1913.The future indicative is used a few times in general statements by old and late writers, and the perfect subjunctive after a negative clause rarely by Tacitus: as,bovēs priusquam in viam agēs, pice cornua īnfima unguitō, Cato,RR.72,always smear the hoofs of your oxen with pitch before you drive them on the road(1625,1577).deū̆m honor prīncipī nōn ante habētur quam agere inter hominēs dēsierit, Ta. 15, 74,divine honours are not paid to an emperor before he has ceased to live among men. Cicero has the perfect subjunctive in a definition: thus,prōvidentia, per quam futūrum aliquid vidētur antequam factum sit,Inv.2, 160,foresight is the faculty through which a future event is seen before it has taken place. He also has the present indicative once:Div.1, 120.
1914.In general past statementsantequamandpriusquamintroduce the subjunctive imperfect or pluperfect; but this use is very rare: as,dormīre priusquam somni cupīdō esset, S.C.13, 3,a-sleeping always before they felt sleepy.ita saepe magna indolēs virtūtis, priusquam rē̆ī pūblicae prōdesse potuisset, extīncta est,Ph.5, 47,thus character of unusual promise was oftentimes cut off, before it could do the government any good.
IN PARTICULAR STATEMENTS.
1915.In particular present or future statements,antequamandpriusquamintroduce a present, either indicative or subjunctive; in future statements the future perfect is also used, and regularly when the main verb is future perfect: as,
antequam ad sententiam redeō, dē mē pauca dīcam,C.4, 20,before I come back to the motion, I will say a little about myself(1593).est etiam prius quam abīs quod volo loquī, Pl.As.232,there’s something else I want to say before you go.antequam veniat in Pontum, litterās ad Cn. Pompēium mittet,Agr.2, 53,before he reaches Pontus, he will send a letter to Pompey.prius quam ad portam veniās, est pistrīlla, T.Ad.583,there’s a little bakery just before you get to the gate.nihil contrā disputābō priusquam dīxerit,Fl.51,I will not argue to the contrary before he has spoken(1626).neque prius, quam dēbellāverō, absistam, L. 49, 39, 9,and I will not leave off before I have brought the war to an end.sī quid mihī̆ acciderit priusquam hōc tantum malī vīderō,Mil.99,if anything shall befall me before I see this great calamity.neque prōmittō quicquam neque respondeō prius quam gnātum vīderō, T.Ph.1044,I’m not promising anything nor making any answer before I see my son(1593). Tacitus uses neither the present indicative nor the future perfect.
1916.In old Latin the future and the perfect subjunctive also occur: as,
prius quam quoiquam convīvae dabis, gustātō tūte prius, Pl.Ps.885,before you help a single guest, taste first yourself; but Terence does not use the future, and it is found only once or twice later.nūllō pactō potest prius haec in aedīs recipī, quam illam āmīserim, Pl.MG.1095.on no terms can I take my new love to the house, before I’ve let the old love drop; but usually the perfect subjunctive is due to indirect discourse.
1917.In particular past statementsantequamandpriusquamintroduce the perfect indicative, especially when the apodosis is negative. The imperfect subjunctive rarely occurs, chiefly in late writers.
(a.)omnia ista ante facta sunt quam iste Ītaliam attigit,V.2, 161,all these incidents occurred before the defendant set foot in Italy.neque prius fugere dēstitērunt quam ad Rhēnum pervēnērunt, 1, 53, 1,and they did not stay their flight before they fairly arrived at the Rhine.prius quam hinc abiīt quīndecim mīles minās dederat, Pl.Ps.53,the captain had paid down fifteen minae before he left here. (b.)nec prius sunt vīsī quam castrīs adpropinquārent, 6, 37, 2,they were not seen before they drew near to the camp. This use of the imperfect subjunctive, not to be confounded with that mentioned in 1919, is not found in old Latin or in Cicero. It is found in Nepos and Livy.
1918.The present indicative also occurs in particular past statements in old Latin: as,is priusquam moritur mihi dedit, Pl.Cu.637,before he died he gave it me. The indicative imperfect occurs four times in Livy and once in late Latin, the pluperfect once in old Latin and once in Cicero.
1919.When the action of the protasis was forestalled, or when action conceivable or purpose is expressed,antequamandpriusquamregularly introduce the imperfect subjunctive in particular past statements: as,
plērīque interfectī sunt, priusquam occultum hostem vidērent, L. 35, 29, 3,most of them were slain before they could see the hidden enemy.antequam verbum facerem, dē sellā surrēxit,V.4, 147,before I could utter a word he arose from his seat.pervēnit priusquam Pompēius sentīre posset, Caes.C.3, 67, 4,he arrived before Pompey should be able to learn of his coming(1725). The present and perfect subjunctive occur rarely, generally when the main clause contains a present of vivid narration (1590). The imperfect is not found in old Latin.
1920.The perfect indicative or imperfect subjunctive withantequamis often used attributively with nouns denoting time: as,
fābulam docuit, annō ipsō ante quam nātus est Ennius,Br.72,he exhibited a play just a year before Ennius was born.ducentīs annīs ante quam Rōmam caperent, in Ītaliam Gallī trānscendērunt, L. 5, 33, 5,two hundred years before they took Rome, the Gauls crossed over to Italy. The pluperfect also occurs, when the main verb is pluperfect: as,Stāiēnus bienniō antequam causam recēpisset, sescentīs mīllibus nummūm sē iūdicium conruptūrum dīxerat,Clu.68,Stajenus had said two years before he undertook the case, that he would bribe the court for six hundred thousand sesterces.
1921.The pluperfect subjunctive is rarely introduced byantequamorpriusquamexcept in indirect discourse: as,
antequam dē meō adventū audīre potuissent, in Macedoniam perrēxī,Pl.98,before they should be able to hear of my arrival, I proceeded to Macedonia(1725).āvertit equōs in castra priusquam pābula gustāssent Trōiae Xanthumque bibissent, V. 1, 472,he drave the horses off to camp, or ever they should taste of Troja’s grass and Xanthus drink(1725).
1922.It may be mentioned here thatpostrīdiē quamandprīdiē quamoccur a few times in Plautus and Cicero with the indicative;postrīdiē quamwith the indicative in Suetonius; andprīdiē quamwith the subjunctive in Livy, Valerius Maximus, and Suetonius.
ubī̆,ut,cum prīmum,simul atque.
1923.Withposteā quam,postquam(posquam),after, the following words may conveniently be treated:ubī̆,ut,when;ubī̆ prīmum,ut prīmum,cum prīmum,when first, and in Plautusquom extemplō;simul atque(orac, less frequentlyetorut, orsimulalone),at the same time with,as soon as.
postquam,ubī̆,ut,cum prīmum,simul atque, accompany the indicative.
For examples of the use of tenses, see1924-1934.
1924.In clauses introduced byposteā quamorpostquam, the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive, found a dozen times in the manuscripts of Cicero’s works and elsewhere, is generally corrected in modern editions or usually the conjunctive particle is emended toposteā quom(cum). But the subjunctive may of course be used with this and the other particles mentioned in 1923 for special reasons, as with the indefinite second person (1731), by attraction (1728), and in indirect discourse (1725). For the subjunctive of repeated past action withubī̆andut, see1932. The infinitive of intimation occurs in Tacitus (1539): as,postquam exuī aequālitās, prōvēnēre dominātiōnēs, Ta. 3, 26,after equality between man and man was dropped, there came a crop of tyrants.
1925.In narration the perfect indicative is regularly used in clauses introduced bypostquam,ubī̆,ut,cum prīmum,simul atque(1739): as,
postquam tuās litterās lēgī, Postumia tua mē convēnit,Fam.4, 2, 1,after I read your letter, your Postumia called on me.postquam aurum abstulimus, in nāvem cōnscendimus, Pl.B.277,after we got away the money, we took ship.ubī̆ ad ipsum vēnī dēvorticulum, cōnstitī, T.Eu.635,when I came exactly to the side street, I pulled up.ubī̆ sē diūtius dūcī intellēxit, graviter eōs accūsat, 1, 16, 5,when he came to see that he was put off a good while, he takes them roundly to task.quī ut perōrāvit, surrēxit Clōdius,QFr.2, 3, 2,when he had finished speaking, up jumped Clodius.ut abiī abs tē, fit forte obviam mihi Phormiō, T.Ph.617,when I left you, Phormio happened to fall in my way.crīmen eius modī est, ut, cum prīmum ad mē dēlātum est, ūsūrum mē illō nōn putārem,V.5, 158,the charge is of such a sort that, when first it was reported to me, I thought I should not use it.cum prīmum Crētae lītus attigit, nūntiōs mīsit, L. 37, 60, 4,as soon as he touched the shore of Crete, he sent messengers.ut prīmum loquī posse coepī, inquam,RP.6, 15,as soon as I began to be able to speak, I said.quem simul atque oppidānī cōnspexērunt, mūrum complēre coepērunt, 7, 12, 5,as soon as the garrison espied him, they began to man the wall.at hostēs, ubī̆ prīmum nostrōs equitēs cōnspexērunt, impetū factō celeriter nostrōs perturbāvērunt, 4, 12, 1,but as soon as the enemy caught sight of our cavalry, they attacked and threw our men into disorder. The conjunctionsimul atqueis very rarely found in old Latin.
1926.The present indicative of vivid narration (1590) sometimes occurs: as,
postquam iam puerī septuennēs sunt, pater onerāvit nāvim magnam, Pl.Men. prol.24,after the boys were seven year olds, their father freighted a big ship.quid ait, ubi mē nōminās, T.Hau.303,what sayeth she when you name me?ubī̆ neutrī trānseundī initium faciunt, Caesar suōs in castra redūxit, 2, 9, 2,neither party taking the initiative in crossing, Caesar marched his men back to camp. Verbs of perceiving, especiallyvideō, occur oftenest in this use, which is common in Plautus and Terence: as,postquam videt nūptiās adparārī, missast ancilla īlicō, T.Andr.513,after she sees a marriage on foot, her maid is sent forthwith.abeō ab illīs, postquam videō mē lūdificārier, Pl.Cap.487,seeing myself made game of, I leave them.quem posteā quam videt nōn adesse, ardēre atque furere coepit,V.2, 92,seeing that the man does not appear, he began to rage and fume.ubī̆ hoc videt, init cōnsilium importūnī tyrannī,V.5, 103,seeing this, he adopted the policy of a savage tyrant. Plautus uses alsoquom extemplō. Such protases often take on a causal sense (see also1930).
1927.The present or perfect withpostquamorutis sometimes used in expressions equivalent to an emphasized accusative or ablative of time, the main verb beingestorsunt: as,septingentī sunt annī postquam inclita condita Rōma est, E. in Varro,RR.3, 1, 2,’tis seven hundred years since glorious Rome was founded.domō ut abiērunt hic tertius annus, Pl.St.29,this is the third year since they left home.annus est octāvus ut imperium obtinēs, Ta. 14, 53,it is the eighth year since you acquired empire. For a similar use ofcum, see1871.
1928.The pluperfect withpostquam, denoting resulting state (1615), occurs less frequently: as,
tum cum P. Āfricānus, posteā quam bis cōnsul fuerat, L. Cottam in iūdicium vocābat,Caecil.69,at the time when Africanus, after he had twice been consul, was bringing Cotta to judgement.postquam omnium oculōs occupāverat certāmen, tum āversam adoriuntur Rōmānam aciem, L. 22, 48, 4,when every eye was fairly riveted on the engagement, that instant they fell upon the Romans in the rear. Not in Plautus, once in Terence, and rare in classical writers.
1929.The pluperfect, less frequently the perfect, withpostquamis used attributively with nouns denoting time.
In this usepostis often separated fromquam, and two constructions are possible: (a.) Ablative:annō post quam vōta erat aedēs Monētae dēdicātur, L. 7, 28, 6,the temple of Moneta is dedicated a year after it was vowed. Withoutpost:quadringentēsimō annō quam urbs Rōmanā condita erat, patriciī cōnsulēs magistrātum iniēre, L. 7, 18, 1,four hundred years after Rome town was founded, patrician consuls entered into office. (b.) Accusative, with an ordinal, andpostas a preposition, or, sometimes,intrā:post diem tertium gesta rēs est quam dīxerat,Mil.44,the deed was done the next day but one after he said it. See2419.
1930.The imperfect withpostquamexpresses action continuing into the time of the main action. Such a protasis, especially when negative, usually denotes the cause of the main action: as,
Appius, postquam nēmō adībat, domum sē recēpit, L. 3, 46, 9,Appius, finding that nobody presented himself, went back home.posteā quam ē scaenā explōdēbātur, cōnfūgit in huius domum,RC.30,after being repeatedly hissed off the stage, he took refuge in my client’s house.
In old Latin this use is found only once, in Plautus; it is most common in Livy, but occurs frequently in Tacitus. So occasionally the present, generally when the main action is present (see also1926): as,postquam nec ab Rōmānīs vōbīs ūlla est spēs, nec vōs moenia dēfendunt, pācem adferō ad vōs, L. 21, 13, 4,now that it has become plain that you have no hope from the Romans, and that your walls are no protection to you, I bring peace unto you.postquam līberast, ubī̆ habitet dīcere admodum incertē sciō, Pl.E.505,now that she’s free, I’m quite too ill informed to say where she lives.quae omnia intellegit nihil prōdesse, posteā quam testibus convincitur,V.5, 103,he knows that all this is fruitless, now that he is being refuted by witnesses. The perfect withpostquamorutoccurs occasionally in this use with the present in the main clause: as,animus in tūtō locōst, postquam iste hinc abiīt, Pl.Ps.1052,my mind is easy, now that fellow’s gone.nam ut in nāvī vecta’s, crēdō timida ‘s, Pl.B.106,for after your voyage, of course you’re nervous.
1931.postquamanduthave sometimes the meaning ofever sinceoras long as: as,
postquam nātus sum, satur numquam fuī, Pl.St.156,since I was born I’ve never had enough to eat.tibī̆ umquam quicquam, postquam tuos sum, verbōrum dedī?Pl.Most.925,have I once ever cheated you as long as I have been your slave?neque meum pedem intulī in aedīs, ut cum exercitū hinc profectus sum, Pl.Am.733,I have n’t set foot in the house ever since I marched out with the army.ut illōs dē rē pūblicā librōs ēdidistī, nihil ā tē posteā accēpimus,Br.19,we have had nothing from you since you published the work On the State.
1932.ubī̆,ut, orsimul atque(ac) often introduces a clause denoting indefinite or repeated action: as,
adeō obcaecat animōs fortūna, ubī̆ vim suam refringī nōn vult, L. 5, 37, 1,so completely does fortune blind the mind when she will not have her power thwarted.ubī̆ salūtātiō dēflūxit, litterīs mē involvō,Fam.9, 20, 3,when my callers go, I always plunge into my book(1613).omnēs profectō mulierēs tē amant, ut quaeque aspexit, Pl.MG.1264,all the ladies love you, every time one spies you.simul atque sē īnflēxit hīc rēx in dominātum iniūstiōrem, fit continuō tyrannus,RP.2, 48,for the moment our king turns to a severer kind of mastery, he becomes a tyrant on the spot.Messānam ut quisque nostrūm vēnerat, haec vīsere solēbat,V.4, 5,any Roman, who visited Messana, invariably went to see these statues(1618).hostēs, ubī̆ aliquōs singulārēs cōnspexerant, adoriēbantur, 4, 26, 2,every time the enemy saw some detached parties, they would charge. The imperfect in this use is not common in classical writers, and occurs but once, withubī̆, in old Latin; the pluperfect is rare before the silver age. Clauses withutgenerally contain some form ofquisque(2396). Plautus usesquom extemplōwith the present and perfect. The subjunctive is found withubī̆andut quisquein cases of repeated past action (1730).
1933.ubī̆,ut, orsimul atquerarely introduces an imperfect or pluperfect of definite time: as,
quid ubi reddēbās aurum, dīxistī patrī, Pl.B.685,what did you tell your father when you were returning the money?ubī̆ lūx adventābat, tubicinēs sīgna canere, S.I.99, 1,when daylight was drawing on, the trumpeters sounded the call.ubī̆ nēmō obvius ībat, plēnō gradū ad hostium castra tendunt, L. 9, 45, 14,finding nobody came to meet them, they advanced double quick upon the enemy’s camp(1930). The use of these tenses referring to definite time is very rare in old Latin, and found only withutin Cicero.
1934.ubī̆orsimul atque, referring to definite time, introduces the future or future perfect, when the apodosis is also future: as,
simul et quid erit certī, scrībam ad tē,Att.2, 20, 2,as soon as there is anything positive, I will write to you.ego ad tē statim habēbō quod scrībam, simul ut vīderō Cūriōnem,Att.10, 4, 12,I shall have something to write you, as soon as ever I see Curio.nam ubī̆ mē aspiciet, ad carnuficem rapiet continuō senex, Pl.B.688,when the old man sees me, he’ll hurry me off to Jack Ketch without any ado.ubi prīmum poterit, sē illinc subdūcet, T.Eu.628,she’ll steal away as soon as she can. Plautus has alsoquom extemplōin this use, and Pliny the Youngerut primum.
1935.The relative adverbutīorut(711) is found in the oldest Latin in the formutei, bututwas the prevalent form even in the time of Plautus. As a conjunctive particle, it accompanies both the indicative and the subjunctive. Forutin wishes, see1540; in questions, 1568.
WITH THE INDICATIVE.
(A.)ut,where.
1936.utīorutin the rare signification ofwhere, accompanies the indicative: as,atque in eōpse adstās lapide, ut praecō praedicat, Pl.B.815,and there you stand right on the auction block, just where the crier always cries.sīve in extrēmōs penetrābit Indōs, lītus ut longē resonante Eōā tunditur undā, Cat. 11, 2,or shall he pierce to farthest Ind, where by the long-resounding eastern wave the strand is lashed. In classical Latin,utin this sense is used only by the poets, as here and there in Lucilius, Catullus, Cicero’sAratēa, and Vergil.ubī̆is the word regularly used. Forut,when, see1923.
(B.)ut,as.
1937.The indicative is used in the protasis of a comparative period introduced byutīorut,as.
utoften has as a correlativeita,item,itidem,sīc,perinde, orsimiliter, and sometimes in old Latin and poetryaequē,adaequē,pariter,nōn aliter,nōn secus,īdem.sīcis sometimes drawn to the protasis, makingsīcutī,sīcut;utīis sometimes strengthened byvel, makingvelutī,velut,even as,just as.quemadmodumoften, andquōmodosometimes, stands forut. For the use ofutin old Latin in sentences in which classical Latin would employ the indirect question, see1791. For coordinated comparative sentences withoutut, see1704.
perge ut īnstituistī,RP.2, 22,go on as you have begun.ut volēs mēd esse, ita erō, Pl.Ps.240,as you will have me be, so will I be(1625).ut sēmentem fēceris, ita metēs,DO.2, 261,as you sow, y’are like to reap(1626).ut nōn omnem frūgem in omnī agrō reperīre possīs, sīc nōn omne facinus in omnī vītā nāscitur,RA.75,every crime does not start into being in every life, any more than you can find every fruit in every field(1731). Also in asseverations:ita mē dī amābunt, ut ego hunc auscultō lubēns, Pl.Aul.496,so help me heaven, as I am glad to hear this man(1622).
1938.ut . . . itaorsīc,as . . . so, often stand where concessive and adversative conjunctions might be used;while . . . nevertheless,although ... yet,certainly . . . but: as,
ut nihil bonī est in morte, sīc certē nihil malī,L.14,while there is nothing good after death, yet certainly there is nothing bad.quō factō sīcut glōriam auxit, ita grātiam minuit, Suet.Oth.1,by this action he increased his reputation, but lessened his popularity.nec ut iniūstus in pāce rēx, ita dux bellī prāvus fuit, L. 1, 53, 1,but while he was an unjust king in peace, he was not a bad leader in war. This adversative correlation is found sometimes in Cicero, but is far more common in late writers.
1939.ut quisque, commonly with a superlative expression, is used in the protasis of a comparative period of equality, withitaorsīcand commonly another superlative expression in the apodosis: as,
ut quaeque rēs est turpissima, sīc maximē vindicanda est,Caec.7,the more disgraceful a thing is, the more emphatically does it call for punishment.ut quisque optimē Graecē scīret, ita esse nēquissimum,DO.2, 265,that the better Greek scholar a man was, the greater rascal he always was(1722). This construction is often abridged: as,sapientissimus quisque aequissimō animō moritur,CM.83,the sage always dies with perfect resignation.optimus quisque praeceptor frequentiā gaudet, Quint. 1, 2, 9,the best teachers always revel in large classes. See2397.
1940.utoften introduces a parenthetical idea, particularly a general truth or a habit which accounts for the special fact expressed in the main sentence: as,
nēmō, ut opīnor, in culpā est,Clu.143,nobody, as I fancy, is to blame.excitābat flūctūs in simpulō, ut dīcitur, Grātidius,Leg.3, 36,Gratidius was raising a tempest in a teapot, as the saying is.paulisper, dum sē uxor, ut fit, comparat, commorātus est,Mil.28,he had to wait a bit, as is always the case, while his wife was putting on her things.hōrum auctōritāte adductī, ut sunt Gallōrum subita cōnsilia, Trebium retinent, 3, 8, 3,influenced by these people they detain Trebius, as might have been expected, sudden resolutions being always characteristic of the Gauls.sēditiōne nūntiātā, ut erat laenā amictus, ita vēnit in cōntiōnem,Br.56,an outbreak was reported, and he came to the meeting all accoutred as he was, with his sacrificial robe on. Often elliptically: as,acūtī hominis, ut Siculī,TD.1, 15,a bright man, of course, being a Sicilian.Aequōrum exercitus, ut quī permultōs annōs imbellēs ēgissent, trepidāre, L. 9, 45, 10,the army of the Aequians alarmed and irresolute, and naturally, since they had passed a great many years without fighting(1824,1827).
1941.ut,as for example, is used in illustrations, particularly in abridged sentences (1057): as,
genus est quod plūrēs partēs amplectitur, ut ‘animal.’ pars est, quae subest generī, ut ‘equos,’Inv.1, 32,a class is what embraces a number of parts, as ‘living thing’; a part is what is included in a class, as ‘horse.’sunt bēstiae in quibus inest aliquid simile virtūtis, ut in leōnibus, ut in canibus,Fin.5, 38,there are brutes in which there is a something like the moral quality of man, as for instance the lion and the dog.
1942.The parenthetical clause withutorproutsometimes makes an allowance for the meaning of a word, usually an adjective, in the main sentence: as,
cīvitās ampla atque flōrēns, ut est captus Germānōrum, 4, 3, 3,a grand and prosperous community, that is according to German conceptions.ut captus est servōrum, nōn malus, T.Ad.480,not a bad fellow, as slaves go.Sthenius ab adulēscentiā haec comparārat, supellēctilem ex aere ēlegantiōrem, tabulās pīctās, etiam argentī bene factī prout Thermītānī hominis facultātēs ferēbant, satis,V.2, 83,Sthenius had been a collector from early years of such things as artistic bronzes, pictures; also of curiously wrought silver a goodly amount, that is as the means of a Thermae man went. Often in abridged sentences: as,scrīptor fuit, ut temporibus illīs, lūculentus,Br.102,he was a brilliant historian for the times.multae etiam, ut in homine Rōmānō, litterae,CM.12,furthermore, extensive reading, that is for a Roman.ut illīs temporibus, praedīves, L. 4, 13, 1,a millionaire, for those times.
1943.ut,as indeed,as in fact, with the indicative, is used to represent that an action supposed, conceded, or commanded, really occurs: as,
sit Ennius sānē, ut est certē, perfectior,Br.76,grant, for aught I care, that Ennius is a more finished poet, as indeed he is.utī erat rēs, Metellum esse ratī, S.I.69, 1,supposing that it was Metellus, as in fact it was. This use begins in the classical period. It is found particularly withquamvīs, 1905; withsī, see2017.
1944.ut,as,like, sometimes shows that a noun used predicatively is not literally applicable, but expresses an imputed quality or character: as,
Cicerō ea quae nunc ūsū veniunt cecinit ut vātēs, N. 25, 16, 4,Cicero foretold what is now actually occurring, like a bard inspired.canem et faelem ut deōs colunt,Leg.1, 32,they bow the knee to dog and cat as gods.quod mē sīcut alterum parentem dīligit,Fam.5, 8, 4,because he loves me like a second father.rēgiae virginēs, ut tōnstrīculae, tondēbant barbam patris,TD.5, 58,the princesses used to shave their father, just like common barber-girls. In an untrue or a merely figurative comparisontamquam(1908) orquasiis used.
1945.In old Latin,praeis combined withut:praeut,compared with how: as,parum etiam, praeut futūrumst, praedicās, Pl.Am.374,you say too little still compared with how ’twill be.praeutis sometimes followed by a relative clause: as,lūdum iocumque dīcet fuisse illum alterum, praeut huius rabiēs quae dabit, T.Eu.300,he’ll say the other was but sport and play, compared with what this youth will in his frenzy do.
1946.In Plautussīcut, with the indicative, has once or twice the meaning ofsince: as,quīn tū illam iubē abs tē abīre quō lubet: sīcut soror eius hūc gemina vēnit Ephesum,MG.974,why, bid her go away from you wherever she may choose, since her twin sister here to Ephesus is come.
WITH THE SUBJUNCTIVE.
utīorut.NEGATIVEut nē,nē, orut nōn.
1947.The subjunctive withutis: (A.) That of action desired (1540), in clauses of purpose; in these the negative isnē, or sometimesut nē, andand that not,nēveorneu, rarelynequeornec.ut nē, though used at all periods (not by Caesar, Sallust, or Livy), is chiefly found in older Latin; afterwardsnēalone took its place (1706).ut nōnis used when the negative belongs to a single word. (B.) That of action conceivable (1554), in clauses of result; in these the negative isut nōn,ut nēmō,ut nūllus, &c.; or with emphasis on the negative,nēmō ut,nūllus ut,nihil ut; alsovix ut,paene ut,prope ut.
1948.Final and consecutive clauses withutare of two classes: I. Complementary clauses, that is, such as are an essential complement of certain specific verbs or expressions; such clauses have the value of a substantive, and may represent a subject, an object, or any oblique case. II. Pure final or consecutive clauses, in which the purpose or result of any action may be expressed, and which are not essential to complete the sense of a verb.
(A.) Purpose.
I. Complementary Final Clauses.
1949.(1.) The subjunctive withutornēis used in clauses which serve to complete the sense of verbs of will or aim.
1950.(a.) Verbs of will include those of desire, request, advice, resolution, stipulation, command, or permission.
Will may be suggested by a general verb or expression: as,dīcō,respondeō,nūntiō, &c.; or denoted by specific ones, of which some of the commonest are: desire:volō(mālō),concupīscō,optō. request:petō,postulō,flāgitō,ōrō,rogō,precor,obsecrō,implōrō,instō,urge,invītō. advice:suādeō,persuādeō,persuade,moneō,bid,admoneō,hortor,cēnseō,propose,vote. resolution, stipulation:dēcernō,statuō,decree,cōnstituō,placet,sanciō,pacīscor,pepigī. command:imperō,praecipiō,praescrībō,mandō,negōtium dō,ēdīcō,ferō,caveō,interdīcō. permission:concēdō,allow,permittō,committō,potestātem faciō,veniam dō,sinō,nōn patior.
1951.(b.) Verbs of aim include those of striving, accomplishing, or inducing; such are:
striving:agōorid agō,animum indūcō,temptō,operam dō,labōrō,nītor,ēnītor,mōlior,videō,prōspiciō,cūrō,nihil antīquius habeō quam,contendō,studeō,pūgnō. accomplishing:faciō(efficiō,perficiō),praestō;mereō;impetrō,adsequor,cōnsequor,adipīscor. inducing:moveō,excitō,incitō,impellō,perpellō,cōgō.
(a.)optāvit ut in currum patris tollerētur,Off.3, 94,he asked to be lifted into his father’s chariot.optō nē sē illa gēns moveat,Fam.12, 19, 2,I hope and pray that that nation may not stir.Ubiī ōrābant, ut sibī̆ auxilium ferret, 4, 16, 5,the Ubians begged that he would help them.Pausaniās ōrāre coepit nē ēnūntiāret, N. 4, 4, 6,Pausanias began to beg that he would not tell.hortātus est utī in officiō manēret, 5, 4, 2,he urged him to remain steadfast in duty.hortātur eōs nē animō dēficiant, Caes.C.1, 19, 1,he urges them not to get disheartened(1752).suīs, ut idem faciant, imperat, 5, 37, 1,he orders his men to do the same.suīs imperāvit nē quod omnīnō tēlum rēicerent, 1, 46, 2,he ordered his men not to throw any weapon at all back.huic permīsit, utī in hīs locīs legiōnem conlocāret, 3, 1, 3,he allowed this man to quarter his legion in these parts.neque suam neque populī Rōmānī cōnsuētūdinem patī, utī sociōs dēsereret, 1, 45, 1,that his practice and that of the Roman nation would not allow him to desert his allies.
(b.)neque id agere ut exercitum teneat ipse, sed nē illī habeant quō contrā sē ūtī possint, Caes.C.1, 85, 11,and that his object was not to hold the army himself, but to prevent the other side from having an army which they could use against him.XIInāvibus āmissīs, reliquīs ut nāvigārī commodē posset effēcit, 4, 31, 3,a dozen vessels were lost, but he managed to sail comfortably with the rest.eius bellī fāma effēcit nē sē pugnae committerent Sappīnātēs, L. 5, 32, 4,the story of this war prevented the Sappinatians from hazarding an engagement.sī ā Chrȳsogonō nōn impetrāmus ut pecūniā nostrā contentus sit, vītam nē petat,RA.150,if we do not succeed in making Chrysogonus satisfied with our money without his aiming at our life.Aulum spē pactiōnis perpulit, utī in abditās regiōnēs sēsē īnsequerētur, S.I.38, 2,Aulus he induced by the hope of a pecuniary settlement to follow him to distant regions.Antōnium pactiōne prōvinciae perpulerat, nē contrā rem pūblicam sentīret, S.C.26, 4,by agreeing to let Antony have a province, he had induced him not to be disaffected toward the government.
1952.Many of these verbs often have a coordinated subjunctive (1705-1713), or, according to the meaning, admit other constructions, which must in general be learned by reading, or from the dictionary. The following points may be noticed:
1953.(a.) The verbs of resolving,statuō,cōnstituō, anddēcernō, and of striving,nītor, andtemptō, have usually the complementary infinitive (2169), unless a new subject is introduced. Forvolō(mālō), andcupiō, see also2189; foriubeō,vetō,sinō, andpatior,2198.postulō,expect, often has the same construction asvolō, especially in old Latin (2194). Forimperō, see2202.
1954.(b.) Some of the above verbs, with the meaningthinkorsay, have the accusative with the infinitive (2175,2195): as,volō,contendō,maintain,concēdō,admit,statuō,assume,dēcernō,judge,moneō,remind,persuādeō,convince.
1955.(c.) Verbs of accomplishing sometimes express result rather than purpose, and when the result is negative, are completed by a clause withut nōn(1965). For the infinitive with such verbs, see2196.
1956.estwith a predicate noun is sometimes equivalent to a verb of will or aim, and has the same construction.