Chapter 22

[596]Westermarck,op. cit., 392;Post,op. cit., 180 ff., 188.

[597]Ibid., 193-99;Kohler, "Studien,"ZVR., V, 338, 350, 351;Westermarck,op. cit., 394;Kohler, inZVR., VII, 371.

[598]Boaz, "Kwakiutl Indians,"Rep. Smith. Inst., 1895,Nat. Mus., 358, 359.

[599]Beckwith, "Customs of the Dakotahs,"Rep. Smith. Inst., 1886, Part I, 255-57. CompareRiggs, "Dakota Grammar,"Cont. to N. A. Eth., IX, 205, 206. "Dowries" are exchanged among the Coast Indians:Niblack,Rep. Smith. Inst., 1888,Nat. Mus., 367, 368. Bundles of presents are used by the Abipones:Klemm,Kulturgeschichte, II, 75, 76.

[600]Bancroft,op. cit., I, 276, 277. According toWake,Marriage and Kinship, 183, the Indians of northern California are "so essentially wife purchasers that the children of a wife who has cost her husband nothing are looked upon as bastards and treated with contempt."

[601]Bancroft,op. cit., I, 349, 350. The old men have a similar monopoly among the Zulus:Kohler, inZVR., V, 350.

[602]Powers,Tribes of California, 22. A string of dentalium is worth $40 or $50,ibid., 21.

[603]Ibid., 247.

[604]Westermarck,op. cit., 292, 293;Schoolcraft,Indian Tribes, IV, 214;Letherman, "Sketch of the Navajo Tribe of Indians,"Rep. Smith. Inst., 1855, 294.On wife-purchase, exchange of presents, and wedding ceremonial among American aborigines see furtherMartius,Rechtszustande, 57, 58;idem,Ethnographie, I, 108-10;Eells, "Indians of Wash. Ter.,"Rep. Smith. Inst., 1887, 665 (price of woman $100 to $400);McGee, "Siouan Indians,"XV. Rep. of Bureau of Eth., 178;Dorsey, "Siouan Sociology,"ibid., XV, 242;Turner, "Ethnology of the Ungava District,"ibid., XI, 188;MacCauley, "Seminole Indians of Florida,"ibid., V, 495, 496 (ceremonies);Kohler, "Studien,"ZVR., V, 342, 352 ff.;Post,Familienrecht, 183;Schoolcraft,Indian Tribes, II, 48.

[604]Westermarck,op. cit., 292, 293;Schoolcraft,Indian Tribes, IV, 214;Letherman, "Sketch of the Navajo Tribe of Indians,"Rep. Smith. Inst., 1855, 294.

On wife-purchase, exchange of presents, and wedding ceremonial among American aborigines see furtherMartius,Rechtszustande, 57, 58;idem,Ethnographie, I, 108-10;Eells, "Indians of Wash. Ter.,"Rep. Smith. Inst., 1887, 665 (price of woman $100 to $400);McGee, "Siouan Indians,"XV. Rep. of Bureau of Eth., 178;Dorsey, "Siouan Sociology,"ibid., XV, 242;Turner, "Ethnology of the Ungava District,"ibid., XI, 188;MacCauley, "Seminole Indians of Florida,"ibid., V, 495, 496 (ceremonies);Kohler, "Studien,"ZVR., V, 342, 352 ff.;Post,Familienrecht, 183;Schoolcraft,Indian Tribes, II, 48.

[605]Letourneau,L'évolution du mariage, 137 ff.;Kohler, inZVR., V, 350 ff.;idem, "Das Negerrecht,"ibid., XI, 419 ff., 433, 434, 435-41;Rehme, "Das Recht der Amaxosa,"ibid., X, 37, 38;Henrici, "Das Recht der Epheneger",ibid., XI, 134;Post,ibid., XI, 232 (Amaxosa);idem,Familienrecht, 183, 184;Buchner,Kamerun, 31 ff.; especiallyFritsch,Die Eingeborenen Süd-Afrikas, 112 ff. (Kafirs), 141-44 (Zulus), 192-94 (Bechuanas), 365 (Namaquas), 444, 445 (Bushmans); andMunzinger,Ostafrikanische Studien, 146 ff., 240, 241, 319 ff., 387;Ellis,Ewe-Speaking Peoples, 153 ff., 199 ff.

[606]Westermarck,op. cit., 393. CompareFritsch,op. cit., 112, 113, who says the "price varies from some six or seven oxen to thirty or more, if the daughter of a respectable chief is concerned." The price is usually paid in instalments; and, according to Fritsch, among the Kafirs the only thing which distinguishes a woman from cattle is the fact that her lord and master may not wantonly kill her or do her severe bodily hurt; for then the chief would demand the composition or blood-money.

[607]In such case the father may return the woman to the husband with a part of the cattle; and thus the higgling will proceed till an agreement is reached:Fritsch,op. cit., 143, 144;cf.Ratzel,Hist. of Mankind, II, 434 (Zulus), 370 (Bechuanas).

[608]Westermarck,op. cit., 393;Ratzel,op. cit., III, 16;Wilson and Felkin,Uganda and the Egyptian Soudan, I, 187. Purchase or exchange of gifts exists widely among the peoples on the northern borders of Abyssinia:Munzinger,Ostaf. Studien, 146 ff., 240, 241, 319 ff., 387.Cf.alsoPost,op. cit., 183, 184;Letourneau,op. cit., 137 ff.;Wake,op. cit., 213-15;Waitz,Anthropologie, II, 108-17 (many examples).

[609]Waitz,op. cit., II, 118, 119;Kohler, "Das Negerrecht,"ZVR., XI, 422-24. In case of the death of a husband who has made part payment for his wife, the son or other heir pays the balance due and takes the woman:ibid., 423, 424. For cases of wife-pawning among the Siamese seeBastian,Rechtsverhältnisse, 407 ff.

[610]See particularlyKohler, inZVR., V, 334 ff., who gives much interesting matter relating to these peoples; alsoPost,op. cit., 184 ff.;Letourneau,op. cit., 143 ff.;Westermarck,op. cit., 393, 395;Schroeder,Hochzeitsbräuche,passim;Buch,Die Wotjäken,loc. cit.

[611]Post,op. cit., 185, 186. Among the Kirgese of Semipalatinsk cattle are the unit of exchange in which other property is reckoned:ibid., 186. Post gives many interesting details as to prices of women among the Asiatic and European peoples.

[612]Post,ibid., 190 ff., gives examples. "Bei den Osseten im Kaukasus zahlt man für Wittwen die Hälfte des Brautpreises der Jungfrau, bei den Arabern am Sinai die Hälfte oder ein Drittel."—Ibid., 191.Cf.alsoWestermarck,op. cit., 392.

[613]Letourneau,L'évolution du mariage, 144. Women who have shown themselves fruitful sometimes bring more than girls:Post,op. cit., 190, 191;Die Anfänge des Staats- und Rechtsleben, 41 ff.;Afrikanische Jurisprudenz, I, 340, 341.

[614]Letourneau,op. cit., 143, 144.Cf.Koehne, "Das Recht der Kalmücken,"ZVR., IX, 461 ff., who shows that the Kalmuck wife is in a relatively worthy position.

[615]Westermarck,op. cit., 394, 395;Jamieson,China Review, X, 78. But compareMöllendorff,Das chinesische Familienrecht, 21, 23,passim; andSmith,Village Life in China, chap. xxiii. According toHuc,Chinese Empire, II, 225 ff., the price is paid in two instalments, one part at the signing of the contract, another a few days before the wedding. Gifts are also made by the bridegroom's parents; while the bride's parents provide her with a trousseau.Cf.Kohler, "Aus dem chinesischen Civilrecht,"ZVR., VI, 365 ff., 405, 406;Letourneau,op. cit., 144, 145;Ratzel,Hist. of Mankind, III, 493-508;Klemm,Kulturgeschichte, VI, 102-24.

[616]Smith,Kinship and Marriage, 77 ff. He quotes the following lines from theKâmil, 270 ff.:"Never let sister praise brother of hers: never let daughter bewail a father's death;"Fortheyhave brought her where she is no longer a free woman, andtheyhave banished her to the farthest ends of the earth."

[616]Smith,Kinship and Marriage, 77 ff. He quotes the following lines from theKâmil, 270 ff.:

"Never let sister praise brother of hers: never let daughter bewail a father's death;"Fortheyhave brought her where she is no longer a free woman, andtheyhave banished her to the farthest ends of the earth."

[617]Smith,op. cit., 78, 79.Cf.on the Arabs,Letourneau,op. cit., 117;Westermarck,op. cit., 395;Post,op. cit., 191-93,passim; especiallyKohler, "Studien,"ZVR., V, 357 ff., and the literature there cited;idem, "Ueber das vorislamitische Recht,"ibid., VIII, 241, 248, 259; andTornauw, "Das Erbrecht nach den Verordnungen des Islams,"ibid., V, 129-37;Friedrichs, "Das Eherecht des Islam,"ibid., VII, 259-61, 243, 252, 272.

[618]Smith,op. cit., 79.

[619]Deut. 27:29;cf.Lichtschein,Die Ehe nach mosaisch-talmudischer Auffassung, 10.

[620]Ruth 4:10; Hosea 3:2.Cf.Smith,op. cit., 79;Westermarck,op. cit., 395; and in general on Hebrew matrimonial customs seeBader,La femme biblique, 1-225, 114, 115 (móhar).

[621]Wake,op. cit., 237;Weill,La femme juive(1874), 11, 12, 117 ff.

[622]Lichtschein,Die Ehe, 11, 12;Mielziner,Jewish Law of Marriage and Divorce, 77 ff. This author's surmise that the symbolical marriage with money was adopted under influence of the Romancoemptiois, of course, not well founded:ibid., 78 n. 2.

[623]Westermarck,op. cit., 395. Even in the days of Abraham the purchase price is beginning to be transformed into a dower: "And the servant brought forth jewels of silver, and jewels of gold, and raiment and gave them to Rebekah; he gave also to her brother and to her mother precious things."—Gen. 24:53.Cf.Westermarck, 408, and the authorities there cited.

[624]Kohler, inZVR., V, 361.Cf.Letourneau,op. cit., 147, who says that so much do they regard wives as property that in case of remarriage the second husband has to indemnify the family of the first for the bride-price.

[625]Kohler,loc. cit., 361, 362. Even in recent times the chieftains in middle Albania were accustomed to steal their wives from Turkish families and to compel them to receive Christian baptism:ibid., 362.

[626]The "bride-wooer" appears in many places:Schroeder,Hochzeitsbräuche, 32-45, 200 ff.;Kohler, "Indische Gewohnheitsrechte,"ZVR., VIII, 90.

[627]Zimmer,Altindisches Leben, 309-11, 314.Leist,Alt-arisches Jus Gentium, 125-75, gives a masterly discussion of marriage among the early Aryans, with particular reference to the Hindus. With this should be compared the able paper ofKohler, "Indisches Ehe- und Familienrecht,"ZVR., III, 342-442, who differs on some important points; andSchrader,Sprachvergleichung und Urgeschichte, 381 ff. The "rich presents" referred to consisted, in case of actual purchase, of one hundred cows; andLeist,op. cit., 128, notes the coincidence of this number with one hundred beeves mentioned byHomer,Iliad, xi, l. 244.

[628]SeeApastamba, II, 6, 13, 12.

[629]But Manu is not always consistent regarding the legality of the actual bride-money; seeOrdinances, IX, 93:Burnell and Hopkins, 260 n. 7; andcf.Kohler, "Indisches Ehe- und Familienrecht,"ZVR., III, 345 n. 8.

[630]Burnell and Hopkins,Ordinances of Manu, Lect. III, 20, 21, 24, 31, 41 ff., 47-50. "This form is also practiced at the present day by people claiming to be Brahmans,e. g., the Caiva Brahmans, called 'Gurukkal,' in southern India, who seldom can get wives for less than a thousand rupees. It often happens that low-caste girls are palmed off on them."—Ibid., 49 n. 2.Cf.Jolly,Hindu Law of Partition, 73-76, for a discussion of the marriage forms;idem,Ueber die rechtliche Stellung der Frauen, 15-18.

[631]One of the eight marriage forms mentioned by Manu with approval: The "gift in due form of a maiden is called theĀrsharite, when a pair or two of cattle have been legally received from the bridegroom."—Burnell and Hopkins,op. cit., III, 29, 48, 49.Cf.Jolly,op. cit., 16;Leist,Alt-arisches Jus Gentium, 130-33, for the consequences of disapproval of capture; and for the transformation of the purchase-price into theÇulkainstitution or dower,ibid., 501 ff.

[632]Westermarck,op. cit., 396;Dubois,A Description of the Character, Manners, and Customs of the People of India(Madras, 1862), 102;cf.Burnell and Hopkins,op. cit., 49 n. 2.

[633]Aristotle,Politics, II, viii. CompareHruza,Ehebegründung, 8 ff.

[634]ἥδνα ἀπερείσια:Iliad, xvi, l. 178;Odyssey, xix, l. 529.Iliad, xi, ll. 244 f., mentions one hundred oxen as the price.Cf.Leist,op. cit., 128;Schrader,Sprachvergleichung und Urgeschichte, 381, 382.

[635]"Alphesiboia":Iliad, xviii, l. 593;cf.Westermarck,op. cit., 396; andSchrader,op. cit., 381.

[636]Poste,Gaius, I, 113, 88, and the editor's notes, 89 ff.

[637]It is so regarded bySohm,Institutes of Roman Law, 361 n. 3; byWestermarck,op. cit., 397;Schrader,op. cit., 382.Rossbach,Die römische Ehe, 65 ff., 93, 145, 245 ff., holds that there was one original form from which bothcoemptioandconfarreatiowere derived, and that it combined purchase with religious elements.Karlowa,Die Formen der röm. Ehe, 1 ff., 45., criticises Rossbach and holds that it remains to be proved thatcoemptiois a survival of real purchase, it being more likely a particular use ofmancipatioarising perhaps under Servius Tullius; butLeist,op. cit., 128 ff., rejects this view and favors the theory of survival.Lange,Römische Alterthümer, I, 105, 106; andBernhöft,Römische Königszeit, 186, are in practical agreement with Karlowa.Cf.Poste,Gaius, 89 ff.;Muirhead,Private Law of Rome, 441-43, who rejects the theory of survival;Letourneau,L'évolution du mariage, 149, 150;Monlezun,Femme mariée, 28-30.

[638]SeeLubbock,Origin of Civilization, 74, who comparesususandcoemptio.Cf.Poste,Gaius, I, § 111, p. 88;Letourneau,op. cit., 150.

[639]Herodotus, v, 6:Rawlinson, III, 180.

[640]Krauss,Sitte und Brauch der Südslaven, 272, 275;Kovalevsky,Mod. Customs and Anc. Laws of Russia, 26 ff. It existed among the Russians, Bohemians, and Pomeranians:Westermarck,op. cit., 397 n. 6, and the authorities there cited; butTurner,Slavisches Familienrecht, 16 ff., 22, denies the former existence of purchase.

[641]Herodotus, i, 196:Rawlinson, I, 262, 263.

[642]Kohler, "Der Mädchenmarkt auf dem Gainaberg,"ZVR., VI, 398-400. The bride-price was represented by the presents tendered by the wooer. "Einst brachten die Eltern ihre heirathsfähigen Töchter (fetele) sammt der Mitgift auf den Berg, wo die Männer, die petitori, um sie warben; die Mädchen sassen dabei auf ihrer Mitgift oder standen hinter derselben. Der Kauflustige bot Geschenke und wurde mit den Eltern einig; der Frauenkauf war bereits ins donatorische Stadium getreten." Kohler finds, in certain customs connected with the market, relics of promiscuity and wife-capture.

[643]"Der Vater erhielt das volle Coibche bei der ersten Ehe der Tochter, bei der zweiten2⁄3, bei der dritten1⁄2, und so fort bis zu1⁄21; der Rest scheint der Tochter zugefallen zu sein; eine weitere verhältnissmässige Gabe, welche ebenfalls nach Anzahl der Ehen sich verkleinerte, kam dem Haupte der Familie zu."—Kohler, inZVR., V, 363;O'Curry,Manners and Customs of the Ancient Irish;Sullivan,Int., I, clxxiii ff.;Ancient Laws of Ireland, III, 315.

[644]Kohler, inZVR., V, 363, 364;Ancient Laws of Ireland, III, 401, 405, 541-45. In the early laws of Wales thecowyllcorresponds to the Irishcoibche, but it is already transformed into a dotal portion:Kohler,op. cit., 365, 366.

[645]Post,Familienrecht, 158;Afrikanische Jurisprudenz, I, 377, 378, where will be found examples of peoples among whom free betrothal exists.

[646]Westermarck,Human Marriage, chaps. vii-xiii, inclusive.

[647]Darwin,Descent of Man, chap. viii, 222 ff.;Espinas,Des sociétés animales, 323 ff.Cf.Groos,Die Spiele der Thiere, 129 ff.

[648]Westermarck,op. cit., 157;Sachs,Text-Book of Botany, 897;Darwin,op. cit., chap. viii;Kulischer,Die geschlechtliche Zuchtwahl, inZFE., VIII, 140 ff., who regards the dance as originally a form of wooing. Such is also the view ofEspinas,op. cit., 305 ff.; andGroos,op. cit., 257 ff., 263 ff.

[649]Westermarck,op. cit., 159, 253;Darwin,op. cit., chap. xiii;Wallace,Darwinism, 282 ff.

[650]Martius,Rechtszustande, 589;idem,Ethnographie, I, 111;Waitz,Anthropologie, III, 101;Darwin,op. cit., chap. xix, 561 ff.;Lubbock,Origin of Civilization, 101 ff.; and especiallyWestermarck,op. cit., 159-63, who gives many examples.

[651]Darwin,op. cit., chap. xiii, 367; chap. viii, 214 (prolonged courtship of animals).Cf.Westermarck,op. cit., 159.

[652]Darwin,op. cit., chap. xxi, 614.

[653]Ibid., chap. viii, 211;cf.ibid., 496, 554.

[654]Westermarck,op. cit., 241.

[655]Darwin,op. cit., chap. xvi, 496.

[656]Wallace,Darwinism, 268-300; also hisTropical Nature, 221-48.

[657]AcceptingTylor'sresults inColoration of Animals and Plants(London, 1886).

[658]Westermarck,op. cit., 252, 249.Wallacehas also noted the use of colors as a means of recognition:Darwinism, 217 ff.; and admits that the sexual colors may becomepleasingto the females, though they may be devoid of an æsthetic sense. This alleged inconsistency is criticised byPoulton,Colours of Animals, 286.

[659]Westermarck,op. cit., 240-52, especially 241, 244, 251, 252.For a comparison of the different theories of sexual selection seeGeddes and Thompson,Evolution of Sex, 3-30, who think the truth lies between the views of Darwin and Wallace;Poulton,op. cit., 284-335, who sustains Darwin's view; andFinck,Primitive Love, 229 ff., who attempts "to demolish the theory of sexual selection in reference to the lower races of man as Wallace demolished it in reference to animals."Cf.Espinas,Des sociétés animales, 290 ff.;Brooks,Law of Heredity(1883), 166-241;Groos,Die Spiele der Thiere, 230 ff., 267 ff., who takes a medial position between Darwin and Wallace;Weismann,Studies in the Theory of Descent(London, 1882), I, 161 ff.;Eimer,Die Entstehung der Arten(1888); andGeddes, articles "Reproduction," "Sex," "Variation and Selection," inEncycl. Brit.

[659]Westermarck,op. cit., 240-52, especially 241, 244, 251, 252.

For a comparison of the different theories of sexual selection seeGeddes and Thompson,Evolution of Sex, 3-30, who think the truth lies between the views of Darwin and Wallace;Poulton,op. cit., 284-335, who sustains Darwin's view; andFinck,Primitive Love, 229 ff., who attempts "to demolish the theory of sexual selection in reference to the lower races of man as Wallace demolished it in reference to animals."Cf.Espinas,Des sociétés animales, 290 ff.;Brooks,Law of Heredity(1883), 166-241;Groos,Die Spiele der Thiere, 230 ff., 267 ff., who takes a medial position between Darwin and Wallace;Weismann,Studies in the Theory of Descent(London, 1882), I, 161 ff.;Eimer,Die Entstehung der Arten(1888); andGeddes, articles "Reproduction," "Sex," "Variation and Selection," inEncycl. Brit.

[660]Westermarck,op. cit., 165;Spencer,Principles of Sociology, I, 71, 72.Cf.Darwin,op. cit., I, chap. xix, 573 ff., 556-85, for a general discussion of the "secondary sexual characters of man."

[661]Westermarck,op. cit., 168-82, holds that tattooing is primarily a means of sexual attraction. The same is true of circumcision, 201-6; and of clothing, 186-212. The facts "appear to prove that the feeling of shame, far from being the original cause of man's covering his body, is, on the contrary, a result of this custom." When not due to climate, it "owes its origin, at least in a great many cases, to the desire of men and women to make themselves mutually attractive," 211. But seeHellwald,Die mensch. Familie, 60-96, who ascribes clothing, not to shame, but the love of ornament; andFinck,Primitive Love, 247 ff., who entirely rejects Westermarck's view, alleging, as a matter of fact, that tattooing "has had from the earliest recorded times more than a dozen practical purposes, and that its use as a stimulant of the passion of the opposite sex probably never occurred to a savage until it was suggested to him by a philosophizing visitor." On circumcision seeKohler, inZVR., XI, 429, 430; VI, 417-19, reviewingWilken,De besnijdenis bij de volken van den Indischen Archipel(1885);Ploss,Das Kind, I, 342 ff., 367 ff.;Hellwald,op. cit., 362;Lippert,Kulturgeschichte, II, 317, who believes circumcision originated as a form of expiation.Crawley,Mystic Rose, 135 ff., regards tattooing, circumcision, and other mutilations, not as ornaments, but as "practically" amulets or charms to secure the safety of organs and functions.

[662]This conclusion of Westermarck is disputed byFinck,op. cit., 261 ff.

[663]Westermarck,op. cit., 173 ff., 182 ff.Cf.Darwin,op. cit., 577 ff., 597 ff., who thinks women among savages are fonder of ornament than men; but the context shows that he does not refer to our "progenitors."

[664]Westermarck,op. cit., 253.Darwin,op. cit., chap. xx, 596 ff., holds this view, in the case of the "secondary sexual characters," for our "progenitors."

[665]Spencer,op. cit., I, 747;cf.Westermarck,op. cit., 273, 277, 278.

[666]That standards of beauty depend upon racial difference is urged byWestermarck, chap. xii, especially 273 ff., againstDarwin,op. cit., chap. xx, 595-99, who holds that racial differences are due to different standards of beauty. On female beauty and ideals of beauty among all races seePloss'sfull and interesting discussion:Das Weib, I, 59-124.

[667]Darwin,op. cit., chap. xx, 597.

[668]Ibid., chap. xx, 597-99.

[669]Post,Familienrecht, 166-71, 163, 157 ff.

[670]In such cases the right of betrothal belongs either to the parents, to the families, or to particular relatives, as, for instance, to the mother, eldest brother, or maternal uncle of the bride:Post,Familienrecht, 162-64, 166, 167;idem,Anfänge des Staats- und Rechtslebens, 32, 33. SeeWestermarck,op. cit., 213-15, notes, for examples. In West-Australia the consent of the whole tribe is necessary to a girl's marriage:Westermarck, 215;Kohler, inZVR., III, 357 ff.; VI, 398.

[671]According toPost,Familienrecht, 205, the purpose is alwaysFamilienverbindungen anzuknüpfen; and usually the betrothed bride is held strictly to a life of chastity, even among peoples where such is not the custom for girls:Post,op. cit., 212, 213;Lippert,Geschichte der Familie, 149, 150. Of this, good examples are found in the South Sea:Kohler, "Studien,"ZVR., V, 356; see alsoStarcke,Primitive Family, 212, 256, 257;Wake,Marriage and Kinship, 78-80;Post,Geschlechtsgenossenschaft, 80;Ursprung, 57;Anfänge des Staats- und Rechtslebens, 35;Afrikanische Jurisprudenz, I, 365-71;Westermarck,op. cit., 213, 214. On early betrothals see furtherKohler, inZVR., V, 342, (Aleuts); VI, 166 (Burma); VII, 352 (Australia), 372 (New Guinea); X, 99-103, 116 (Bombay); XI, 164 (India);Spencer and Gillen,Native Tribes of Cent. Australia, 558.

[672]Post,Familienrecht, 213. Of course, in case of breach, the parents or other contracting parties are subject to fine, damage, or restitution, in a variety of ways:ibid., 214;Westermarck,op. cit., 224.

[673]Post,Afrikanische Jurisprudenz, I, 362, 363, gives many examples.Cf. idem,Familienrecht, 167.

[674]This is the rule among Jackuts, the Sarts of Turkestan, and the southern Slavs:Post,op. cit., 167, 168;Krauss,Sitte und Brauch der Südslaven, 320.

[675]Post,op. cit., 168, 169.

[676]Such is the case among the Menangkabaw Malays of Sumatra; and, according to Burmese law, the woman who has once been married has no guardian:Post,op. cit., 169.

[677]Post,op. cit., 169.

[678]For many examples in America, Africa, Asia, and the island groups, seeWestermarck,op. cit., 215-21;Darwin,op. cit., chap. xx, 597-99.

[679]Post,op. cit., 158;Vámbéry,Das Türkenvolk(1885), 229, 230.

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