Mīlēsiōs nāvem poposcit, quae eum Myndum prōsequerētur,V.1, 86,he asked the Milesians for a ship to escort him to Myndus.suōs omnēs castrīs continuit ignēsque fierī prohibuit, quō occultior esset eius adventus, Caes.C.3, 30, 5,he confined his troops to camp and forbade the kindling of fires, in order to keep his coming a greater secret.The Pronoun of Identity.īdem.2371.īdem,the same, often connects two different predicates to the same person or thing. In this case, it may be variously rendered bylikewise,also,all the same,on the other hand,at once,very,nevertheless.ūtēbātur eō cibō quī et suāvissimus esset et īdem facillimus ad concoquendum,Fin.2, 64,he made use of such food as was both very dainty and likewise very easy to digest.ita fīet ut nōn omnēs quī Atticē, eīdem bene dīcant,Br.291,so it will be found that not all who speak Attic are also good speakers.multī quī ut iūs suum et lībertātem tenērent volnera excēpērunt fortiter et tulērunt, īdem omissā contentiōne dolōrem morbī ferre nōn possunt,TD.2, 65,many who have met heroically and endured wounds, to preserve their rights and their freedom, are nevertheless, when no contest is involved, unable to bear the pain of a disease.2372.īdemis often used with other pronouns,hīc,iste,istūc,ille: as,haec eadem centuriōnibus mandābant, 7, 17, 8,they confided these same sentiments to their centurions.multae aliae idem istuc cupiunt, Pl.MG.1040,many other ladies want just what you want.2373.The same asis expressed byīdemfollowed byquī,atqueorac,ut,quasi,cum, sometimes in poetry by the dative.īdem sum quī semper fuī, Pl.Am.447,I’m the same man I’ve always been.pōmārium sēminārium ad eundem modum atque oleāgineum facitō, Cato,RR.48,make your fruit-tree nursery in the same way as your nursery for olive-trees(1653).eīsdem ferē verbīs ut disputātum est,TD.2, 9,in pretty much the same words as were used in the actual argument(1937).ut eōdem locō rēs sit quasi ea pecūnia lēgāta nōn esset,Leg.2, 53,so that the position is the same as if the money had not been bequeathed(2120).tibī̆ mēcum in eōdem est pistrīnō vīvendum,DO.2, 144,you must live in the same mill as I.Homērus eādem aliīs sōpītu’ quiētest, Lucr. 3, 1037,Homer sleeps the same sleep as others.The Intensive Pronoun.ipse.2374.ipse,self, is used in contrasts.2375.ipsemay contrast the chief person with subordinates, or a person with any thing belonging to him.Catilīna ipse pertimuit, profūgit; hī quid exspectant?C.2, 6,Catiline, their head, has fled in abject terror; his minions here, what wait they for?ē̆ī mūnītiōnī, quam fēcerat, T. Labiēnum lēgātum praefēcit; ipse in Ītaliam magnīs itineribus contendit, 1, 10, 3,he put Labienus, his lieutenant, in charge of the fortification he had made; he hurried, himself, to Italy with forced marches.tēmētī nihil adlātum intellegō :: at iam adferētur, sī ā forō ipsus redierit, Pl.Aul.355,I see there’s no wine brought :: but it soon will be, if the governor comes back from down town.‘ipse dīxit;’ “ipse” autem erat Pȳthagorās,DN.1, 10,‘the old man said so;’ now “the old man” was Pythagoras.nāvis tantum iactūrā factā, incolumēs ipsī ēvāsērunt, L. 30, 25, 8,the vessel only was lost, and the sailors escaped in safety.2376.ipseis often used with personals and reflexives agreeing with the emphatic word. But the nominative is usually preferred, especially whenipsestands before the other pronoun, or when it stands afterper mē,per sē. Aftermēmet,nōbīsmet,nōsmet, &c., it agrees with these words.(a.)neque enim potest exercitum is continēre imperātor, quī sē ipsum nōn continet,IP.38,for no commander can keep his army under control who does not keep his own self under control.mīles frātrem suum, dein sē ipsum interfēcit, Ta.H.3, 51,a soldier slew his own brother, then himself. (b.)ipse sē quisque dīligit,L.80,every man loves himself.bellum per sē ipse, iniussū populī ac senātūs, fēcit, L. 1, 49, 7,he made war on his own responsibility, without orders from the people and senate.Iūnius necem sibī̆ ipse cōnscīvit,DN.2, 7,Junius killed himself.nōn egeō medicīnā, mē ipse cōnsōlor,L.10,I need no medicine, I am my own comforter. (c.)ut nōbīsmet ipsīs imperēmus,TD.2, 47,that we should govern ourselves.2377.ipsealone sometimes stands for an emphaticsēorsuus: as,pertimuērunt nē ab ipsīs dēscīsceret et cum suīs in grātiam redīret, N. 7, 5, 1,they were much afraid that he would abandon them and come into favour with his compatriots again.ea molestissimē ferre hominēs dēbent, quae ipsōrum culpā contrācta sunt,QFr.1, 1, 2,people should be most vexed at things which are brought about through fault of their own.2378.ipseis used in many combinations whereselfis an inadequate translation. It may sometimes be translated by:2379.(1.)Actual,positive,even.habet certōs suī studiōsōs, quōs valētūdō modo bona sit, tenuitās ipsa dēlectat,Br.64,he has a clique of admirers, who are charmed by positive scragginess, provided the health be good.hōc ipsum ēlegantius pōnī meliusque potuit,Fin.2, 100,even this might have been put more logically and better.2380.(2.)Regular,proper,real.flagrantem invidiā propter interitum C. Gracchī ipse populus Rōmānus perīculō līberāvit,Sest.140,though greatly detested in consequence of the death of Gracchus, he was acquitted by the Roman people proper.cīvēs Rōmānī permultī in illō oppidō cōniūnctissimō animō cum ipsīs Agrigentīnīs vīvunt,V.4, 93,a great many Romans live in that town in most friendly relations with the natives of Agrigentum.2381.(3.)As well,likewise,too, for which, from Livy on,et ipseis used.hoc Rīpheus, hoc ipse Dymās, omnisque iuventūs laeta facit, V. 2, 394,this Ripheus doth, this Dymas too, and all the youth alert.cōgitātiō Locrōs urbem recipiendī, quae sub dēfectiōnem Ītaliae dēscīverat et ipsa ad Poenōs, L. 29, 6, 1,a project for recovering the city of Locri, which, on the revolt of Italy, had likewise gone over to the Carthaginians.2382.(4.)Alone,mere.nōn sōlum adventus malī, sed etiam metus ipse adfert calamitātem,IP.15,not only the coming of misfortune, but even the mere dread of it brings disaster.2383.(5.)Exactly,just, with numerals and dates, orright, of place.annīsLXXXVIipsīs ante mē cōnsulem,Br.61,exactly 86 years before my consulship.Kalendīs ipsīs Novembribus,C.1, 8,on the 1st of November precisely.in ipsō vadō dēprehēnsus Indutiomarus interficitur, 5, 58, 6,right at the ford Indutiomarus is caught and killed.suprā ipsum balneum habitō, Sen.Ep.56, 1,I live right over a bath.2384.(6.)Of oneself,voluntarily,of one’s own motion.valvae subitō sē ipsae aperuērunt,Div.1, 74,the temple-door suddenly opened of itself.Catilīnam vel ēiēcimus vel ēmīsimus vel ipsum ēgredientem verbīs prōsecūtī sumus,C.2, 1,we have driven Catiline out, or let him out, or, when he was going out of his own motion, wished him godspeed.The Interrogative Pronoun.uterandquis.2385.uter,whether?which? is used in questions about two things;quisandquī,who?what? in questions about more than two, though sometimes loosely of two things.uter est īnsānior hōrum?H.S.2, 3, 102,which of these is the greater crank?praeclārē apud eundem est Platōnem, similiter facere eōs quī inter sē contenderent uter potius rem pūblicam administrāret, ut sī nautae certārent quis eōrum potissimum gubernāret,Off.1, 87,in the same Plato is the excellent saying that for people to fall out with one another about which of two men should manage a state, were just as if the crew of a ship should quarrel about which of them should be pilot.ut quem velīs, nesciās,Att.16, 14, 1,so that you don’t know which to choose, as between Octavian and Antony.2386.quisandquidask to have a thing named;quīandquodto have it described. But see685.quis Diōnem Syrācosium doctrīnīs omnibus expolīvit? nōn Platō?DO.3, 139,who refined Syracusan Dio with learning of every sort? was it not Plato?quid rīdēs, H.S.2, 5, 3,why dost thou laugh?(1144).quis fuit igitur?:: iste Chaerea.:: quī Chaerea?T.Eu.823,who was he then?:: your precious Chaerea.:: what Chaerea?quem frūctum petentēs scīre cupimus illa quō modō moveantur?Fin.3, 37,with what practical end in view do we seek to know how yon bodies in the sky keep in motion?The Relative Pronoun.2387.The relative pronoun has already been treated; see1792-1837.The Indefinite Pronoun.quisorquī;quispiam.2388.quisorquī, a,some,somebody, always stands after one or more words of the sentence.quisorquīis used aftersī(nisi,sīve),nē,num,utrum,an,quō, orquandō, in preference toaliquis, unless emphasis is intended.dīxerit quis,Off.3, 76,somebody may say.malum quod tibī dī dabunt, Pl.Am.563,some curse the gods will bring upon thee.hī, sī quid erat dūrius, concurrēbant; sī quī equō dēciderat, circumsistēbant, 1, 48, 6,if there was ever any sharpish work, these men would rally; if a man fell from his horse, they would close round him.praecipit atque interdīcit ūnum omnēs peterent Indutiomarum, neu quis quem vulneret, 5, 58, 4,he charges them and forbids them; they were all to assail Indutiomarus alone; and nobody was to wound anybody(2402).2389.quispiam,a,some,one or another.forsitan quispiam dīxerit,Off.3, 29,peradventure somebody may say.quispiam dīcet,V.3, 111,somebody will say.cum quaepiam cohors impetum fēcerat, hostēs vēlōcissimē refugiēbant, 5, 35, 1,every time one or another cohort charged, the enemy fled back quick speed(2394).aliquis.2390.aliquisoraliquīsome one,some one or other, has always some affirmative emphasis, and is opposed to the idea ofall,much,none: as,nōn enim dēclāmātōrem aliquem dē lūdō, sed perfectissimum quaerimus,O.47,for it is not some spouter from school that we aim to find, but the ideal orator.omnēs ut aliquam perniciōsam bēstiam fugiēbant,Clu.41,everybody avoided him, like some dangerous wild animal or other.audē aliquid Gyarīs dīgnum sī vīs esse aliquid, J. 1, 73,venture some deed that deserves transportation, if you care to be something grand.nōn sine aliquā spē,D.7,not without some hope.quaerō sitne aliqua āctiō an nūlla,Caec.33,I ask whether there is some ground for an action or none.num igitur aliquis dolor post mortem est?TD.1, 82,is there, then, some sense of pain after death?With emphasis aftersī(2388):sī aliquid dē summā gravitāte Pompēius, multum de cupiditāte Caesar remīsisset, aliquam rem pūblicam nōbīs habēre licuisset,Ph.13, 2,if Pompey had sacrificed really something of his importance, and Caesar a good deal of his ambition, we might have had what would have been to some degree a commonwealth.2391.aliquisis sometimes equivalent toaliquis alius: as,cum M. Pīsōne et cum Q. Pompēiō aut cum aliquō,Br.310,with Piso or Pompey or some other man.ea mihī cottīdiē aut tūre aut vīnō aut aliquī semper supplicat, Pl.Aul. prol.23,she always offers me incense or wine or something else every day.quīdam.2392.quīdam,a,a certain, denotes a thing which we cannot describe or do not care to.nōn inrīdiculē quīdam ex mīlitibus decimae legiōnis dīxit: plūs quam pollicitus esset, Caesarem facere, 1, 42, 6,one of the privates of the Tenth said a very dry thing: that ‘Caesar was doing more than he engaged to.’accurrit quīdam nōtus mihi nōmine tantum, H.S.1, 9, 3,up trots a man I knew by name alone.assimilis quīdam mūgituī sonus, Suet.Galb.18,a mysterious sound like the lowing of a cow.vidēmus nātūram suō quōdam itinere ad ultimum pervenīre,DN.2, 35,nature reaches perfection by a kind of road of her own. Often in translations from Greek: as,aliīs librīs ratiōnem quandam per omnem nātūram rērum pertinentem vī dīvīnā esse adfectam putat,DN.1, 36,in other works he supposes‘a kindof Reason pervading all nature and endowed with divine power, of Zeno’s doctrine.2393.quīdamis often used to soften an exaggeration or a metaphor, sometimes to denote contempt.ēloquentissimōs hominēs innumerābilīs quōsdam nōminābat,DO.1, 91,great speakers he named, absolutely without number.ad omnīs enim meōs impetūs quasi mūrus quīdam bonī nōmen imperātōris oppōnitur,V.5, 2,for against all assaults of mine the name of a good commander is set up, like a regular wall.sed aliud quoddam fīlum ōrātiōnis tuae,L.25,but there is quite a different fibre to your speech.nōn est eōrum urbānitāte quādam quasi colōrāta ōrātiō,Br.170,their language lacks the tinge of an indefinable metropolitan element.Theomnāstus quīdam, homo rīdiculē īnsānus,V.4, 148,a person of the name of Theomnastus, an absurd, crack-brained creature.quisque.2394.quisque,each,each in particular,each by himself, applies what is stated of all to each several case, out of a number more than two.laudātī prō cōntiōne omnēs sunt, dōnātīque prō meritō quisque, L. 38, 23, 11,they were collectively commended in assembly convened, and received presents, each in proportion to his deserts.quotiēns quaeque cohors prōcurrerat, magnus numerus hostium cadēbat, 5, 34, 2,as the cohorts successively charged, a great number of the enemy fell every time(2389).mēns cuiusque, is est quisque, nōn ea figūra quae digitō dēmōnstrārī potest,RP.6, 26,the mind of a man is always the man, and not that shape which can be pointed out by the finger.2395.quisqueis sometimes used in a relative and demonstrative sentence both.quod cuique obtigit, id quisque teneat,Off.1, 21,let every man keep what he has got.id enim est cuiusque proprium, quō quisque fruitur atque ūtitur,Fam.7, 30, 2,for that is always a man’s property which he has the enjoyment and use of.2396.In a complex sentence, consisting of a main and a relative sentence,quisqueis usually expressed but once, and then in the unemphatic relative sentence. In English, the equivalent ofquisquegoes with the main sentence.nēmō fuit quī nōn surrēxerit, tēlumque quod cuique fors offerēbat, adripuerit,V.4, 95,not a man but sprang from his bed, and seized in every instance such a weapon as chance threw in his way.theātrum cum commūne sit, rēctē tamen dīcī potest, eius esse eum locum, quem quisque occupārit,Fin.3, 67,though the theatre is open to all, still it may be said with perfect propriety, that each spectator is entitled to the seat he has taken.Messānam ut quisque nostrūm vēnerat, haec vīsere solēbat,V.4, 5,any Roman, who went to Messana, invariably went to see these statues(1939).eōrum ut quisque prīmus vēnerat, sub mūrō cōnsistēbat, 7, 48, 2,as they successively arrived, each man of them took his stand under the wall.2397.quisqueis often used withsēorsuus, superlatives, and ordinals, holding an unemphatic placeafterthese words: as,ipse sē quisque dīligit,L.80,a man always loves his own self.suos quoique mōs, T.Ph.454,every man his own way.huic prō sē quisque nostrūm medērī velle dēbēmus,L. Agr.1, 26,this evil we ought to wish to remedy, according to our several abilities.optimum quidque rārissimum est,Fin.2, 81,ever the fairest is the rarest.nam in forō vix decumus quisquest, quī ipsus sēsē nōverit, Pl.Ps.973,for in the marketplace there’s scarce one man in every ten that knows himself.quīntō quōque annō Sicilia tōta cēnsētur,V.2, 139,at the end of every four years all Sicily is assessed.quamquam prīmum quidque explicēmus,Fam.12, 1, 1,but stay—let me explain things successively; or,one thing after another.litterās mīsit, ut is ānulus ad sē prīmō quōque tempore adferrētur,V.4, 58,he sent a letter directing said ring to be sent to him without delay.2398.In old Latinquisqueis sometimes equivalent toquīcumqueorquisquis,whoever: as,quisque obviam huic occesserit īrātō, vāpulābit, Pl.As.404,whoever meets him in his wrath will catch it. Incuiusque generisandcuiusque modī, it meansany and every: as,tot hominēs cuiusque modī,V.4, 7,so many people of every sort, i.e.cuicuimodī. The neuterquidquidforquidqueis not uncommon: as,cum prōcessit paulum et quātenus quicquid sē attingat perspicere coepit,Fin.5, 24,when it has progressed a little and has begun to discover how far each thing affects it. Masculinequisquisforquisqueis doubtful (seeFam.6, 1, 1).uterque.2399.uterque,each, is used of two individuals, andutrīqueof two sets or parties. But sometimesutrīqueis used of two individuals.(a.)ut illa nātūra caelestis et terrā vacat et ūmōre, sīc utriusque hārum rērum hūmānus animus est expers,TD.1, 65,even as the heavenly nature is free from the earthy and the humid, so the soul of man has no part in either of these qualities(1243).nūtū tremefactus uterque est polus, O.F.2, 489,at his nod trembled each pole(1243).Aetōliōrum utraeque manūs Hēraclēam sēsē inclūsērunt, L. 36, 16, 5,both bands of the Aetolians shut themselves up in Heraclea. (b.)sex fīliī nōbīs, duae fīliae sunt, utraeque iam nūptae, L. 42, 34, 4,we have six sons and two daughters, both already married.2400.Reciprocal relations (2344) are sometimes expressed byuterquefollowed by a different case ofalter; rarely byuterqueand a different case of the same word.(a.)quōrum uterque contempsit alterum,Off.1, 4,each of whom lightly esteemed the other. (b.)abdūcī nōn potest :: quī nōn potest? :: quia uterque utrīquest cordī, T.Ph.799,she’s not to be taken from him :: why isn’t she? :: because they’re heart to heart. This doubling ofuterqueis found only half a dozen times; not in Cicero.quīvīsandquīlibet;utervīsanduterlibet.2401.quīvīsandquīlibet,any you please, are used either in affirmative or negative sentences. When two are spoken of,utervīsoruterlibetis used.(a.)ut quīvīs intellegere posset,V.5, 17,so that any fool might know.faciat quidlubet, T.Hau.464,let him do anything he likes. (b.)quī utramvīs rēctē nōvit, ambās nōverit, T.Andr. prol.10,who knows either well, knows both.utrumlibet ēlige,Quinct.81,choose either you like.quisquamandūllus.2402.quisquam(692),a single one,any one at all, andūllus,any, are used chiefly in negative sentences or in interrogative, conditional, and comparative sentences implying negation, or withsine.vēnī Athēnās, neque mē quisquam ibī̆ adgnōvit,TD.5, 104,I came to Athens and not a person there knew me(1659).interdīcit omnibus, nē quemquam interficiant, 7, 40, 4,he warns them collectively against killing any man at all(2388).hunc suā quisquam sententiā ex hāc urbe expellet?Mil.104,will anybody at all, by his vote, banish this man from Rome?quis hoc fēcit ūllā in Scythiā tyrannus?Pis.18,what tyrant ever did this in any Scythia?sī quisquam est timidus, is ego sum,Fam.6, 14, 1,if anybody is timid, I am the man.quī saepius cum hoste cōnflīxit quam quisquam cum inimīcō concertāvit,IP.28,who has measured swords oftener with the enemy than anybody ever wrangled with an opponent in private life.sine ūllō metū in ipsum portum penetrāre coepērunt,V.5, 96,without a bit of fear they began to make their way right into the harbour.nēmō quisquamandnihil quicquamare old and late: as,lepidiōrem uxōrem nēmō quisquam habet, Pl.Cas.1008,nobody has a jollier wife.noster malī nīl quicquam prīmō, T.Ph.80,our young master didn’t make any trouble at first.2403.nēmōis generally used fornōn quisquam,nēmō umquamfornumquam quisquam,nihilfornōn quicquam, andnūllusfornōn ūllus. If only two are spoken of,neuteris used. The pluralneutrīis used of two parties.nēmōst miserior mē, T.Hau.263,no man’s unhappier than I.nēmō igitur vir magnus sine aliquō adflātū dīvīnō umquam fuit,DN.2, 167,nobody who is a great man was ever without some divine inspiration.ab nūllō ille līberālius quam ā Cluentiō trāctātus est,Clu.161,by no man has he been treated more generously than by Cluentius.neutrum eōrum contrā alterum iuvāre, Caes.C.1, 35, 5,to help neither of them against the other.neutrī alterōs prīmō cernēbant, L. 21, 46, 4,neither party saw the others at first.(D.) NUMERALS.2404.Numerals are divided into Adjectives:Cardinal,ūnus,one,duo,two, &c.;Ordinal,prīmus,first,secundus,second, &c.;Distributive,singulī,one each,bīnī,two each, &c.; and Numeral Adverbs:semel,once,bis,twice, &c.For the inflection of numerals, see637-643.2405.List of Numerals.Arabic.Cardinals.Ordinals.Distributives.Numeral Adverbs.Roman.1ūnus,one(638)prīmus,first(643)singulī,one each(643)semel,onceI2duo,two(639)secundus,secondbīnī,two eachbis,twiceII3trēs,three(639)tertius,thirdternī,trīnī,three eachter,thriceIII4quattuor,fourquārtus,fourthquaternī,four eachquater,four timesIIIIorIV5quīnque,fivequīntus,fifthquīnī,five eachquīnquiēns,five timesV6sex,sixsextus,sixthsēnī,six eachsexiēns,six timesVI7septem,sevenseptimus,seventhseptēnī,seven eachseptiēns,seven timesVII8octō,eightoctāvus,eighthoctōnī,eight eachoctiēns,eight timesVIII9novem,ninenōnus,ninthnovēnī,nine eachnoviēns,nine timesVIIIIorIX10decem,tendecimus,tenthdēnī,ten eachdeciēns,ten timesX11ūndecim,elevenūndecimus,eleventhūndēnī,eleven eachūndeciēns,eleven timesXI12duodecimduodecimusduodēnīduodeciēnsXII13tredecimtertius decimusternī dēnīterdeciēnsXIII14quattuordecimquārtus decimusquaternī dēnīquater deciēnsXIIIIorXIV15quīndecimquīntus decimusquīnī dēnīquīndeciēnsXV16sēdecimsextus decimussēnī dēnīsēdeciēnsXVI17septendecimseptimus decimusseptēni dēnīseptiēns deciēnsXVII18duodēvīgintīduodēvīcēsimusduodēvīcēnīoctiēns deciēnsXVIII19ūndēvīgintīūndēvīcēsimusūndēvīcēnīnoviēns deciēnsXVIIIIorXIX20vīgintī,twentyvīcēsimus,twentiethvīcēnī,twenty eachvīciēns,twenty timesXX21vīgintī ūnusorūnus et vīgintīvīcēsimus prīmusorūnus et vīcēsimusvīcēnī singulīorsingulī et vīcēnīvīciēns semelorsemel et vīciēnsXXI22vīgintī duoorduo et vīgintīvīcēsimus alteroralter et vīcēsimusvīcēnī bīnīorbīnī et vīcēnīvīciēns bisorbis et vīciēnsXXII28duodētrīgintāduodētrīcēsimusduodētrīcēnīduodētrīciēnsXXVIII29ūndētrīgintāūndētrīcēsimusūndētrīcēnī*ūndētrīciēnsXXVIIIIorXXIX30trīgintātrīcēsimustrīcēnītrīciēnsXXX40quadrāgintāquadrāgēsimusquadrāgēnīquadrāgiēnsXXXXorXↆ50quīnquāgintāquīnquāgēsimusquīnquāgēnīquīnquāgiēnsↆ60sexāgintāsexāgēsimussexāgēnīsexāgiēnsↆX70septuāgintāseptuāgēsimusseptuāgēnīseptuāgiēnsↆXX80octōgintāoctōgēsimusoctōgēnīoctōgiēnsↆXXX90nōnāgintānōnāgēsimusnōnāgēnīnōnāgiēnsↆXXXXorXC99ūndēcentumūndēcentēsimusūndēcentēnī*ūndēcentiēnsↆXXXXVIIIIorXCIX100centum,one hundredcentēsimus,one hundredthcentēnī,a hundred eachcentiēns,a hundred timesC101centum ūnusorcentum et ūnuscentēsimus prīmusorcentēsimus et prīmuscentēnī singulīcentiēns semelorcentiēns et semelCI200ducentī(641)ducentēsimusducēnīducentiēnsCC300trecentītrecentēsimustrecēnītrecentiēnsCCC400quadringentīquadringentēsimusquadringēnīquadringentiēnsCCCC500quīngentīquīngentēsimusquīngēnīquīngentiēnsD600sescentīsescentēsimussescēnīsescentiēnsDC700septingentīseptingentēsimusseptingēnīseptingentiēnsDCC800octingentīoctingentēsimusoctingēnīoctingentiēnsDCCC900nōngentīnōngentēsimusnōngēnīnōngentiēnsDCCCC1,000mīlle,thousand(642)mīllēsimus,thousandthsingula mīllia,a thousand eachmīlliēns,a thousand timesↀ2,000duo mīlliabis mīllēsimusbīna mīlliabis mīlliēnsↀↀ5,000quīnque mīlliaquīnquiēns mīllēsimusquīna mīlliaquīnquiēns mīlliēnsↁ10,000decem mīlliadeciēns mīllēsimusdēna mīlliadeciēns mīlliēnsↂ50,000quīnquāgintā mīlliaquīnquāgiēns mīllēsimusquīnquāgēna mīlliaquīnquāgiēns mīlliēnsↇ100,000centum mīlliacentiēns mīllēsimuscentēna mīlliacentiēns mīlliēnsↈ1,000,000deciēns centēna mīlliadeciēns centiēns mīllēsimusdeciēns centēna mīlliadeciēns centiēns mīlliēnssymbolNotation.2406.Numbers are noted by combinations of the charactersI= 1;V= 5;X= 10; ↆ, latersymbol,symbol,orL= 50;C= 100;D= 500; ↀ orsymbol,post-Augustan M = 1000.2407.Of these signs,Vseems to be the half ofX, which may be Etruscan in origin. The original signs for 50 and 1000 were taken from the Chalcidian Greek alphabet (18,19), in which they represented sounds unknown to early Latin. Thus, ↆ, in the Chalcidian alphabet representingch(49), was used by the early Romans for 50, and became successivelysymbol,symbol,andL. The form ↆ, is found very rarely,symboloftener, in the Augustan period;symbolis common during the last century of the republic and in the early empire; L, due to assimilation with the Roman letter, appears in the last century of the republic. The sign for 1000 was originally ↀ (Chalcidianph); it becamesymbol(the common classical form),symbol,orsymbol;the formMas a numeral appears in the second centuryA.D., although M is found much earlier as an abbreviation formīlliain M · P, that ismīllia passuum. For 100, the signsymbol(Chalcidianth) may have been used originally; but C (the abbreviation forcentum) came into use at an early period. The signD, = 500, is the half of ↀ.2408.To denote 10,000 the sign for 1000 was doubled: thus, ↂ, written alsosymbol,symbol,symbol.Another circle was added to denote 100,000: thus, ↈ, written alsosymbol,symbol,symbol.The halves of these signs were used for 5000 and 50,000: thus, ↁ and ↇ; variations of these last two signs are found, corresponding to the variations of the signs of which they are the halves.2409.From the last century of the republic on, thousands are sometimes indicated by a line drawn above a numeral, and hundreds of thousands by three lines enclosing a numeral: as,V̅= 5000;symbol= 1,000,000.2410.To distinguish numerals from ordinary letters, a line is often drawn above them: as,V͞I= 6. This practice is common in the Augustan period; earlier, a line is sometimes drawn across the numeral, as,symbol= 2;symbol= 500.2411.Of the two methods of writing the symbols for 4, 9, 14, 19, &c., the method by subtraction (IV,IX,XIV,XIX, &c.) is rarer, and is characteristic of private, not public inscriptions.Some Forms of Numerals.2412.quīnctus, the older form ofquīntus(170, 4) is sometimes found in old and even in classical writers. Instead ofseptimusanddecimus, the olderseptumusanddecumusare not uncommon (28).2413.In the ordinals fromtwentiethupwards, the older formsvīcēnsumusorvīcēnsimus,trīcēnsumusortrīcēnsimus, &c., &c., are not infrequently found instead ofvīcēsimus,trīcēsimus, &c., &c. (63;28).2414.In the numeral adverbs fromquīnquiēnsupwards, later forms in-īēs(63) are often found: as,quīnquiēs,deciēs, &c., &c.2415.In cardinals and ordinals fromthirteentoseventeeninclusive, the larger number sometimes comes first, and in cardinalsetis sometimes used, though rarely in Cicero.decem trēs, L. 37, 30, 7,thirteen.fundōs decem et trēs relīquit,RA. 20,he left thirteen farms. Rarely the smaller number comes first withet: as,dē tribus et decem fundīs,RA. 99,of the thirteen farms.2416.Numbers from 18 to 99 inclusive which end in 8 or 9 are usually expressed by subtraction, as in the list (2405); less frequently (not in Cicero, rarely in classical writers) by addition: as,decem et octō, 4, 19, 4;decem novem, Ta.H.2, 58.2417.In compound numbers fromtwenty-onetoninety-seveninclusive, except those which end ineightornine(2416), the smaller number with et usually comes first or the larger number withoutet, as in the list. But rarely the larger number comes first withet: as,vīgintī et septem,V.4, 123,twenty and seven.2418.In numbers from ahundred and oneupwards, the larger number comes first, either with or withoutet; but with distributivesetis not used. With cardinals and ordinals the smaller number sometimes comes first withet; as,iīs rēgiīs quadrāgintā annīs et ducentīs praeteritīs,RP. 2, 52,after these two hundred and forty years of monarchy were ended.SOME USES OF NUMERALS.Cardinals and Ordinals.2419.Dates are expressed either by cardinals with a plural substantive or by ordinals with a singular substantive: as,dictātor factus est annīs post Rōmam conditamCCCCXV,Fam.9, 21, 2,he was made dictator415 U. C. (1393).annō trecentēsimō quīnquāgēsimō post Rōmam conditam, Nōnīs Iūnīs,RP. 1, 25,on the 5th of June, 350 U. C. (1350). The ordinal is also used with a substantive not used in the singular: as,mancipia vēnībant Sāturnālibus tertiīs,Att.5, 20, 5,the slaves were sold on the third day of the Saturnalia. As the Romans, however, had no fixed official era, they had no dates in the modern sense, and marked the year by the names of the consuls.Distributives.2420.Distributives are used to denote an equal division among several persons or things, and in expressions of multiplication: as,bīnī senātōrēs singulīs cohortibus praepositī, L. 3, 69, 8,two senators were put over every cohort: sometimes whensingulīis added, the cardinal is used, thus:singulīs cēnsōribus dēnāriī trecentī imperātī sunt,V.2, 137,every censor was assessed 300 denars.bis bīna,DN. 2, 49,twice two. Poets use multiplication freely, partly for variety, but mainly from metrical necessity.2421.Distributives are also used with substantives which have no singular, or which have a different meaning in the singular; but in this useoneis alwaysūnī, notsingulī, andthreeis oftentrīnī, notternī: as,ut ūna castra iam facta ex bīnīs vidērentur, Caes.C.1, 74, 4,so that one camp seemed now to have been formed out of two.trīnīs catēnīs vinctus, 1, 53, 5,in triple irons. Similarly with things in pairs, as:bovēs bīnī, Pl.Pers.317,a yoke of oxen.2422.Poets sometimes use the singular of distributives: as,centēnāque arbore flūctum verberat, V. 10, 207,and with a hundred beams at every stroke the wave he smites.duplicī nātūrā et corpore bīnō, Lucr. 5, 879,twynatured and of body twain. The plural is sometimes used in verse for the cardinal:centum bracchia . . . centēnāsque manūs, V. 10, 565,a hundred arms . . . and hundred hands.Other Numerals.2423.Other numerical adjectives aremultiplicatives, ending in-plex; they are:simplex,onefold,simple,sēscuplex,one and a half fold,duplex,triplex,quadruplex,quīncuplex,septemplex,decemplex,centuplex; andproportionals, used mostly in the neuter as substantives:duplus,twice as great,triplus,three times as great,quadruplus,septuplus,octuplus. Besides these there are other adjectives derived from numerals: as,prīmānus,soldier of the first:prīmārius,first rate:bīmus,twinter,two-year-old; &c., &c.Expression of Fractions.2424.One halfmay be expressed bydīmidiumordīmidia pars; other fractions with 1 as a numerator by ordinals, with or withoutpars: as,tertia parsortertia, 1/3.2425.If the numerator is greater than 1 it is usually expressed by the cardinal feminine, with the ordinal feminine for the denominator: as,duae septimae, 2/7. But besides these forms there are others, namely:2426.(1.) Fractions with a numerator less by 1 than the denominator, except 1/2, may be expressed by cardinals withpartēs, as,duae partēs, 2/3;trēs partēs, 3/4;quattuor partēs, 4/5.2427.(2.) Fractions with 12 or its multiples as a denominator are expressed in business language by the parts of anās: thus,1/12,uncia1/6,sextāns1/4,quadrāns1/3,triēns5/12,quīncunx1/2,sēmis7/12,septunx2/3,bēs3/4,dōdrāns5/6,dēxtāns11/12,deūnx12/12,āsex āsse hērēs, Quintil. 7, 1, 20,heir to the whole;relīquit hērēdēs ex bēsse nepōtem, ex tertiā parte neptem, Plin.Ep.7, 24, 2,she left her grandson heir to 2/3, her granddaughter to 1/3.hērēdem ex dōdrante, N. 25, 5, 2,heir to 3/4.2428.Sometimes fractions are expressed by addition: as,dīmidia et quarta, 3/4;pars tertia et septima, 10/21; sometimes by division of the denominator: as,dīmidia quīnta, 1/10.(E.) PROSODY.I. RULES OF QUANTITY.(A.) In Classical Latin.2429.The length of the vowel in some classes of syllables, as used in the classical period, may be conveniently fixed in the memory by the following rules. For the usage of older writers, see126,129,132and 2464-2472. For the general principles of length of vowels and syllables, see33-41; 121-134; 177-178.Monosyllables.2430.Monosyllables ending in a vowel or a single consonant have the vowel long: as,dōs,sōl;āforab;ēforexorec-,pēsfor*peds; ablativequā,quī;quīnfor*quīne; locativesei, commonlysī;sīc(708); dative and ablative pluralquīs(688).Exceptions.2431.The vowel is short in:2432.(a.) Monosyllables ending inb,d,m, andt: as,ab,ad,dum,dat.2433.(b.) The indefinitequa, N. and Ac.; the enclitics-que(rarely-quē),-ne,-ve,-ce; and in the wordscor,fel,mel;os,bone;ac,vir,is,pol,quis(N.);fac,fer,per,ter;an,bis,in,cis;nec,vel. N.hīcis rarely short (664). For the quantity ofes, see747.Polysyllables.Penults.2434.Disyllabic perfects and perfect participles have the vowel of the penult long when it stands before a single consonant: as,vēnī,vīdī,vīcī(862);fōvī(864),fōtus(917).Exceptions.2435.(a.) Nine perfects have the penult short (859-861):
Mīlēsiōs nāvem poposcit, quae eum Myndum prōsequerētur,V.1, 86,he asked the Milesians for a ship to escort him to Myndus.suōs omnēs castrīs continuit ignēsque fierī prohibuit, quō occultior esset eius adventus, Caes.C.3, 30, 5,he confined his troops to camp and forbade the kindling of fires, in order to keep his coming a greater secret.
īdem.
2371.īdem,the same, often connects two different predicates to the same person or thing. In this case, it may be variously rendered bylikewise,also,all the same,on the other hand,at once,very,nevertheless.
ūtēbātur eō cibō quī et suāvissimus esset et īdem facillimus ad concoquendum,Fin.2, 64,he made use of such food as was both very dainty and likewise very easy to digest.ita fīet ut nōn omnēs quī Atticē, eīdem bene dīcant,Br.291,so it will be found that not all who speak Attic are also good speakers.multī quī ut iūs suum et lībertātem tenērent volnera excēpērunt fortiter et tulērunt, īdem omissā contentiōne dolōrem morbī ferre nōn possunt,TD.2, 65,many who have met heroically and endured wounds, to preserve their rights and their freedom, are nevertheless, when no contest is involved, unable to bear the pain of a disease.
2372.īdemis often used with other pronouns,hīc,iste,istūc,ille: as,
haec eadem centuriōnibus mandābant, 7, 17, 8,they confided these same sentiments to their centurions.multae aliae idem istuc cupiunt, Pl.MG.1040,many other ladies want just what you want.
2373.The same asis expressed byīdemfollowed byquī,atqueorac,ut,quasi,cum, sometimes in poetry by the dative.
īdem sum quī semper fuī, Pl.Am.447,I’m the same man I’ve always been.pōmārium sēminārium ad eundem modum atque oleāgineum facitō, Cato,RR.48,make your fruit-tree nursery in the same way as your nursery for olive-trees(1653).eīsdem ferē verbīs ut disputātum est,TD.2, 9,in pretty much the same words as were used in the actual argument(1937).ut eōdem locō rēs sit quasi ea pecūnia lēgāta nōn esset,Leg.2, 53,so that the position is the same as if the money had not been bequeathed(2120).tibī̆ mēcum in eōdem est pistrīnō vīvendum,DO.2, 144,you must live in the same mill as I.Homērus eādem aliīs sōpītu’ quiētest, Lucr. 3, 1037,Homer sleeps the same sleep as others.
ipse.
2374.ipse,self, is used in contrasts.
2375.ipsemay contrast the chief person with subordinates, or a person with any thing belonging to him.
Catilīna ipse pertimuit, profūgit; hī quid exspectant?C.2, 6,Catiline, their head, has fled in abject terror; his minions here, what wait they for?ē̆ī mūnītiōnī, quam fēcerat, T. Labiēnum lēgātum praefēcit; ipse in Ītaliam magnīs itineribus contendit, 1, 10, 3,he put Labienus, his lieutenant, in charge of the fortification he had made; he hurried, himself, to Italy with forced marches.tēmētī nihil adlātum intellegō :: at iam adferētur, sī ā forō ipsus redierit, Pl.Aul.355,I see there’s no wine brought :: but it soon will be, if the governor comes back from down town.‘ipse dīxit;’ “ipse” autem erat Pȳthagorās,DN.1, 10,‘the old man said so;’ now “the old man” was Pythagoras.nāvis tantum iactūrā factā, incolumēs ipsī ēvāsērunt, L. 30, 25, 8,the vessel only was lost, and the sailors escaped in safety.
2376.ipseis often used with personals and reflexives agreeing with the emphatic word. But the nominative is usually preferred, especially whenipsestands before the other pronoun, or when it stands afterper mē,per sē. Aftermēmet,nōbīsmet,nōsmet, &c., it agrees with these words.
(a.)neque enim potest exercitum is continēre imperātor, quī sē ipsum nōn continet,IP.38,for no commander can keep his army under control who does not keep his own self under control.mīles frātrem suum, dein sē ipsum interfēcit, Ta.H.3, 51,a soldier slew his own brother, then himself. (b.)ipse sē quisque dīligit,L.80,every man loves himself.bellum per sē ipse, iniussū populī ac senātūs, fēcit, L. 1, 49, 7,he made war on his own responsibility, without orders from the people and senate.Iūnius necem sibī̆ ipse cōnscīvit,DN.2, 7,Junius killed himself.nōn egeō medicīnā, mē ipse cōnsōlor,L.10,I need no medicine, I am my own comforter. (c.)ut nōbīsmet ipsīs imperēmus,TD.2, 47,that we should govern ourselves.
2377.ipsealone sometimes stands for an emphaticsēorsuus: as,
pertimuērunt nē ab ipsīs dēscīsceret et cum suīs in grātiam redīret, N. 7, 5, 1,they were much afraid that he would abandon them and come into favour with his compatriots again.ea molestissimē ferre hominēs dēbent, quae ipsōrum culpā contrācta sunt,QFr.1, 1, 2,people should be most vexed at things which are brought about through fault of their own.
2378.ipseis used in many combinations whereselfis an inadequate translation. It may sometimes be translated by:
2379.(1.)Actual,positive,even.
habet certōs suī studiōsōs, quōs valētūdō modo bona sit, tenuitās ipsa dēlectat,Br.64,he has a clique of admirers, who are charmed by positive scragginess, provided the health be good.hōc ipsum ēlegantius pōnī meliusque potuit,Fin.2, 100,even this might have been put more logically and better.
2380.(2.)Regular,proper,real.
flagrantem invidiā propter interitum C. Gracchī ipse populus Rōmānus perīculō līberāvit,Sest.140,though greatly detested in consequence of the death of Gracchus, he was acquitted by the Roman people proper.cīvēs Rōmānī permultī in illō oppidō cōniūnctissimō animō cum ipsīs Agrigentīnīs vīvunt,V.4, 93,a great many Romans live in that town in most friendly relations with the natives of Agrigentum.
2381.(3.)As well,likewise,too, for which, from Livy on,et ipseis used.
hoc Rīpheus, hoc ipse Dymās, omnisque iuventūs laeta facit, V. 2, 394,this Ripheus doth, this Dymas too, and all the youth alert.cōgitātiō Locrōs urbem recipiendī, quae sub dēfectiōnem Ītaliae dēscīverat et ipsa ad Poenōs, L. 29, 6, 1,a project for recovering the city of Locri, which, on the revolt of Italy, had likewise gone over to the Carthaginians.
2382.(4.)Alone,mere.
nōn sōlum adventus malī, sed etiam metus ipse adfert calamitātem,IP.15,not only the coming of misfortune, but even the mere dread of it brings disaster.
2383.(5.)Exactly,just, with numerals and dates, orright, of place.
annīsLXXXVIipsīs ante mē cōnsulem,Br.61,exactly 86 years before my consulship.Kalendīs ipsīs Novembribus,C.1, 8,on the 1st of November precisely.in ipsō vadō dēprehēnsus Indutiomarus interficitur, 5, 58, 6,right at the ford Indutiomarus is caught and killed.suprā ipsum balneum habitō, Sen.Ep.56, 1,I live right over a bath.
2384.(6.)Of oneself,voluntarily,of one’s own motion.
valvae subitō sē ipsae aperuērunt,Div.1, 74,the temple-door suddenly opened of itself.Catilīnam vel ēiēcimus vel ēmīsimus vel ipsum ēgredientem verbīs prōsecūtī sumus,C.2, 1,we have driven Catiline out, or let him out, or, when he was going out of his own motion, wished him godspeed.
uterandquis.
2385.uter,whether?which? is used in questions about two things;quisandquī,who?what? in questions about more than two, though sometimes loosely of two things.
uter est īnsānior hōrum?H.S.2, 3, 102,which of these is the greater crank?praeclārē apud eundem est Platōnem, similiter facere eōs quī inter sē contenderent uter potius rem pūblicam administrāret, ut sī nautae certārent quis eōrum potissimum gubernāret,Off.1, 87,in the same Plato is the excellent saying that for people to fall out with one another about which of two men should manage a state, were just as if the crew of a ship should quarrel about which of them should be pilot.ut quem velīs, nesciās,Att.16, 14, 1,so that you don’t know which to choose, as between Octavian and Antony.
2386.quisandquidask to have a thing named;quīandquodto have it described. But see685.
quis Diōnem Syrācosium doctrīnīs omnibus expolīvit? nōn Platō?DO.3, 139,who refined Syracusan Dio with learning of every sort? was it not Plato?quid rīdēs, H.S.2, 5, 3,why dost thou laugh?(1144).quis fuit igitur?:: iste Chaerea.:: quī Chaerea?T.Eu.823,who was he then?:: your precious Chaerea.:: what Chaerea?quem frūctum petentēs scīre cupimus illa quō modō moveantur?Fin.3, 37,with what practical end in view do we seek to know how yon bodies in the sky keep in motion?
2387.The relative pronoun has already been treated; see1792-1837.
quisorquī;quispiam.
2388.quisorquī, a,some,somebody, always stands after one or more words of the sentence.quisorquīis used aftersī(nisi,sīve),nē,num,utrum,an,quō, orquandō, in preference toaliquis, unless emphasis is intended.
dīxerit quis,Off.3, 76,somebody may say.malum quod tibī dī dabunt, Pl.Am.563,some curse the gods will bring upon thee.hī, sī quid erat dūrius, concurrēbant; sī quī equō dēciderat, circumsistēbant, 1, 48, 6,if there was ever any sharpish work, these men would rally; if a man fell from his horse, they would close round him.praecipit atque interdīcit ūnum omnēs peterent Indutiomarum, neu quis quem vulneret, 5, 58, 4,he charges them and forbids them; they were all to assail Indutiomarus alone; and nobody was to wound anybody(2402).
2389.quispiam,a,some,one or another.
forsitan quispiam dīxerit,Off.3, 29,peradventure somebody may say.quispiam dīcet,V.3, 111,somebody will say.cum quaepiam cohors impetum fēcerat, hostēs vēlōcissimē refugiēbant, 5, 35, 1,every time one or another cohort charged, the enemy fled back quick speed(2394).
aliquis.
2390.aliquisoraliquīsome one,some one or other, has always some affirmative emphasis, and is opposed to the idea ofall,much,none: as,
nōn enim dēclāmātōrem aliquem dē lūdō, sed perfectissimum quaerimus,O.47,for it is not some spouter from school that we aim to find, but the ideal orator.omnēs ut aliquam perniciōsam bēstiam fugiēbant,Clu.41,everybody avoided him, like some dangerous wild animal or other.audē aliquid Gyarīs dīgnum sī vīs esse aliquid, J. 1, 73,venture some deed that deserves transportation, if you care to be something grand.nōn sine aliquā spē,D.7,not without some hope.quaerō sitne aliqua āctiō an nūlla,Caec.33,I ask whether there is some ground for an action or none.num igitur aliquis dolor post mortem est?TD.1, 82,is there, then, some sense of pain after death?With emphasis aftersī(2388):sī aliquid dē summā gravitāte Pompēius, multum de cupiditāte Caesar remīsisset, aliquam rem pūblicam nōbīs habēre licuisset,Ph.13, 2,if Pompey had sacrificed really something of his importance, and Caesar a good deal of his ambition, we might have had what would have been to some degree a commonwealth.
2391.aliquisis sometimes equivalent toaliquis alius: as,
cum M. Pīsōne et cum Q. Pompēiō aut cum aliquō,Br.310,with Piso or Pompey or some other man.ea mihī cottīdiē aut tūre aut vīnō aut aliquī semper supplicat, Pl.Aul. prol.23,she always offers me incense or wine or something else every day.
quīdam.
2392.quīdam,a,a certain, denotes a thing which we cannot describe or do not care to.
nōn inrīdiculē quīdam ex mīlitibus decimae legiōnis dīxit: plūs quam pollicitus esset, Caesarem facere, 1, 42, 6,one of the privates of the Tenth said a very dry thing: that ‘Caesar was doing more than he engaged to.’accurrit quīdam nōtus mihi nōmine tantum, H.S.1, 9, 3,up trots a man I knew by name alone.assimilis quīdam mūgituī sonus, Suet.Galb.18,a mysterious sound like the lowing of a cow.vidēmus nātūram suō quōdam itinere ad ultimum pervenīre,DN.2, 35,nature reaches perfection by a kind of road of her own. Often in translations from Greek: as,aliīs librīs ratiōnem quandam per omnem nātūram rērum pertinentem vī dīvīnā esse adfectam putat,DN.1, 36,in other works he supposes‘a kindof Reason pervading all nature and endowed with divine power, of Zeno’s doctrine.
2393.quīdamis often used to soften an exaggeration or a metaphor, sometimes to denote contempt.
ēloquentissimōs hominēs innumerābilīs quōsdam nōminābat,DO.1, 91,great speakers he named, absolutely without number.ad omnīs enim meōs impetūs quasi mūrus quīdam bonī nōmen imperātōris oppōnitur,V.5, 2,for against all assaults of mine the name of a good commander is set up, like a regular wall.sed aliud quoddam fīlum ōrātiōnis tuae,L.25,but there is quite a different fibre to your speech.nōn est eōrum urbānitāte quādam quasi colōrāta ōrātiō,Br.170,their language lacks the tinge of an indefinable metropolitan element.Theomnāstus quīdam, homo rīdiculē īnsānus,V.4, 148,a person of the name of Theomnastus, an absurd, crack-brained creature.
quisque.
2394.quisque,each,each in particular,each by himself, applies what is stated of all to each several case, out of a number more than two.
laudātī prō cōntiōne omnēs sunt, dōnātīque prō meritō quisque, L. 38, 23, 11,they were collectively commended in assembly convened, and received presents, each in proportion to his deserts.quotiēns quaeque cohors prōcurrerat, magnus numerus hostium cadēbat, 5, 34, 2,as the cohorts successively charged, a great number of the enemy fell every time(2389).mēns cuiusque, is est quisque, nōn ea figūra quae digitō dēmōnstrārī potest,RP.6, 26,the mind of a man is always the man, and not that shape which can be pointed out by the finger.
2395.quisqueis sometimes used in a relative and demonstrative sentence both.
quod cuique obtigit, id quisque teneat,Off.1, 21,let every man keep what he has got.id enim est cuiusque proprium, quō quisque fruitur atque ūtitur,Fam.7, 30, 2,for that is always a man’s property which he has the enjoyment and use of.
2396.In a complex sentence, consisting of a main and a relative sentence,quisqueis usually expressed but once, and then in the unemphatic relative sentence. In English, the equivalent ofquisquegoes with the main sentence.
nēmō fuit quī nōn surrēxerit, tēlumque quod cuique fors offerēbat, adripuerit,V.4, 95,not a man but sprang from his bed, and seized in every instance such a weapon as chance threw in his way.theātrum cum commūne sit, rēctē tamen dīcī potest, eius esse eum locum, quem quisque occupārit,Fin.3, 67,though the theatre is open to all, still it may be said with perfect propriety, that each spectator is entitled to the seat he has taken.Messānam ut quisque nostrūm vēnerat, haec vīsere solēbat,V.4, 5,any Roman, who went to Messana, invariably went to see these statues(1939).eōrum ut quisque prīmus vēnerat, sub mūrō cōnsistēbat, 7, 48, 2,as they successively arrived, each man of them took his stand under the wall.
2397.quisqueis often used withsēorsuus, superlatives, and ordinals, holding an unemphatic placeafterthese words: as,
ipse sē quisque dīligit,L.80,a man always loves his own self.suos quoique mōs, T.Ph.454,every man his own way.huic prō sē quisque nostrūm medērī velle dēbēmus,L. Agr.1, 26,this evil we ought to wish to remedy, according to our several abilities.optimum quidque rārissimum est,Fin.2, 81,ever the fairest is the rarest.nam in forō vix decumus quisquest, quī ipsus sēsē nōverit, Pl.Ps.973,for in the marketplace there’s scarce one man in every ten that knows himself.quīntō quōque annō Sicilia tōta cēnsētur,V.2, 139,at the end of every four years all Sicily is assessed.quamquam prīmum quidque explicēmus,Fam.12, 1, 1,but stay—let me explain things successively; or,one thing after another.litterās mīsit, ut is ānulus ad sē prīmō quōque tempore adferrētur,V.4, 58,he sent a letter directing said ring to be sent to him without delay.
2398.In old Latinquisqueis sometimes equivalent toquīcumqueorquisquis,whoever: as,quisque obviam huic occesserit īrātō, vāpulābit, Pl.As.404,whoever meets him in his wrath will catch it. Incuiusque generisandcuiusque modī, it meansany and every: as,tot hominēs cuiusque modī,V.4, 7,so many people of every sort, i.e.cuicuimodī. The neuterquidquidforquidqueis not uncommon: as,cum prōcessit paulum et quātenus quicquid sē attingat perspicere coepit,Fin.5, 24,when it has progressed a little and has begun to discover how far each thing affects it. Masculinequisquisforquisqueis doubtful (seeFam.6, 1, 1).
uterque.
2399.uterque,each, is used of two individuals, andutrīqueof two sets or parties. But sometimesutrīqueis used of two individuals.
(a.)ut illa nātūra caelestis et terrā vacat et ūmōre, sīc utriusque hārum rērum hūmānus animus est expers,TD.1, 65,even as the heavenly nature is free from the earthy and the humid, so the soul of man has no part in either of these qualities(1243).nūtū tremefactus uterque est polus, O.F.2, 489,at his nod trembled each pole(1243).Aetōliōrum utraeque manūs Hēraclēam sēsē inclūsērunt, L. 36, 16, 5,both bands of the Aetolians shut themselves up in Heraclea. (b.)sex fīliī nōbīs, duae fīliae sunt, utraeque iam nūptae, L. 42, 34, 4,we have six sons and two daughters, both already married.
2400.Reciprocal relations (2344) are sometimes expressed byuterquefollowed by a different case ofalter; rarely byuterqueand a different case of the same word.
(a.)quōrum uterque contempsit alterum,Off.1, 4,each of whom lightly esteemed the other. (b.)abdūcī nōn potest :: quī nōn potest? :: quia uterque utrīquest cordī, T.Ph.799,she’s not to be taken from him :: why isn’t she? :: because they’re heart to heart. This doubling ofuterqueis found only half a dozen times; not in Cicero.
quīvīsandquīlibet;utervīsanduterlibet.
2401.quīvīsandquīlibet,any you please, are used either in affirmative or negative sentences. When two are spoken of,utervīsoruterlibetis used.
(a.)ut quīvīs intellegere posset,V.5, 17,so that any fool might know.faciat quidlubet, T.Hau.464,let him do anything he likes. (b.)quī utramvīs rēctē nōvit, ambās nōverit, T.Andr. prol.10,who knows either well, knows both.utrumlibet ēlige,Quinct.81,choose either you like.
quisquamandūllus.
2402.quisquam(692),a single one,any one at all, andūllus,any, are used chiefly in negative sentences or in interrogative, conditional, and comparative sentences implying negation, or withsine.
vēnī Athēnās, neque mē quisquam ibī̆ adgnōvit,TD.5, 104,I came to Athens and not a person there knew me(1659).interdīcit omnibus, nē quemquam interficiant, 7, 40, 4,he warns them collectively against killing any man at all(2388).hunc suā quisquam sententiā ex hāc urbe expellet?Mil.104,will anybody at all, by his vote, banish this man from Rome?quis hoc fēcit ūllā in Scythiā tyrannus?Pis.18,what tyrant ever did this in any Scythia?sī quisquam est timidus, is ego sum,Fam.6, 14, 1,if anybody is timid, I am the man.quī saepius cum hoste cōnflīxit quam quisquam cum inimīcō concertāvit,IP.28,who has measured swords oftener with the enemy than anybody ever wrangled with an opponent in private life.sine ūllō metū in ipsum portum penetrāre coepērunt,V.5, 96,without a bit of fear they began to make their way right into the harbour.nēmō quisquamandnihil quicquamare old and late: as,lepidiōrem uxōrem nēmō quisquam habet, Pl.Cas.1008,nobody has a jollier wife.noster malī nīl quicquam prīmō, T.Ph.80,our young master didn’t make any trouble at first.
2403.nēmōis generally used fornōn quisquam,nēmō umquamfornumquam quisquam,nihilfornōn quicquam, andnūllusfornōn ūllus. If only two are spoken of,neuteris used. The pluralneutrīis used of two parties.
nēmōst miserior mē, T.Hau.263,no man’s unhappier than I.nēmō igitur vir magnus sine aliquō adflātū dīvīnō umquam fuit,DN.2, 167,nobody who is a great man was ever without some divine inspiration.ab nūllō ille līberālius quam ā Cluentiō trāctātus est,Clu.161,by no man has he been treated more generously than by Cluentius.neutrum eōrum contrā alterum iuvāre, Caes.C.1, 35, 5,to help neither of them against the other.neutrī alterōs prīmō cernēbant, L. 21, 46, 4,neither party saw the others at first.
2404.Numerals are divided into Adjectives:Cardinal,ūnus,one,duo,two, &c.;Ordinal,prīmus,first,secundus,second, &c.;Distributive,singulī,one each,bīnī,two each, &c.; and Numeral Adverbs:semel,once,bis,twice, &c.
For the inflection of numerals, see637-643.
2405.
List of Numerals.
2406.Numbers are noted by combinations of the charactersI= 1;V= 5;X= 10; ↆ, latersymbol,symbol,orL= 50;C= 100;D= 500; ↀ orsymbol,post-Augustan M = 1000.
2407.Of these signs,Vseems to be the half ofX, which may be Etruscan in origin. The original signs for 50 and 1000 were taken from the Chalcidian Greek alphabet (18,19), in which they represented sounds unknown to early Latin. Thus, ↆ, in the Chalcidian alphabet representingch(49), was used by the early Romans for 50, and became successivelysymbol,symbol,andL. The form ↆ, is found very rarely,symboloftener, in the Augustan period;symbolis common during the last century of the republic and in the early empire; L, due to assimilation with the Roman letter, appears in the last century of the republic. The sign for 1000 was originally ↀ (Chalcidianph); it becamesymbol(the common classical form),symbol,orsymbol;the formMas a numeral appears in the second centuryA.D., although M is found much earlier as an abbreviation formīlliain M · P, that ismīllia passuum. For 100, the signsymbol(Chalcidianth) may have been used originally; but C (the abbreviation forcentum) came into use at an early period. The signD, = 500, is the half of ↀ.
2408.To denote 10,000 the sign for 1000 was doubled: thus, ↂ, written alsosymbol,symbol,symbol.Another circle was added to denote 100,000: thus, ↈ, written alsosymbol,symbol,symbol.The halves of these signs were used for 5000 and 50,000: thus, ↁ and ↇ; variations of these last two signs are found, corresponding to the variations of the signs of which they are the halves.
2409.From the last century of the republic on, thousands are sometimes indicated by a line drawn above a numeral, and hundreds of thousands by three lines enclosing a numeral: as,V̅= 5000;symbol= 1,000,000.
2410.To distinguish numerals from ordinary letters, a line is often drawn above them: as,V͞I= 6. This practice is common in the Augustan period; earlier, a line is sometimes drawn across the numeral, as,symbol= 2;symbol= 500.
2411.Of the two methods of writing the symbols for 4, 9, 14, 19, &c., the method by subtraction (IV,IX,XIV,XIX, &c.) is rarer, and is characteristic of private, not public inscriptions.
2412.quīnctus, the older form ofquīntus(170, 4) is sometimes found in old and even in classical writers. Instead ofseptimusanddecimus, the olderseptumusanddecumusare not uncommon (28).
2413.In the ordinals fromtwentiethupwards, the older formsvīcēnsumusorvīcēnsimus,trīcēnsumusortrīcēnsimus, &c., &c., are not infrequently found instead ofvīcēsimus,trīcēsimus, &c., &c. (63;28).
2414.In the numeral adverbs fromquīnquiēnsupwards, later forms in-īēs(63) are often found: as,quīnquiēs,deciēs, &c., &c.
2415.In cardinals and ordinals fromthirteentoseventeeninclusive, the larger number sometimes comes first, and in cardinalsetis sometimes used, though rarely in Cicero.
decem trēs, L. 37, 30, 7,thirteen.fundōs decem et trēs relīquit,RA. 20,he left thirteen farms. Rarely the smaller number comes first withet: as,dē tribus et decem fundīs,RA. 99,of the thirteen farms.
2416.Numbers from 18 to 99 inclusive which end in 8 or 9 are usually expressed by subtraction, as in the list (2405); less frequently (not in Cicero, rarely in classical writers) by addition: as,decem et octō, 4, 19, 4;decem novem, Ta.H.2, 58.
2417.In compound numbers fromtwenty-onetoninety-seveninclusive, except those which end ineightornine(2416), the smaller number with et usually comes first or the larger number withoutet, as in the list. But rarely the larger number comes first withet: as,vīgintī et septem,V.4, 123,twenty and seven.
2418.In numbers from ahundred and oneupwards, the larger number comes first, either with or withoutet; but with distributivesetis not used. With cardinals and ordinals the smaller number sometimes comes first withet; as,iīs rēgiīs quadrāgintā annīs et ducentīs praeteritīs,RP. 2, 52,after these two hundred and forty years of monarchy were ended.
2419.Dates are expressed either by cardinals with a plural substantive or by ordinals with a singular substantive: as,
dictātor factus est annīs post Rōmam conditamCCCCXV,Fam.9, 21, 2,he was made dictator415 U. C. (1393).annō trecentēsimō quīnquāgēsimō post Rōmam conditam, Nōnīs Iūnīs,RP. 1, 25,on the 5th of June, 350 U. C. (1350). The ordinal is also used with a substantive not used in the singular: as,mancipia vēnībant Sāturnālibus tertiīs,Att.5, 20, 5,the slaves were sold on the third day of the Saturnalia. As the Romans, however, had no fixed official era, they had no dates in the modern sense, and marked the year by the names of the consuls.
2420.Distributives are used to denote an equal division among several persons or things, and in expressions of multiplication: as,
bīnī senātōrēs singulīs cohortibus praepositī, L. 3, 69, 8,two senators were put over every cohort: sometimes whensingulīis added, the cardinal is used, thus:singulīs cēnsōribus dēnāriī trecentī imperātī sunt,V.2, 137,every censor was assessed 300 denars.bis bīna,DN. 2, 49,twice two. Poets use multiplication freely, partly for variety, but mainly from metrical necessity.
2421.Distributives are also used with substantives which have no singular, or which have a different meaning in the singular; but in this useoneis alwaysūnī, notsingulī, andthreeis oftentrīnī, notternī: as,
ut ūna castra iam facta ex bīnīs vidērentur, Caes.C.1, 74, 4,so that one camp seemed now to have been formed out of two.trīnīs catēnīs vinctus, 1, 53, 5,in triple irons. Similarly with things in pairs, as:bovēs bīnī, Pl.Pers.317,a yoke of oxen.
2422.Poets sometimes use the singular of distributives: as,centēnāque arbore flūctum verberat, V. 10, 207,and with a hundred beams at every stroke the wave he smites.duplicī nātūrā et corpore bīnō, Lucr. 5, 879,twynatured and of body twain. The plural is sometimes used in verse for the cardinal:centum bracchia . . . centēnāsque manūs, V. 10, 565,a hundred arms . . . and hundred hands.
2423.Other numerical adjectives aremultiplicatives, ending in-plex; they are:simplex,onefold,simple,sēscuplex,one and a half fold,duplex,triplex,quadruplex,quīncuplex,septemplex,decemplex,centuplex; andproportionals, used mostly in the neuter as substantives:duplus,twice as great,triplus,three times as great,quadruplus,septuplus,octuplus. Besides these there are other adjectives derived from numerals: as,prīmānus,soldier of the first:prīmārius,first rate:bīmus,twinter,two-year-old; &c., &c.
2424.One halfmay be expressed bydīmidiumordīmidia pars; other fractions with 1 as a numerator by ordinals, with or withoutpars: as,tertia parsortertia, 1/3.
2425.If the numerator is greater than 1 it is usually expressed by the cardinal feminine, with the ordinal feminine for the denominator: as,duae septimae, 2/7. But besides these forms there are others, namely:
2426.(1.) Fractions with a numerator less by 1 than the denominator, except 1/2, may be expressed by cardinals withpartēs, as,duae partēs, 2/3;trēs partēs, 3/4;quattuor partēs, 4/5.
2427.(2.) Fractions with 12 or its multiples as a denominator are expressed in business language by the parts of anās: thus,
ex āsse hērēs, Quintil. 7, 1, 20,heir to the whole;relīquit hērēdēs ex bēsse nepōtem, ex tertiā parte neptem, Plin.Ep.7, 24, 2,she left her grandson heir to 2/3, her granddaughter to 1/3.hērēdem ex dōdrante, N. 25, 5, 2,heir to 3/4.
2428.Sometimes fractions are expressed by addition: as,dīmidia et quarta, 3/4;pars tertia et septima, 10/21; sometimes by division of the denominator: as,dīmidia quīnta, 1/10.
2429.The length of the vowel in some classes of syllables, as used in the classical period, may be conveniently fixed in the memory by the following rules. For the usage of older writers, see126,129,132and 2464-2472. For the general principles of length of vowels and syllables, see33-41; 121-134; 177-178.
Monosyllables.
2430.Monosyllables ending in a vowel or a single consonant have the vowel long: as,
dōs,sōl;āforab;ēforexorec-,pēsfor*peds; ablativequā,quī;quīnfor*quīne; locativesei, commonlysī;sīc(708); dative and ablative pluralquīs(688).
Exceptions.
2431.The vowel is short in:
2432.(a.) Monosyllables ending inb,d,m, andt: as,ab,ad,dum,dat.
2433.(b.) The indefinitequa, N. and Ac.; the enclitics-que(rarely-quē),-ne,-ve,-ce; and in the wordscor,fel,mel;os,bone;ac,vir,is,pol,quis(N.);fac,fer,per,ter;an,bis,in,cis;nec,vel. N.hīcis rarely short (664). For the quantity ofes, see747.
Polysyllables.
Penults.
2434.Disyllabic perfects and perfect participles have the vowel of the penult long when it stands before a single consonant: as,
vēnī,vīdī,vīcī(862);fōvī(864),fōtus(917).
Exceptions.
2435.(a.) Nine perfects have the penult short (859-861):