[438]For a collation of the facts as to the ratio of polygynists to the whole population among polygynous peoples, consultWestermarck,op. cit., 438-42;cf.Hellwald,Die mensch. Familie, 413, 414.
[438]For a collation of the facts as to the ratio of polygynists to the whole population among polygynous peoples, consultWestermarck,op. cit., 438-42;cf.Hellwald,Die mensch. Familie, 413, 414.
[439]Waitz,Anthropologie, II, 109; but here the subordinate women are not always legitimate wives.Cf.Grosse,Die Formen der Familie, 109;Fritsch,Die Eingeborenen Süd-Afrikas, 114, 192, 193, 227, 363.
[439]Waitz,Anthropologie, II, 109; but here the subordinate women are not always legitimate wives.Cf.Grosse,Die Formen der Familie, 109;Fritsch,Die Eingeborenen Süd-Afrikas, 114, 192, 193, 227, 363.
[440]Waitz,op. cit., III, 308, 328. In the Ungava District the children of the first wife take precedence:Turner,op. cit., 190;cf.Niblack, "Coast Indians,"Rep. Smith. Inst., 1888, 367.
[440]Waitz,op. cit., III, 308, 328. In the Ungava District the children of the first wife take precedence:Turner,op. cit., 190;cf.Niblack, "Coast Indians,"Rep. Smith. Inst., 1888, 367.
[441]McGee, "The Siouan Indians,"XV. Rep. of Bureau of Eth., 178.
[441]McGee, "The Siouan Indians,"XV. Rep. of Bureau of Eth., 178.
[442]Dorsey, "Siouan Sociology,"ibid., 225. Among the Siouan Omahas, "when a man wishes to take a second wife he always consults his first wife, reasoning thus with her: 'I wish you to have less work to do, so I think of taking your sister, your aunt, or your brother's daughter for my wife. You can then have her to aid you with your work.' Should the first wife refuse, the man cannot marry the other woman. Generally no objection is offered, especially if the second woman be one of the kindred of the first wife. Sometimes the first wife will make the proposition to her husband.... The first wife is never deposed."—Idem, "Omaha Sociology,"III. Rep. of Bureau of Eth., 261.
[442]Dorsey, "Siouan Sociology,"ibid., 225. Among the Siouan Omahas, "when a man wishes to take a second wife he always consults his first wife, reasoning thus with her: 'I wish you to have less work to do, so I think of taking your sister, your aunt, or your brother's daughter for my wife. You can then have her to aid you with your work.' Should the first wife refuse, the man cannot marry the other woman. Generally no objection is offered, especially if the second woman be one of the kindred of the first wife. Sometimes the first wife will make the proposition to her husband.... The first wife is never deposed."—Idem, "Omaha Sociology,"III. Rep. of Bureau of Eth., 261.
[443]Souza, "Tratado Descriptivo do Brazil,"Revist. Inst. Hist., XIV (1851), 311 ff. CompareMartius,Ethnographie, 104-06, 108, 109, notes;idem,Rechtszustande, 53, 54, 57, 58.
[443]Souza, "Tratado Descriptivo do Brazil,"Revist. Inst. Hist., XIV (1851), 311 ff. CompareMartius,Ethnographie, 104-06, 108, 109, notes;idem,Rechtszustande, 53, 54, 57, 58.
[444]On these modifications seeSpencer,Principles of Sociology, I, 694-96;Wake,Marriage and Kinship, 196, 197, 186 ff., 210. "The phases of this custom [wives of different grades] may be practically divided into (a) those in which all a man's wives have equal rights, (b) and those where there is a superior wife (or wives) and inferior ones, the latter being sometimes legal wives, and at others slave wives or concubines."—Wake, 197. "The Siamese occupy the almost unique position of having four classes of wives, of which, however, the slave wife answers to the concubines of other forms of polygyny."—Ibid., 197.Cf.further,Grosse,Die Formen der Familie, 109;Waitz,Anthropologie, III, 328;Hellwald,Die mensch. Familie, 368, 382 (China), 414;Avery, "The Indo-Pacific Oceans,"Am. Antiquarian, VI, 366.
[444]On these modifications seeSpencer,Principles of Sociology, I, 694-96;Wake,Marriage and Kinship, 196, 197, 186 ff., 210. "The phases of this custom [wives of different grades] may be practically divided into (a) those in which all a man's wives have equal rights, (b) and those where there is a superior wife (or wives) and inferior ones, the latter being sometimes legal wives, and at others slave wives or concubines."—Wake, 197. "The Siamese occupy the almost unique position of having four classes of wives, of which, however, the slave wife answers to the concubines of other forms of polygyny."—Ibid., 197.Cf.further,Grosse,Die Formen der Familie, 109;Waitz,Anthropologie, III, 328;Hellwald,Die mensch. Familie, 368, 382 (China), 414;Avery, "The Indo-Pacific Oceans,"Am. Antiquarian, VI, 366.
[445]"I have known many who kept the same wife all their lives. But if any Abipon marries several women, he settles them in separate hordes, many leagues distant from one another, and visits first one, then the other, at intervals of a year."—Dobrizhoffer,Account, II, 210.
[445]"I have known many who kept the same wife all their lives. But if any Abipon marries several women, he settles them in separate hordes, many leagues distant from one another, and visits first one, then the other, at intervals of a year."—Dobrizhoffer,Account, II, 210.
[446]Westermarck,Human Marriage, 442-50;cf.Starcke,Primitive Family, 261, 262.
[446]Westermarck,Human Marriage, 442-50;cf.Starcke,Primitive Family, 261, 262.
[447]This is the view ofWestermarck,op. cit., 482, as opposed to that ofChervin,Recherches médico-philosophiques sur les causes physiques de la polygamie dans les pays chauds(Paris, 1812), 38; and he is sustained byGoehlert, "Die Geschlechtsverschiedenheit der Kinder in den Ehen,"ZFE., XIII, 127. See alsoSpencer,Principles of Sociology, I, 689, 690;Wake,Marriage and Kinship, 204, 205.
[447]This is the view ofWestermarck,op. cit., 482, as opposed to that ofChervin,Recherches médico-philosophiques sur les causes physiques de la polygamie dans les pays chauds(Paris, 1812), 38; and he is sustained byGoehlert, "Die Geschlechtsverschiedenheit der Kinder in den Ehen,"ZFE., XIII, 127. See alsoSpencer,Principles of Sociology, I, 689, 690;Wake,Marriage and Kinship, 204, 205.
[448]Wake,op. cit., 205;Westermarck,op. cit., 482;Goehlert,loc. cit.
[448]Wake,op. cit., 205;Westermarck,op. cit., 482;Goehlert,loc. cit.
[449]Spencer,op. cit., I, 684, 689, 690;Wake,op. cit., 205;Catlin,North American Indians, I, 118.
[449]Spencer,op. cit., I, 684, 689, 690;Wake,op. cit., 205;Catlin,North American Indians, I, 118.
[450]Spencer,op. cit., I, 689, 690.
[450]Spencer,op. cit., I, 689, 690.
[451]Wake,op. cit., 179-81;Spencer,op. cit., 685. So the African has as many wives as he can buy; and only the rich in ancient Mexico indulged in polygyny:Waitz,Anthropologie, II, 108; IV, 130. Among the American Indians the cost and difficulty of feeding them make several wives the privilege of the opulent. Increased labor gives the California Wintun woman increased rights; "for then she extorts monogamy":Ratzel,History of Mankind, II, 124, 494 (China and Japan). CompareAvery, "The Indo-Pacific Oceans,"Am. Antiquarian, VI, 366.
[451]Wake,op. cit., 179-81;Spencer,op. cit., 685. So the African has as many wives as he can buy; and only the rich in ancient Mexico indulged in polygyny:Waitz,Anthropologie, II, 108; IV, 130. Among the American Indians the cost and difficulty of feeding them make several wives the privilege of the opulent. Increased labor gives the California Wintun woman increased rights; "for then she extorts monogamy":Ratzel,History of Mankind, II, 124, 494 (China and Japan). CompareAvery, "The Indo-Pacific Oceans,"Am. Antiquarian, VI, 366.
[452]Spencer,op. cit., I, 683, 684.Cf.Starcke,op. cit., 261, who says: "It follows from the nature of things ... that polygamy can never have been the normal condition of a tribe, since it would have involved the existence of twice as many women as men. Polygamy must necessarily have been restricted to the noblest, richest, and bravest members of the tribe." Spencer holds that polygyny is connected especially with the "militant" stage of society, as opposed to the industrial:op. cit., 706.
[452]Spencer,op. cit., I, 683, 684.Cf.Starcke,op. cit., 261, who says: "It follows from the nature of things ... that polygamy can never have been the normal condition of a tribe, since it would have involved the existence of twice as many women as men. Polygamy must necessarily have been restricted to the noblest, richest, and bravest members of the tribe." Spencer holds that polygyny is connected especially with the "militant" stage of society, as opposed to the industrial:op. cit., 706.
[453]Spencer,op. cit., I, 685, 686.
[453]Spencer,op. cit., I, 685, 686.
[454]Ibid., 685-88;cf.Starcke,op. cit., 261.
[454]Ibid., 685-88;cf.Starcke,op. cit., 261.
[455]Owing to the hard conditions of life, female beauty fades early among savage and barbarous peoples, sometimes even among those reckoned as civilized. A fresh wife is demanded when the first grows old. In some cases the husband is forbidden by custom to cohabit with his wife until the child is weaned, though suckling may continue two, three, or four years:Westermarck,op. cit., 483-88;Ploss,Das Weib, I, 58, 59 (fading beauty).
[455]Owing to the hard conditions of life, female beauty fades early among savage and barbarous peoples, sometimes even among those reckoned as civilized. A fresh wife is demanded when the first grows old. In some cases the husband is forbidden by custom to cohabit with his wife until the child is weaned, though suckling may continue two, three, or four years:Westermarck,op. cit., 483-88;Ploss,Das Weib, I, 58, 59 (fading beauty).
[456]Wake,Marriage and Kinship, 202 ff., thus summarizes the causes of polygyny: "First, the sterility of the first wife," as in the case of Rachel; "secondly, the length of time during which a woman suckles her child;thirdly, the sexual requirements of man while leading a hunting or pastoral mode of life;fourthly, the accidental scarcity of men; and,fifthly, the luxury or sensuality of man, or the desire for influence and power."
[456]Wake,Marriage and Kinship, 202 ff., thus summarizes the causes of polygyny: "First, the sterility of the first wife," as in the case of Rachel; "secondly, the length of time during which a woman suckles her child;thirdly, the sexual requirements of man while leading a hunting or pastoral mode of life;fourthly, the accidental scarcity of men; and,fifthly, the luxury or sensuality of man, or the desire for influence and power."
[457]Westermarck,op. cit., 489-91;cf.Starcke,op. cit., 261.
[457]Westermarck,op. cit., 489-91;cf.Starcke,op. cit., 261.
[458]Westermarck,op. cit., 495,496;Spencer,op. cit., I, 688.
[458]Westermarck,op. cit., 495,496;Spencer,op. cit., I, 688.
[459]Spencer,op. cit., I, 688, 689, 690 ff., 697.Cf.on causes of polygyny,Lubbock,Origin of Civilization, 112.
[459]Spencer,op. cit., I, 688, 689, 690 ff., 697.Cf.on causes of polygyny,Lubbock,Origin of Civilization, 112.
[460]Spencer,op. cit., I, 682.Cf.the similar view ofWake,Marriage and Kinship, 219.
[460]Spencer,op. cit., I, 682.Cf.the similar view ofWake,Marriage and Kinship, 219.
[461]This evil effect Spencer himself emphasizes, though he thinks polygyny favorable to women where the habitat is unfavorable to their self-support and men are scarce:op. cit., I, 692-94. SeeWake,op. cit., 219 ff., for the relatively advanced condition of women under polyandry; and compareHellwald,Die mensch. Familie, 256 ff., who summarizes opinions as to the influence of polyandry; andGrosse,Die Formen der Familie, 110, who emphasizes the degradation of woman among pastoral polygynists.
[461]This evil effect Spencer himself emphasizes, though he thinks polygyny favorable to women where the habitat is unfavorable to their self-support and men are scarce:op. cit., I, 692-94. SeeWake,op. cit., 219 ff., for the relatively advanced condition of women under polyandry; and compareHellwald,Die mensch. Familie, 256 ff., who summarizes opinions as to the influence of polyandry; andGrosse,Die Formen der Familie, 110, who emphasizes the degradation of woman among pastoral polygynists.
[462]Westermarck,op. cit., 496-504.
[462]Westermarck,op. cit., 496-504.
[463]The facts are collected byWake,op. cit., 210 ff., 198 ff.;cf.Spencer,op. cit., I, 693.
[463]The facts are collected byWake,op. cit., 210 ff., 198 ff.;cf.Spencer,op. cit., I, 693.
[464]Starcke,Primitive Family, 264.
[464]Starcke,Primitive Family, 264.
[465]Ibid., 264-66. On the influence of ancestor-worship and the sense of propriety, seeWake,op. cit., chaps. vii and xii, 227 ff., 234, 435 ff.Cf.Spencer,op. cit., I, 691, 697; and on monogamy,Letourneau,L'évolution du mariage, chaps. xix, ii;Post,Familienrecht, 72 ff.
[465]Ibid., 264-66. On the influence of ancestor-worship and the sense of propriety, seeWake,op. cit., chaps. vii and xii, 227 ff., 234, 435 ff.Cf.Spencer,op. cit., I, 691, 697; and on monogamy,Letourneau,L'évolution du mariage, chaps. xix, ii;Post,Familienrecht, 72 ff.
[466]SeeStarcke'smasterly summary in chapter vii, "Marriage and its Development," who reaches the conclusion presented in the text.Westermarck, chaps. xxi, xxii, xxiv, obtains practically the same result. Compare alsoWake,op. cit., chap. xii, who holds that group-marriage in the Australian and Punaluan forms is the original type of marriage. Then follow polyandry and polygyny; and these are in turn superseded by monogamy.Hellwald,Die mensch. Familie, 389, declares that polyandry and polygyny are the rule, and in this sense more "natural" than monogamy.
[466]SeeStarcke'smasterly summary in chapter vii, "Marriage and its Development," who reaches the conclusion presented in the text.Westermarck, chaps. xxi, xxii, xxiv, obtains practically the same result. Compare alsoWake,op. cit., chap. xii, who holds that group-marriage in the Australian and Punaluan forms is the original type of marriage. Then follow polyandry and polygyny; and these are in turn superseded by monogamy.Hellwald,Die mensch. Familie, 389, declares that polyandry and polygyny are the rule, and in this sense more "natural" than monogamy.
[467]Westermarck,op. cit., 505, 506.
[467]Westermarck,op. cit., 505, 506.
[468]Morgan,Systems of Consanguinity, 477.
[468]Morgan,Systems of Consanguinity, 477.
[469]Westermarck,op. cit., 507, 508.
[469]Westermarck,op. cit., 507, 508.
[470]Ibid., 509.
[470]Ibid., 509.
[471]Starcke,op. cit., 264, 265, 255, 258, 259.
[471]Starcke,op. cit., 264, 265, 255, 258, 259.
[472]For wife-capture seeMcLennan,Studies, I, 31 ff.; II, 57 ff., 268 ff.,passim;Patriarchial Theory, chap, xiii;Post,Familienrecht, 97 ff., 137-57;Geschlechtsgenossenschaft, 54 ff.;Ursprung des Rechts, 47, 57;Anfänge, 209;Grundlagen, 229 ff.; 240;Afrikanische Jurisprudenz, I, 323 ff.;Hellwald,Die mensch. Familie, 275-86;Grosse,Die Formen der Familie, 105 ff.;Achelis,Entwicklung der Ehe, 79 ff.;Kulischer, "Intercommunale Ehe durch Raub und Kauf,"ZFE., X, 192 ff.;Letourneau,L'évolution du mariage, 110-29;Dargun,Mutterrecht und Raubehe;Schroeder,Hochzeitsbräuche der Esten, 14 ff.;Westermarck,Human Marriage, 383-90;Starcke,Primitive Family, 209 ff.,passim;Lubbock,Origin of Civilization, 104-33;Giraud-Teulon,Les origines, 117 ff.;Lippert,Geschichte der Familie, 42 ff., 100 ff., 95-118, 148 ff.;idem,Kulturgeschichte, II, 93 ff., 103, 129;Wake,Marriage and Kinship, 402-34, 246 ff., 305, 350;Kohler, "Studien,"ZVR., V, 334-68;Friedrichs, "Familienstufen und Eheformen,"ibid., X, 212, 213;Bernhöft, "Principien des europäischen Familienrechts,"ibid., IX, 392-406;Leist,Alt-arisches Jus Gentium, 126 ff.;Zmigrodski,Die Mutter, 249 ff.;Kautsky, inKosmos, XII, 256 ff., 338 ff.;Hildebrand,Ueber das Problem, 17 ff.;Heusler,Institutionen, II, 277-86;Mucke,Horde und Familie, 108 ff.,passim;Spencer, inVarious Fragments, 74 ff., replying to McLennan.
[472]For wife-capture seeMcLennan,Studies, I, 31 ff.; II, 57 ff., 268 ff.,passim;Patriarchial Theory, chap, xiii;Post,Familienrecht, 97 ff., 137-57;Geschlechtsgenossenschaft, 54 ff.;Ursprung des Rechts, 47, 57;Anfänge, 209;Grundlagen, 229 ff.; 240;Afrikanische Jurisprudenz, I, 323 ff.;Hellwald,Die mensch. Familie, 275-86;Grosse,Die Formen der Familie, 105 ff.;Achelis,Entwicklung der Ehe, 79 ff.;Kulischer, "Intercommunale Ehe durch Raub und Kauf,"ZFE., X, 192 ff.;Letourneau,L'évolution du mariage, 110-29;Dargun,Mutterrecht und Raubehe;Schroeder,Hochzeitsbräuche der Esten, 14 ff.;Westermarck,Human Marriage, 383-90;Starcke,Primitive Family, 209 ff.,passim;Lubbock,Origin of Civilization, 104-33;Giraud-Teulon,Les origines, 117 ff.;Lippert,Geschichte der Familie, 42 ff., 100 ff., 95-118, 148 ff.;idem,Kulturgeschichte, II, 93 ff., 103, 129;Wake,Marriage and Kinship, 402-34, 246 ff., 305, 350;Kohler, "Studien,"ZVR., V, 334-68;Friedrichs, "Familienstufen und Eheformen,"ibid., X, 212, 213;Bernhöft, "Principien des europäischen Familienrechts,"ibid., IX, 392-406;Leist,Alt-arisches Jus Gentium, 126 ff.;Zmigrodski,Die Mutter, 249 ff.;Kautsky, inKosmos, XII, 256 ff., 338 ff.;Hildebrand,Ueber das Problem, 17 ff.;Heusler,Institutionen, II, 277-86;Mucke,Horde und Familie, 108 ff.,passim;Spencer, inVarious Fragments, 74 ff., replying to McLennan.
[473]McLennan,Studies, I, chaps. ii-vi,passim;Patriarchal Theory, chap. xiii.
[473]McLennan,Studies, I, chaps. ii-vi,passim;Patriarchal Theory, chap. xiii.
[474]"Ein zweites, bemerkenswertes Factum ist, dass es vergeblich wäre ein Volk finden zu wollen, von welchem direkt erwiesen werden könnte, es schliesse gegenwärtig sämmtliche Ehen auf dem Wege des Raubes, oder habe sie jemals nur auf diesem Wege geschlossen. Daher kann nicht mit voller Sicherheit behauptet werden, der Frauenraub sei je einzige Eheschliessungsform gewesen. Um so wahrscheinlicher ist es, dass er gewöhnliche, vorherrschende Eheschliessungsform war, da sich nur unter dieser Voraussetzung die allgemeine Anwendung der Entführungssymbolik bei den einzelnen Völkern erklären lässt."—Dargun,Mutterrecht und Raubehe, 79, 80.
[474]"Ein zweites, bemerkenswertes Factum ist, dass es vergeblich wäre ein Volk finden zu wollen, von welchem direkt erwiesen werden könnte, es schliesse gegenwärtig sämmtliche Ehen auf dem Wege des Raubes, oder habe sie jemals nur auf diesem Wege geschlossen. Daher kann nicht mit voller Sicherheit behauptet werden, der Frauenraub sei je einzige Eheschliessungsform gewesen. Um so wahrscheinlicher ist es, dass er gewöhnliche, vorherrschende Eheschliessungsform war, da sich nur unter dieser Voraussetzung die allgemeine Anwendung der Entführungssymbolik bei den einzelnen Völkern erklären lässt."—Dargun,Mutterrecht und Raubehe, 79, 80.
[475]Post,Familienrecht, 137, 138.Kohleralso regards capture as a general stage preceding that of wife-purchase: "Studien,"ZVR., V, 336;idem, "Indisches Ehe- und Familienrecht,"ibid.,ZVR., III, 342 ff.; and such also is the view ofLippert,Geschichte der Familie, 42 ff., 44, 95-118.
[475]Post,Familienrecht, 137, 138.Kohleralso regards capture as a general stage preceding that of wife-purchase: "Studien,"ZVR., V, 336;idem, "Indisches Ehe- und Familienrecht,"ibid.,ZVR., III, 342 ff.; and such also is the view ofLippert,Geschichte der Familie, 42 ff., 44, 95-118.
[476]Such is the view ofLetourneauin his able discussion of this subject: "Si pourtant l'on ne peut se dispenser d'étudier spécialement le mariage par capture, c'est qu'on lui a fait jouer en sociologie un rôle capital."—L'évolution du mariage, 110 ff.
[476]Such is the view ofLetourneauin his able discussion of this subject: "Si pourtant l'on ne peut se dispenser d'étudier spécialement le mariage par capture, c'est qu'on lui a fait jouer en sociologie un rôle capital."—L'évolution du mariage, 110 ff.
[477]Spencer,Principles of Sociology, I, 650.
[477]Spencer,Principles of Sociology, I, 650.
[478]McLennan,Studies, I, 31 ff.
[478]McLennan,Studies, I, 31 ff.
[479]Ibid., 32;Letourneau,op. cit., 114;Voyages of the Adventure and Beagle, II, 205.
[479]Ibid., 32;Letourneau,op. cit., 114;Voyages of the Adventure and Beagle, II, 205.
[480]Adam,Du parler des hommes, 2 ff.;Martius,Rechtszustande, 55;Letourneau,op. cit., 114;McLennan,op. cit., I, 33, 34;Westermarck,Human Marriage, 383;Waitz,Anthropologie, III, 355;Dargun,Mutterrecht und Raubehe, 82. But seeCrawley,Mystic Rose, 46-48, who believes the difference of language is one of the results of the fear of evil which causes sex-segregation and sexual taboo.
[480]Adam,Du parler des hommes, 2 ff.;Martius,Rechtszustande, 55;Letourneau,op. cit., 114;McLennan,op. cit., I, 33, 34;Westermarck,Human Marriage, 383;Waitz,Anthropologie, III, 355;Dargun,Mutterrecht und Raubehe, 82. But seeCrawley,Mystic Rose, 46-48, who believes the difference of language is one of the results of the fear of evil which causes sex-segregation and sexual taboo.
[481]Martius,Ethnologie, I, 106, 107;idem, Rechtszustande, 55, 62.
[481]Martius,Ethnologie, I, 106, 107;idem, Rechtszustande, 55, 62.
[482]Hellwald,Die mensch. Familie, 188.
[482]Hellwald,Die mensch. Familie, 188.
[483]Letourneau,op. cit., 113, 114;Westermarck, op. cit., 384;Post, Afrikanische Jurisprudenz, I, 324 ff.
[483]Letourneau,op. cit., 113, 114;Westermarck, op. cit., 384;Post, Afrikanische Jurisprudenz, I, 324 ff.
[484]Letourneau,op. cit., 111.
[484]Letourneau,op. cit., 111.
[485]Dargun,op. cit., 81;Westermarck,op. cit., 385;Fison and Howitt,Kamilaroi and Kurnai, 343 ff.;Mathews, "Australian Aborigines,"Jour. Roy. Soc., N. S. Wales, XXIII, 407;Smyth,Aborigines of Victoria, II, 316;Spencer and Gillen,Native Tribes of Cent. Australia, 102-5, 554-56.
[485]Dargun,op. cit., 81;Westermarck,op. cit., 385;Fison and Howitt,Kamilaroi and Kurnai, 343 ff.;Mathews, "Australian Aborigines,"Jour. Roy. Soc., N. S. Wales, XXIII, 407;Smyth,Aborigines of Victoria, II, 316;Spencer and Gillen,Native Tribes of Cent. Australia, 102-5, 554-56.
[486]See especiallySchroeder,Hochzeitsbräuche;Buch,Die Wotjäken, 49 ff.;Kohler, "Studien,"ZVR., V, 334 ff.; and his "Frauenwerbung und Frauenraub im finnischen Heldenepos,"ibid., VI, 277 ff.
[486]See especiallySchroeder,Hochzeitsbräuche;Buch,Die Wotjäken, 49 ff.;Kohler, "Studien,"ZVR., V, 334 ff.; and his "Frauenwerbung und Frauenraub im finnischen Heldenepos,"ibid., VI, 277 ff.
[487]Dargun,op. cit., 111-40;Weinhold,Deutsche Frauen, I, 308-10;Grimm,Deutsche Rechtsalterthümer, 440;Westermarck,op. cit., 387.
[487]Dargun,op. cit., 111-40;Weinhold,Deutsche Frauen, I, 308-10;Grimm,Deutsche Rechtsalterthümer, 440;Westermarck,op. cit., 387.
[488]Westermarck,op. cit., 387, citingOlaus Magnus,Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus, Book X, chap, ii, 328.Cf.alsoMcLennan,op. cit., I, 37; andDargun,op. cit., 95-97, who gives the passage from Olaus.
[488]Westermarck,op. cit., 387, citingOlaus Magnus,Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus, Book X, chap, ii, 328.Cf.alsoMcLennan,op. cit., I, 37; andDargun,op. cit., 95-97, who gives the passage from Olaus.
[489]Westermarck,op. cit., 387. CompareKovalevsky,Mod. Customs and Ancient Laws of Russia, 23, 24.
[489]Westermarck,op. cit., 387. CompareKovalevsky,Mod. Customs and Ancient Laws of Russia, 23, 24.
[490]Dargun,op. cit., 93, 94;Schroeder,Hochzeitsbräuche, 18;Kulischer, "Intercommunale Ehe durch Raub und Kauf,"ZFE., X, 197;Düringsfeld,Hochzeitsbuch, 73, 77.
[490]Dargun,op. cit., 93, 94;Schroeder,Hochzeitsbräuche, 18;Kulischer, "Intercommunale Ehe durch Raub und Kauf,"ZFE., X, 197;Düringsfeld,Hochzeitsbuch, 73, 77.
[491]Dargun,op. cit., 92.
[491]Dargun,op. cit., 92.
[492]Ibid., 100-102;Rossbach,Die römische Ehe, 214, 215, 328 ff.;Lubbock,Origin of Civilization, 124;Schroeder,op. cit., 16.
[492]Ibid., 100-102;Rossbach,Die römische Ehe, 214, 215, 328 ff.;Lubbock,Origin of Civilization, 124;Schroeder,op. cit., 16.
[493]Westermarck,op. cit., 386, citingZmigrodski,Die Mutter bei den Völkern des arischen Stammes, 250. For the ancient Greeks seeMcLennan,op. cit., I, 44-46;Dargun,op. cit., 99;Schroeder,op. cit., 15, 16;Rossbach,op. cit., 213. According toHruza,Ehebegründung, 5;idem,Polygamie und Pellikat, 79, 94, 95, capture of women for wives existed only in isolated cases among the ancient Hellenes.
[493]Westermarck,op. cit., 386, citingZmigrodski,Die Mutter bei den Völkern des arischen Stammes, 250. For the ancient Greeks seeMcLennan,op. cit., I, 44-46;Dargun,op. cit., 99;Schroeder,op. cit., 15, 16;Rossbach,op. cit., 213. According toHruza,Ehebegründung, 5;idem,Polygamie und Pellikat, 79, 94, 95, capture of women for wives existed only in isolated cases among the ancient Hellenes.
[494]McLennan,op. cit., I, 35, citingCampbell'sIndian Journal(1864), 400, andLatham'sDescriptive Ethnology, II, 215.
[494]McLennan,op. cit., I, 35, citingCampbell'sIndian Journal(1864), 400, andLatham'sDescriptive Ethnology, II, 215.
[495]Burnell and Hopkins,Ordinances of Manu, III, vss. 33, 26, pp. 48, 49, 189-91.Cf.McLennan,op. cit., I, 42, 43;Dargun,op. cit., 93;Westermarck,op. cit., 386;Letourneau,L'évolution du mariage, 115;Leist,Alt-arisches Jus Gentium, 126 ff.;Kohler, "Indisches Ehe- und Familienrecht,"ZVR., III, 344 ff.;Mayne,Hindu Law and Usage, 76, 77, 80;Schroeder,op. cit., 15;Jolly,Rechtliche Stellung der Frauen bei den ältern Indern, 19;idem,Hindu Law of Partition, 73 ff.
[495]Burnell and Hopkins,Ordinances of Manu, III, vss. 33, 26, pp. 48, 49, 189-91.Cf.McLennan,op. cit., I, 42, 43;Dargun,op. cit., 93;Westermarck,op. cit., 386;Letourneau,L'évolution du mariage, 115;Leist,Alt-arisches Jus Gentium, 126 ff.;Kohler, "Indisches Ehe- und Familienrecht,"ZVR., III, 344 ff.;Mayne,Hindu Law and Usage, 76, 77, 80;Schroeder,op. cit., 15;Jolly,Rechtliche Stellung der Frauen bei den ältern Indern, 19;idem,Hindu Law of Partition, 73 ff.
[496]Robertson Smith,Kinship and Marriage, 72-74;cf.Letourneau,op. cit., 115, 116;Kohler, "Das vorislamitische Recht der Araber,"ZVR., VIII, 240, 241, 247.
[496]Robertson Smith,Kinship and Marriage, 72-74;cf.Letourneau,op. cit., 115, 116;Kohler, "Das vorislamitische Recht der Araber,"ZVR., VIII, 240, 241, 247.
[497]Deut. 21: 10-14.Cf.McLennan,op. cit., I, 43, 44, who calls attention toSelden'streatise on the rules regulating such marriages:De jure naturali et gentium juxta disciplinam Ebraeorum, lib. v, cap. xiii, fol. 617.
[497]Deut. 21: 10-14.Cf.McLennan,op. cit., I, 43, 44, who calls attention toSelden'streatise on the rules regulating such marriages:De jure naturali et gentium juxta disciplinam Ebraeorum, lib. v, cap. xiii, fol. 617.
[498]McLennan,op. cit., I, 46, 47;Letourneau,op. cit., 115;cf.Judg., chaps. 20, 21.
[498]McLennan,op. cit., I, 46, 47;Letourneau,op. cit., 115;cf.Judg., chaps. 20, 21.
[499]Numb., chap. 31;cf.Letourneau,op. cit., 115, 116;Hellwald,Die mensch. Familie, 183.
[499]Numb., chap. 31;cf.Letourneau,op. cit., 115, 116;Hellwald,Die mensch. Familie, 183.
[500]Letourneau,op. cit., 116.
[500]Letourneau,op. cit., 116.
[501]Ibid., 110.Cf.the similar conclusion ofBernhöft, "Principien des eur. Familienrechts,"ZVR., IX, 392, 393, 394; andGrosse,Die Formen der Familie, 105 ff.
[501]Ibid., 110.Cf.the similar conclusion ofBernhöft, "Principien des eur. Familienrechts,"ZVR., IX, 392, 393, 394; andGrosse,Die Formen der Familie, 105 ff.
[502]Letourneau,op. cit., 116, 117 ff.
[502]Letourneau,op. cit., 116, 117 ff.
[503]Dargun'sclassification of peoples, among whom occurs so-called marriage by capture in its various forms, will be found useful (Mutterrecht und Raubehe, 78 ff., 92, 138, 139). They are divided into two major classes:I. Peoples among whom wife-capture is an essential part of marriage. This class comprehends three grades according to the consent of the guardian (Gewalthaber) of the woman:1. In the first grade fall peoples among whom wife-capture is customary without any regard to the guardian: East Indians, Slavs, Germans, and various non-Aryan peoples.2. In the second grade fall peoples among whom it is the custom, after the capture is effected, to compound with the guardian by paying a penalty for the abduction or a price for the woman: including Slavs, Lithuanians, modern Greeks of the Ionian Isles, the Ossetes of the Caucasus, the Germans, and certain non-Aryan peoples.3. In the third grade are peoples among whom the abduction of the bride, no longer accompanied by actual violence, is a legal requirement, though preceded by consent of the guardian. Besides non-Aryan examples, here are found the Romans, ancient Greeks, Slavs, possibly the Germans.II. Peoples among whom wife-capture exists as a survival in merely symbolical form and without legal significance. Examples among nearly all peoples in every stage of advancement.Cf.the similar classification ofPost,Familienrecht, 139, 140.
[503]Dargun'sclassification of peoples, among whom occurs so-called marriage by capture in its various forms, will be found useful (Mutterrecht und Raubehe, 78 ff., 92, 138, 139). They are divided into two major classes:
I. Peoples among whom wife-capture is an essential part of marriage. This class comprehends three grades according to the consent of the guardian (Gewalthaber) of the woman:
1. In the first grade fall peoples among whom wife-capture is customary without any regard to the guardian: East Indians, Slavs, Germans, and various non-Aryan peoples.
2. In the second grade fall peoples among whom it is the custom, after the capture is effected, to compound with the guardian by paying a penalty for the abduction or a price for the woman: including Slavs, Lithuanians, modern Greeks of the Ionian Isles, the Ossetes of the Caucasus, the Germans, and certain non-Aryan peoples.
3. In the third grade are peoples among whom the abduction of the bride, no longer accompanied by actual violence, is a legal requirement, though preceded by consent of the guardian. Besides non-Aryan examples, here are found the Romans, ancient Greeks, Slavs, possibly the Germans.
II. Peoples among whom wife-capture exists as a survival in merely symbolical form and without legal significance. Examples among nearly all peoples in every stage of advancement.
Cf.the similar classification ofPost,Familienrecht, 139, 140.
[504]On the form of capture, seeDargun,op. cit., 86-92, 102 ff., 111 ff.;Hellwald,op. cit., 286-305;Grosse,Die Formen der Familie, 105 ff.;Schroeder,Hochzeitsbräuche, 14 ff.;Kohler, "Studien,"ZVR., V, 334 ff.; and for examples,Kohler'spapers inZVR., VII, 371 (New Guinea); VI, 333, 339, 399 (Roumania); IX, 325 (Bengal); XI, 57 (Azteks), 436 (Kamerun);Rehme, "Das Recht der Amaxosa,"ZVR., X, 38;Letourneau,op. cit., 117-29;McLennan,op. cit., I, 9-21;Westermarck,op. cit., 382-90;Post,Geschlechtsgenossenschaft, 54 ff.;Familienrecht, 137-57;Starcke,Primitive Family, 212 ff., 262; and illustrations inSchmidt,Hochzeiten in Thüringen, 33, 36, 40;Wood,Wedding Day, 35, 46, 59, 68, 118 ff., 121-44,passim; andDüringsfeld,Hochzeitsbuch,passim.
[504]On the form of capture, seeDargun,op. cit., 86-92, 102 ff., 111 ff.;Hellwald,op. cit., 286-305;Grosse,Die Formen der Familie, 105 ff.;Schroeder,Hochzeitsbräuche, 14 ff.;Kohler, "Studien,"ZVR., V, 334 ff.; and for examples,Kohler'spapers inZVR., VII, 371 (New Guinea); VI, 333, 339, 399 (Roumania); IX, 325 (Bengal); XI, 57 (Azteks), 436 (Kamerun);Rehme, "Das Recht der Amaxosa,"ZVR., X, 38;Letourneau,op. cit., 117-29;McLennan,op. cit., I, 9-21;Westermarck,op. cit., 382-90;Post,Geschlechtsgenossenschaft, 54 ff.;Familienrecht, 137-57;Starcke,Primitive Family, 212 ff., 262; and illustrations inSchmidt,Hochzeiten in Thüringen, 33, 36, 40;Wood,Wedding Day, 35, 46, 59, 68, 118 ff., 121-44,passim; andDüringsfeld,Hochzeitsbuch,passim.
[505]Hayes,The Open Polar Sea, 432; quoted byLubbock,Origin of Civilization, 118, 119.Cf.also,Letourneau,op. cit., 117.
[505]Hayes,The Open Polar Sea, 432; quoted byLubbock,Origin of Civilization, 118, 119.Cf.also,Letourneau,op. cit., 117.
[506]Turner, "Ethnology of the Ungava District," inXI. Rep. of Bureau of Eth., 188. "I knew of one instance," he adds, "when a girl was tied to a snow house for a period of two weeks, and not allowed to go out." Forcible abduction is referred to byMurdoch, "Point Barrow Expedition,"ibid., IX, 412, 413. The practice also exists at Smith Sound:Bessels, inNaturalist, XVIII, Part IX;Murdoch,op. cit., 411.
[506]Turner, "Ethnology of the Ungava District," inXI. Rep. of Bureau of Eth., 188. "I knew of one instance," he adds, "when a girl was tied to a snow house for a period of two weeks, and not allowed to go out." Forcible abduction is referred to byMurdoch, "Point Barrow Expedition,"ibid., IX, 412, 413. The practice also exists at Smith Sound:Bessels, inNaturalist, XVIII, Part IX;Murdoch,op. cit., 411.
[507]Murdoch,op. cit., 411, citingEgede'sGreenland.
[507]Murdoch,op. cit., 411, citingEgede'sGreenland.
[508]Beckwith, "Customs of the Dakotahs,"Rep. Smith. Inst., 1886, Part I, 256 (abduction with purchase). Among the Siouan Indians, according toMcGee, there is no marriage by capture; but captive women are sometimes espoused and girls are occasionally abducted:XV. Rep. of Bureau of Eth., 178.
[508]Beckwith, "Customs of the Dakotahs,"Rep. Smith. Inst., 1886, Part I, 256 (abduction with purchase). Among the Siouan Indians, according toMcGee, there is no marriage by capture; but captive women are sometimes espoused and girls are occasionally abducted:XV. Rep. of Bureau of Eth., 178.
[509]Carver,Travels, 374;Letourneau,L'évolution du mariage, 118;Lubbock,Origin of Civilization, 85. A similar custom exists among the Khands of Orissa:Lubbock,op. cit., 114;McLennan,Studies, I, 13-15;Post,Familienrecht, 144.
[509]Carver,Travels, 374;Letourneau,L'évolution du mariage, 118;Lubbock,Origin of Civilization, 85. A similar custom exists among the Khands of Orissa:Lubbock,op. cit., 114;McLennan,Studies, I, 13-15;Post,Familienrecht, 144.
[510]Dargun,Mutterrecht und Raubehe, 88, who names many other peoples among whom the like custom prevails.Cf.Lubbock,op. cit., 123, 113 ff.;Burckhardt,Notes on the Beduins and Wahabys, I, 263, 108, 234.Cf.Kohler, "Das vorislamitische Recht der Araber,"ZVR., VIII, 247, 248.
[510]Dargun,Mutterrecht und Raubehe, 88, who names many other peoples among whom the like custom prevails.Cf.Lubbock,op. cit., 123, 113 ff.;Burckhardt,Notes on the Beduins and Wahabys, I, 263, 108, 234.Cf.Kohler, "Das vorislamitische Recht der Araber,"ZVR., VIII, 247, 248.
[511]Letourneau,op. cit., 118, 119;cf.Lubbock,op. cit., 117, 118. In Kamchatka, according toMüller,Description de toutes les nations de l'empire de Russie, II, 89, "attraper une fille est leur expression pour dire marier."—Lubbock, 118.
[511]Letourneau,op. cit., 118, 119;cf.Lubbock,op. cit., 117, 118. In Kamchatka, according toMüller,Description de toutes les nations de l'empire de Russie, II, 89, "attraper une fille est leur expression pour dire marier."—Lubbock, 118.
[512]Bancroft,Native Races, I, 732, 733. For further examples of "ceremonial" capture or abduction, seePeal, "On the 'Morong,'"Jour. Anth. Inst., XXII, 255;Klemm,Kulturgeschichte, IV, 27 (Tscherkessen).
[512]Bancroft,Native Races, I, 732, 733. For further examples of "ceremonial" capture or abduction, seePeal, "On the 'Morong,'"Jour. Anth. Inst., XXII, 255;Klemm,Kulturgeschichte, IV, 27 (Tscherkessen).
[513]Dargun,Mutterrecht und Raubehe, 88, 89, 108 ff.;Lubbock,op. cit., 118-20.
[513]Dargun,Mutterrecht und Raubehe, 88, 89, 108 ff.;Lubbock,op. cit., 118-20.
[514]Bancroft,op. cit., I, 389.
[514]Bancroft,op. cit., I, 389.
[515]Dorsey, "Siouan Sociology,"XV. Rep. of Bureau of Eth., 242. CompareMcGee, "Siouan Indians,"ibid., 178, who says elopements are sometimes sanctioned.
[515]Dorsey, "Siouan Sociology,"XV. Rep. of Bureau of Eth., 242. CompareMcGee, "Siouan Indians,"ibid., 178, who says elopements are sometimes sanctioned.
[516]Dorsey, "Omaha Sociology,"III. Rep. of Bureau of Eth., 260, 261.
[516]Dorsey, "Omaha Sociology,"III. Rep. of Bureau of Eth., 260, 261.
[517]Xavier Hommaire de Hell,Travels in the Steppes of the Caspian Sea(London, 1847), 259; cited byMcLennan,Studies, I, 15.Cf.Letourneau,op. cit., 119.
[517]Xavier Hommaire de Hell,Travels in the Steppes of the Caspian Sea(London, 1847), 259; cited byMcLennan,Studies, I, 15.Cf.Letourneau,op. cit., 119.
[518]Clarke,Travels, I, 433;McLennan,op. cit., I, 15, 16.Cf.Koehne, "Das Recht der Kalmücken,"ZVR., IX, 462;Dargun,op. cit., 89;Lubbock,op. cit., 116, 117.With the Kalmuck case may be compared the following, communicated by Dawson: "One day in 1872, when the writer was on the Ponka Reservation in Dakota, he noticed several young men on horseback, who were waiting for a young girl to leave the mission house. He learned that they were her suitors, and that they intended to run a race with her after they dismounted. Whoever could catch her would marry her; but she would take care not to let the wrong one catch her. La Flèche and Two Crows maintain that this is not a regular Ponka custom, and they are sure that the girl (a widow) must have been a 'mickeda,' or 'dissolute woman.'"—Dawson, "Omaha Sociology," inIII. Rep. of Bureau of Eth., 260.
[518]Clarke,Travels, I, 433;McLennan,op. cit., I, 15, 16.Cf.Koehne, "Das Recht der Kalmücken,"ZVR., IX, 462;Dargun,op. cit., 89;Lubbock,op. cit., 116, 117.
With the Kalmuck case may be compared the following, communicated by Dawson: "One day in 1872, when the writer was on the Ponka Reservation in Dakota, he noticed several young men on horseback, who were waiting for a young girl to leave the mission house. He learned that they were her suitors, and that they intended to run a race with her after they dismounted. Whoever could catch her would marry her; but she would take care not to let the wrong one catch her. La Flèche and Two Crows maintain that this is not a regular Ponka custom, and they are sure that the girl (a widow) must have been a 'mickeda,' or 'dissolute woman.'"—Dawson, "Omaha Sociology," inIII. Rep. of Bureau of Eth., 260.
[519]Bonwick,Daily Life and Origin of the Tasmanians, 65, 66.
[519]Bonwick,Daily Life and Origin of the Tasmanians, 65, 66.
[520]McLennan,op. cit., I, 38 ff., maintains the prevalence of capturede facto, especially in the form of violent abduction; and he is followed byLubbock,op. cit., 111-13. According toFison and Howitt,Kamilaroi and Kurnai, 343 ff., women are sometimes (1) stolen from kindred groups; (2) seized in war between related clans; or (3) captured from alien tribes, elopement being of more frequent, and marriage by exchange or gift of less frequent, occurrence. But it should be remembered that elopement and purchase often go together.Mr. Curr,The Australian Race, I, 108, states that women are very seldom captured from other tribes, the practice being discouraged for fear of stirring up incessant attacks.Cf.Westermarck,Human Marriage, 384, 385; andKohler, "Das Recht der Australneger,"ZVR., VII, 350 ff.Spencer and Gillen,Native Tribes of Cent. Australia, 104, 105, 554-60, name four methods of obtaining wives among these aborigines: (1) charming by means of magic; (2) capture, being of "much rarer occurrence;" (3) elopement, a form "intermediate" between the method of charming and that of capture, often leading to bloody fights; (4) the custom "in accordance with which every woman in the tribe is madeTualcha mura[prospective mother-in-law] with some man. This relation is entered into while the male and female are in tender years; so that the boy is thus betrothed to the prospective, unborn daughter of hisTualcha mura. This is the usual method of obtaining a wife in the Arunta and Ilpirra tribes.
[520]McLennan,op. cit., I, 38 ff., maintains the prevalence of capturede facto, especially in the form of violent abduction; and he is followed byLubbock,op. cit., 111-13. According toFison and Howitt,Kamilaroi and Kurnai, 343 ff., women are sometimes (1) stolen from kindred groups; (2) seized in war between related clans; or (3) captured from alien tribes, elopement being of more frequent, and marriage by exchange or gift of less frequent, occurrence. But it should be remembered that elopement and purchase often go together.Mr. Curr,The Australian Race, I, 108, states that women are very seldom captured from other tribes, the practice being discouraged for fear of stirring up incessant attacks.Cf.Westermarck,Human Marriage, 384, 385; andKohler, "Das Recht der Australneger,"ZVR., VII, 350 ff.
Spencer and Gillen,Native Tribes of Cent. Australia, 104, 105, 554-60, name four methods of obtaining wives among these aborigines: (1) charming by means of magic; (2) capture, being of "much rarer occurrence;" (3) elopement, a form "intermediate" between the method of charming and that of capture, often leading to bloody fights; (4) the custom "in accordance with which every woman in the tribe is madeTualcha mura[prospective mother-in-law] with some man. This relation is entered into while the male and female are in tender years; so that the boy is thus betrothed to the prospective, unborn daughter of hisTualcha mura. This is the usual method of obtaining a wife in the Arunta and Ilpirra tribes.