1093.A neuter adjective or pronoun is sometimes used as a substantive in the predicate (1101): as,
trÄ«ste lupus stabulÄ«s, V.E.3, 80,a baleful thing the wolf for folds.quod ego fuÄ« ad TrÄsumennum, id tÅ« hodiÄ“, L. 30, 30, 12,what I was myself at Trasumene, that you are today.
1094.A demonstrative, determinative, or relative pronoun used substantively takes the number and gender of the substantive it represents; the case depends on the construction of the clause in which it stands: as,
erant peditÄ“s, quÅs dÄ“lÄ“gerant; cum hÄ«s in proeliÄ«s versÄbantur; ad eÅs sÄ“ recipiÄ“bant; hÄ« concurrÄ“bant, 1, 48, 5,there were foot-soldiers whom they had picked out; with these men they kept company in action; upon them they would fall back; these people would always rally.HippiÄs glÅriÄtus est Änulum quem habÄ“ret, pallium quÅ amictus, soccÅs quibus indÅ«tus esset, sÄ“ suÄ manÅ« cÅnfÄ“cisse,DO.3, 127,Hippias bragged he had made with his own hand the ring which he wore, the cloak in which he was wrapped; and the slippers which he had on.
1095.Sometimes, however, the number and gender of these pronouns are determined by the sense, and not by the form of the substantive represented: as,
equitÄtum omnem praemittit, quÄ« videant, 1, 15, 1,he sends all the horse ahead, for them to see.hÄ«c sunt quÄ«nque minae. hoc tÄ«bī̆ erus mÄ“ iussit ferre, Pl.Ps.1149,here are five minae; this my master bade me bring for thee.Domitius Massiliam pervenit atque ab iÄ«s receptus urbÄ« praeficitur, Caes.C.1, 36, 1,Domitius arrived at Massilia, and was received by the people and put in charge of the town.ad hirundinÄ«num nÄ«dum vÄ«sast sÄ«mia adscÄ“nsiÅnem ut faceret admÅlÄ«rier; neque eÄs Ä“ripere quÄ«bat inde, Pl.R.598,up to a swallow-nest methought an ape did strive to climb; nor could she snatch the nestlings thence; theeÄsrefers tohirundinÄ“s, implied inhirundinÄ«num.
1096.A pronoun representing two or more substantives sometimes takes the number and gender of the nearest. But usually it is plural, and its gender is determined like that of an adjective (1087).
1097.A demonstrative, determinative, or relative pronoun used substantively is generally attracted to the number and gender of a predicate substantive in its own clause: as,
haec est nÅbilis ad TrÄsumennumpÅ«gna, L. 22, 7, 1,such is the far-famed fight at Trasumene, 217B.C.ista quidem vÄ«s est, Suet.Iul.82,now that I call an outrage, Caesar’s dying words, 44B.C.But with a negative, sometimes the neuter: as,nec sopor illud erat, V. 3, 173,nor was that sleep.
1098.A demonstrative, determinative, or relative pronoun in agreement with a substantive is often equivalent to a genitive limiting the substantive: as,
hÅc metÅ« vagÄrÄ« prohibÄ“bat, 5, 19, 2,by fear of this he stopped the prowling round.is pavor perculit RÅmÄnÅs, L. 21, 46, 7,the panic occasioned by this demoralized the Romans.quÄ spÄ“ adductÄ«, 4, 6, 4,impelled by the hope of this.
1099.The singular of a word denoting a person is sometimes used in a collective sense.
This singular is generally a military designation: as,mÄ«les,eques,pedes,hostis,RÅmÄnus,Poenus. But other substantives and adjectives are occasionally thus used.
1100.A substantive or adjective denoting a person is often used in the singular as representative of a class, particularly when two persons are contrasted: as,
sÄ« tabulam dÄ“ naufrÄgiÅ stultus adripuerit, extorquÄ“bitne eam sapiÄ“ns?Off.3, 89,if a fool has seized a plank from a wreck, will the sage twitch it away?
1101.The neuter singular of certain adjectives is used as an abstract substantive.
These adjectives have commonly stems in-o-, and are often used in the partitive genitive (1250). The nominative is rare, also the accusative and ablative, except in prepositional constructions. Such are:bonum,malum;rÄ“ctum,prÄvum;decÅrum,indecÅrum;honestum;vÄ“rum,falsum;iÅ«stum,iniÅ«stum;aequum;ambiguum;rÄ«diculum.Å«tile,inÄne,commÅ«ne,Ä«nsÄ«gne,simile, &c.
1102.Certain adjectives, which originally agreed with an appellative denoting a thing, have dropped the appellative and become substantives.
Such are:Ä€fricus, sc.ventus;Ä€frica, sc.terra;calda, sc.aqua;cÄnÄ«sc.capillÄ«;circÄ“nsÄ“s, sc.lÅ«dÄ«;decuma, sc.pars;fera, sc.bÄ“stia;hÄ«berna, sc.castra;merum, sc.vÄ«num;nÄtÄlis, sc.diÄ“s;patria, sc.terra;praetexta, sc.toga;summa, sc.rÄ“s;trirÄ“mis, sc.nÄvis, and many others.
1103.Certain adjectives denoting relationship, friendship, hostility, connection, or age, may be used in both numbers as substantives.
Such are: (a.)adfÄ«nis,cÅgnÄtus,cÅnsanguineus,gentÄ«lis,necessÄrius,propÄ«nquus; (b.)adversÄrius,amÄ«cus,inimÄ«cus,familiÄris,hostis,intimus,invidus,socius,sodÄlis; (c.)contubernÄlis,manipulÄris,vÄ«cÄ«nus; (d.)adulÄ“scÄ“ns,aequÄlis,iuvenis,senex.
1104.The masculine plural of many adjectives is used substantively to denote a class.
Such are:bonī,the good,the well-disposed,conservatives,patriots,our party;improbī,the wicked,the dangerous classes,revolutionists,anarchists,the opposite party;doctī,indoctī;piī,impiī, and the like.
1105.Proper names of men are used in the plural to denote different persons of the same name, or as appellatives to express character, oftenest good character: as,
duo MetellÄ«, Celer et NepÅs,Br.247,the two Metelluses, Celer and Nepos.quid CrassÅs, quid PompÄ“iÅs Ä“vertit?J. 10, 108,what overthrew a Crassus, Pompey what?i.e. men like Crassus and Pompey.
1106.The neuter plural of adjectives of all degrees of comparison is very often used as a substantive.
Such adjectives are usually in the nominative or accusative, and may have a pronoun, a numeral, or an adjective, agreeing with them. In English the singular is often preferred. Such are:bona,mala;vēra,falsa;haec,this;omnia,everything;haec omnia,all this, &c., &c.
1107.Names of countries are sometimes used in the plural when the country consists of several parts which are called by the same name as the whole country: as,Galliae,the Gauls;GermÄniae,the Germanies.
1108.Material substantives are often used in the plural to denote different sorts of the substance designated, its constituent parts, or objects made of it: as,
aera,lumps of bronze,bronzes,coppers.aquae,water in different places,medicinal springs.cērae,pieces of wax,tablets,wax masks,waxworks.marmora,kinds of marble,blocks of marble,works of marble.nivēs,snowflakes,snowdrifts,snowstorms,repeated snows.spūmae,masses of foam.sulpura,lumps of sulphur.vīna,wines,different kinds of wine.
1109.Abstract substantives are often used in the plural to denote different kinds or instances of the abstract idea, or an abstract idea pertaining to several persons or things: as,
sunt domesticae fortitÅ«dinÄ“s nÅn Ä«nferiÅrÄ“s mÄ«litÄribus,Off.1, 78,there are cases of heroism in civil life fully equal to those in war.tÄ“ cÅnscientiae stimulant maleficiÅrum tuÅrum,Par.18,you are tormented by pricks of conscience for your sins.propter siccitÄtÄ“s palÅ«dum, 4, 38, 2,because the swamps were dry everywhere.
1110.The plural is sometimes used in generalizations, and in poetry to magnify a single thing, to give mystery to the statement, or often merely for metrical convenience: as,advÄ“nisse familiÄrÄ“s dÄ«citÅ, Pl.Am.353,say that the people of the house are come, the pluralfamiliÄrÄ“sdenoting one person.PriamÄ« dum rÄ“gna manÄ“bant, V. 2, 22,while Priam’s realms still stood.externÅs optÄte ducÄ“s, V. 8, 503,choose captains from a foreign strand, i.e. Aeneas.
1111.There are two groups of cases, the principal and the secondary.
1112.The principal cases are the nominative and the accusative. The principal cases, which have more complete inflections than the secondary, express the two chief relations of the noun in the sentence, those of the subject and of the object. The secondary cases are used to express subordinate or supplementary relations.
1113.The nominative is principally used as the subject or predicate noun of a verb or of an infinitive. Besides this use, the nominative occurs in titles, exclamations, and addresses (1114-1123).
1114.The nominative is used in inscriptions, notices, titles, or headings: as,
L · CORNELIVS · CN · F · CN · N · SCIPIO, CIL. I, 34, on a tomb,Lucius Cornelius Scipio, son(fÄ«lius)of Gnaeus, grandson(nepÅs)of Gnaeus.LABYRINTHVS HIC HABITAT MINOTAVRVS, CIL. IV, 2331, on a plan of the Labyrinth scratched by a Pompei schoolboy,The Maze. Here lives Minotaur.PRIVATVM PRECARIO ADEITVR, CIL. I, 1215,Private Grounds. No Admittance without leave.ThemistoclÄ“s, NeoclÄ« fÄ«lius, AthÄ“niÄ“nsis, N. 2, 1,Themistocles, son of Neocles, of Athens.
1115.The title proper of a book is often put in the genitive, dependent onlÄ«berorlibrÄ«: as,CornÄ“lÄ« TacitÄ« HistoriÄrum Liber PrÄ«mus,Tacitus’s Histories, Book First. Or prepositional expressions are used: as,M. TullÄ« CicerÅnis dÄ“ FÄtÅ Liber,Cicero, Fate, in One Book.CornÄ“lÄ« TacitÄ« ab ExcessÅ« dÄ«vÄ« AugustÄ« Liber PrÄ«mus,Tacitus’s Roman History from the Demise of the sainted Augustus, Book First.
1116.Sometimes the nominative of a title or exclamation is retained in a sentence for some other case: as,GabÄ«niÅ cÅgnÅmen ‘Cauchius’ Å«surpÄre concessit, Suet.Cl.24,he allowed Gabinius to take the surname ‘Cauchius;’(compareCatÅ quasi cÅgnÅmen habÄ“bat Sapientis,L.6,Cato had the virtual surname of the Wise).‘Marsya’ nÅmen habet, O. 6, 400,it has the name of ‘Marsyas;’(comparenÅmen DÄnuvium habet, S.Fr.3, 55,it has the name Danube),resonent mihi ‘Cynthia’ silvae, Prop. 1, 18, 31,let woods reecho ‘Cynthia’ for me; (comparetÅ«, TÄ«tyre, fÅrmÅsam resonÄre docÄ“s Amaryllida silvas, V.E.1, 4,thou, Tityrus, dost teach the woods to echo Amaryllis Fair).
1117.The nominative is sometimes used in exclamations: as,
fortÅ«nae fÄ«lius, omnÄ“s, H.S.2, 6, 49,‘the child of Fortune,’ allexclaim. This nominative is often accompanied by an interjection, such asecce,Ä“n,heu,Å,prÅ,vÄh: as,Ä“n Priamus, V. 1, 461,lo, Priam here.Å fÄ“stus diÄ“s, T.Eu.560,oh day of cheer. Foreccilla, see667.
1118.The vocative nominative is used when a person or thing is addressed: as,
quÅ usque tandem abÅ«tÄ“re, CatilÄ«na, patientiÄ nostrÄ?C.1, 1,in heaven’s name, how long, Catiline, wilt trifle with our patience?valÄ“te, dÄ“sÄ«deria mea, valÄ“te,Fam.14, 2, 4,good bye, my absent loves, good bye. Instead of a proper name, an emphatictÅ«is often used: as,advorte animum sÄ«s tÅ«, Pl.Cap.110,just pay attention, sirrah, please.
1119.Masculine stems in-o-commonly use the special form for the second person singular called the vocative: as,
urbem, urbem, mÄ« RÅ«fe, cole,Fam.2, 12, 2,stick to town, dear Rufus, yes, to town. But the vocative nominative is sometimes used even of-o-stems: as,audÄ« tÅ«, populus AlbÄnus, L. 1, 24, 7,hear thou, the people of Alba.
1120.Poets use the vocative nominative or vocative proper very freely, sometimes for liveliness, but often simply in place of other cases not allowed by the metre: as,
Åra manÅ«sque tuÄ lavimus, FÄ“rÅnia,lymphÄ,H.S.1, 5, 24,our faces and our hands, Feronia, in thy stream we wash.occiderat Tatius, populÄ«sque aequÄta duÅbus, RÅmule, iÅ«ra dabÄs, O. 14, 805,now dead was Tatius, and to peoples twain thou gavest, Romulus, impartial laws.longum tibi, Daedale, crÄ«men, O. 8, 240,a lasting stigma, Daedalus, to thee. In these three examples,FÄ“rÅniae,RÅmulus, andDaedalÅwould be impossible. In poetry, the vocative is particularly common in questions.
1121.Nominative forms and vocative forms are often combined: as,dulcis amÄ«ce, H.E.1, 7, 12,sweet friend.mÄ« vir, Pl.Am.716,my husband.IÄne pater, J. 6, 394,thou father Janus.
1122.In verse the vocative is occasionally used even in the predicate: as,quÅ moritÅ«re ruis?V. 10, 811,whither, on death intent, fliest thou?quibus, Hector, ab ÅrÄ«s exspectÄte venÄ«s?V. 2, 282,out of what limboes, Hector, dost thou gladly welcomed come?
1123.The vocative nominative or vocative proper is sometimes accompanied byÅ, but only in impassioned addresses: as,Å fortÅ«nÄte adulÄ“scÄ“ns,Arch.24,oh thou thrice blest youth; also byprÅin addresses to gods, byehoandheusin calls on men. Rarely byau,ehem,hem,ē̆heu,eiaorheia,iÅ.
1124.The accusative is used primarily with verbs, or with expressions equivalent to verbs. The relations expressed by the accusative are all of one general kind; but they vary somewhat, according to the nature of the verb.
1125.I. With most verbs, the accusative either (a.) denotes that which is affected or apprehended, or is produced by the action of the verb (1132); or, less frequently (b.)Â it repeats the meaning of the verb in the form of a substantive (1140).
Such accusatives, called accusatives of theObject, are never attended by a preposition, and become nominative in the passive construction.
1126.II. With some verbs, the accusative denotes (a.) extent or duration (1151); with others it denotes (b.)Â aim of motion (1157).
Both these accusatives sometimes have their places taken by a prepositional expression, or by an adverb; in the passive construction, they are not convertible into a nominative, but remain accusative.
1127.Two or even three accusatives are sometimes used with one and the same verb: see1167-1174.
1128.The accusative is sometimes disengaged from the verb, with which it originally stood, and used with a noun or a preposition.
1129.(1.) With substantives, the accusative is rare; it is used (a.) in a few attributive expressions, chiefly old set forms, and rarely to denote (b.)Â aim of motion.
Thus (a.) the predicativeid aetÄtis, inid aetÄtis iam sumus,we are now of that age, becomes attributive inhominÄ“s id aetÄtis,people of that age. And (b.) asdomum,home, is used with the verbredeÅ,go back, so also rarely with the substantivereditiÅ,a return.
1130.With adjectives, the accusative is commonly that of extent: so withaltus,high,lÄtus,wide, andlongus,long, sometimes withcrassus,thick.
Thus, ineÅs surculÅs facitÅ sint longÄ« pedÄ“s bÄ«nÅs,see that the scions be two feet long, the accusativepedÄ“s, which belongs with the predicatesint longÄ«, may be used with the attributive adjectivelongusalone, thus:surculÄ« longÄ« pedÄ“s bÄ«nÅs,scions two feet long.
1131.(2.) The accusative is used with many prepositions: see1410.
I. THE ACCUSATIVE OF THE OBJECT.
1132.The object of a verb is put in the accusative: as,
(a.)oppida sua omnia incendunt, 1, 5, 3,they set all their towns afire.cÅnspexit adrÄsum quendam, H.E.1, 7, 49,he spied a man all shaven and shorn. (b.)duÄs fossÄs perdÅ«xit, 7, 72, 3,he made two trenches. This accusative, is, as may be seen above, either (a.) receptive, i.e. existing independently of the action of the verb, and only affected or apprehended by it; or (b.) of product, i.e. produced by the action of the verb.
1133.Verbs thus used with an object are said to beused transitively. Such verbs may also be used intransitively, that is without an object, when stress is put on the action merely: thus,
(a.) Transitively:tÅ« mÄ“ amÄs, ego tÄ“ amÅ, Pl.Most.305,thou lovest me, and I love thee.nova dÄ«ruunt, alia aedificant, S.C.20, 12,they pull down new structures, and build up others. (b.) Intransitively:amÅ, Pl.B.511,I’m in love.dÄ«ruit, aedificat, H.E.1, 1, 100,it pulleth down, it buildeth up.
1134.Some verbs, in addition to the accusative, often take an infinitive also: thus,eum vident sedēre,V.5, 107,they see him sit, they see that he is sitting. Here the accusativeeum, originally the object,they see him, becomes at the same time the subject of the new statement appended,sedēre,sit, thus giving rise to the construction known as theaccusative with the infinitive.
1135.Instead of the proper accusative of the object, another accusative is sometimes substituted, denoting the ultimate result: as,
rūpēre viam, L. 2, 50, 10,they broke a path,i.e.they brokethrough theobstacles,and so madea path.foedusque ferī, E. 33,and strike a covenant,i.e.strikea victim, and so makea covenant.
1136.In Plautus,quid tibī̆with a substantive of action in-tiÅandest, has an accusative like a verb used transitively: as,quid tibī̆ hanc cÅ«rÄtiÅst rem?Pl.Am.519,what business hast thou with this?
1137.Many verbs ordinarily used intransitively, particularly verbs of motion, have a transitive use when compounded with a preposition.
Such prepositions are,ad,circum,ex,in,ob,per,prae,praeter,trÄns, and some others: as,plÅ«rÄ“s paucÅs circumsistÄ“bant, 4, 26, 2,a good many took their stand round a few.Caesar omnem agrum PÄ«cÄ“num percurrit, Caes.C.1, 15, 1,Caesar runs over the whole Picene territory.praeterÄ«re nÄ“mÅ pristrÄ«num potest, Pl.Cap.808,no man can pass the mill.flÅ«men trÄnsiÄ“runt, 4, 4, 7,they crossed the river.
1138.A few verbs with a transitive use, have, when compounded withcircumandtrÄns, besides the accusative of the object, a second accusative of the thing to which the preposition refers: as,istum circumdÅ«ce hÄsce aedÄ«s, Pl.Most.843,take that man round this house.Caesar funditÅrÄ“s pontem trÄdÅ«cit, 2, 10, 1,Caesar takes the slingers over the bridge.trÄnsfer lÄ«men aureolÅs pedÄ“s, Cat. 61, 166,over the threshold put thy little golden foot. In the passive, the accusative connected with the preposition is sometimes retained: as,ApollÅniam praetervehuntur, Caes.C.3, 26, 1,they sail by Apollonia.
1139.Verbs of weeping and wailing, and some other verbs of feeling, which commonly have an intransitive use, sometimes have a transitive use with an accusative: as,
(a.)lÅ«get senÄtus, maeret equester ÅrdÅ,Mil.20,the senate is in mourning, the equestrian order betrays its sadness. (b.)mÄtrÅnae eum lÅ«xÄ“runt, L. 2, 7, 4,the married women wore mourning for him.maereÅ cÄsum eius modÄ«,Fam.14, 2, 2,I cannot help showing my grief over a misfortune of such a kind.quid mortem congemis ac flÄ“s, Lucr. 3, 934,why dost thou death bewail and weep?Such verbs arefleÅ,weep,gemÅ,wail,lÄmentor,queror,bewail,doleÅ,am distressed,lÅ«geÅ,mourn,maereÅ,betray sadness. Similarly,horreÅ,shudder,reformÄ«dÅ,am in dread,fastÄ«diÅ,feel disdain,rÄ«deÅ,laugh, &c., &c. The object is oftener a thing than a person, and passive constructions are rare, and mostly confined to poetry.
1140.The meaning of a verb, even of one ordinarily intransitive, may be emphasized or more exactly defined by an accusative of kindred derivation added.
(a.) Seldom without an adjective: as,dum vÄ«tam vÄ«vÄs, Pl.Per.494,as long as life thou liv’st, i.e. as long as you ever live and breathe.quÅrum maiÅrum nÄ“mÅ servitÅ«tem servÄ«vit,T.29,of whose ancestors not one has served servitude, i.e. been a regular slave.vidÄ“ nÄ“ facinus faciÄs,Fin.2, 95,mind you don’t do a deed, i.e. a misdeed. (b.) Commonly with an adjective: as,scelestam servitÅ«tem serviunt, Pl.Cu.40,a wicked servitude they serve.facinus memorÄbile fÄ“cistis, L. 24, 22, 16,you have done a deed well worth mentioning.mÄ«rum atque Ä«nscÄ«tum somniÄvÄ« somnium, Pl.R.597,a strange and silly dream dreamed I.
1141.The verb sometimes has an accusative of kindred meaning, but of different derivation: as,
ut vÄ«vÄs aetÄtem miser, Pl.Am.1023,that thou mayst live thy days in woe.nÅn pugnÄvit ingÄ“ns Īdomeneus Sthenelusve sÅlus dÄ«cenda MÅ«sÄ«s proelia, H. 4, 9, 19,not towering Idomeneus nor Sthenelus alone has battles fought for Muses to rehearse.
1142.The neuter singular accusative of a descriptive adjective is used, particularly by the poets, to denote manner: as,
magnum clÄmat, Pl.MG.823,he’s bellowing big.suÄve locus vÅcÄ« resonat conclÅ«sus, H.S.1, 4, 76,sweet to the voice the pent-up place rings back.suÄve rubÄ“ns hyacinthus, V.E.3, 63,sweet-blushing hyacinth.cÅ«r tam cernis acÅ«tum?H.S.1, 3, 26,why dost thou see so sharp?The plural is not so common: as,asper, acerba tuÄ“ns, Lucr. 5, 33, V. 9, 794,rough, staring savageness.
1143.Some verbs of smell and of taste have an accusative defining what the smell or the taste is: as,pÄstillÅs RÅ«fillus olet, GargÅnius hÄ«rcum, H.S.1, 2, 27,of lozenges Rufillus smells, Gargonius of the goat.doctrÄ«nam redolet puerÄ«lem,DO.2, 109,it smacks of A B C studies.nÅn omnÄ“s possunt olere unguenta exÅtica, Pl.Most.42,not every man can of imported ointments reek.meliÅra unguenta sunt quae terram quam quae crocum sapiunt, Cic. in Plin.NH.17, 5, 3, 38,essences that smell of earth are better than those that smell of saffron.
1144.Any verb or verbal expression may be defined in a general way by the neuter accusative of a pronoun or of an enumerative word: as,
id gaudeÅ, T.Andr.362,I’m glad of that.id maestast, Pl.R.397,she’s mournful over this.id prÅdeÅ, T.Eu.1005,I’m coming out for this.cÄ“tera adsentior CrassÅ,DO.1, 35,on all the other points I agree with Crassus. So alsoquod,forwhich,on account of which,aliquid,quicquam,nihil, &c., &c., and particularlyquid,why,in what respect,wherein,what, orwhat ... for: as,quid vÄ“nistÄ«, Pl.Am.377,why art thou come?quid tibī̆ obstÅ,RA.145,wherein do I stand in your way?
1145.The accusative of an appellative is rarely used adverbially: as,magnam partem ex iambÄ«s nostra cÅnstat ÅrÄtiÅ,O.189,our own speech is made up a great deal of iambs.maximam partem lacte vÄ«vunt, 4, 1, 8,they live on milk the most part, i.e.chiefly. Prepositional expressions are commoner: as,magnÄ ex parte, 1, 16, 6,principally. Forvicem,instead of,for, orlike, see the dictionary.
1146.The accusative is sometimes disengaged from a verb, and qualifies a substantive as an attribute, chiefly in a few set expressions (1129): as,ÅrÄtiÅnÄ“s aut aliquid id genus,Att.13, 12, 3,speeches or something that kind.aucupium omne genus, Cat. 114, 3,fowling of every kind.nÅ«gÄs hoc genus, H.S.2, 6, 43,small talk—this kind.hoc genus in rÄ“bus, Lucr. 6, 917,in matters of this kind.cum id aetÄtis fÄ«liÅ,Clu.141,with a son of that age. SimilarlydiÄ“s quÄ«ndecim supplicÄtiÅ, 2, 35, 4,a fortnight thanksgiving.
1147.Poets use the accusative to express the part concerned, especially a part of the human body: as,
tremit artÅ«s, Lucr. 3, 489, V.G.3, 84,he shivers in his limbs.tremis ossa pavÅre, H.S.2, 7, 57,thou tremblest in thy bones with fear.viridÄ« membra sub arbutÅ strÄtus, H. 1, 1, 21,stretching—his limbs—beneath an arbute green.Ås umerÅsque deÅ similis, V. 1, 589,in face and shoulders like a god.
1148.The accusative is used with reflexive verbs in poetry to denote the thing put on: as,
comantem AndrogeÄ« galeam induitur, V. 2, 391,Androgeus’ high-haired helm he dons.exuviÄs indÅ«tus AchillÄ«, V. 2, 275,clad in Achilles’ spoils. Rarely to denote the thing taken off: as,priÅrÄ“s exuitur vultÅ«s, St.Th.10, 640,she doffs her former looks.
1149.The accusative is used in exclamations, sometimes merely to call attention to something, but generally with a predicate to express a judgment with emphasis.
(a.) In calling attention,ecceoremis used in old Latin: as,ecce mÄ“, Pl.MG.663,behold, your humble servant.em DÄvom tibī̆, T.Andr.842,there, Davos sir. Forellum,eccillum, &c., see667and673. Also, from Cicero on,Ä“n: as,Ä“n quattuor ÄrÄs, V.E.5, 65,see, altars four. (b.) In emphatic judgments sometimes the accusative alone: as,fortÅ«nÄtum NÄ«cobÅ«lum, Pl.B.455,lucky man that Nicobulus.testÄ«s Ä“gregiÅs,Cael.63,mighty fine witnesses; sometimes with an interjection: as,Å imperÄtÅrem probum, Pl.B.759,oh what a good commander; rarely so withÄ“castor,edepol,eugÄ“,bravo,heu,Ä«licet,all’s up,ē̆heu. Interrogatively:hancine impudentiam?V. 5, 62,possible, shamelessness like this?
1150.The accusative is used in excited orders, appeals, and questions, without any verb expressed, or even distinctly felt: as,Tiberium in Tiberim, Suet.Tib.75,Tiberius to the Tiber.dÄ« vostram fidem, T.Andr.716,ye gods your help.prÅ fidem, ThÄ“bÄnÄ« cÄ«vÄ“s, Pl.Am.376,oh help, ormurder, ye citizens of Thebes. So withunde,quÅ, andquandÅ, often followed bymihī̆ortibī̆: as,quÅ mihi fortÅ«nam, sÄ« nÅn concÄ“ditur Å«tÄ«?H.E.1, 5, 12,why wealth for me, if wealth I may not use?
II. THE ACCUSATIVE OF SPACE AND TIME, AND OF AIM OF MOTION.
1151.Extent of space or duration of time is denoted by the accusative: as,
(a.)mÄ«lia passuumXXprÅcÄ“dit, 5, 47, 1,he pushes on twenty miles.trÄ«duÄ« viam prÅgressÄ«, 4, 4, 4,having advanced three days journey.aggerem lÄtum pedÄ“sCCCXXX, altum pedÄ“sLXXXexstrÅ«xÄ“runt, 7, 24, 1,they built up a mound three hundred and thirty feet wide, and eighty feet high(1130). (b.)mÄtrÅnae annum lÅ«xÄ“runt, L. 2, 7, 4,the married women wore mourning a year.Å«ndÄ“vÄ«gintÄ« annÅs nÄtus erat,Br.229,he was nineteen years old.secÅ«tae sunt continuÅs complÅ«rÄ“s diÄ“s tempestÄtÄ“s, 4,34,4,there followed a good many days a succession of storms.triennium vagÄtÄ«, 4, 4, 2,having led a nomad life three years.Å«num diem supplicÄtiÅ habita est, L. 10, 47, 7,a thanksgiving was held one day.diÄ“s quÄ«ndecim supplicÄtiÅ, 2, 35, 4,a fortnight thanksgiving(1129). Sometimesperis added: as,lÅ«dÄ« per decem diÄ“s factÄ« sunt,C.3, 20,games were celebrated ten days long.
1152.The idea of traversing is sometimes not expressed: as,mÄ«lia passuum tria ab eÅrum castrÄ«s castra pÅnit, 1, 22, 5,he pitches camp three miles away from their camp.quadringentÅs inde passÅ«s cÅnstituit sÄ«gna, L. 34, 20, 4,four hundred paces from there he set up the standards. See1399.
1153.WithabsumanddistÅ, the ablative of amount of difference is sometimes used (1393): as,certior factus est AriovistÄ« cÅpiÄs Ä nostrÄ«s mÄ«libus passuum quattuor etXXabesse, 1, 41, 5,he was informed that Ariovistus’s troops were four and twenty miles away from ours. If the place is not mentioned from which distance is reckoned,aborÄis sometimes used before the expression of distance: as,positÄ«s castrÄ«s Ä mÄ«libus passuumXV, 6, 7, 3,pitching camp fifteen miles away.
1154.The accusative is used withabhinc,ago: as,quaestor fuistÄ« abhinc annÅs quattuordecim,V.1, 34,you were a quaestor fourteen years ago. Rarely the ablative (1393): as,quÅ tempore? abhinc annÄ«sXV,RC.37,when? fifteen years ago; and once or twice withabhinc, meaningbefore(1393): as,comitiÄ«s abhinc diÄ“bus trÄ«gintÄ factÄ«s,V.2, 130,the election having been held thirty days before.
1155.The accusative singular is used with ordinals, to show the number of days, months, or years since a particular event, including the day, month, or year of the event itself: as,quod annum iam tertium et vīcēsimum rēgnat,IP.7,the circumstance that he has now been on the throne two and twenty years.
1156.The accusative in some pronominal expressions and adverbs passes over from ‘time through which’ to a loose ‘time at which’: as,id temporis,RA.97,at that time.hoc noctis, Pl.Am.163b,at this time of night.tum,then,num,nunc,now,nunc ipsum, Pl.B.940,Att.10, 4, 10,this very minute,commodum,just in time. For the locative ablative exceptionally used to denote duration, see1355.
1157.(1.) Proper names of towns and of little islands or peninsulas are put in the accusative to denote the aim with expressions of motion: as,
Labiēnus Lutetiam proficīscitur, 7, 57, 1,Labienus starts for Lutetia.Leucadem vēnimus,Fam.16, 9, 1,we came to Leucas.nocturnus introitus Zmyrnam,Ph.11, 5,the entrance into Smyrna by night(1129).Plautus usesAccherūnsa few times like a town name: as,vīvom mē accersunt Accheruntem mortuī,Most.509,the dead are taking me to Acheron alive.