EPILOGUE

A camp fire circle at Bryce Canyon.Courtesy Union Pacific Railroad.

A view of Hurricane (1929).Courtesy U. S. National Park Service.

Members of International Geological Congress on tour of Parks at Bryce Canyon, August 21, 1933. A. M. Woodbury, guide (seated, 5th from left): K. E. Weight, Naturalist at Bryce (Standing, 3rd from left): Dee Chamberlin and Chauncey Parry, drivers (standing right).

When the Utah Parks Company took over the Wylie camp in Zion, it was planned to construct a large hotel, but Director Mather firmly refused permission. He finally agreed to the lodge and cabin system, now serving the Park tourists. El Escalante Hotel in Cedar City was ready by the season of 1924. New accommodations were under construction in Bryce Canyon and Cedar Breaks. Reports from elated visitors, improvement of roads and accommodations and consistent advertising all resulted in vastly increased travel. The tourist traffic jumped from 8400 in 1924 to 16,817 in 1925. About half that number visited North Rim and presumably Bryce and Cedar Breaks. The tide was in full flow. For the season of 1925 new tourist busses with demountable tops for viewing the spectacular canyon walls were purchased. Busses, however, served only a small part of the traveling public, for America was on wheels and the roads were now such that auto traffic could roll in easily. The Grotto Campground was enlarged, equipped, and supplied with water. The survey of the Pine Creek road and tunnel was completed and Wayne Wonderland was dedicated.

Richard Evans was borrowed from the U.S. Geological Survey and served as acting superintendent during the tourist season for two years, while Walter Ruesch remained in charge during the balance of the year. Two permanent park rangers assisted Ruesch, Donald J. Jolley, appointed August 1, 1920, and Harold Russell, who had worked summers from 1920 to 1923 and who received permanent appointment in October of the latter year. All three were closely associated with developments and improvements in the canyon. In 1927, E. T. Scoyen was appointed permanent superintendent.

The Nature Guide Service in Yosemite and Yellowstone had proved so successful that it was decided to extend such services to other parks. It was initiated in Zion by the writer, June 19, 1925, and continued to mid-September. There was no precedent to follow, but the work gradually grew through succeeding summers into the Naturalist Service. During the next five summers, museum collections of natural history specimens, pioneer relics, and library books gradually accumulated and a museum was established in 1928. Information concerning the history, flora, fauna and geology of the canyon was collated. Lectures at the camp ground, at the Lodge, and the guided trips along the Narrows trail were developed and pictures and lantern slides were shown. In 1929, a mimeographed publication, theZion-Bryce Nature Notes, was undertaken and a Natural History Association was organized to handle publications.

In 1926, daily bus service was established from Cedar City around the loop to Zion, North Rim and Bryce. The East and West Rim trails were reconstructed with better grades and locations. The West Rim Trail was dedicated at a ceremony heldat the time of the visit of Crown Prince Gustavus and Princess Louise of Sweden, on July 11. A new road was constructed between Rockville and the Park boundary and the proposed Parunuweap road was surveyed.

In 1927, the Utah Parks Company took over the Wylie Camps at North Rim and the bus service from the Parry Brothers, and a lodge and cabins were constructed on the brink of North Rim at Bright Angel Point, so arranged that the Great View into Grand Canyon could be seen from the windows. This was completed in 1928.

In the meantime, Bryce Canyon was being developed by the Utah Parks Company under the direction of the Forest Service, in the expectation that eventually it would be transferred to the Park Service. The lodge and cabins were built some distance from the rim so that the beauties of the canyon could be preserved to best advantage. When Mather yielded to pressure to allow Bryce Canyon to become a national park if all private holdings were eliminated, Congress passed a bill, June 7, 1924, providing for the establishment of a Utah National Park upon the fulfillment of Mather’s conditions. The principal difficulty was that the State of Utah owned a section of land at a strategic point on the rim of the canyon. It took four years to fulfill the conditions, and before they were arranged Congress passed a revised bill. February 25, 1928, nearly doubling the size of the area and changing its name to Bryce Canyon.

When it became certain that the conditions would be fulfilled, the Union Pacific arranged for a large excursion (September 14-17, 1928). The party included: Carl R. Gray, president of the railroad; Stephen T. Mather, Director of the U. S. National Park Service, and Horace M. Albright, his assistant; Henry H. Blood, Chairman of the Utah State Road Commission (later Governor of Utah, 1933-1941); Congressmen Don B. Colton from Utah, and Philip D. Swing of California; Mayor John F. Bowman of Salt Lake City; Charles F. Burke, U. S. Commissioner of Indian Affairs; Thomas H. McDonald, Chief of the U. S. Bureau of Public Roads; Heber J. Grant, President of the Mormon Church, and his counselor, Anthony W. Ivins; representatives of the press, chambers of commerce and other organizations, and a host of lesser officials and advisers, including the writer.

After spending the first night in Zion, the party journeyed via Pipe Springs to the Kaibab and North Rim, where on September 15, 1928, the new Kaibab Trail and the Grand Canyon Lodge were dedicated. The next day the visitors reached Bryce Canyon where similar services were held in the evening. Congressman Don B. Colton formally presented deeds of the private land to Director Mather, who declared that the conditions having been fulfilled, Bryce Canyon had become a National Park.

VIEW FROM ONE OF THE GALLERIES OF THE FAMOUS ZION-MT. CARMEL TUNNEL.FromUTAH—A guide To The State. Utah WPA Writers Project.

Thus the great scenic areas of southern Utah had finally been established as national parks and monuments, adequate roads and travel accommodations had been provided, and efforts had been made to give the casual tourist a deeper appreciation of the natural treasures at his disposal. Within the next few years many of the immediate projects for facilitating travel through the Park area were completed. The bridge across the Marble Gorge of Grand Canyon, a few miles below Lee’s Ferry, was dedicated June 15, 1929.

The next year saw the official opening of the Zion-Mt. Carmel highway, one of the most spectacular engineering feats in the history of road-building. From the canyon floor the road turns to the east up Pine Creek Canyon and spirals upward on a four-mile roadway to a tunnel paralleling the face of the vertical cliffs for 5,613 feet. Five galleries cut from the tunnel to the canyon wall offer the motorist vantage points for viewing the awe-inspiring scenery. Construction within the National Park cost $2,000,000; from the Park to Mt. Carmel a state and federal project, also cut in great part from solid rock, cost in excess of $500,000. Still later the road up the floor of Zion from the checking station on the main highway was reconstructed and made a modern oil-surfaced highway. Thereafter, until America’s entry into World War II, each summer brought greater throngs of visitors into the wonderland.

At long last the nation had awakened to the greatness of the gift nature had bestowed upon it, and in future years unnumbered generations will come to marvel at the wonders of the country which is southern Utah and at the austere majesty of the Great White Throne—generations free from the dread and superstition that made primitive races fear its unimagined heights no less than its long shadows and dazzling brilliance in the sun.

Symbol of Nature’s handiwork, this central and most magnificent of Zion’s features still echoes the distant footfall of Spanish padre and American Frontiersmen passing unwittingly by its dooryard; it is mindful of the day when the first Mormon pioneer lifted uncomprehending eyes to the solitude of its summit, and of that other day when religious fervor called it Zion, the dwelling place of peace. Men have come, cutting their trails, building their roads, roofing their shelters, dreaming their dreams. The human tide around its base has ebbed and flowed, according to human wont, but it remains serene, aloof, alone. It will be so a thousand years from now.

Twenty-one years after Bryce Canyon became a national park, a “coming of Age” party was celebrated at Bryce Canyon on September 15, 1949. The Utah Parks Company acted as host. The Park Service cooperated by inviting to the celebration all those that could be found who were present at the dedication in 1928.

The guests began arriving at Bryce Canyon the day before the celebration. A group that met in the dining room that evening included M. R. Tillotson, Regional Director of the Park Service; P. P. Patraw, Assistant Director and former Superintendent of Zion and Bryce Canyon National Parks; Dr. Harold C. Bryant, Superintendent of Grand Canyon National Park; Dr. Angus M. Woodbury, Professor of Zoology, University of Utah, formerly Park Naturalist of Zion and Bryce; their wives and Mr. Victor Petrosso, formerly manager of El Tovar Lodge at Grand Canyon. Others arrived next day including B. J. Finch, formerly District Engineer of the U. S. Bureau of Public Roads; W. P. Rogers, Manager of the Utah Parks Company; Joel L. Priest, Jr. and E. C. Schmidt of the Union Pacific; Mr. and Mrs. David Rust of Provo, Utah; Mr. and Mrs. M. V. Walker, Naturalist of Zion and Bryce National Parks; Jack Christensen of Cedar City; D. C. Dix of the Salt Lake Tribune; and other officials of the Park Service and Utah Parks Company, making a total of 41. Many other invited guests expressed regret at not being able to attend. Those that were present at both the 1928 and 1949 celebrations included the Tillotsons, Finch, Woodbury, Christensen, Schmidt and the Rusts.

Festivities started at noon with a luncheon in the Lodge dining room, after which, about 40 guests were taken on a tour in an ultra modern luxurious Utah Parks bus by Park Naturalist M. V. Walker along the Bryce Rim as far as Rainbow Point and Yovimpa View where everyone enjoyed the friendly greetings of old acquaintances, the superb natural sculptures and the marvelous vistas from the high points where the Aquarius Plateau, the Henry Mountains, the Kaiparowits Plateau, Navajo Mountain and the Kaibab were all to be seen in the unsurpassed landscape.

At 7 p.m., the group converged on the superintendent’s residence where Mr. and Mrs. Smith held open house and dispensed hospitality lavishly.

At 8:15 p.m., the group moved to the lodge dining room where a sumptuous banquet given by the Utah Parks Company was followed by a program at which Superintendent Smith presided and interestingly introduced the speakers. Ranger in charge, John G. Lewis gave the address of welcome. Reminiscences of the early days in the Utah National Parks were related by Dr. Woodbury, who also referred to the outstanding work which Mr. B. J. Finch, formerly of the Bureau of Public Roads, did in pioneering the Zion-Mt Carmel Highway and Tunnel.

Lean-to Natural Bridge overlooking Springdale in Zion Canyon.Courtesy U. S. National Park Service.

Mr. Tillotson gave the main speech of the evening, in which he called attention to the great growth in travel into Bryce from 21,977 in 1929 to 189,493 in 1949, and pointed to the fine work of the Utah Parks Company in making this possible. He also reported that Dr. Thomas H. McDonald, Commissioner of the U. S. Bureau of Public Roads, who had been present in 1928 but could not come in 1949, wrote that “Bryce Canyon, since I first saw it, has been to me one of the most delightful places in the West. I have long felt that a vacation road from Southwest Colorado crossing the Colorado River and coming into Bryce Canyon through Escalante, if properly developed and controlled, offers the best opportunity in the west ...” and thus kindled a fire under the hopes of all Bryce enthusiasts for it would open up the heart of the great scenic area of southeastern Utah, of which, Zion, Bryce and Wayne Wonderland are on the outskirts.

Mr. W. P. Rogers responded with a witty talk about old times, spoke of the fine cooperation of the Park Service and proposed a further reunion in another five years.

The next day, the writer retraced old trails in Zion Canyon and visited the museum and park headquarters where Naturalist Walker explained the developments taking place. Especially prominent was the great increase in the literature available to the public provided by the Natural History Association that had been organized by the writer in 1929. This included pictures, colored slides and publications, among which the works of Dr. H. E. Gregory on the geology of the region were outstanding.

[2]J. W. Powell,Exploration of the Colorado River of the West(Washington, D.C., 1875), p. 111. Erroneously reported as September 12, 1870.[3]William R. Palmer, “Pahute Indian Government and Laws,”Utah Historical Quarterly, Vol. II, No. 2, pp. 35-52.[4]The tuna mentioned probably refers to cactus; and the maize and calabashes to corn and squash. The name, Parrusis, equivalent to Parrusits, undoubtedly referred to the Virgin River Indians. It simply means people living on the Par-roos River. Fifty years later, in 1826, Jedediah Strong Smith, found Indians on the Santa Clara Creek raising corn and pumpkins. Maurice Sullivan,The Travels of Jedediah Smith(Santa Ana, California, 1934), pp. 27-28.[5]Cf. H. S. Auerbach, ed., “Father Escalante’s Journal,” inUtah Historical Quarterly, Vol. XI, pp. 85, 91.[6]G. H. Heap,Central Route to the Pacific, Journal of the Expedition of E. H. Beale and G. H. Heap in 1853(Washington, D.C., 1854), p. 99.[7]Escalante, “Diario,” inDocuments para la historia de Mexico(Mexico City), ser. 2, Vol. 1, p. 37.Cf. also: H. S. Auerbach, “Father Escalante’s Journal, 1776-77” inUtah Historical Quarterly, Vol. XI, pp. 1-142; H. L. Bolton, “Escalante in Dixie and the Arizona Strip,”New Mexico Review(Santa Fe, 1928), Vol. III, No. 1; H. E. Gregory, “Spanish Entradas in Kaiparowits Region,”U. S. Geological Survey Prof. Paper(Washington, D.C., 1931), p. 164; W. R. Harris,The Catholic Church in Utah(Salt Lake City, 1909); Philip Harry, “Brief of Escalante’s Journal” inSimpson’s Explorations, 1859, Appendix R. (Washington, D.C., 1860), p. 490.[8]Cf. Auerbach,loc. cit., pp. 85-86.[9]Ibid., p. 5.[10]H. H. Bancroft,History of Utah(San Francisco, 1884-86), pp. 22, 23.H. M. Chittenden,The American Fur Trade of the Far West(New York, 1935), 2 Vols.Robert Glass Cleland,From Wilderness to Empire(New York, 1944).H. C. Dale,The Ashley-Smith Explorations(Los Angeles, 1918).T. E. Farish,History of Arizona, (Phoenix, Arizona, 1916).Albert Gallatin,Synopsis of Indian Tribes(Worcester, Mass., 1836) map, p. 265.P. T. Hanna, “California’s Debt to Jedediah Strong Smith,” inTouring Topics(Los Angeles, California, September 1926).C. H. Merriam, “Earliest Crossings of the Deserts of Utah and Nevada to Southern California; Route of Jedediah S. Smith,”California Historical Society Quarterly, 1923, Vol. 2, pp. 228-237.J. G. Neihardt,The Splendid Wayfaring(New York, 1920).Maurice Sullivan,The Travels of Jedediah Smith(Santa Ana, California, 1934).A. M. Woodbury, “The Route of Jedediah S. Smith in 1826 from the Great Salt Lake to the Colorado River,”Utah Historical Quarterly, 1931, 4:35-46.[11]From letter of Jedediah Strong Smith, Maurice Sullivan,The Travels of Jedediah Smith, pp. 15, 27-28.[12]C. L. Camp, ed., “The Chronicles of George C. Yount,”California Historical Society Quarterly, 1923.[13]Cf. Herbert S. Auerbach, “Old Trails, Old Forts, Old Trappers and Traders,”Utah Historical Quarterly, Vol. IX, 1941, pp. 13-63.[14]Cf. J. C. Fremont,Narrative of the Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains(New York, 1846).[15]What is now the Virgin River was called Sulphur Creek by Escalante in 1776. Jedediah S. Smith named it Adams River, to which he adhered in letters written on both trips of 1826 and 1827. This upsets the idea that he named it for Thomas Virgin, a member of his party. George C. Yount, as recorded in 1923 by Charles L. Camp, (loc. cit., p. 10), told of entering the Virgin River valley on a trip in 1830, but this is no assurance that it was so named at that early date. It bore the name of Rio Virgin in 1844 when Fremont passed over the Spanish Trail and doubtless the name was given between 1827 and 1844. In Fremont’s time, the Muddy River was called “Rio de Los Angeles,” and the Mountain Meadows “las Vegas de Santa Clara” (the Meadows of St. Clara).[16]Fremont,op. cit., p. 168.[17]Cf. Franklin D. Daines, “Separatism in Utah, 1847-1870,” inAnnual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1917(Washington, D.C., 1920).[18]Dale L. Morgan, “The State of Deseret,”Utah Historical Quarterly, Vol. VIII, pp. 67-239.[19]Cf. Leland H. Creer,Utah and the Nation(Seattle, Washington, 1929); Robert J. Dwyer,The Gentile Comes to Utah(Washington, D.C., 1941). Andrew L. Neff,History of Utah(Salt Lake City, 1940).[20]“L.D.S. Journal History,” November 13, 1847 (in files of L.D.S. Church Historian’s Office, Salt Lake City, Utah).[21]There are many references in Mormon records to Fremont’s report. Orson Hyde’s letter of April 26, 1845, to Church officials in Nauvoo mentions obtaining a copy of Fremont’s report and having Stephen A. Douglas frank it to Joseph Smith in Nauvoo. TheNauvoo Neighbor, September 24, 1845, devoted four and one-half columns of the front page to discussions of and quotations from this report. The Journal of William Clayton, secretary to Brigham Young, frequently refers to Fremont’s report and map. In Volume 11 and 12 of theMillenial Star, Orson Pratt makes a number of references to Fremont’s report.[22]“Journal History,” September 17, 1849.[23]“L.D.S. Journal History,” September 20 and October 2, 1849; Cf. W. A. Chaffant,Death Valley(Stanford University Press, 1939), pp. 17-22; R. G. Cleland,From Wilderness to Empire(New York, 1944), pp. 249-255; William Lewis Manly,Death Valley in ’49(New York, 1924), pp. 201-203.[24]Report of the Southern Exploring Expedition submitted to the Legislative Council of Deseret by Parley P. Pratt, February 9, 1850 (original in L.D.S. Church Historian’s Office).[25]Loc. cit.[26]“Call”—The Mormons were a peculiarly close-knit harmonious group working cooperatively together. In order to make for efficiency in the social group, each one was expected to do voluntarily and with unquestioning obedience the part assigned by the leaders. Thus individuals were usually “called” to go on missions, to fill an office, to go as a colonist, to work on the temple or any other unusual problem. The “call,” at least in the early days, was practically a command.[27]“Journal History,” January 17, 1851.[28]Neff,History of Utah, pp. 302-310.[29]Heap,Central Route to the Pacific, p. 95.[30]Ibid., p. 99.[31]Jules Remy and Julius Brenchley,A Journal of Salt Lake City: Being a Sketch of the History, Religion and Customs of the Mormons(London, 1861), 2 Vols.; Vol. II, p. 363.[32]The party included J. D. Lee, Chapman Duncan, John Steele, C. Y. Webb, L. and William Barton, J. and Miles Anderson, B. Jones, Zadock Judd, R. H. Gillespie, J. H. Dunton.[33]“L.D.S. Journal History.”[34]Deseret News, August 7, 1852. See also “Journal of Priddy Meeks,”Utah Historical Quarterly, Vol. X, 1942, p. 187.[35]“Journal History.”[36]The missionaries included the following: Rufus C. Allen, Pres.; Clark Ames, S. F. Atwood, T. D. Brown, clerk, Hyrum Burgess, Prime T. Coleman, Jacob Hamblin, Elnathan Eldridge, Augustus P. Hardy, Thales H. Haskell, William Henefer, Ira Hatch, Benjamin Knell, Samuel Knight, David Lewis, John Lott, John R. Murdock, Robert Richie, Isaac Riddle, Richard Robinson, Lorenzo W. Roundy, and Amos G. Thornton.[37]The original missionaries to the Virgin and Santa Clara Valleys in 1854, as reported in “Journal History,” were: Jacob Hamblin, Samuel Knight, Ira Hatch, Richard Robinson, Amos G. Thornton, Prime T. Coleman, Benjamin Knell, Thales Haskell, Robert Dixon, Isaac Riddle, Robert Ritchie, David Tullis. Probably several others should be added to this list: Rufus Allen, A. P. Hardy, Nephi Johnson, William Henefer, Ira Hatch and perhaps others.[38]“Journal History,” letter of Richard Robinson, July 13, 1854.[39]Neff,op. cit., pp. 290-292.[40]Cf. Juanita Brooks, ed., “Diary of Thales Haskell,”Utah Historical Quarterly, Vol. XII, No. 1 and 2, pp. 70-98.[41]Remy and Brenchley,op. cit., Vol. II, p. 388.[42]Neff,op. cit., p. 291.[43]Ibid., p. 292.[44]Original MS in possession of Lovina A. J. Farnsworth, Kanab, Utah.[45]Interview at Kanab, Utah, August 11, 1931.[46]James G. Bleak, “Annals of the Southern Utah Mission” (Ms. in files of Utah State Historical Society).[47]“Journal History,” October 7, 1861.[48]The scouting party included Apostles George Albert Smith and Erastus Snow, Dr. James M. Whitmore, Horace S. Eldridge, Robert J. Golding and Isaac Stewart.[49]Joseph Black, “Journal,” in possession of his son, Peter Black, Delta, Utah.[50]Interview with E. C. Behunin by J. W. Thornton at Zion Canyon.Interview with Ezra Stevens, at Mt. Carmel, Utah, August 14, 1933.Interview with Peter Munk, at Manti, Utah, September 1, 1933.[51]Charles L. Walker, “Journal” (copy in the files of the Utah State Historical Society, Salt Lake City, Utah).[52]John Langston, “History of John Langston” (Ms. in files of Utah State Historical Society).[53]The settlers of Rockville included the following; beginning at west end on south side of street, Elijah Newman, a wheelwright from Parowan who had operated sawmills in Parowan Canyon and was well acquainted with Cedar Mountain; Mr. Frauschum, a jeweler from Provo; Mr. Scoggins, an Englishman; John C. Hall, a self-educated man from Salt Lake City; George Staples, farmer from Lehi; Albert and Edward Huber from France; Thomas Hall, a tinker from Salt Lake City; Joe and Jim McFate, farmers; Jacob E. and James P. Terry; and Mr. Coombs. On the north side of street beginning at west end, Samuel A. Kenner, doctor and journalist; Henry Jennings from Provo; William H. Carpenter, broom-maker; Hyrum and Ezra Strong, farmers; Henry Stocks from England, ironmonger by trade, who made the first molasses mill rollers in southern Utah and brought the mill to Rockville; William Ashton (“picked on” by the boys); William Crawford from Draper; John Langston from Draper; Daniel Q. Dennett, fifer in Mormon Battalion; Tom Flanigan, who sold out to William L. Draper a month later; and Asa York, carpenter; on land to the north; James Green stayed one summer. (Interview with James Jennings at Rockville, Utah, August 14, 1933).[54]In the fall of 1862 the following came to Shunesburg: the mother of young Hyrum Stevens and his three brothers, Amos, Ezra and Charles; two uncles, Henry and Barney Stevens, each with two families; Albert Petty with two families, and John J. Allred. Charlie Klapper soon left and Albert and George Petty and Hardin Whitlock moved over to Springdale during the winter of 1862-63. In the fall of 1863 came James Thaxton and Samuel K. Gifford, a chairmaker.[55]The first settlers of Springdale included: Isaac Behunin and sons, Albert Petty, George Petty, William Black and three sons, William, George and Joseph; Robert Brown, Newman Brown, Hardin (Howard?) Whitlock, Hyrum Morris, C. G. Averet, Mr. Powell, Mr. Davis, Mr. Norton and Joseph Millett.[56]James G. Black,loc. cit.[57]Neff,op. cit., p. 908.[58]There is a difference of opinion as to the location of the cabin. O. D. Gifford placed it about ⅙ mile above the lodge, on a flat since washed away by the river. E. C. Behunin, after an absence of 57 years, placed it near the forks of the road that lead to the lodge and swimming pool. He was evidently mistaken, for his description of the location of his father’s farm seems to indicate that Gifford’s location is correct. He was certain that the old river meander just north of the lodge (now artificially filled in) was not there in the early days, but the physical evidences before straightening the river and building the permanent road definitely indicate that it was. Heap’s farm, which he says was separated from his father’s by the river, was above this meander. James H. Jennings, who owned the place afterward, says that Behunin was mistaken. (Interview with James Jennings at Rockville, Utah, August 15, 1933).[59]Interview with O. D. Gifford at Springdale, Utah, September 6, 1925.[60]Interview with O. D. Gifford at Springdale, Utah, September 6, 1925.[61]Interview at Hurricane, Utah, August 26, 1933.[62]For a detailed account of this experiment, cf. Edward J. Allen,The Second United Order Among the Mormons(New York, 1936).[63]Interview with B. A. Riggs, near Kanab, Utah, August 11, 1931.[64]Interview with Mrs. Mary Jane Stout at Hurricane, Utah, August 25, 1933.[65]Creer,Utah and the Nation, 151.[66]Juanita Brooks, “The Journal of Thales Haskell,”Utah Historical Quarterly, Vol. XII, pp. 69-98.[67]Loc. cit., p. 81, 95, 96.[68]Juanita Brooks, ed., “Indian Relations on the Mormon Frontier,”Utah Historical Quarterly, Vol. XII, January-April, 1944, p. 42.[69]These included William J. Jolley, Henry B. M. Jolley, Silas Hoyt and Henry Gardner.[70]Charles L. Walker, “Journal” (Copy in the files of the Utah State Historical Society).[71]In files of the Adjutant General’s Office, Salt Lake City, Utah.[72]Letter of J. M. Higbee to W. H. Dame, July 10, 1866. Adjutant General’s Office, Salt Lake City, Utah.[73]Report of expedition by Franklin B. Woolley for James Andrus, September 18, 1866, at St. George, to Brigadier General Erastus Snow, Adjutant General’s Office, Salt Lake City, Utah.[74]Order No. 16, November 29, 1866, by General Erastus Snow, Adjutant General’s Office, Salt Lake City, Utah.[75]Copy of the journal of a scouting expedition against marauding Navajo Indians, February 25 to March 12, 1869 by Edwin G. Woolley, Adjutant, filed in Adjutant General’s Office, Salt Lake City, Utah.[76]Cf. J. W. Powell, ed.,The Colorado River(Washington, D.C., 1875), pp. 128-132.[77]James Little. ed.,Autobiography of Jacob Hamblin(Salt Lake City, 1909), p. 106. (Hamblin erroneously dates the peace trip 1871.)[78]Little,op. cit., p. 110.[79]Ibid., p. 119.[80]“Journal History,” Letter dated April 5, 1870.[81]These included, in addition to Levi Stewart, Moses M. Farnsworth, Allan Frost, Edward A. Noble, John Rider, John Morgan, William Thompson, Edward Cooke, Caleb D. Brinton, Mr. Burt, and families.[82]Letter from A. Milton Musser, September 10, 1870, published inDeseret News, and collated in “L.D.S. Journal History.”[83]Interview at Kanab, Utah, October 21, 1933.[84]“The Life of Levi Stewart,” biographical sketch by his granddaughter, Margery Browne Cottam (copy in files of A. M. Woodbury).[85]F. S. Dellenbaugh,A Canyon Voyage(New York, 1908), pp. 166-167.[86]Fredonia—Suggested by Erastus Snow, allegedly from “free” and “dona” (Spanish for lady or woman), thus, “free woman.” Actually, the name is simply a variant of “freedom,” invented shortly after 1800 by a certain Dr. Charles Mitchell, according to George R. Stewart,Names on the Land(New York, 1945), p. 173.[87]Kumen Jones, “First settlement of San Juan County, Utah,”Utah Historical Quarterly, Vol. II, No. 1 (January, 1929).[88]“Journal of Josephine Catherine Chatterly Wood,”Utah Historical Quarterly, Vol. X, pp. 128-136.[89]Mark A. Pendleton, “The Orderville United Order of Zion” and Emma Carroll Seegmiller, “Personal Memories of the United Order of Orderville,”Utah Historical Quarterly, Vol. VII, 1939.[90]Powell,op. cit., p. 110.[91]Ibid., p. 111.[92]Herbert E. Gregory, ed., “Diary of A. H. Thompson,”Utah Historical Quarterly, Vol. IX, 1939, pp. 89, 92.[93]“Cougar Hunting on the Rim of the Grand Canyon,”The Outlook(London, England, October 4, 1913), pp. 259-266.[94]Letter of Frederick Vining Fisher to the writer, September 22, 1933.[95]Memorandum of Horace M. Albright, August 4, 1933, in files of A. M. Woodbury.

[2]J. W. Powell,Exploration of the Colorado River of the West(Washington, D.C., 1875), p. 111. Erroneously reported as September 12, 1870.

[3]William R. Palmer, “Pahute Indian Government and Laws,”Utah Historical Quarterly, Vol. II, No. 2, pp. 35-52.

[4]The tuna mentioned probably refers to cactus; and the maize and calabashes to corn and squash. The name, Parrusis, equivalent to Parrusits, undoubtedly referred to the Virgin River Indians. It simply means people living on the Par-roos River. Fifty years later, in 1826, Jedediah Strong Smith, found Indians on the Santa Clara Creek raising corn and pumpkins. Maurice Sullivan,The Travels of Jedediah Smith(Santa Ana, California, 1934), pp. 27-28.

[5]Cf. H. S. Auerbach, ed., “Father Escalante’s Journal,” inUtah Historical Quarterly, Vol. XI, pp. 85, 91.

[6]G. H. Heap,Central Route to the Pacific, Journal of the Expedition of E. H. Beale and G. H. Heap in 1853(Washington, D.C., 1854), p. 99.

[7]Escalante, “Diario,” inDocuments para la historia de Mexico(Mexico City), ser. 2, Vol. 1, p. 37.

Cf. also: H. S. Auerbach, “Father Escalante’s Journal, 1776-77” inUtah Historical Quarterly, Vol. XI, pp. 1-142; H. L. Bolton, “Escalante in Dixie and the Arizona Strip,”New Mexico Review(Santa Fe, 1928), Vol. III, No. 1; H. E. Gregory, “Spanish Entradas in Kaiparowits Region,”U. S. Geological Survey Prof. Paper(Washington, D.C., 1931), p. 164; W. R. Harris,The Catholic Church in Utah(Salt Lake City, 1909); Philip Harry, “Brief of Escalante’s Journal” inSimpson’s Explorations, 1859, Appendix R. (Washington, D.C., 1860), p. 490.

[8]Cf. Auerbach,loc. cit., pp. 85-86.

[9]Ibid., p. 5.

[10]

H. H. Bancroft,History of Utah(San Francisco, 1884-86), pp. 22, 23.H. M. Chittenden,The American Fur Trade of the Far West(New York, 1935), 2 Vols.Robert Glass Cleland,From Wilderness to Empire(New York, 1944).H. C. Dale,The Ashley-Smith Explorations(Los Angeles, 1918).T. E. Farish,History of Arizona, (Phoenix, Arizona, 1916).Albert Gallatin,Synopsis of Indian Tribes(Worcester, Mass., 1836) map, p. 265.P. T. Hanna, “California’s Debt to Jedediah Strong Smith,” inTouring Topics(Los Angeles, California, September 1926).C. H. Merriam, “Earliest Crossings of the Deserts of Utah and Nevada to Southern California; Route of Jedediah S. Smith,”California Historical Society Quarterly, 1923, Vol. 2, pp. 228-237.J. G. Neihardt,The Splendid Wayfaring(New York, 1920).Maurice Sullivan,The Travels of Jedediah Smith(Santa Ana, California, 1934).A. M. Woodbury, “The Route of Jedediah S. Smith in 1826 from the Great Salt Lake to the Colorado River,”Utah Historical Quarterly, 1931, 4:35-46.

H. H. Bancroft,History of Utah(San Francisco, 1884-86), pp. 22, 23.

H. M. Chittenden,The American Fur Trade of the Far West(New York, 1935), 2 Vols.

Robert Glass Cleland,From Wilderness to Empire(New York, 1944).

H. C. Dale,The Ashley-Smith Explorations(Los Angeles, 1918).

T. E. Farish,History of Arizona, (Phoenix, Arizona, 1916).

Albert Gallatin,Synopsis of Indian Tribes(Worcester, Mass., 1836) map, p. 265.

P. T. Hanna, “California’s Debt to Jedediah Strong Smith,” inTouring Topics(Los Angeles, California, September 1926).

C. H. Merriam, “Earliest Crossings of the Deserts of Utah and Nevada to Southern California; Route of Jedediah S. Smith,”California Historical Society Quarterly, 1923, Vol. 2, pp. 228-237.

J. G. Neihardt,The Splendid Wayfaring(New York, 1920).

Maurice Sullivan,The Travels of Jedediah Smith(Santa Ana, California, 1934).

A. M. Woodbury, “The Route of Jedediah S. Smith in 1826 from the Great Salt Lake to the Colorado River,”Utah Historical Quarterly, 1931, 4:35-46.

[11]From letter of Jedediah Strong Smith, Maurice Sullivan,The Travels of Jedediah Smith, pp. 15, 27-28.

[12]C. L. Camp, ed., “The Chronicles of George C. Yount,”California Historical Society Quarterly, 1923.

[13]Cf. Herbert S. Auerbach, “Old Trails, Old Forts, Old Trappers and Traders,”Utah Historical Quarterly, Vol. IX, 1941, pp. 13-63.

[14]Cf. J. C. Fremont,Narrative of the Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains(New York, 1846).

[15]What is now the Virgin River was called Sulphur Creek by Escalante in 1776. Jedediah S. Smith named it Adams River, to which he adhered in letters written on both trips of 1826 and 1827. This upsets the idea that he named it for Thomas Virgin, a member of his party. George C. Yount, as recorded in 1923 by Charles L. Camp, (loc. cit., p. 10), told of entering the Virgin River valley on a trip in 1830, but this is no assurance that it was so named at that early date. It bore the name of Rio Virgin in 1844 when Fremont passed over the Spanish Trail and doubtless the name was given between 1827 and 1844. In Fremont’s time, the Muddy River was called “Rio de Los Angeles,” and the Mountain Meadows “las Vegas de Santa Clara” (the Meadows of St. Clara).

[16]Fremont,op. cit., p. 168.

[17]Cf. Franklin D. Daines, “Separatism in Utah, 1847-1870,” inAnnual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1917(Washington, D.C., 1920).

[18]Dale L. Morgan, “The State of Deseret,”Utah Historical Quarterly, Vol. VIII, pp. 67-239.

[19]Cf. Leland H. Creer,Utah and the Nation(Seattle, Washington, 1929); Robert J. Dwyer,The Gentile Comes to Utah(Washington, D.C., 1941). Andrew L. Neff,History of Utah(Salt Lake City, 1940).

[20]“L.D.S. Journal History,” November 13, 1847 (in files of L.D.S. Church Historian’s Office, Salt Lake City, Utah).

[21]There are many references in Mormon records to Fremont’s report. Orson Hyde’s letter of April 26, 1845, to Church officials in Nauvoo mentions obtaining a copy of Fremont’s report and having Stephen A. Douglas frank it to Joseph Smith in Nauvoo. TheNauvoo Neighbor, September 24, 1845, devoted four and one-half columns of the front page to discussions of and quotations from this report. The Journal of William Clayton, secretary to Brigham Young, frequently refers to Fremont’s report and map. In Volume 11 and 12 of theMillenial Star, Orson Pratt makes a number of references to Fremont’s report.

[22]“Journal History,” September 17, 1849.

[23]“L.D.S. Journal History,” September 20 and October 2, 1849; Cf. W. A. Chaffant,Death Valley(Stanford University Press, 1939), pp. 17-22; R. G. Cleland,From Wilderness to Empire(New York, 1944), pp. 249-255; William Lewis Manly,Death Valley in ’49(New York, 1924), pp. 201-203.

[24]Report of the Southern Exploring Expedition submitted to the Legislative Council of Deseret by Parley P. Pratt, February 9, 1850 (original in L.D.S. Church Historian’s Office).

[25]Loc. cit.

[26]“Call”—The Mormons were a peculiarly close-knit harmonious group working cooperatively together. In order to make for efficiency in the social group, each one was expected to do voluntarily and with unquestioning obedience the part assigned by the leaders. Thus individuals were usually “called” to go on missions, to fill an office, to go as a colonist, to work on the temple or any other unusual problem. The “call,” at least in the early days, was practically a command.

[27]“Journal History,” January 17, 1851.

[28]Neff,History of Utah, pp. 302-310.

[29]Heap,Central Route to the Pacific, p. 95.

[30]Ibid., p. 99.

[31]Jules Remy and Julius Brenchley,A Journal of Salt Lake City: Being a Sketch of the History, Religion and Customs of the Mormons(London, 1861), 2 Vols.; Vol. II, p. 363.

[32]The party included J. D. Lee, Chapman Duncan, John Steele, C. Y. Webb, L. and William Barton, J. and Miles Anderson, B. Jones, Zadock Judd, R. H. Gillespie, J. H. Dunton.

[33]“L.D.S. Journal History.”

[34]Deseret News, August 7, 1852. See also “Journal of Priddy Meeks,”Utah Historical Quarterly, Vol. X, 1942, p. 187.

[35]“Journal History.”

[36]The missionaries included the following: Rufus C. Allen, Pres.; Clark Ames, S. F. Atwood, T. D. Brown, clerk, Hyrum Burgess, Prime T. Coleman, Jacob Hamblin, Elnathan Eldridge, Augustus P. Hardy, Thales H. Haskell, William Henefer, Ira Hatch, Benjamin Knell, Samuel Knight, David Lewis, John Lott, John R. Murdock, Robert Richie, Isaac Riddle, Richard Robinson, Lorenzo W. Roundy, and Amos G. Thornton.

[37]The original missionaries to the Virgin and Santa Clara Valleys in 1854, as reported in “Journal History,” were: Jacob Hamblin, Samuel Knight, Ira Hatch, Richard Robinson, Amos G. Thornton, Prime T. Coleman, Benjamin Knell, Thales Haskell, Robert Dixon, Isaac Riddle, Robert Ritchie, David Tullis. Probably several others should be added to this list: Rufus Allen, A. P. Hardy, Nephi Johnson, William Henefer, Ira Hatch and perhaps others.

[38]“Journal History,” letter of Richard Robinson, July 13, 1854.

[39]Neff,op. cit., pp. 290-292.

[40]Cf. Juanita Brooks, ed., “Diary of Thales Haskell,”Utah Historical Quarterly, Vol. XII, No. 1 and 2, pp. 70-98.

[41]Remy and Brenchley,op. cit., Vol. II, p. 388.

[42]Neff,op. cit., p. 291.

[43]Ibid., p. 292.

[44]Original MS in possession of Lovina A. J. Farnsworth, Kanab, Utah.

[45]Interview at Kanab, Utah, August 11, 1931.

[46]James G. Bleak, “Annals of the Southern Utah Mission” (Ms. in files of Utah State Historical Society).

[47]“Journal History,” October 7, 1861.

[48]The scouting party included Apostles George Albert Smith and Erastus Snow, Dr. James M. Whitmore, Horace S. Eldridge, Robert J. Golding and Isaac Stewart.

[49]Joseph Black, “Journal,” in possession of his son, Peter Black, Delta, Utah.

[50]Interview with E. C. Behunin by J. W. Thornton at Zion Canyon.

Interview with Ezra Stevens, at Mt. Carmel, Utah, August 14, 1933.

Interview with Peter Munk, at Manti, Utah, September 1, 1933.

[51]Charles L. Walker, “Journal” (copy in the files of the Utah State Historical Society, Salt Lake City, Utah).

[52]John Langston, “History of John Langston” (Ms. in files of Utah State Historical Society).

[53]The settlers of Rockville included the following; beginning at west end on south side of street, Elijah Newman, a wheelwright from Parowan who had operated sawmills in Parowan Canyon and was well acquainted with Cedar Mountain; Mr. Frauschum, a jeweler from Provo; Mr. Scoggins, an Englishman; John C. Hall, a self-educated man from Salt Lake City; George Staples, farmer from Lehi; Albert and Edward Huber from France; Thomas Hall, a tinker from Salt Lake City; Joe and Jim McFate, farmers; Jacob E. and James P. Terry; and Mr. Coombs. On the north side of street beginning at west end, Samuel A. Kenner, doctor and journalist; Henry Jennings from Provo; William H. Carpenter, broom-maker; Hyrum and Ezra Strong, farmers; Henry Stocks from England, ironmonger by trade, who made the first molasses mill rollers in southern Utah and brought the mill to Rockville; William Ashton (“picked on” by the boys); William Crawford from Draper; John Langston from Draper; Daniel Q. Dennett, fifer in Mormon Battalion; Tom Flanigan, who sold out to William L. Draper a month later; and Asa York, carpenter; on land to the north; James Green stayed one summer. (Interview with James Jennings at Rockville, Utah, August 14, 1933).

[54]In the fall of 1862 the following came to Shunesburg: the mother of young Hyrum Stevens and his three brothers, Amos, Ezra and Charles; two uncles, Henry and Barney Stevens, each with two families; Albert Petty with two families, and John J. Allred. Charlie Klapper soon left and Albert and George Petty and Hardin Whitlock moved over to Springdale during the winter of 1862-63. In the fall of 1863 came James Thaxton and Samuel K. Gifford, a chairmaker.

[55]The first settlers of Springdale included: Isaac Behunin and sons, Albert Petty, George Petty, William Black and three sons, William, George and Joseph; Robert Brown, Newman Brown, Hardin (Howard?) Whitlock, Hyrum Morris, C. G. Averet, Mr. Powell, Mr. Davis, Mr. Norton and Joseph Millett.

[56]James G. Black,loc. cit.

[57]Neff,op. cit., p. 908.

[58]There is a difference of opinion as to the location of the cabin. O. D. Gifford placed it about ⅙ mile above the lodge, on a flat since washed away by the river. E. C. Behunin, after an absence of 57 years, placed it near the forks of the road that lead to the lodge and swimming pool. He was evidently mistaken, for his description of the location of his father’s farm seems to indicate that Gifford’s location is correct. He was certain that the old river meander just north of the lodge (now artificially filled in) was not there in the early days, but the physical evidences before straightening the river and building the permanent road definitely indicate that it was. Heap’s farm, which he says was separated from his father’s by the river, was above this meander. James H. Jennings, who owned the place afterward, says that Behunin was mistaken. (Interview with James Jennings at Rockville, Utah, August 15, 1933).

[59]Interview with O. D. Gifford at Springdale, Utah, September 6, 1925.

[60]Interview with O. D. Gifford at Springdale, Utah, September 6, 1925.

[61]Interview at Hurricane, Utah, August 26, 1933.

[62]For a detailed account of this experiment, cf. Edward J. Allen,The Second United Order Among the Mormons(New York, 1936).

[63]Interview with B. A. Riggs, near Kanab, Utah, August 11, 1931.

[64]Interview with Mrs. Mary Jane Stout at Hurricane, Utah, August 25, 1933.

[65]Creer,Utah and the Nation, 151.

[66]Juanita Brooks, “The Journal of Thales Haskell,”Utah Historical Quarterly, Vol. XII, pp. 69-98.

[67]Loc. cit., p. 81, 95, 96.

[68]Juanita Brooks, ed., “Indian Relations on the Mormon Frontier,”Utah Historical Quarterly, Vol. XII, January-April, 1944, p. 42.

[69]These included William J. Jolley, Henry B. M. Jolley, Silas Hoyt and Henry Gardner.

[70]Charles L. Walker, “Journal” (Copy in the files of the Utah State Historical Society).

[71]In files of the Adjutant General’s Office, Salt Lake City, Utah.

[72]Letter of J. M. Higbee to W. H. Dame, July 10, 1866. Adjutant General’s Office, Salt Lake City, Utah.

[73]Report of expedition by Franklin B. Woolley for James Andrus, September 18, 1866, at St. George, to Brigadier General Erastus Snow, Adjutant General’s Office, Salt Lake City, Utah.

[74]Order No. 16, November 29, 1866, by General Erastus Snow, Adjutant General’s Office, Salt Lake City, Utah.

[75]Copy of the journal of a scouting expedition against marauding Navajo Indians, February 25 to March 12, 1869 by Edwin G. Woolley, Adjutant, filed in Adjutant General’s Office, Salt Lake City, Utah.

[76]Cf. J. W. Powell, ed.,The Colorado River(Washington, D.C., 1875), pp. 128-132.

[77]James Little. ed.,Autobiography of Jacob Hamblin(Salt Lake City, 1909), p. 106. (Hamblin erroneously dates the peace trip 1871.)

[78]Little,op. cit., p. 110.

[79]Ibid., p. 119.

[80]“Journal History,” Letter dated April 5, 1870.

[81]These included, in addition to Levi Stewart, Moses M. Farnsworth, Allan Frost, Edward A. Noble, John Rider, John Morgan, William Thompson, Edward Cooke, Caleb D. Brinton, Mr. Burt, and families.

[82]Letter from A. Milton Musser, September 10, 1870, published inDeseret News, and collated in “L.D.S. Journal History.”

[83]Interview at Kanab, Utah, October 21, 1933.

[84]“The Life of Levi Stewart,” biographical sketch by his granddaughter, Margery Browne Cottam (copy in files of A. M. Woodbury).

[85]F. S. Dellenbaugh,A Canyon Voyage(New York, 1908), pp. 166-167.

[86]Fredonia—Suggested by Erastus Snow, allegedly from “free” and “dona” (Spanish for lady or woman), thus, “free woman.” Actually, the name is simply a variant of “freedom,” invented shortly after 1800 by a certain Dr. Charles Mitchell, according to George R. Stewart,Names on the Land(New York, 1945), p. 173.

[87]Kumen Jones, “First settlement of San Juan County, Utah,”Utah Historical Quarterly, Vol. II, No. 1 (January, 1929).

[88]“Journal of Josephine Catherine Chatterly Wood,”Utah Historical Quarterly, Vol. X, pp. 128-136.

[89]Mark A. Pendleton, “The Orderville United Order of Zion” and Emma Carroll Seegmiller, “Personal Memories of the United Order of Orderville,”Utah Historical Quarterly, Vol. VII, 1939.

[90]Powell,op. cit., p. 110.

[91]Ibid., p. 111.

[92]Herbert E. Gregory, ed., “Diary of A. H. Thompson,”Utah Historical Quarterly, Vol. IX, 1939, pp. 89, 92.

[93]“Cougar Hunting on the Rim of the Grand Canyon,”The Outlook(London, England, October 4, 1913), pp. 259-266.

[94]Letter of Frederick Vining Fisher to the writer, September 22, 1933.

[95]Memorandum of Horace M. Albright, August 4, 1933, in files of A. M. Woodbury.

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