empire of,197f.,203,215,252;buildings of,199,219,226,235f.;mace-head of,218;stele of victory possibly his,248f.;name of,218,228;deification of,251;date of,65;in chronological table,361Sharlak. king of Kutû,232Sharru-Gi, king of Kish,221ff.,248;Stele of,132,220f.,228ff.;name of,221f.,224,227f.;son of,223;date of,53,65,222;in chronological table,360Sharru-Gi-ili,222Sharru-uktn,217,221,228Shashru,288,299Shatra,112Shatt 'Ateshân,10Shatt el-'Arab,18Shatt el-Farakhna,11Shatt el-Hai,8,11,21,31,101Shatt el-Kâr,8f.,11,21,23f.,28,31Shatt en-Nîl,8f.,86,89Shaving, Sumerian practice of,40ff.,97Shêkh Bedr,11Shell, Sumerian use of,41,76,78ff.,332Shemsu-Hor,324Shid-tab,206Shields, Sumerian,137f.,286Shilkhak-In-Shushinak,336Shilkhakha, sukkal of Elam,306Shimash,290Shimbi-ishkhuk,289Ships,262,334Shirpurla, Lagash,17; see LagashShirukdu', Shirukdukh, sukkal of Elam,306f.Shrines, local,84f.Shumerû,14Shumu-abi,307Shunet ez-Zebîb,323Shurippak,9Shuruppak, site of,9f.;excavations at,24ff.;destruction of,31f.;god of,84;inscriptions from,95,283;see alsoFâraShushinak,290,337Shutruk-Nakhkhunte,212,243,337Sigbirra,155Sigiresh,290Silver, engraving upon,78,167;as standard of exchange,207;from the mountains,262Simanu,299Simash,306,308Simashgi,290Simebalar-khuppak, sukkal of Elam,306Simuru,287f.,299Sin,244,289;see alsoNannarSin-idinnam,9Sin-ikisha, king of Isin,309,312f.,319;in chronological table,362Sin-magir, king of Isin,309,319;in chronological table,362Sin-muballit,63f.,314,316ff.Sinai,40Sinaitic peninsula,242Sippar, site of,8f.,13;excavations at,37;history of,85,203,205,212,218,223,244,250,310,319;see alsoAbû Habba Siri,290Siu,290Skins, clothing of,42,138Skulls, measurement of,328Slate-carvings, Egyptian,322,324,330,334Slavery,184Slaves, public,300;sacred,184;foreign,238;recruiting of,291f.Smith, Dr. Elliot,328Smith, George,39,217f.Sneferu,334Somaliland,334Sorcerers,267Southern Arabia,323,334Spear, or lance, Sumerian use of,286Spouting vase, symbol of the,48Stamps, for reliefs,166Standards, carried in battle,243;of a goddess,133Statues, Sumerian,71f.;early Semitic,212f.;of Manishtusu,212f.;of Ur-Bau,70;of Gudea,70f.,260ff.,269;symbolical names for,272f.;offerings to,272f.;significance of,273Stein, M. Aurel,351ff.,357Stelæ, of delimitation,122,126ff.,164;of victory,143,228,243,247ff.,251Stewards,170,246Stilus,265,345Stone, rare in Sumer,202;Egyptian vessels of,327Storehouses,91ff.,185,297Storm-god, West Semitic,344Strong drink, fees of,181Su-people,301Subartu,227Sûk el-'Afej,9,85Sukkal-makh, title,301Sukkallu, significance of title,306ff.Sumer, limits of,6f.,12f.;names for,13ff.;inhabitants of,40ff.;system of land tenure in,95Sumerian civilization, age of,56ff.;achievements of,66ff.;influence of,321ff.;Sumerian reaction, under the kings of Ur,48,253,283f.;"Sumerian controversy,"4ff.Sumerians, racial characteristics of,40ff.;racial affinity of,54f.;female types of,71f.;position of women among,116,286;original home of,53f.,351,357f.;earliest settlements of,3,84ff.,90ff.;their weapons and method of fighting,50,136f.,286f.;close of political career of,320Sumu-abu,307,319Sumu-ilu, king of Ur,313;in chronological table,362Sun-god, temples of,37,186,189,311;laws of,184,282;see alsoBabbar, ShamashSun-worship, Babylonian centres of,84f.;Egyptian,334Sunanam,150Surghul,89,331,345;excavations at,20f.Susa, excavations at,2,39f.,206,305,335,339f.,356;first settlement at,330f.;earliest form of burial at,331f.;"second period" at,333;objects from,211ff.,216,220,241,243,330,333;early patesis of,231,243;native Elamite rulers of,305ff.;history of,243,261f.,284,290f.,299,304Symbolism, in writing,329f.Synchronisms,57,62ff,255f.,276,307Syria,55,225,234,261f.,270,300,322,334f.,341,343,347;coast of,198,233,258,333,358;Northern,347Syro-Arabian desert,7Syro-Cappadocian cylinder-seals,343f.;pottery,343Tablets,3,28,37,309;from Tello,20,171,219,254,256f.,293Taklamakan Desert,351f.Tarim basin,351Taurus,11,86,244,347Tax-gatherers,180Taylor, Col. J. E.,5,17,30,34ff,217Tell, of the Tablets,20;"de la Maison des Fruits,"20Tell Ibrâhîm, site of Cutha,8f.,37f.Tell 'Îd,23Tell Lahm,36Tell Manjûr,39Tell Medîna,34Tell Sifr,34,73,314,317f.Tello, site of Lagash,17;excavations at,17ff.;plan of,19;remains of buildings at,89ff.;objects from,20,41f.,44f.,47ff.,73,171,204,219,254,256f.,293,299,342,344Temple-accounts,293Temple-towers,53f.Temples, early Sumerian,89;buildings attached to,90ff.,268;enclosure of a,265Temti-agun, sukkal of Susa,307Temti-khalki, sukkal of Elam,306f.Tepe Mussian;seeMussianTerra-cotta, stamped figures of,75f.Testing-house, for weights,294f.Theft, laws against,182Thessaly,341Thinis,324This,324Thompson, R. Campbell,38Thompson, M. S.,341Throwing-stick,79Thumb-marks, on bricks,26,91,94Thureau-Dangin, F., researches of,54,57,266;referred to,9,12,14,18,39,52,58,61,63,65,95f.,98,101,103ff.,109,120,158,162f.,165,169ff.,178,188,193,203f.,219,222,225,232,237,240f.,246f.,254f.,259,274ff.,280,285,287,290,298,300f.,306,317ff.,335Tidanu,261,300Tidnu,300Tig-abba,291Tigris,6;changes in channel of,8;contrasted with Euphrates,11f.;period of high water in,11;upper reaches of,246Timat-Enlil,301Time-reckoning,295;see alsoDatingTin, as an alloy,73Tirash,109,185,189Tithes,180Toscanne, P.,266Trade-routes,322Transcaspia,341,356Treaties,101,126Tribute, in grain,127Tukîn-khatti-migrisha,299Tupliash;seeAshnunnakTurkestan,1,332,341,351ff.Tutu,246Tuz-Khurmati,287Ubara,296Ubil-Ishtar, an Akkadian prince,246Ug-edin Canal,154Ug-me, patesi of Lagash,254;in chronological table,361Ugigga, battle of,159Ukush, patesi of Umma,188,194f.;in chronological table,360Ullu,290Umanu,261Umma, site of,9,11,13,21f., reading of name of,21;history of,96f.,100f.,120ff.,144f.,152,158ff.,186ff.,195,238,258,298;destruction of,31f.;see alsoJôkhaUnderworld,149Ungnad, Prof. A.,14,52f.,63,162,306f.,313,317Upper Egypt,323ff.Upper Sea, the Mediterranean,194,197,262Ur, site of,9f.,13,34;excavations at,34f.;as cult-centre,35,84f.;earlier history of,147,152,195f.,199f.,238,263;Dynasty of,64,253,256,276f.,278ff.;Sumerian reaction under kings of,48,238,283f.;deification of kings of,251,274,288,298f.;downfall of the Dynasty of,300ff.;later history of,309ff.,313,317f.;see alsoMukayyarUr-abba, patesi of Lagash,275ff.,281;in chronological table,362Ur-Babbar, patesi of Lagash,254;in chronological table,361Ur-baga,284Ur-Bau, patesi of Lagash,19,70,90f.,254f.,258f.,351;in chronological table,361Ur-Bau, son of Bûr-Sin I.,297Ur-Dunpae,301Ur-E, patesi of Lagash,254f.;in chronological table,361Ur-Engur, king of Ur,64,253,276;reign of,278ff.;buildings of,219,280f.;architectural development under,263f.;deification of,274;in chronological table,362Ur-Enlil, patesi of Nippur,98Ur-gar, patesi of Lagash,255,258;in chronological table,361Ur-gigir, patesi of Adamdun,292Ur-ilim, patesi of Susa,231Ur-Khumma, possible reading of the name Urlumma,158Ur-Lama I., patesi of Lagash,296;cult of,274,299;in chronological table,362Ur-Lama II., patesi of Lagash,296,301;in chronological table,362Ur-mama, patesi of Lagash,254;in chronological table,361Ur-nabbad, patesi of Nippur,294Ur-nesu, patesi of Umma,295;in chronological table,362Ur-Ninâ, king of Lagash, reign of,106ff.;date of,65;