(b.)habet ōrātiōnem tālem cōnsul, quālem numquam Catilīna vīctor habuisset,Sest.28,he makes a speech—yes, and he a consul—such as a Catiline would never have made, if flushed with success.revereāris occursum, nōn reformīdēs, Plin.Ep.1, 10, 7,you might well be abashed in his presence, but you would not be afraid.dī immortālēs mentem illī perditō ac furiōsō dedērunt ut huic faceret insidiās; aliter perīre pestis illa nōn potuit,Mil.88,the immortal gods inspired that mad miscreant to waylay my client; otherwise, that monster could not have been destroyed. For the use ofabsquein a coordinate protasis in Plautus and Terence, see1701,1421.
2111.The verb of the protasis is sometimes omitted: as in abridged sentences (1057), or when it may be easily supplied (1036).
aut enim nēmō, aut sī quisquam, ille sapiēns fuit,L.9,for either nobody or, if anybody, that was a wise man.sī ēveniet, gaudēbimus: sīn secus, patiēmur, Pl.Cas.377,if it shall come to pass, glad shall we be; if else, we shall endure.mē voluisse, sī haec cīvitās est, cīvem esse mē; sī nōn, exsulem esse,Fam.7, 3, 5,that I wished, if this is a commonwealth, to be a citizen of it; if it is not, to be an exile.sūmeret alicunde . . . sī nūllō aliō pactō, faenore, T.Ph.299,he could have got it from somebody or other . . . if in no other way, on usury(2113).
Variation of the Apodosis.
2112.The apodosis is sometimes represented by the accusative of exclamation (1149), or the vocative: as,
mortālem graphicum, sī servat fidem, Pl.Ps.519,O what a pattern creature, if he keeps his word.ō miserum tē, sī intellegis, miseriōrem, sī nōn intellegis, hoc litterīs mandārī,Ph.2, 54,wretched man if you are aware, more wretched if you are not aware, that all this is put down in black and white.inimīce lāmnae, Crīspe Sallustī, nisi temperātō splendeat ūsū, H. 2, 2, 2,thou foe to bullion, Crispus Sallustius, so it shine not with tempered use. Also the future participle in poetry and in prose from Livy on.
2113.The verb of the apodosis, or the entire apodosis, is often omitted. In the latter case an appended verb might easily be mistaken for the apodosis.
quid sī caelum ruat?T.Hau.719,what if the sky should fall?quō mihi fortūnam, sī nōn concēditur ūtī?H.E.1, 5, 12,why wealth for me, if wealth I may not use?nisi restituissent statuās, vehementer minātur,V.2, 162,he threatens vengeance dire, if they did not put the statues back in their place.quae supplicātiō sī cum cēterīs cōnferātur, hoc interest,C.3, 15,if this thanksgiving be compared with all others, there would be found the following difference.nōn edepol ubi terrārum sim sciō, sī quis roget, Pl.Am.336,upon my word I don’t know where on earth I am, if anyone should ask.sī Valeriō quī crēdat, quadrāgintā mīlia hostium sunt caesa, L. 33, 10, 8,if anybody believe such a man as Valerius, there were forty thousand of the enemy slain. A clause withsīornisiis often used parenthetically: as,sī placet,sī vidētur,sīs,sultis,if you please,sī quaeris,if you must know,in fact,sī dīs placet,please heaven,nisi mē fallit,if I am not mistaken, &c., &c. For wishes introduced byō sī, without an apodosis, see1546.
2114.The apodosis is sometimes expanded by inserted expressions. So particularly byvereor nē, equivalent tofortasse(1958),nōn dubitō quīn, toprofectō(1986), or a form ofsumwith a relative pronoun: as,
quae cōnētur sī velim commemorāre, vereor nē quis exīstimet mē causam nōbilitātis voluisse laedere,RA.135,if I should undertake to set forth his high and mighty schemes, possibly it might be thought that I wished to damage the cause of the conservatives.sī tum P. Sēstius animam ēdidisset, nōn dubitō quīn aliquandō statua huic statuerētur,Sest.83,if Sestius had given up the ghost then, a statue would doubtless at some day have been set up in his honour.quod ille sī repudiāsset, dubitātis quīn ē̆ī vīs esset adlāta?Sest.62,if he had rejected this, have you any doubt that violent hands would have been laid on him?sescenta sunt quae memorem, sī sit ōtium, Pl.Aul.320,there are a thousand things that I could tell, if I had time.
2115.For expressions of trial, hope, or expectation, followed by a conditional protasis withsī, see1777.
etsī,tametsī(tamenetsī),etiamsī.
2116.etsī,tametsī,though,etiamsī,even if, or sometimes simplesī,if, is used to introduce a concessive protasis. The verb of the protasis is either indicative or subjunctive; but the indicative is the prevailing construction, especially withetsī. The apodosis often hastamenas an adversative correlative, even withtametsī.
etsīis rare in poetry; not in Sallust. Sometimes it is used likequamquamto append a fresh main sentence (2153).tametsībelongs chiefly to colloquial style, though Sallust often uses it; not in the Augustan poets or Tacitus.etiamsīis not found in Plautus or Caesar.
(a.)nōn vīdī eam, etsī vīdī, Pl.MG.407,I saw her not, although I saw her.quō mē habeam pactō, tametsī nōn quaeris, docēbō, Lucilius in Gell. 18, 8, 2,I’ll tell you how I am, though you do not inquire.etiamsī multī mēcumcontendent,tamen omnīs superābō,Fam.5, 8, 4,though I shall have many rivals, yet I will outdo them all.tametsī causa postulat, tamen praeterībō,Quinct.13,though the case calls for it, still I will let it pass.Caesar, etsī in hīs locīs mātūrae sunt hiemēs, tamen in Britanniam proficīscī contendit, 4, 20, 1,though the winter always sets in early in these parts, nevertheless Caesar made haste to proceed to Britain.Caesar, etsī intellegēbat, quā dē causā ea dīcerentur, Indutiomarum ad sē venīre iussit, 5, 4, 1,though Caesar was aware of his motives in saying so, he directed Indutiomarus to come to him.
(b.)etsī taceās, palam id quidem est, Pl.Aul.418,though you should hold your tongue, still that at least is plain.etsī nihil aliud Sūllae nisi cōnsulātum abstulissētis, tamen eō contentōs vōs esse oportēbat,Sull.90,even though you had robbed Sulla of nothing but the consulship, still you ought to be satisfied with that.equidem, etiamsī oppetenda mors esset, in patriā māllem quam in externīs locīs,Fam.4, 7, 4,for my part, even though death were to be faced, I should prefer it in my native land rather than abroad.
quasi(quam sī),tamquam sī,utorvelut sī.
2117.sīfollowing a word meaningthanorasis used with the subjunctive in conditional comparisons.
In this use,quasi(quam sītwice in Tacitus) andtamquam sīare found at all periods.ut sīis found in Terence once, in Cicero (not in the orations), once in Livy, sometimes in later writers.velut sībegins with Caesar; not in Cicero.ac sīis found once in theBell. Hisp.and in late Latin.
2118.sīis often omitted aftertamquam, and (from Livy on) sometimes aftervelut. Afterquasiit is sometimes inserted in Plautus, Lucretius, and late Latin.ceuis sometimes used, chiefly in poetry, fortamquam sī. The main clause often has as correlativeita,sīc,perinde,proinde,similiter, ornōn secus.
2119.The tense of the subjunctive is usually regulated by the sequence of tenses, in Cicero nearly always withquasiandtamquam sī.
quid mē sīc salūtās quasi dūdum nōn vīderīs?Pl.Am.682,why dost thou greet me thus as if but now thou hadst not looked on me?quid ego hīs testibus ūtor, quasi rēs dubia sit?Caecil.14,why do I employ these witnesses, as if it were a case involving doubt?tamquam sī claudus sim, cum fūstīst ambulandum, Pl.As.427,I have to take my walks with a stick, as if I were a lame man.tamquam extrūderētur, ita cucurrit,Ph.10, 10,he rushed away as if he had been kicked out.quod absentis Ariovistī crūdēlitātem, velut sī cōram adesset, horrērent, 1, 32, 4,because they trembled at Ariovistus’s barbarity, absent as he was, just as if he stood before their eyes.mē quoque iuvat, velut ipse in parte labōris ac perīculī fuerim, ad fīnem bellī Pūnicī pervēnisse, L. 31, 1, 1,I feel glad myself at having finally reached the end of the Punic war, as if I had had a direct hand in the work and the danger.
2120.The imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive is sometimes used, even when the leading verb is in a primary tense, to mark action more distinctly as non-occurrent (2091): as,
eius negōtium sīc velim suscipiās, ut sī esset rēs mea,Fam.2, 14,I wish you would undertake his business, just as if it were my own affair.mē audiās, precor, tamquam sī mihī̆ quirītantī intervēnissēs, L. 40, 9, 7,listen to me, I pray you, as if you had come at a cry from me for help.iūs iūrandum perinde aestimandum quam sī Iovem fefellisset, Ta. 1, 73,as for the oath, it must be counted exactly as if he had broken one sworn on the name of Jupiter. This is the more usual way in Cicero withutsī.
2121.quasi,ut, or, from Livy on,tamquamorvelut,as if, is sometimes used with participle constructions, nouns, and abridged expressions: as,
quasi temere dē rē pūblicā locūtus in carcerem coniectus est,DN.2, 6,on the ground that he had been speaking without good authority about a state matter, he was clapped in jail.restitēre Rōmānī tamquam caelestī vōce iussī, L. 1, 12, 7,the Romans halted as if bidden by a voice from heaven.laetī, ut explōrātā victōriā, ad castra pergunt, 3, 18, 8,in high spirits, as if victory were assured, they proceeded to the camp.
2122.In old Latin,quasiis found a few times for the originalquam sīafter a comparative: as,mē nēmō magis respiciet, quasi abhinc ducentōs annōs fuerim mortuos, Pl.Tru.340,nobody will pay any more attention to me than if I had been dead two centuries. It is also used (once in classical Latin,CM.71) in periods of actual comparison, liketamquam(1908), with the indicative: as,senex ille illī dīxit, quasi ego nunc tibi dīcō, Pl.St.545,that old man said to him, as I now say to you. For its use in figurative comparisons, see1908,1944. Fortamquamintroducing a reason &c., see1909, a late usage found rarely withquasiandut.
2123.Separate sentences or periods have a connective more commonly in Latin than in English. Sometimes, however, like the members of single periods, they are for special reasons putasyndetically(1637).
2124.Asyndeton is common with two or more separate sentences or periods:
2125.(a.) To represent a series of actions as occurring at the same moment: as,
hīc diffīsus suae salūtī ex tabernāculō prōdit; videt imminēre hostēs; capit arma atque in portā cōnsistit; cōnsequuntur hunc centuriōnēs; relinquit animus Sextium gravibus acceptīs vulneribus, 6, 38, 2,despairing of his life, he comes out of the tent; sees the enemy close at hand; seizes arms and takes his stand at the gate; the centurions rally round him; Sextius becomes unconscious, receiving severe wounds.
2126.(b.) When an occurrence is represented as consisting of many successive actions: theEnumerative Asyndeton: as,
perōrāvit aliquandō, adsēdit. surrēxī ego. respīrāre vīsus est, quod nōn alius potius dīceret. coepī dīcere. usque eō animadvertī, iūdicēs, eum aliās rēs agere, antequam Chrȳsogonum nōmināvi; quem simul atque attigī, statim homō sē ērēxit, mīrārī vīsus est. intellēxī quid eum pupugisset,RA.60,after a while he wound up, took his seat; up rose your humble servant. He seemed to take courage from the fact it was nobody else. I began to speak. I noticed, gentlemen, that he was inattentive all along till I named Chrysogonus; but the moment I touched on him, the creature perked up at once, seemed to be surprised. I knew what the rub was.
2127.(c.) When the last sentence sums up the result of the preceding with emphasis: theAsyndeton of Summary: as,
hī dē suā salūte dēspērantēs, aut suam mortem miserābantur, aut parentēs suōs commendābant. plēna erant omnia timōris et lūctūs, Caes.C.2, 41, 8,despairing of their lives, they either bewailed their own death, or strove to interest people in their parents. In short, it was one scene of terror and lamentation.
2128.Separate sentences or periods may be connected: (1.) by pronominal words: (a.) demonstrative or determinative; (b.) relative; (2.) by conjunctions and adverbs.
(1.) PRONOMINAL WORDS.
(a.) Demonstrative and Determinative Words as Connectives.
2129.hīcandisserve as connectives at the beginning of a new period. In English the equivalent word is usually placed not at the beginning as a connective, but after some words.
Gallia est dīvīsa in partēs trēs, quārum ūnam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquītānī, tertiam Celtae. hī omnēs linguā, īnstitūtīs, lēgibus inter sē differunt, 1, 1, 1,Gaul is divided into three parts, one of which is occupied by Belgians, another by Aquitanians, and the third by Kelts. In language, customs, and laws these are all different from each other.apud Helvētiōs nōbilissimus fuit Orgetorīx. is M. Messālā et M. Pīsōne cōnsulibus coniūrātiōnem nōbilitātis fēcit, 1, 2, 1,among the Helvetians the man of highest rank was Orgetorix. In the consulship of Messala and Piso he got up a conspiracy among the nobles.angustōs sē fīnīs habēre arbitrābantur. hīs rēbus adductī cōnstituērunt ea quae ad proficīscendum pertinērent comparāre. ad eās rēs cōnficiendās biennium sibī̆ satis esse dūxērunt. ad eās rēs cōnficiendās Orgetorīx dēligitur. is sibī̆ lēgātiōnem suscēpit, 1, 2, 5,they thought they had a narrow territory; so they resolved in consequence to make such preparations as were necessary for a move. They considered two years ample to do this. Orgetorix is chosen to do this. He took upon himself the office of envoy.
2130.Particularly common are demonstrative words at the beginning of a new period, to show that the first action necessarily took place or was natural.
Dionȳsius tyrannus Syrācūsīs expulsus Corinthī puerōs docēbat; usque eō imperiō carēre nōn poterat,TD.3, 27,after his expulsion from Syracuse, the tyrant Dionysius kept school at Corinth; so incapable was he of getting along without governing.
(b.) Relatives as Connectives.
2131.quīserves to connect a new period when it may be translated by a demonstrative, or when it is equivalent toet is,is autem,is enim,is igitur: as,
perpetrāret Anicētus prōmissa. quī nihil cunctātus poscit summam sceleris, Ta. 14, 7,Anicetus must carry out his agreement. Without any ado he asks to have the entire management of the crime.For other examples, see1835.
2132.The neuter accusativequod,as to that,as to which,whereas,now,so, is used to connect a new period, especially beforesī,nisi,etsī,utinam(1837): as,
quod sī tū valērēs, iam mihī̆ quaedam explōrāta essent,Att.7, 2, 6,whereas if you were well yourself, some points would have been clear to me before this.quod sī diūtius alātur contrōversia, fore utī pars cum parte cīvitātis cōnflīgat, 7, 32, 5,now if the dispute be kept up any longer, one half of the community would quarrel with the other.quod nisi mīlitēs essent dēfessī, omnēs hostium cōpiae dēlērī potuissent, 7, 88, 6,so if the soldiers had not been utterly spent, all the forces of the enemy might have been exterminated.
(2.) CONJUNCTIONS AND ADVERBS.
2133.The conjunctions and adverbs used to coordinate sentences are: (a.) copulative and disjunctive; (b.) concessive and adversative; (c.) causal and illative.
(a.) Copulative and Disjunctive.
et,nequeornec,-que,atqueorac,aut.
et.
2134.et,and, simply adds, as in English (1645). But it is often used in such a connection that a modification of the translation is required to bring out the sense.
2135.etmay continue the discourse with a concessive sentence, which is to be followed by an adversative. In such casesquidemoften stands in the concessive sentence: as,
prīmōrēs cīvitātis eadem ōrant. et cēterī quidem movēbant minus; postquam Sp. Lucrētius agere coepit, cōnsul abdicāvit sē cōnsulātū, L. 2, 2, 8,the head men of the state make the same request. Now the others did not influence him much. But when Lucretius began to take steps the consul resigned his consulship.
2136.et,and strange to say,and if you’d believe it, introduces something unexpected: as,
iamque trēs laureātae in urbe statuae, et adhūc raptābat Āfricam Tacfarinās, Ta. 4, 23,there were already three triumphal statues in Rome, and, strange to say, Tacfarinas was still harrying Africa.
2137.et,and really,and in fact,and to be sure; in this sense it is usually followed immediately by the verb: as,
multa quae nōn volt videt. et multa fortasse quae volt!CM.25,one sees much that one would not. Aye, and much perhaps that one would!
2138.etintroducing a sentence explaining in detail a general idea before given may be translatednamely: as,
cōnsulēs religiō tenēbat, quod prōdigiīs aliquot nūntiātīs, nōn facile litābant. et ex Campāniā nūntiāta erant Capuae sepulchra aliquot dē caelō tācta, L. 27, 23, 1,the consuls were detained by scruple, because several prodigies were reported, and they could not readily obtain good omens; namely from Campania it was reported that at Capua several tombs were struck by lightning.
2139.et,and also,and besides: as,
Pūnicae quoque victōriae sīgnum octō ductī elephantī. et nōn minimum fuēre spectāculum praecēdentēs Sōsis et Moericus, L. 26, 21, 9,as an emblem of the Punic victory also, elephants to the number of eight marched in parade. And furthermore not the least attractive part of the pageant were Sosis and Moericus, moving at the head of the line.
2140.et,and yet, introduces a contrast or opposition: as,
canōrum illud in vōce splendēscit etiam in senectūte, quod equidem adhūc nōn āmīsī; et vidētis annōs,CM.28,the musical element in the voice actually improves in old age, and this I have not yet lost. And yet you see my years.
nequeornec.
2141.nec,and really . . . not,and in fact . . . not: as,
magnō cum perīculō suō, quī forte patrum in forō erant, in eam turbam incidērunt. nec temperātum manibus foret, nī properē cōnsulēs intervēnissent, L. 2, 23, 9,it was with great personal risk to such of the fathers as happened to be in the market place, that they got into the crowd. And in fact acts of violence would have occurred, unless the consuls had made haste to interfere.
2142.nec,and to be sure . . . not: as,
centum vīgintī līctōrēs cum fascibus secūrēs inligātās praeferēbant. nec attinuisse dēmī secūrem, cum sine prōvocātiōne creātī essent, interpretābantur, L. 3, 36, 4,a hundred and twenty lictors with rods displayed axes bound in them. And to be sure they explained the matter thus, that there would have been no propriety in having the axe taken out, since the officers were appointed without any appeal.
2143.nec,not . . . either,nor either,neither: as,
eō annō vīs morbī levāta. neque ā pēnūriā frūmentī perīculum fuit, L. 4, 25, 6,that year the violence of the plague grew less. Nor was there any danger from lack of grain either.
2144.nec,but . . . not: as,
missī tamen fētiālēs. nec eōrum verba sunt audīta, L. 4, 30, 14,however the fetials were sent. But they were not listened to.
-que.
2145.-que,and likewise: as,
huic duōs flāminēs adiēcit. virginēsque Vestae lēgit, L. 1, 20, 2,to this god he assigned two special priests. And he likewise chose maids for Vesta.
2146.-que,and in fact,and so,and in general: as,
tum quoque male pugnātum est. obsessaque urbs foret, nī Horātius esset revocātus, L. 2, 51, 2,then also there was an unsuccessful engagement. And in fact Rome would have been besieged, unless Horatius had been recalled.
atqueorac.
2147.atque,and besides,and more than that,and actually: as,
ex quō efficitur animantem esse mundum. atque ex hōc quoque intellegī poterit in eō inesse intellegentiam, quod certē est mundus melior quam ūlla nātūra,DN.2, 32,from which it follows that the universe is alive. And more than that, we can see that it has sense from the following circumstance, that the universe is certainly superior to any element of the universe.
2148.atque,and so,and consequently: as,
impedior religiōne quōminus expōnam quam multa P. Sēstius sēnserit. atque nihil dīcō praeter ūnum,Sest.8,I am prevented by scruples from setting forth how much Sestius was aware of. And so I will only say one thing.
aut.
2149.autis used to add a new sentence in the sense ofaliōquī,or else,otherwise, or as ifnisi,unless, preceded: as,
omnia bene sunt ē̆ī dīcenda, aut ēloquentiae nōmen relinquendum est,DO.2, 5,he must be able to speak well on all subjects, or else he must waive the name of an eloquent man.
(b.)Concessive and Adversative.
2150.A new concessive period is introduced bysānē,quidem,omnīnō,to be sure, orfortasse,perhaps: as,
Plīnius et Cluvius nihil dubitātum dē fidē praefectī referunt. sānē Fabius inclīnat ad laudēs Senecae, Ta. 13, 20,Pliny and Cluvius say that there was no doubt about the loyalty of the prefect. Fabius, it must be admitted, is always inclined to eulogize Seneca.id fortasse nōn perfēcimus; cōnātī quidem saepissimē sumus,O.210,perhaps we have not attained to it; still we have very often made the attempt.
2151.A new adversative sentence is introduced byautem,again,sed,vērum,but,vērō,but,indeed,at,but, ortamen,nihilō minus,nevertheless.
These words when used to connect sentences have the same meaning as when used to connect the parts of a sentence (1676).
2152.atquī, rarelyatquīn,and yet,but, is used chiefly in dialogue. It introduces a strong objection, sometimes in the form of a conditional protasis. From Cicero on, it is sometimes found after a question, to introduce an earnest denial.
nōn sum apud mē :: atquī opus est nunc quom maxumē ut sīs, T.Ph.204,I’m all abroad :: but that’s just exactly where you must n’t be now.nōn vereor condiscipulōrum nē quis exaudiat :: atquī cavendum est,Leg.1, 21,I’m not afraid of being overheard by any of my fellow-students :: and yet you must be on your guard.sine veniat. atquī sī illam digitō attigerit ūnō, oculī īlicō ecfodientur, T.Eu.739,let him come on. But if he lays a finger on the maid, we’ll scratch his eyes out on the spot.quid vērō? modum statuārum habērī nūllum placet? atquī habeātur necesse est,V.2, 144,what? is there, think you, to be no end to your statues? Yet there must be.
2153.quamquam,etsī,tametsī,though, andnisi,but, are sometimes used to coordinate a new period, correcting the preceding: as,
carēre sentientis est, nec sēnsus in mortuō, nē carēre quidem igitur in mortuō est. quamquam quid opus est in hōc philosophārī?TD.1, 88,foregoing requires a sentient being, and there is no sensation in a dead man; therefore there is no foregoing either in a dead man. And yet what is the use of philosophizing over this?utram mālīs vidē; etsī cōnsilium quod cēpī rēctum esse sciō, T.Hau.326,of these two states choose which you will; though I am sure my plan’s the right one.cūr ego nōn adsum? tametsī hoc minimē tibī̆ deest,Fam.2, 7, 2,why am I not with you? though this is the very last thing you need.spērābam dēfervisse adulēscentiam: ecce autem dē integrō! nisi quidquid est, volō hominem convenīre, T.Ad.152,I hoped his youthful passion had cooled down; yet here it is afresh! But be it what it may, I want to see the fellow.
(c.)Causal and Illative.
2154.nam,enim,for, ornamque,etenim,for you see, introduces a new period which gives the reason of the foregoing: as,
quā quidem ex rē hominum multitūdō cōgnōscī potuit: nam minus hōrīs tribus mūnītiōnem perfēcērunt, 5, 42, 4,and from this by the way their numbers could be gauged; for they made a breastwork in less than three hours.quem meminisse potestis: annō enim ūndēvīcēsimō post eius mortem hī cōnsulēs factī sunt,CM.14,you can remember him: for the present consuls were created only nineteen years after his death.
2155.The originally asseverative meaning ofnamappears, even in the classical period, in colloquial language: as,tibī̆ ā mē nūlla ortast iniūria :: nam hercle etiam hoc restat, T.Ad.189,I’ve ne’er done you a wanton wrong :: aye verily that’s still to come. In old Latin, it sometimes introduces a question: as,nam quae haec anus est?T.Ph.732,why, who’s this old woman?Frequently it introduces an explanation or illustration, and, from Cicero on, a remark or question made in passing: as,sīc enim sēsē rēs habet: nam Odyssīa Latīna est sīc tamquam opus Daedalī,Br.71,the case stands thus: the Odyssey in Latin is, you may say, a regular work of Daedalus(1908).vīvō Catōne multī ōrātōrēs flōruērunt: nam A. Albīnus,Br.81,many orators flourished in Cato’s lifetime: for example, Albinus.nam quid dē aedīle loquar?Sest.95,for why speak of the aedile?enimdoes not differ essentially in use fromnam; for its meaning in old Latin, see1688.namqueis rare until Livy, and usually (always in old Latin) stands before a vowel.etenimis common only in classical Latin.
2156.Forquippe,why, often used as a coordinating word, see1690.
2157.proindeorproin,therefore,so, introduces a command or direction based upon the foregoing: as,
ōrātiōnem spērat invēnisse sē, quī differat tē: proin tū fac apud tē ut siēs, T.Andr.407,he trusts he’s found some phrase wherewith he may confound you: so see you have your wits about you.frūstrā meae vītae subvenīre cōnāminī. proinde abīte, dum est facultās, 7, 50, 6,in vain ye try to save my life. So away, while ye have the power.iam undique silvae et sōlitūdō magna cōgitātiōnis incitāmenta sunt. proinde cum vēnābere, licēbit pugillārēs ferās, Plin.Ep.1, 6, 2,then again the surrounding woods and the loneliness are powerful stimulants to meditation. So when you go hunting, you can take a note book with you.
2158.A conclusion is denoted byergō,itaqueorigitur,therefore,so, introducing a new period: as,
nihil est praestantius deō; ab eō igitur mundum necesse est regī. nūllī igitur est nātūrae subiectus deus. omnem ergō regit ipse nātūram,DN.2, 77,nothing is more excellent than god. Therefore the universe must be governed by him. Therefore god is in no respect subject to nature. Consequently he rules all nature himself.For the position of these words in their clauses, see1688; forergō igituranditaque ergō, 1689. Forhinc,inde,eō,ideō,idcircō,proptereā, as coordinating words, see1691.
2159.A new sentence affirmative of a foregoing is often introduced by an emphaticsīcorita.
These words often introduce a general truth which is deduced from the first statement.
vīsne igitur tē īnspiciāmus ā puerō? sīc opīnor; ā prīncipiō ōrdiāmur,Ph.2, 44,would you like to have us look into your record from boyhood? Yes, I think it would be well; let us begin at the beginning.quī dīligēbant hunc, illī favēbant. sīc est volgus: ex vēritāte pauca, ex opīniōne multa aestimat,RC.29,everybody who loved him, smiled on the other man. Yes, that is always the way of the world: it seldom judges by truth, often by hearsay.