State purchase,280;competing lines,281-3;railway amalgamations,283-91;Railway Clearing House established,284;Mr Cardwell's Committee,285;cost of construction,291-3;railway companies and canals,297-9,306-7;rail and canal transport compared,307,309;railways and coaches,326,329,332;results of railway operation on industries,386,on towns,387,on general trade,387-96,on political and social conditions,397,on national life,398-402,on colonial expansion,402-4Railways a National Industry: Number of railway servants,405-6;employees in locomotive works, etc.,407-10;independent concerns,411;characteristics of the railway service,412-3;training,413-4;education for efficiency in U.S.A.,415-6;railwaymen's education movement: mechanics' institutes,416-21,railway companies' classes,421-5,London School of Economics,425-6,arrangements with Universities,426-7,literary societies,427-8;railway organisations,428-9;Railway Club,430;recreation and physical culture,431;railwaymen's societies,431-2;Temperance Unions,432;regularity of employment,433;wages,434-5;subsidiary advantages,435-7;superannuation and pension funds,438;railway charities,439-41;hours of labour,441-2;accidents,442-3;ambulance,444;railway work a "service,"444;family records,445;the agitation in 1907,446;strike in 1911,447;Royal Commission of Inquiry,448-51;increases in wages,451;railway unions to ballot on question of general strike,452"Rebecca" riots in Wales:320-1"Recognition," Question of, on railways:446-52,512"Red Flag Act":475Rendell, T. H.:298,422Renner, P. A.:404Retired Railway Officers' Society:431Rivers, Location of towns, etc., on:15,108-9,110;influence of, on social and economic conditions,108-10;ports on rivers,110-11;causes of decline of rivers,111,150-8;river improvements,111-2,128-41;navigable rivers as public highways,112-4;toll collection on rivers,128;influence on trade and industries,114-27,129,132,153,154,159-64;floods,150-1,161;high tides,151-2;water shortage,152-3;silting-up,154;present condition,155-6;pilfering on,162-3;side-cuts precede canals,165Aire:121,123,141,143,147,179,303,307Avon (Bristol):131Avon (Warwickshire):112,115-6,155Avon (Wiltshire):110,131Brandon:120Calder:141,143,147,303,307Cam:15,24Croal:184Cuckmere:111Dee:135,137Derwent:121,122Don:121,123,143,147-9Douglas:140-1,166Exe:127Humber:24,121,141,147,151Idle:111,123Irwell:138,168,184Lea:125-6,128-9Lug:116,130,131,165Medway:126,130Mersey:5,135-9,151,165,168Mildenhall:120Nen:151,154,156Ouse (Norfolk):5,24,111,118-20,151,156Ouse (Sussex):111Ouse (York):121,122,141,147,151,153,156Parrett:127Ribble:5,15,140,166Severn:112-8,135,151,153-4,155,159-62,298Sheaf:143Stour (Worcestershire):135Teme:130Thames:4,7,15,58-61,122,125,130,151,155Trent:111,121-2,124,147,148,151,152,154,155-6,159Tyne:24,151,166Weaver:139-40,159,166Welland:111Wey:126Wharfe:121Witham:111,120-1,151Wye:112,116,117,130-1,151,165Road Boards in Scotland:319Road Board, The:481-2Roads: British,4-8;Roman,8-10,11,28;action of Church,11-14,28;road conditions,14,28-30,31,32-3,49,54,64-73,75,87,98-99;legislation,28-33,43-5;Statute labour,30-1,312-3;road-making and repairing,98-107,314;parish roads,77;highway rates and road repairs,319;county councils and roads,323,480;Road Board and Road Improvement Grant,481-2.See, also, "Turnpikes"Robinson, Sir Clifton:454,459-61Roebuck, Dr:190Romans:6-10,28,111Royal Automobile Club:477,478-9,482,503Royal Commission on Canals and Waterways:294,295,301,304,310Royal Commission on Local Taxation:373Royal Commission of Inquiry (Conciliation Scheme of 1907):448-51Royal Commission on London Traffic:465,492-3Russell,M.P., C.:273Salt industry:26,139-40,161,166,178Samuel, Sir Samuel:489Sandars, Joseph:231,233Sandon, Lord:265Sandys, Sir William:130-1,158,165Sclater-Booth, G. (Lord Basing):321,322Scotland, Roads in:75,104-5,319,333Scott, William:199-200Sea-ports, Thirteenth century:157-8Sedan chair, The:60-1Sheffield: Coaches,55;route for despatch of goods,123-4,148-9;reason for settlement of cutlery industry on the Sheaf,142-3Shelford, Frederick:403Sherman, E.:326,329Sherwood Forest:121Shillibeer, Mr:63,330,491Shirley, Sir Richard:68Shrewsbury: Important centre for Severn trade,114;social life,115;a metropolis for North Wales,115;river traffic,118Smeaton, John:152Smiles, Samuel:93,170,175Smith, Adam:36,90,109,187Smith, Sydney:67Social conditions: See under "Transport, Influence of"Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders:477Soil, Nature of, in England:5South Africa, Railways in:402"Southampton case," The:353South-Eastern and Chatham Rly.:289,367Spencer, C. J.:469Stamford, The Earl of:173Staple:29Starley, J. K.:472State policy: Roads,9-10,11,33-4,43-50,481-2;railways,258-93,336-43,364-75,509-11;canals,295-6,299-300,303,311;coaches,329-34;tramways,454-6,459,461-2;self-propelled road vehicles,475-7State purchase of railways, Enactments respecting:280-1Statute labour on roads:30-1,312-3Steam-coaches: Introduction of,473;anticipations in regard to,474;opposition to,474;withdrawal from roads,475Stephenson, George:225,226nStephenson, Robert:251Stockton and Darlington Rly.:225-8,290Stow, John:38Stratford-on-Avon: Repair of bridge,13n.;river transport,115Stukeley, Dr William:143n.,209Sturbridge Fair:23-6Suburban passenger traffic:496-7,502,507Superannuation funds, Railway:438Surrey Iron Rail-way:223-5Surveyors, Road:30,31,83-4,105Sutherland, The Duke of:173Taff Vale Rly.:261Taunton, Lord:254Taxation, Railway,263-4,311,364-75,508Taylor, John ("The Water Poet"):58-61Telford, Thomas:50,99,100-1,106,174n.,192,220,318,325Terminal charges on railways:336,340,349-50Textile industries: Reasons for location of in the north,141-2;influence of canals on their development,180Thames watermen:57-63Thoresby, Ralph:145Thorne, W. B.:332Tin industry:6,7,9,26Traction engines:475,480Train, George Francis:453"Tram," Derivation of word:204Tramways, Street: Introduction of,453;early lines,454;State policy,454;Tramways Act, 1870,454-5;local authorities' veto,455;electric traction,455-6;Light Railways Act, 1896,457;"price of assents,"457,459-61;municipal tramways,461-5;competition of motor-omnibuses,466-7;railless electric traction,467-70;tramway competition with railways,496,497-8,502Transport, Influence of on social conditions: Isolation of communities,16-18,92-4,108,170,175;effect of coaching facilities,41;country gentry,94;county towns,95-6;coaches and "country manners,"96-7;beginnings of "Greater London,"97;civilising effects of improved communication,175-7;political results of rail communication,397;social results,397-8;a factor in national life,398-400;country homes for town workers,496-8Transport, Influence of on trade and industries: general,1-3,16-19,27,31,73,102n.,109,192;roads,4,6-9,85-7,88-92,104,129-30,139,160,162,169,249-50;rivers,108,109-10,112,114-6,119-27,129,137-49,153-4,159-64,169;canals,166,174-80,193-4,230-4,249-50,294,301,307-9;turnpikes,316,320;railways,198,217,225,245,308-10,349,350,354,385-96;motor-vehicles,482-4Tube railways:490,492-3,496,507Turnpikes: Principle of tolls,13,29;turnpikes introduced,32-3;turnpike Acts,75-6,104;turnpike system,77;opposition to toll-bars,78-80,320-1;defects of system,80-4;stimulus to trade,85-90;turnpike roads,98-9,104-5;number of turnpike Acts and trusts,312;statute labour,312-3;cost of road repairs,314;turnpike debt,314,323-4;tolls,314-6,318,320,331;cost of management,317,320;consolidation of trusts,319;highway rates and road repairs,319;"Rebecca riots" in Wales,320-1;House of Commons Turnpike Committee,321;reduction in number of trusts,321-4;burden on ratepayers,321-2;Government grants,323;rapid decline of trusts,324;attitude of trustees to steam coaches,474-5Tylor, Alfred:6-7Underground railways:491-2
State purchase,280;
competing lines,281-3;
railway amalgamations,283-91;
Railway Clearing House established,284;
Mr Cardwell's Committee,285;
cost of construction,291-3;
railway companies and canals,297-9,306-7;
rail and canal transport compared,307,309;
railways and coaches,326,329,332;
results of railway operation on industries,386,
on towns,387,
on general trade,387-96,
on political and social conditions,397,
on national life,398-402,
on colonial expansion,402-4
Railways a National Industry: Number of railway servants,405-6;
employees in locomotive works, etc.,407-10;
independent concerns,411;
characteristics of the railway service,412-3;
training,413-4;
education for efficiency in U.S.A.,415-6;
railwaymen's education movement: mechanics' institutes,416-21,
railway companies' classes,421-5,
London School of Economics,425-6,
arrangements with Universities,426-7,
literary societies,427-8;
railway organisations,428-9;
Railway Club,430;
recreation and physical culture,431;
railwaymen's societies,431-2;
Temperance Unions,432;
regularity of employment,433;
wages,434-5;
subsidiary advantages,435-7;
superannuation and pension funds,438;
railway charities,439-41;
hours of labour,441-2;
accidents,442-3;
ambulance,444;
railway work a "service,"444;
family records,445;
the agitation in 1907,446;
strike in 1911,447;
Royal Commission of Inquiry,448-51;
increases in wages,451;
railway unions to ballot on question of general strike,452
"Rebecca" riots in Wales:320-1
"Recognition," Question of, on railways:446-52,512
"Red Flag Act":475
Rendell, T. H.:298,422
Renner, P. A.:404
Retired Railway Officers' Society:431
Rivers, Location of towns, etc., on:15,108-9,110;
influence of, on social and economic conditions,108-10;
ports on rivers,110-11;
causes of decline of rivers,111,150-8;
river improvements,111-2,128-41;
navigable rivers as public highways,112-4;
toll collection on rivers,128;
influence on trade and industries,114-27,129,132,153,154,159-64;
floods,150-1,161;
high tides,151-2;
water shortage,152-3;
silting-up,154;
present condition,155-6;
pilfering on,162-3;
side-cuts precede canals,165
Aire:121,123,141,143,147,179,303,307
Avon (Bristol):131
Avon (Warwickshire):112,115-6,155
Avon (Wiltshire):110,131
Brandon:120
Calder:141,143,147,303,307
Cam:15,24
Croal:184
Cuckmere:111
Dee:135,137
Derwent:121,122
Don:121,123,143,147-9
Douglas:140-1,166
Exe:127
Humber:24,121,141,147,151
Idle:111,123
Irwell:138,168,184
Lea:125-6,128-9
Lug:116,130,131,165
Medway:126,130
Mersey:5,135-9,151,165,168
Mildenhall:120
Nen:151,154,156
Ouse (Norfolk):5,24,111,118-20,151,156
Ouse (Sussex):111
Ouse (York):121,122,141,147,151,153,156
Parrett:127
Ribble:5,15,140,166
Severn:112-8,135,151,153-4,155,159-62,298
Sheaf:143
Stour (Worcestershire):135
Teme:130
Thames:4,7,15,58-61,122,125,130,151,155
Trent:111,121-2,124,147,148,151,152,154,155-6,159
Tyne:24,151,166
Weaver:139-40,159,166
Welland:111
Wey:126
Wharfe:121
Witham:111,120-1,151
Wye:112,116,117,130-1,151,165
Road Boards in Scotland:319
Road Board, The:481-2
Roads: British,4-8;
Roman,8-10,11,28;
action of Church,11-14,28;
road conditions,14,28-30,31,32-3,49,54,64-73,75,87,98-99;
legislation,28-33,43-5;
Statute labour,30-1,312-3;
road-making and repairing,98-107,314;
parish roads,77;
highway rates and road repairs,319;
county councils and roads,323,480;
Road Board and Road Improvement Grant,481-2.
See, also, "Turnpikes"
Robinson, Sir Clifton:454,459-61
Roebuck, Dr:190
Romans:6-10,28,111
Royal Automobile Club:477,478-9,482,503
Royal Commission on Canals and Waterways:294,295,301,304,310
Royal Commission on Local Taxation:373
Royal Commission of Inquiry (Conciliation Scheme of 1907):448-51
Royal Commission on London Traffic:465,492-3
Russell,M.P., C.:273
Salt industry:26,139-40,161,166,178
Samuel, Sir Samuel:489
Sandars, Joseph:231,233
Sandon, Lord:265
Sandys, Sir William:130-1,158,165
Sclater-Booth, G. (Lord Basing):321,322
Scotland, Roads in:75,104-5,319,333
Scott, William:199-200
Sea-ports, Thirteenth century:157-8
Sedan chair, The:60-1
Sheffield: Coaches,55;
route for despatch of goods,123-4,148-9;
reason for settlement of cutlery industry on the Sheaf,142-3
Shelford, Frederick:403
Sherman, E.:326,329
Sherwood Forest:121
Shillibeer, Mr:63,330,491
Shirley, Sir Richard:68
Shrewsbury: Important centre for Severn trade,114;
social life,115;
a metropolis for North Wales,115;
river traffic,118
Smeaton, John:152
Smiles, Samuel:93,170,175
Smith, Adam:36,90,109,187
Smith, Sydney:67
Social conditions: See under "Transport, Influence of"
Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders:477
Soil, Nature of, in England:5
South Africa, Railways in:402
"Southampton case," The:353
South-Eastern and Chatham Rly.:289,367
Spencer, C. J.:469
Stamford, The Earl of:173
Staple:29
Starley, J. K.:472
State policy: Roads,9-10,11,33-4,43-50,481-2;
railways,258-93,336-43,364-75,509-11;
canals,295-6,299-300,303,311;
coaches,329-34;
tramways,454-6,459,461-2;
self-propelled road vehicles,475-7
State purchase of railways, Enactments respecting:280-1
Statute labour on roads:30-1,312-3
Steam-coaches: Introduction of,473;
anticipations in regard to,474;
opposition to,474;
withdrawal from roads,475
Stephenson, George:225,226n
Stephenson, Robert:251
Stockton and Darlington Rly.:225-8,290
Stow, John:38
Stratford-on-Avon: Repair of bridge,13n.;
river transport,115
Stukeley, Dr William:143n.,209
Sturbridge Fair:23-6
Suburban passenger traffic:496-7,502,507
Superannuation funds, Railway:438
Surrey Iron Rail-way:223-5
Surveyors, Road:30,31,83-4,105
Sutherland, The Duke of:173
Taff Vale Rly.:261
Taunton, Lord:254
Taxation, Railway,263-4,311,364-75,508
Taylor, John ("The Water Poet"):58-61
Telford, Thomas:50,99,100-1,106,174n.,192,220,318,325
Terminal charges on railways:336,340,349-50
Textile industries: Reasons for location of in the north,141-2;
influence of canals on their development,180
Thames watermen:57-63
Thoresby, Ralph:145
Thorne, W. B.:332
Tin industry:6,7,9,26
Traction engines:475,480
Train, George Francis:453
"Tram," Derivation of word:204
Tramways, Street: Introduction of,453;
early lines,454;
State policy,454;
Tramways Act, 1870,454-5;
local authorities' veto,455;
electric traction,455-6;
Light Railways Act, 1896,457;
"price of assents,"457,459-61;
municipal tramways,461-5;
competition of motor-omnibuses,466-7;
railless electric traction,467-70;
tramway competition with railways,496,497-8,502
Transport, Influence of on social conditions: Isolation of communities,16-18,92-4,108,170,175;
effect of coaching facilities,41;
country gentry,94;
county towns,95-6;
coaches and "country manners,"96-7;
beginnings of "Greater London,"97;
civilising effects of improved communication,175-7;
political results of rail communication,397;
social results,397-8;
a factor in national life,398-400;
country homes for town workers,496-8
Transport, Influence of on trade and industries: general,1-3,16-19,27,31,73,102n.,109,192;
roads,4,6-9,85-7,88-92,104,129-30,139,160,162,169,249-50;
rivers,108,109-10,112,114-6,119-27,129,137-49,153-4,159-64,169;
canals,166,174-80,193-4,230-4,249-50,294,301,307-9;
turnpikes,316,320;
railways,198,217,225,245,308-10,349,350,354,385-96;
motor-vehicles,482-4
Tube railways:490,492-3,496,507
Turnpikes: Principle of tolls,13,29;
turnpikes introduced,32-3;
turnpike Acts,75-6,104;
turnpike system,77;
opposition to toll-bars,78-80,320-1;
defects of system,80-4;
stimulus to trade,85-90;
turnpike roads,98-9,104-5;
number of turnpike Acts and trusts,312;
statute labour,312-3;
cost of road repairs,314;
turnpike debt,314,323-4;
tolls,314-6,318,320,331;
cost of management,317,320;
consolidation of trusts,319;
highway rates and road repairs,319;
"Rebecca riots" in Wales,320-1;
House of Commons Turnpike Committee,321;
reduction in number of trusts,321-4;
burden on ratepayers,321-2;
Government grants,323;
rapid decline of trusts,324;
attitude of trustees to steam coaches,474-5
Tylor, Alfred:6-7
Underground railways:491-2