tē dēfrūdandī causā, Pl.Men.687,for the purpose of cheating you.cupidus tē audiendī,DO.2, 16,eager to hear you.summa ēlūdendī occāsiōst mihi nunc senēs, T.Ph.885,I’ve now a splendid chance the graybeards of eluding.nē suī līberandī(2260)atque ulcīscendī Rōmānōs occāsiōnem dīmittant, 5, 38, 2,that they should not let slip the chance of freeing themselves and taking vengeance on the Romans.sīgnum colligendī vāsa dedit, L. 24, 16, 14,he gave the signal to pack their things.
2260.nostrī,vostrī(orvestrī), andsuī, being singular in form (649) have often a singular gerundive.
nōn tam suī cōnservandī quam tuōrum cōnsiliōrum reprimendōrum causā profūgērunt,C.1, 7,they fled, not so much to protect themselves as to crush your plans.vēnisse tempus ulcīscendī suī,Sest.28,that the time was come for them to revenge themselves.vestrī adhortandī causā, L. 21, 41, 1,for the purpose of encouraging you.
2261.Sometimes another genitive appears beside the genitive of the gerund, each perhaps dependent on the main word. This use is found in old Latin, Lucretius, Varro, and here and there in Cicero, as well as in late Latin.
nōminandī istōrum tibī̆ erit cōpia, Pl.Cap.852,you will have a chance to name them.poenārum solvendī tempus, Lucr. 5, 1225,the time of paying penalties.exemplōrum ēligendī potestās,Inv.2, 5,a chance of picking out examples.lūcis tuendī cōpiam, Pl.Cap.1008,a chance to look upon the light.
2262.(2.) The genitive of the gerundive construction is used predicatively withsum.
rēgium imperium, quod initiō cōnservandae libertātis fuerat, S.C.6, 7,the authority of the king, which had originally served to uphold freedom.cētera inXIIminuendī sūmptūs sunt lāmentātiōnisque fūnebris,Leg.2, 59,the rest of the contents of the Twelve Tables are conducive to the abating of extravagance and keening at funerals.concordiam ōrdinum, quam dissolvendae tribūnīciae potestātis rentur esse, L. 5, 3, 5,the union of the classes, which they believe serves to break down the power of the tribunes. This use is not common. It is found rarely in Sallust and Cicero; chiefly in Livy.
2263.The genitive of the gerundive construction, without a substantive or adjective (2258) or the verbsum(2262), is occasionally used to denote purpose: as,
quae ille cēpit lēgum ac lībertātis subvortundae, S.Fr. Phil.10,which he began in order to overthrow freedom and the laws, of civil war.ūnum vincīrī iubet, magis ūsurpandī iūris quam quia ūnīus culpa foret, Ta.H.4, 25,he ordered one into irons, more to vindicate his authority than because an individual was to blame. This use occurs very rarely in Sallust, chiefly in Tacitus and late Latin. Once in Terence with the gerund.
2264.Tacitus has the genitive of the gerundive construction two or three times with a judicial verb (1280) to denote the charge: as,occupandae rē̆ī pūblicae arguī nōn poterant, Ta. 6, 10,they could not be charged with an attempt on the throne.
2265.In the ablative a transitive gerund with a substantive object is not uncommon.
frātrem laudandō,Leg.1, 1,in quoting your brother.largē partiendō praedam, L. 21, 5, 5,by a lavish distribution of the spoil. This use is particularly common in Livy. Not in Caesar.
2266.(1.) The ablative of the gerundive construction or gerund denotes means, less often cause, rarely manner and circumstances, or time, or respect.
Means:Caesar dandō sublevandō īgnōscundō, Catō nihil largiundō glōriam adeptus est, S.C.54, 3,Caesar gained reputation by giving, helping, and pardoning, Cato by lavishing no gifts.opprimī sustentandō ac prōlātandō nūllō pactō potest,C.4, 6,it cannot be crushed by patience and procrastination. Livy has this ablative with the adjectivecontentus(1377):nec iam possidendīs pūblicīs agrīs contentōs esse, 6, 14, 11,that they were no longer satisfied with the occupation of the public lands. Cause:aggerundā curvom aquā, Pl.Cas.124,bowed with water carrying.flendō turgidulī rubent ocellī, Cat. 3, 18,with weeping red and swollen are her eyne. Manner and circumstances: rare in old Latin and Cicero: not in Caesar:bellum ambulandō cōnfēcērunt, Caelius inFam.8, 15, 1,they strolled through the war.senex vincendō factus, L. 30, 28, 5,maturing in victories. Time:cum plausum meō nōmine recitandō dedissent,Att.4, 1, 6,when they had applauded on the reading of my name.partibus dīvidendīs ipsī regiō ēvēnit, L. 25, 30, 6,at the distribution, the district fell to him. Respect:Latīnē loquendō cuivīs erat pār,Br.128,in his use of Latin he was a match for anybody.
2267.(2.) The ablative of the gerundive construction or gerund is also accompanied by a preposition,ab,dē,in, orex; rarely byprō.
nūllum tempus illī umquam vacābat aut ā scrībendō aut ā cōgitandō,Br.272,he never had any time free from writing or from thinking.quod verbum ductum est ā nimis intuendō fortūnam alterīus,TD.3, 20,a word which is derived from ‘looking too closely at’ another’s prosperity, of the wordinvidia.cōnsilium illud dē occlūdendīs aedibus, T.Eu.784,that idea about barring up the house.nihil dē causā discendā praecipiunt,DO.2, 100,they give no instruction about studying up a case.vostra ōrātiō in rē incipiundā, T.Ph.224,your remarks when we started in with this affair.Āfricānī in rē gerundā celeritātem,V.5, 25,Africanus’s swiftness in execution.vix ex grātulandō ēminēbam, Pl.Cap.504,I barely got my head above their congratulations.quae virtūs ex prōvidendō est appellāta prūdentia,Leg.1, 60,a virtue which from ‘foreseeing’ is called foresight.prō līberandā amīcā, Pl.Per.426,for setting free a leman.prō ope ferendā, L. 23, 28, 11,instead of going to the rescue. In this useabis not found in Plautus or Terence, norprōin Terence.cumis found in Quintilian,superonce in Horace, then in Tacitus,sineonce in Varro.
2268.With a comparative expression, the ablative of the gerundive is found once:nūllum officium referendā grātiā magis necessārium est,Off.1, 47,no obligation is more binding than the returning of a favour. The gerundive construction in the ablative of separation (1302) is found rarely in Livy and Pliny the younger; Livy has also the gerund: as,Verminam absistere sequendō coēgit, L. 29, 33, 8,he forced Vermina to abandon his pursuit.
2269.The supine is a verbal substantive. The form in-umis an accusative. The form in-ūis used sometimes as a dative, sometimes as an ablative.
The Supine in-um.
2270.The supine in-umdenotes purpose with verbs of motion (1166): as,
abiīt piscātum, Pl.R.898,he’s gone a fishing.neu noctū īrem obambulātum, Pl.Tri.315,not to go a prowling by night.legiōne ūnā frūmentātum missā, 4, 32, 1,one legion being sent a foraging.sessum it praetor,DN.3, 74,the praetor is going to take his seat.spectātum veniunt, veniunt spectentur ut ipsae, O.AA.1, 99,they come to see and eke for to be seen. This use is very common in Plautus and Terence, less common in Cicero and Caesar. It is found not infrequently in Sallust and particularly in Livy; sporadically in the Augustan poets. In late prose it is almost confined to archaistic writing. In classical Latin, purpose is more commonly expressed by the subjunctive withutor a relative pronoun, or by a gerundive or gerund withadorcausā. See also2164.
2271.The most common supines in-umarecubitum,dormītum,ēreptum,frūmentātum,grātulātum,nūntiātum,oppugnātum,ōrātum,pāstum,perditum,petītum,salūtātum,sessum,supplicātum. They are found chiefly witheōandveniō.nūptumis also common withdō,collocō, &c., and supines are occasionally found with other verbs implying motion.
2272.The supine in-ummay be followed by the same construction as its verb: as,
(a.) Accusative:deōs salūtātum atque uxōrem modo intrō dēvortor domum, Pl.St.534,I’ll just turn in home to greet my gods and my wife.lēgātōs ad Caesarem mittunt rogātum auxilium, 1, 11, 2,they send envoys to Caesar to beg aid.oppugnātum patriam nostram veniunt, L. 21, 41, 13,they come to assail our country. Classical writers generally avoid this use of the accusative. (b.) Dative:servītum tibi mē abdūcitō, Pl.Ps.520,take me away to slave for you.nōn ego Grāīs servītum mātribus ībō, V. 2, 786,not I shall go to be the serf of Grecian dames. (c.) Subordinate clause:lēgātī veniēbant: Aeduī questum quod Harūdēs fīnēs eōrum populārentur, 1, 37, 1,envoys came: the Aeduans to complain ‘because the Harudians were laying their country waste’(1853).lēgātōs ad Caesarem mīsērunt ōrātum nē sē in hostium numerō dūceret, 6, 32, 1,they sent envoys to Caesar to beg that he would not regard them in the light of enemies.
2273.The supine in-umfollowed byīrīforms the future passive infinitive: as,
eum exceptum īrī putō,Att.7, 22, 1,I think that there is a going to capture him, i.e.that he is going to be captured. Hereīrīis used impersonally andeumis the object ofexceptum. This infinitive is found half a dozen times in old Latin, often in Cicero, rarely in other writers; not in the Augustan poets. For the common periphrasis, see2233.
The Supine in-ū.
2274.The supine in-ūis used withfās,nefās, and adjectives, chiefly of such meaning aseasy,good,pleasant,strange, or their opposites.
Only a few supines in-ūare found; the commonest areaudītū,cōgnitū,dictū,factū,inventū,memorātū,nātū,vīsū.
sī hoc fās est dictū,TD.5, 38,if heaven allows us to say so.difficile dictū est dē singulīs,Fam.1, 7, 2,it is hard to say in the case of individuals.quaerunt quod optimum factū sit,V.1, 68,they ask what the best thing is to do.quid est tam iocundum cōgnitū atque audītū?DO.1, 31,what pleasure is greater to mind and ear?palpebrae mollissimae tāctū,DN.2, 142,the eyelids are very soft to the touch. With such adjectives the dative is commonly used (1200); or, particularly withfacilisordifficilis, the gerundive construction withad(2252); for the infinitive, see2166. The supine in-ūis found chiefly in Cicero and Livy. Very rare in old Latin, Sallust, Caesar (who has onlyfactūandnātū), and the poets. From the elder Pliny and Tacitus on, it gets commoner.
2275.The supine in-ūsometimes introduces a subordinate sentence, but it is never used with an object in the accusative.
quoivīs facile scītū est quam fuerim miser, T.Hec.296,anybody can easily understand how unhappy I was.incrēdibile memorātū est quam facile coaluerint, S.C.6, 2,it is an incredible tale how readily they grew into one.vidētis nefās esse dictū miseram fuisse tālem senectūtem,CM.13,you see that it were a sin to say that an old age like his was unhappy.
2276.The supine in-ūis found rarely withopus est(1379),dīgnusandindīgnus(1392): as,
ita dictū opus est, T.Hau.941,thus thou must needs say.nihil dignum dictū āctum hīs cōnsulibus, L. 4, 30, 4,nothing worth mentioning was done this year. Fordignuswithquīand the subjunctive, see1819; foropus estwith the infinitive, 2211.
2277.In Plautus and Cato, the supine in-ūis very rarely used like an ablative of separation (1302): as,nunc opsonātū redeō, Pl.Men.288,I’m only just back from catering.prīmus cubitū surgat, postrēmus cubitum eat, Cato,RR.5, 5,let him be first to get up from bed and last to go to bed. Statius imitates this use inAch.1, 119.
2278.The participle is a verbal adjective. Like the adjective, it is inflected to agree with its substantive. Like the verb, it may be modified by an adverb, it is active or passive, and it expresses action as continuing, completed, or future. It may also be followed by the same case as its verb.
2279.(1.) The time to which the participle refers is indicated by the verb of the sentence.
āēr effluēns hūc et illūc ventōs efficit,DN.2, 101,the air by streaming to and fro produces winds.convēnī hodiē adveniēns quendam, T.Eu.234,I met a man as I was coming to-day.manūs tendentēs vītam ōrābant, L. 44, 42, 4,with hands outstretched they begged their lives.Croesus Halyn penetrāns magnam pervertet opum vim, oracle inDiv.2, 115,Croesus, when Halys he shall cross, will overthrow a mighty realm.benignitātem tu͡am mihī̆ expertō praedicās, Pl.Merc.289,thou vauntest to me who’ve proved thy courtesy.cōnsecūtus id quod animō prōposuerat, receptuī canī iussit, 7, 47, 1,having accomplished what he had designed, he gave orders to sound the retreat.Dionȳsius Syrācūsīs expulsus Corinthī puerōs docēbat,TD.3, 27,after his expulsion from Syracuse, Dionysius kept school at Corinth.lēgātī dīxērunt sē rē dēlīberātā ad Caesarem reversūrōs, 4, 9, 1,the envoys said that they would come back to Caesar after they had thought the matter over.
2280.(2.) The perfect participle of deponents is sometimes used with past tenses or their equivalents to denote incomplete contemporaneous action. So occasionally a perfect passive.
(a.)Metellum esse ratī portās clausēre, S.I.69, 1,supposing that it was Metellus, they closed their gates.gāvīsus illōs retinērī iussit, 4, 13, 6,with pleasure he gave orders for their detention.persuādent Rauracīs utī eōdem ūsī cōnsiliō proficīscantur, 1, 5, 4,they coaxed the Rauraci to adopt the same plan and go.sōlātus iussit sapientem pāscere barbam, H.S.2, 3, 35,consoling me he bade me grow a philosophic beard. This use is found in old Latin and in Cicero very rarely. Sallust and Caesar use a few verbs thus. It is not uncommon in the Augustan poets and Livy. In late writers, especially Tacitus, it is frequent. (b.)servum sub furcā caesum mediō ēgerat circō, L. 2, 36, 1,he had driven a slave round, flogged under the fork, right in the circus. With this compareservus per circum, cum virgīs caederētur, furcam ferēns ductus est,Div.1, 55,a slave with the fork on his neck was driven through the circus, flogged with rods the while(1872). But the perfect passive has its ordinary force (2279) inverberibus caesum tē in pistrīnum dēdam, T.Andr.199,I’ll give you a flogging and then put you in the mill.
2281.For the perfect participle with forms ofsumandfuī, see1608,1609; for the conative present participle, 2301; reflexive, 1482.
2282.The present or perfect participle is often used as an adjective to express a permanent condition: as,
ācrem ōrātōrem, incēnsum et agentem et canōrum forī strepitus dēsīderat,Br.317,the noisy forum requires an impetuous speaker, inspired and dramatic and sonorous.L. Abuccius, homo adprīmē doctus, Varro,RR.3, 2, 17,Abuccius, an eminently learned man.aliī facētī, flōrentēs etiam et ōrnātī,O.20,others are brilliant, even bright and elegant.id tibī̆ renūntiō futūrum ut sīs sciēns, T.Andr.508,I give you notice this will happen, that you may be prepared.
2283.The future participle is found as an adjective in the Augustan poets and in late writers. Cicero, however, hasfutūrusin this use withrēsand a few other words, and hasventūrusonce.
dā mānsūram urbem, V. 3, 85,grant a city that shall abide.firmus pariēs et dūrātūrus, Ta.D.22,a strong and durable wall.sīgna ostenduntur ā dīs rērum futūrārum,DN.2, 12,signs of future events are disclosed by the gods. For the future participle with forms ofsum, see1633.
2284.Many participles have become complete adjectives, and as such are capable of composition or comparison, or take the case required by an adjective.
(a.)nōmen invictī imperātōris,V.4, 82,the invincible general’s name.pūrus et īnsōns sī vīvō, H.S.1, 6, 69,pure and guiltless if I live(749). (b.)solūtus venēficae scientiōris carmine, H.Epod.5, 71,freed by some craftier witch’s charm.homo ērudītissimus, Verrēs,V.4, 126,Verres, most accomplished of men. (c.)tibi sum oboediēns, Pl.MG.806,I’m your obedient(1200).tē cōnfīdō ea factūrum quae mihī̆ intellegēs maximē esse accommodāta,Fam.3, 3, 2,I feel confident that you will do what you shall feel most appropriate to my interests(1201). For the genitive with such participles, see1266.
2285.A perfect participle in agreement with a substantive often contains the leading idea, and may be translated like an abstract substantive with a genitive dependent. The nominative is rarely thus used. The present participle in this use is rare, the future late.
This construction expresses the completed action of the verb in precisely the same way that the gerundive construction (2240) expresses uncompleted action.
(a.) Joined with substantives:iniūriae retentōrum equitum Rōmānōrum, 3, 10, 2,the outrages of Roman knights detained, i.e.in the detention of Roman knights.servātī cōnsulis decus, L. 21, 46, 10,the credit of saving the consul.male administrātae prōvinciae urgēbātur, Ta. 6, 29,he was charged with maladministration of his province.ō quid solūtīs est beātius cūrīs?Cat. 31, 7,oh what is sweeter than the putting off of care?
(b.) Joined with prepositions:ab conditā urbe ad līberātam, L. 1, 60, 3,from the foundation of the city to the liberation thereof.post nātōs hominēs improbissimus,Br.224,the greatest reprobate since the creation of man.ante cīvitātem datam,Arch.9,before the gift of the citizenship.
(c.) In the nominative: very rare before Livy:dēpressa hostium classis,Arch.21,the sinking of the enemy’s fleet.angēbant ingentis spīritūs virum Sicilia Sardiniaque āmissae, L. 21, 1, 5,what tortured the high-souled hero was the loss of Sicily and Sardinia.cuius turbāvit nitidōs exstīnctus passer ocellōs, J. 6, 7,whose sparkling eyne the sparrow’s death bedimmed.
2286.This use of the participle, though old, is not common before Livy, who, like Tacitus, has it frequently, both with substantives and with prepositions. Very rare in Caesar, rare in Cicero, who, however, uses it both with substantives and with a few prepositions. In old Latin (not in Terence), it is found with the substantivesopusandūsus, in Cato withpost, in Varro withpropter: as,mī homine conventōst opus, Pl.Cur.302,I needs must see the man.propter mare congelātum, Varro,RR.1, 2, 4,by reason of the freezing of the sea water. For the participle alone withūsus estandopus est, see1382.
2287.Participles sometimes become substantives, especially the perfect participle: as,
vīvit gnāta, T.Ph.749,your daughter’s alive.dē dēmēnsō suō, T.Ph.43,out of his allowance.īnstitūtum tenēbimus,TD.4,7,we will hold to our fundamental idea. Adverbs, not adjectives, are commonly used to qualify perfect participles used as substantives; for examples, see1440. The masculine singular is rarely used as a substantive; the neuter, both singular and plural, is common, particularly with prepositions.
2288.The masculine plural of the perfect participle, when used as a substantive, generally denotes a definite class of persons: as,
ut damnātī in integrum restituantur, vīnctī solvantur,V.5, 12,that the condemned go scot-free, the imprisoned are set at liberty.Catilīna cum expedītīs in prīmā aciē vorsārī, S.C.60, 4,Catiline bustling round in the van with the light infantry.ēvocātīs equōs sūmit, 7, 65, 5,he took away the veterans’ horses. Rarely not denoting a definite class: as,missī intercipiuntur, 5, 40, 1,the men who had been sent(i.e. on a particular occasion)are cut off.
2289.The perfect participle alone sometimes serves as the subject of a sentence instead of an abstract substantive (2285): as,
nōtum furēns quid fēmina possit, V. 5, 6,the knowledge of what a woman in her wrath can do.prōnūntiātum repente nē quis violārētur, multitūdinem exuit armīs, L. 4, 59, 7,the sudden proclamation that nobody was to be harmed, deprived the people of their weapons. This use is found chiefly in Livy, once or twice in Cicero; not in Caesar or Sallust. See1382.
2290.The present participle is rarely a substantive in the nominative and ablative singular, but often in the other cases.
in cōnstituentibus rem pūblicam,Br.45,among the founders of a state.multae īnsectantēs dēpellunt,DN.2, 127,many drive off their pursuers.nec praeterita nec praesentia abs tē, sed futūra exspectō,Fam.2, 8, 1,I do not expect from you the past or the present, but the future.
2291.The genitive plural of the present participle is often best translated by an English abstract: as,
cachinnōs inrīdentium commovēbat,Br.216,he provoked guffaws of derision.mixtōs terrentium paventiumque clāmōrēs, L. 22, 5, 4,mingled cries of exultation and terror.prīmō gaudentium impetū, Ta.H.1, 4,in the first outburst of joy.
2292.The future participle is very rarely used as a substantive.
audītūrum dictūrī cūra dēlectat, Quintil. 11, 3, 157,deliberation on the part of one who is on the point of speaking attracts his prospective hearer.havē̆, imperātor, moritūrī tē salūtant, Suet.Claud.21,emperor, all hail! the doomed give thee greeting. This use is found in late writers, as in Tacitus and Curtius once each, and half a dozen times in Pliny the younger. Cicero and Sallust havefutūrusthus (2283): as,abs tē futūra exspectō,Fam.2, 8, 1,from you I expect the future.supplicia in post futūrōs composuit, S.Fr. Lep.6,he invented penalties for men unborn.
2293.The appositive participle is a loose substitute for a subordinate sentence introduced by a relative or by a conjunctive particle.
2294.(1.) The appositive participle may represent a relative sentence: as,
nōvī ego Epicūrēōs omnia sigilla venerantēs,DN.1, 85,why, I know Epicureans who bow the knee to all sorts of graven images.Conōn mūrōs dīrutōs ā Lȳsandrō reficiendōs cūrat, N. 9, 4, 5,Conon superintended the rebuilding of the walls which had been destroyed by Lysander. The future participle is poetic and late (2283): as,servēs itūrum Caesarem in Britannōs, H. 1, 35, 29,guard Caesar who against the Britons is to march.
2295.(2.) The appositive participle, representing other sentences, may express various relations: as, (a.) time, (b.) cause or means, (c.) purpose, (d.) concession, (e.) hypothesis, (f.) description or the manner of an action, like an adverb.
For the ablative absolute in such relations, see1362-1374, particularly 1367.
(a.) Time:vehemēns sum exoriēns, quom occidō vehementior, Pl.R.71,furious am I at my rising, when I set more furious still.occīsus est ā cēnā rediēns,RA.97,he was murdered on his way home from a dinner-party.ūnam noctem sōlam praedōnēs commorātī, accedēre incipiunt Syrācūsās,V.5, 95,the freebooters, after tarrying but one night, began to draw near Syracuse. The future is late (2283): as,prīmum omnium virōrum fortium itūrī in proelia canunt, Ta.G.3,as the chief of all brave heroes, they sing of him when they are on the point of going to battle, of Hercules.
(b.) Cause or means:mōtum exspectāns dīlectum habēre īnstituit, 6, 1, 1,since he anticipated a rising, he determined on recruiting troops.moveor tālī amīcō orbātus,L.10,I am certainly affected at being bereaved of such a friend.dextrā datā fidem futūrae amīcitiae sanxisse, L. 1, 1, 8,by giving his right hand he gave a pledge of future friendship.quae contuēns animus accēdit ad cōgnitiōnem deōrum,DN.2, 153,through the contemplation of these, the mind arrives at a knowledge of the gods. The future participle is late: as,neque illīs iūdicium aut vēritās, quippe eōdem diē dīversa parī certāmine postulātūrīs, Ta.H.1, 32,they had neither sound judgement nor sincerity, since on the same day they were to make conflicting demands with equal vehemence.
(c.) Purpose: the future participle, commonly with a verb of motion:ad Clūsium vēnērunt, legiōnem Rōmānam castraque oppugnātūrī, L. 10, 26, 7,they came to the neighbourhood of Clusium, to assail the Roman legion and camp.ascendit ipse, lātūrus auxilium, Plin.Ep.6, 16, 9,he went aboard in person to go to the rescue.laetō complērant lītora coetū vīsūrī Aeneadas, V. 5, 107,in happy company they’d filled the strand to see Aeneas’ men.rediēre omnēs Bonōniam, rursus cōnsiliātūrī, Ta.H.2, 53,they all went back to Bologna for a second consultation. This use appears first in C. Gracchus as cited by Gellius, then once in Cicero and Sallust each, and a few times in the poets. From Livy on, it grows commoner. In the poets, Livy, and Tacitus, it is sometimes joined with a conditional idea or protasis: as,ēgreditur castrīs Rōmānus, vāllum invāsūrus nī cōpia pugnae fieret, L. 3, 60, 8,the Roman marches out of camp, proposing to assault the stockade unless battle were offered.
(d.) Concession:quī mortālis nātus condiciōnem postulēs immortālium,TD.3, 36,thou who, though born to die, layest claim to the state of the deathless.bēstiīs, quibus ipsa terra fundit pāstūs abundantīs nihil labōrantibus,Fin.2, 111,the beasts, on which, though they toil not, earth lavishes sustenance in profusion. Often withtamenor the like accompanying the verb: as,ibī̆ vehementissimē perturbātus Lentulus tamen et sīgnum et manum suam cōgnōvit,C.3, 12,thereupon Lentulus, though thrown into the most extreme confusion, did yet recognize his own hand and seal. Forquamquamandquamvīs, see1900,1907. Ovid and Propertius sometimes havelicet(1710): as,isque, licet caelī regiōne remōtōs, mente deōs adiīt, O. 15, 62,he in the spirit to the gods drew nigh, though they are far away in heaven’s domain. The future participle is rare and late.
(e.) Hypothesis:quid igitur mihī̆ ferārum laniātus oberit nihil sentientī?TD.1, 104,what hurt will the clawing of wild beasts do me if I have no feeling?appārēbat nōn admissōs prōtinus Carthāginem itūrōs, L. 21, 9, 4,it grew obvious that, if not given audience, they would go to Carthage forthwith. For other examples, see2110. For the participle withquasiorut, and in late writers withtamquamorvelut, see2121. The future participle is rare and late.
(f.) Description or manner:haec properantēs scrīpsimus,Att.4, 4a,I have written this hastily, i.e.in haste yours truly.dictātor et magister equitum triumphantēs in urbem rediēre, L. 2, 20, 13,the dictator and his master of the horse returned to the city in triumph.incendēbat haec flētū et pectus verberāns, Ta. 1, 23,he lent passion to his words with tears and beating of his breast.vīnctōs aspiciunt catēnīs līberōs suōs,V.5, 108,they behold their own children held in bondage.
2296.The participle with a negative may be translated bywithout: as,
id illa ūnivorsum abripiet haud existumāns quantō labōre partum, T.Ph.45,my lady’ll grab it all without a thought of all the toil it cost to get.nōn rogātōs ultrō offerre auxilium, L. 34, 23, 3,that without being asked, they offer assistance of their own accord.
2297.habeōis sometimes used with certain perfect participles to express an action continuing in its consequences,faciō,dō, and in old Latinreddōandcūrō, with a perfect participle, are emphatic substitutes for the verb to which the participle belongs.
(a.)quae nōs nostramque adulēscentiam habent dēspicātam et quae nōs semper omnibus cruciant modīs, T.Eu.383,who hold us and our youth in scorn and torment us in every way.in eā prōvinciā pecūniās magnās collocātās habent,IP.18,they have invested large funds in that province.Clōdiī animum perspectum habeō, cōgnitum, iūdicātum,ad Br.1, 1, 1,Clodius’s mind I have looked into thoroughly, probed, formed a judgement on.clausum lacū ac montibus et circumfūsum suīs cōpiīs habuit hostem, L. 22, 4, 5,his enemy he had shut in by lake and mountains and surrounded by his troops. See also1606.
(b.)missa haec face, T.Ad.906,let this pass.vērum haec missa faciō,RA.76,but I let this pass.Mānlium missum fēcit,Off.3, 112,he let Manlius go.factum et cūrātum dabō, Pl.Cas.439,I’ll have it done and seen to.strātās legiōnēs Latīnōrum dabō, L. 8, 6, 6,I will lay the Latin legions low.ego iam tē commōtum reddam, T.Andr.864,I’ll soon have you worked up.inventum tibī cūrābō tu͡om Pamphilum, T.Andr.684,I’ll have your Pamphilus looked up for you. In classical writers,faciōonly is found in this use and only with the participle ofmittō;dōoccurs in late writers;reddōandcūrōonly in old Latin. All these verbs are usually in the future tense or its equivalent. Forvolō,cupiō, andnōlōwith the infinitive passive withoutesse, see2229.
2298.The present participle is used predicatively with verbs signifyingrepresent, and with verbs denoting the exercise of the senses or mind: as,
facit Sōcratem disputantem,DN.1, 31,he represents Socrates discussing.quasi ipsōs indūxī loquentēs,L.3,I have brought on the men themselves as speaking.nōn illum miserum, īgnārum cāsūs suī, redeuntem ā cēnā vidētis?RA.98,do you not see the poor man, little dreaming of his fate, returning from the dinner?nōn audīvit dracōnem loquentem,Div.2, 141,he did not hear the serpent speaking. This use is found in Plautus, Terence, Cicero, Sallust, Horace, Nepos, Vitruvius, and Livy. Once in Piso (consul 133B.C.), as cited by Gellius, 7, 9, 6. Verbs denoting the exercise of the senses or mind take the accusative with the infinitive to denote the fact or action; see2175. Foraudiōwithcum, see1870. For the infinitive withoutessewith verbs of emotion, see2184.
2299.A passive with a verb meaningrepresentis expressed, for lack of a present passive participle, by the infinitive (2175). The infinitive active is rare.