hastening to him for the peas which he had in readiness for them. They clustered round him, and though they would not allow strangers to stroke them, they came within arm's length and picked up their food. One patriarch, who remained for some time after the tribe had disappeared into the trees, was called the "Subadar," and wore quite a venerable appearance. Mr. R. Swinhoe has, in the "Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London," given the following curious Chinese observations, extracted from the "Chinese Gazetteer," in reference to this species, which is often called the Hainan Rock-Monkey: "How (or Monkey). The She-Show ('Notes on Animals') states that the Monkey has no stomach, but digests its food by jumping about. According to ancient authors, Kiung Chow abounds in Monkeys, and its people make a trade by selling young ones."
"About the jungles of Nychow (S. Hainan) these Monkeys," says Mr. Swinhoe, "were very common. On our landing, abreast of the ship we saw a large party of them on the beach, but they at once retired into a grove above high-water mark. We watched them running along the boughs of the trees andjumping from branch to branch. The discharge of a fowling-piece soon made them scurry away into the thicket, but every now and again their heads would appear from the higher bushes, watching the movements of the enemy. At last, when they observed that our presence implied actual danger to themselves, they climbed the hills and posted themselves about conspicuous rocks, where they chattered and grunted out of danger. Their cries are very like those ofMacacus cyclopisof Formosa."
The young clings to its mother's stomach for about a fortnight after birth, and is nursed with the greatest care by her; after that time it is able to move about by itself, and it thenceforward rapidly acquires the full use of its powers.
Mr. Darwin records that the face of theM. rhesus, when much enraged, grows red. When watching this species in the Zoological Gardens, he says: "Another Monkey attacked a Rhesus, and I saw its face redden as plainly as that of a Man in a violent passion. In the course of a few minutes, after the battle, the face of this Monkey recovered its natural tint. At the same time that the face reddened, the naked posterior part of the body, which is always red, seemed to grow still redder, but I cannot positively assert that this was the case."
XI. THE HAIRY-EARED MACAQUE. MACACUS LASIOTIS.