INDEX OF GREEK TERMS

Footnotes

1.F. Wilhelm (Rhein. Mus., XVII, No. 2 [1915], 163, n. 2) says: “Eine Geschichte der theoretischen Behandlung der Oekonomik bei den Griechen ist noch zu schreiben.” The present work was undertaken in the year 1911.

2.Cf. Zimmern,Greek Commonwealth, pp. 211 ff.; but the statement on p. 222 is extreme: “where competition and unemployment are unknown terms, where hardly anyone is working precariously for money wages or salary.”

3.Cf. Roscher,Ansichten der Volkswirtschaft(1878), I, chap. i, p. 7; Ar.Pol.1259b18-21.

4.Cf. PlatoRep.498A; Xen.Econ., a treatise on household management; Ar.Pol.i. p. 3, on the divisions of οἰκονομία; chap. 8, on whether finance (χρηματιστική) is a part of οἰκονομική; pseudo-Ar.Economica; cf.infra, p.63, nn. 5 and 6; p.82, n. 1; p.128, for fuller discussion.

5.Xen.Mem.iii. 4. 6 ff., especially 12;Econ.xx; PlatoPol.259 B-C; cf., on this passage, Espinas,Revue des Etudes Grecques, XXVII (1914), 105; cf. Ruskin: “Economy no more means saving money than it means spending money. It means the administration of a house” (A Joy Forever, I, 8, Allen ed., London, 1912, Vol. XVI, 19). We shall frequently quote from this monumental edition of Ruskin.

6.Pol.i. 1. 2: ὅσοι μὲν οὖν οἵονται πολιτικὸν καὶ βασιλικὸν καὶ οἰκονομικὸν καὶ δεσποτικὸν εἶναι τὸν αὐτόν, οὐ καλῶς λέγουσιν.

7.Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle, p. 357; cf. Zmavc,Zeitschr. f. d. gesammt. Staatswissenschaft, 1902, pp. 59 f., and his references to Boeckh, Meyer, and Beloch; Kautz,Die Gesch. d. Entwickelung der National Ökonomik, p. 133, n. 5; for note on the authorship of theRevenues, cf.infra, p.63, n. 2.

8.Ingram,History of Political Economy, p. 12; cf. Souchon,Les Théories économiques dans la Grèce antique, p. 34.

9.Cf. Souchon,op. cit., pp. 31 ff.

10.Cf. V. Brants,Xenophon Economiste, reprint fromRevue Catholique de Louvain, 1881, pp. 4 ff.

11.Ely,Studies in Historical and Political Science, 2d series, pp. 48 ff., especially p. 64, where he states that it is a return to the Greek view.

12.Ely,Outlines of Economics, 1908, pp. 4 ff.; cf. Seligman,Principles of Economy, (1905), pp. 4 ff., especially p. 14, where he even quotes the sentences of Ruskin with approval: “There is no wealth but life”; “Nor can anything be wealth except to a noble person” (Unto This Last, IV, 77 [Vol. XVII, 105]). All citations will be from the Allen library edition unless otherwise stated.

13.Schoenberg,Handbuch der polit. Econ.(1890), I, 56.

14.Haney,History of Economic Thought, p. 52; cf. Ely,op. cit., p. 48, n. 1, cited in n. 1, above, for a similar definition based on Plato.

15.Kautz (op. cit., p. 57) goes to the extreme of saying that antiquity represents “die Negation der ökonomischen Interessen und der wirtschaftlichen Arbeit.”

16.Even abolition of debts and redivision of lands were not unknown in Greek history. Grote (History of Greece, III, 105 f. and notes) denies this, but the heliastic oath, which he cites (Dem.Adv. Timoc.746, and Dio Chrysost. Or. xxxi. 332), proves that such measures were agitated, or there would be no reason for protective measures. Cf.infra, Plato (Laws, 736E), who takes this for granted. Cf. Solon’s Fragments; Isoc. (Panath.259) says that it would be hard to find a Greek state, except Sparta, that has not fallen into “the accustomed accidents,” viz., στάσιν, σφαγάς, φυγὰς ἀνόμους, ἁρπαγὰς χρημάτων, χρεῶν ἀποκοπάς, γῆς ἀναδασμόν, etc.

17.Cf.infra.for citations and qualifications.

18.Cf.infrafor qualifications. Zimmern (op. cit., p. 227) rightly insists: “In spite of what is often said, Greece did produce economists.”

19.Erga308, 314, 397 f., 311 (ἔργον δ᾽ οὐδὲν ὄνειδος, ἀεργίη δέ τ᾽ ὄνειδος), 310, 303-6, 413. Any material in Homer applies rather to a history of economic conditions. Cf., however,Il.xiii. 730-32; iii. 65; xxiii. 667 on specialization of gifts.

20.Cf.ErgaandTheogony969-75; cf. n. 2.

21.Cf. n. 2 above; a common theme of seventh- and eighth-century poets; cf. e.g., Sappho (Bergk-Hiller,Lyr. G. Vet.[1897], I, 204, fr. 79 [45]); ὁ πλοῦτος ἄνευ τὰς ἀρετὰς οὐκ ἀσίνης πάροικος. Cf. also III, 168, fr. 49 (50), Alcaeus.

22.Erga25 f.

23.Cf. his poems, especially fr. xiii. 43 ff.; Ar.Ath. Pol.x. 1; Plut.Solon15, 22-24; Kautz,op. cit., pp. 114 f. and note, on Solon and the other lawgivers; Gilliard,Quelque Réformes de Solon. Cornford (Thucydides Mythhistoricus, p. 66) thinks he was “on the verge” of discovering the law that exports must balance imports.

24.Elegies1117 f., 227 ff., 1157 f., 181 f., 267 ff., 173 ff., 351 ff., 393 ff., 523 ff., 621 f., 199 ff., 753, 145 f., 559 f., etc.

25.On this error, cf.infra, on communism before Plato.

26.Cf. Kautz,op. cit., p. 114; Jamblichus,De Pyth. vit., chap. xii, p. 58; chap. xvi, p. 69.

27.Diels,Frag. d. Vorsokratiker(1912), II, 20, 69.

28.Ibid., p. 95, fr. 171; p. 73, fr. 40.

29.Ibid., p. 119, fr. 283.

30.Ibid., p. 77, fr. 77; cf. Stob.Flor.94. 24; χρημάτων χρῆσις ξὺν νόῳ μὲν χρήσιμον εἰς τὸ ἐλευθέριον εἶναι καί δημοφελέα· ξὺν ἀνοίῃ δὲ χορηγίῃ ξυνή. Cf. Xenophon and Plato,infra, on value and wealth.

31.Ibid., p. 78, fr. 78.

32.Ibid., p. 105, frs. 200, 218, 221.

33.Ibid., fr. 219; p. 106, fr. 224. The ethical fragments of Democritus, cited above, may be spurious. Cf. Mullach,Frag. Phil. Gr., I, 138; Zeller (Gesch. d. Gr. Phil.I, 2, 925, n. 1) leaves the question open. Diels (op. cit., II, 1912) cites the above passages under the “echte fragmente,” though some are starred.

34.Cf. Barker,op. cit., p. 37.

35.Diels,op. cit., I, 83, fr. 29; οἱ δὲ πολλὸι κεκόρηται ὁκώσπερ κτήνεα.

36.Ibid., p. 82, fr. 22; cf. Clem. Alex.Strom.iv. 2. p. 565, and his comment.

37.Diels,op. cit., I, 95, fr. 90: πυρὸς ἀνταμείβεται πάντα καὶ πῦρ ἀπάντων, ὥσπερ χρυσοῦ χρήματα καὶ χρημάτων χρυσὸς.

38.Pol.ii; cf.infrafor details.

39.Cf. Glaucon’s tentative argument presenting the Sophist theory,Rep.358E ff., very similar to that of Hobbes. Cf. Barker’s (op. cit., pp. 27 ff.) excellent presentation of the rise of this theory and its causes.

40.Cf. A. Dobbs,Philosophy and Popular Morals in Ancient Greece(1907), p. 48. For examples, cf. Hippias, cited below, n. 6, or Lycophron, opposed by Aristotle, cited below in Aristotle’s criticism of socialism (Pol.1280b10-12).

41.Rep.i, and the story of Gyges,Rep.ii.

42.Gorg.482E ff., though Callicles was hardly a Sophist.

43.E.g., Hippias inProtag.337C, where he says that men are related (συγγενεῖς, οἰκείους) by nature, not by law, and that the law is a tyrant of men that does much violence contrary to nature (παρὰ τὴν φύσιν).

44.Cf. Alcidamas frag., citedinfraon Aristotle’s theory of slavery, and Ar.Pol.i. 3. 1253b20-23; Lycophron (pseudo-Plut.Pro. Nob.18. 2) denies the reality of the distinction between noble and ill-born. Cf. also on Euripides,infra. On the development of the opposition to slavery in Greece, cf. Newman,Pol. of Arist., I, 139 ff.

45.Diog. L. ix. 55: δίκη ὑπὲρ μισθοῦ. Cf. Diels,op. cit., II, 220, 231; Croiset,Hist. de la Litt. Gr., IV, 54. Souchon (op. cit., p. 23, n. 1) thinks that it may have taught the dignity of all labor. Cf. also Plato (Sophist232 D): τὰ πρωταγόρεια ... περί τε πάλης καὶ τῶν ἄλλων τεχνῶν. Gomperz (Die Apologie der Heilkunst, p. 33) infers that Protagoras had published aGesammtapologie der Künste. Cf.Pol.299C, and Diog. L. ix. 8. 55.

46.Cf. PlatoProtag.328B, where Protagoras states his rule as to charges for his lectures. Cf. Zeller,op. cit., I, 2, 1080 ff., on the earnings of the Sophists. Cf. PlatoEuthyd.304C: ὅτι οὐδὲ τοῦ χρηματίζεσθαί φατον διακωλύειν οὐδέν.

47.PlatoCharm.163 B-D on Hesiod.

48.Xen.Mem.ii. 1. 21-34, the story of Heracles (28).

49.Pseudo-Platon.Eryxias397 D-E, discussedinfra.

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