FOOTNOTES:

FOOTNOTES:[826]I try, repeatedly says Stephen Hawes,To followe the trace and all the perfitnesOf my maister Lydgate."The Historie of Graund Amoure and La Bell Pucle, called the Pastime of Plesure, contayning the Knowledge of the Seven Sciences and the Course of Man's life in this Worlde," London, 1554, 4to, curious woodcuts (reprinted by the Percy Society, 1845, 8vo; the quotation above, p. 2). It is an allegory of unendurable dulness, in which Graund Amoure (love of knowledge apparently) visits Science in the Tower of Doctrine, then Grammar, &c. Hawes lived under Henry VII.[827]On the fabliaux introduced into England, see above, p.225; the greater number of them are found in Hazlitt: "Remains of the early popular Poetry of England," London, 1864, 4 vols. One of the best, "The Wright's Chaste Wife," written in English, about 1462, by Adam de Cobsam, has been published by the Early English Text Society, ed. Furnivall, 1865, with a supplement by Mr. Clouston, 1886; it is the old story of the honest woman, who dismisses her would-be lovers after having made fun of them. That story figures in the "Gesta Romanorum," in the "Arabian Nights," in the collection of Barbazan (story of Constant du Hamel). It has furnished Massinger with the subject of his play, "The Picture," and Musset with that of "la Quenouille de Barberine."—On the romances of chivalry, see above, pp.219ff. A great number of rhymed versions of these romances are of the fifteenth century.—Ex. of pious works in verse, of the same century: Th. Brampton, "Pharaphrase on the seven penitential psalms, 1414," Percy Society, 1842; Mirk, "Duties of a Parish Priest," ed. Peacock, E.E.T.S., 1868, written about 1450; Capgrave (1394-1464), "Life of St. Katharine," ed. Horstmann and Furnivall, E.E.T.S., 1893 (various other edifying works by the same); many specimens of the same kind are unpublished.—Ex. of chronicles: Andrew de Wyntoun, "Orygynal Cronykil of Scotland," finished, about 1424, ed. Laing, Edinburgh, 1872 ff., 3 vols. 8vo; Hardyng (1378-1465?), "Chronicle in metre," London, 1543, 8vo. Hardyng sold for a large price, to the brave Talbot, who knew little about palæography, spurious charters establishing England's sovereignty over Scotland; those charters exist at the Record Office, the fraud was proved by Palgrave. All these chronicles are in "rym dogerel."[828]"The Story of Thebes," by Lydgate (below p. 499); "The Tale of Beryn," with a prologue, where are related in a lively manner the adventures of the pilgrims in Canterbury and their visit to the cathedral (ed. Furnivall and Stone, Chaucer Society, 1876-87, 8vo); Henryson adds a canto to "Troilus" (below p. 507). Other poems are so much in the style of Chaucer that they were long attributed to him: "The Court of Love"; "The Flower and the Leaf"; "The Isle of Ladies, or Chaucer's Dream," &c. They are found in the Morris edition of Chaucer's works. All these poems are of the fifteenth century.[829]Born about 1370, at Lydgate, near Newmarket; sojourned in Paris in 1426, died in 1446, or soon after. Concerning the chronological order of his works, and his versification, see "Lydgate's Temple of Glas," ed. J. Schick, Early English Text Society, 1891, Introduction. His "Troy Book" is of 1412-20; his "Story of Thebes," of 1420-22; his translation of Deguileville, of 1426-30; his "Fall of Princes" was written about 1430.[830]He gave an English version of the famous story called in French, "Le Lai de l'Oiselet" (ed. G. Paris, 1884): "The Chorle and the Byrde."[831]Ex. his picturesque "London Lickpenny."[832]Same idea as in Villon; refrain:All stant in chaunge like a mydsomer rose,Halliwell, "Selections from Lydgate," 1840, p. 25.[833]"Lydgate's Æsopübersetzung," ed. Sauerstein; "Anglia," 1866, p. 1; eight fables. He excuses himself:Have me excused, I was born in Lydegate,Of Tullius gardyn I entrid nat the gate. (p. 2.)[834]O ye maysters, that cast shal yowre lookeUpon this dyté made in wordis playne,Remembre sothely that I the refreyn tookeOf hym that was in makyng soverayne,My maister, Chaucier, chief poete of Bretayne.Halliwell, "Selections from ... Lydgate," 1840, p. 128. Similar praise in the "Serpent of Division" (in prose). See L. Toulmin Smith, "Gorboduc," Heilbronn, 1883, p. xxi.[835]The British Museum possesses a splendid copy of it (Royal 18 D ii., with miniatures of the time of the Renaissance, see above, p.303). The E.E.T.S. is preparing, 1894, an edition of it; there exist previous ones, the first of which is of 1500, "Here begynneth ... the Storye of Thebes," London, 4to.[836]"Lydgate's Temple of Glas," ed. J. Schick, 1891, 8vo, Early English Text Society.[837]First edition: "Here begynnethe the boke calledde John Bochas, descrivinge the Falle of Princes." [1494], folio.[838]Myn hand gan tremble, my penne I felte quake ...I stode chekmate for feare whan I gan see,In my way how little I had runne."Fall of Princes," prologue to Book iii., Schick, "Story of Thebes," p. cv.[839]Example, fight between Ulysses and Troilus:He smote Ulyxes throughout his viser ...But Ulyxes tho lyke a manly man,Of that stroke astoned not at all,But on his stede, stiffe as any wall,With his swerde so mightely gan race,Through the umber into Troylus face,That he him gave a mortal wounde,of which, naturally, Troilus does not die. "The auncient historie ... of the Warres, betwixte the Grecians and the Troyans," London, 1555, 4to, Book iii., chap xxii. First edition, 1513. The work had been composed for Henry V. and at his request. Thomas Heywood gave a modernised version of it: "The Life and Death of Hector," 1614.[840]Ed. Zupitza, Early English Text Society.[841]A selection of his detached poems, mixed with many apocryphal ones, was edited by Halliwell: "A Selection from the minor Poems of Dan John Lydgate" (Percy Society), 1840, 8vo.[842]"Troy Book"; in Schick, "Lydgate's Temple of Glas," p. lvi. In his learned essay Mr. Schick pleads extenuating circumstances in favour of Lydgate.[843]This appeal to Chaucer is in itself quite touching; here it is:For he that was grounde of well sayinge,In all his lyfe hyndred no makyng,My maister Chaucer y^t founde ful many spotHym list not pynche nor grutche at every blot....Sufferynge goodly of his gentilnesse,Full many thynge embraced with rudenesse,And if I shall shortly hym discrive,Was never none to thys daye alive,To reken all bothe of yonge and olde,That worthy was his ynkehorne for to holde."The Auncient Historie," London, 1554, 4to, Book v. chap, xxxviii.[844]Thomas Hoccleve was born about 1368-9 and entered the "Privy Seal" in 1387-8; he died about 1450. His works are being published by the Early English Text Society: "Hoccleve's Works," 1892, 8vo; I., "The Minor Poems." His great poem, "De Regimine principum," has been edited by Th. Wright, Roxburghe Club, 1860, 4to. Two or three of his tales in verse are imitated from the "Gesta Romanorum"; another, the "Letter of Cupid," from the "Epistre an Dieu d'Amours," of Christine de Pisan. "Hoccleve's metre is poor, so long as he can count ten syllables by his fingers he is content." Furnivall, "Minor Poems," p. xli.[845]It seems like nothing, he says, but just try and see:Many men, fadir, wennen that writyngeNo travaile is; thei hold it but a game ...But who-so list disport hym in that same,Let hym continue and he shall fynd it grame;It is wel gretter labour than it seemeth.("Minor Poems," p. xvii.)[846]"La Male Règle de Thomas Hoccleve," in the "Minor Poems," pp. 25 ff.[847]Al-thogh his lyfe be queynt, the résemblaunceOf him hath me so fressh lyflynesse,That, to putte othir men in rémembraunceOf his persone, I have heere his lyknesseDo makë, to this ende, in sothfastnesse,That thei that have of him lest thought and mynde,By this peynturë may ageyn him fynde.("Minor Poems," p. xxxiii.; on this portrait see above, p.341.)[848]"Poetical Remains of James I. of Scotland," ed. Ch. Rogers, Edinburgh, 1873. The "King's Quhair" is found entire in Eyre Todd: "Abbotsford series of the Scotch poets," Glasgow, 1891, 3 vols,Cf."Le roman d'un roi d'Écosse," with details from an unprinted MS., Paris, 1894.[849]Though used by others before him, and especially by Chaucer; they rhymea b a b b c c. Chaucer wrote in this metre "Troilus," "Parlement of Foules," &c. Here is an example, consisting in the commendation of the book to Chaucer and Gower:Unto [the] impnis of my maisteris dere,Gowere and Chaucere, that on the steppis sattOf rethorike quhill thai were lyvand here,Superlative as poetis laureate,In moralitee and eloquence ornate,I recommend my buk in lynis sevin,And eke thair soulis un-to the blisse of hevin.[850]"The Actis and Deidis of ... Schir William Wallace, Knicht of Ellerslie," by Henry the Minstrel, commonly known as Blind Harry, ed. J. Moir, Edinburgh, 1884-99, Scottish Text Society. Blind Harry died towards the end of the fifteenth century.[851]Henryson was born before 1425, and wrote under James II. and James III. of Scotland; he was professor, perhaps schoolmaster, at Dunfermline. His works have been edited by David Laing, Edinburgh, 1865.[852]"The Works of Gavin Douglas," ed. J. Small, Edinburgh, 1874, 4 vols. 8vo. Born in 1474-5, died in 1522. He finished his "Palice of Honour" in 1501, an allegorical poem resembling the ancient models: May morning, Vision of Diana, Venus and their trains, descriptions of the Palace of Honour, &c. We shall find, at the Renaissance, Douglas a translator of Virgil; his Æneid was printed only in 1553.[853]Born about 1460, studies at St. Andrews, becomes a mendicant friar and is ordained priest, sojourns in France, where the works of Villon had just been printed, then returns to the Court of James IV., where he is very popular. He died probably after 1520. "The Poems of William Dunbar," ed. Small and Mackay, Edinburgh, Scottish Text Society.[854]See, for example, his "Lament for the Makaris quhen he wes seik," a kind of "Ballade des poètes du temps jadis," a style which Lydgate and Villon had already furnished models of. In it he weeps:The noble Chaucer, of makaris flouir,The monk of Bery and Gower all three.[855]Beginning of the "Thrissil and the Rois" (to be compared with the opening of the "Canterbury Tales"):Quhen March wes with variand windis past,And Appryl had, with his silver schouris,Tane leif at Nature with ane orient blast,And lusty May, that muddir is of flouris,Had maid the birdis to begyn their hourisAmang the tendir odouris reid and quhyt,Quhois armony to heir it was delyt....[856]Text in the Morris edition of Chaucer's poetical works, London, Aldine poets, vol. iv.[857]Principal work to consult: F. J. Child, "The English and Scottish Popular Ballads," Boston, 1882. See above, p. 352.[858]In "Bishop Percy's Folio MS.," ed. Hales and Furnivall, London, Ballad Society, 1867, 8vo.[859]Text,e.g., in Skeat, "Specimens of English Literature," Oxford, 4th ed. 1887, p. 96, written, under the form in which we now have it, about the end of the fifteenth century.[860]The pillers of yvery garnished with golde,With perles sette and brouded many a folde,The flore was paved with stones precious, &c.Stephen Hawes, "Pastime of Pleasure," Percy Society, 1845, p. 125.[861]"A History of Agriculture and Prices," vol. iv., Oxford, 1882, p. 19. See also the important chapters on Industry and Commerce in Mrs. Green's "Town Life in the XVth Century," London, 1894, 2 vols. 8vo, vol. i. chaps. ii. and iii.[862]This title, since conferred upon the Russells, had been given to George Neville. The king, who had intended to endow the new duke in a proper manner, had given up the idea; and on the other hand, "as it is openly knowen that the same George hath not, nor by enheritance mey have, eny lyffelode to support the seid name, estate and dignite, or eny name of estate; and oft time it is sen that when eny lord is called to high estate and have not liffelode conveniently to support the same dignite, it induces gret poverty, indigens, and causes oftymes grete extortion, embracere and mayntenaunce to be had.... Wherfore the kyng, by the advyse ... [&c.] exactith that fro hensfforth the same erection and making of Duke, and all the names of dignite guyffen to the seid George, or the seid John Nevele his fader, be from hens fors voyd and of no effecte." 17 Ed. IV. year 1477, "Rotuli Parliamentorum," vol. vi. p. 173.[863]See "Stans puer ad mensam," by Lydgate, printed by Caxton:T' enboce thi jowes with brede it is not due ...Thy teth also ne pike not with the knyff ...The best morsell, have this in remembraunce,Hole to thiself alway do not applye.Hazlitt, "Remains," 1864, vol. iii. p. 23. Many other treatises on etiquette cooking, &c. See chiefly: "The Babes Book ... The Book of Norture," &c., ed. Furnivall, 1868, 8vo; "Two fifteenth century Cookery Books," ed. T. Austin, 1888, 8vo; "The Book of quinte essence," about 1460-70, ed. Furnivall, 1866 (medical recipes); "Palladius on husbondrie ..." about 1420, ed. Lodge, 1872-9 (on orchards and gardens); "The Book of the Knight of la Tour Landry ... translated in the reign of Henry VI.," ed. T. Wright, 1868, 8vo (the whole published by the Early English Text Society).[864]"The Paston Letters," 1422-1509, ed. J. Gairdner, 1872, 3 vols. 8vo.[865]Or in the worthy Margaret's spelling: "Yf I mythe have had my wylle, I xulde a seyne yow er dystyme; I wolde ye wern at hom, yf it wer your ese, and your sor myth ben as wyl lokyth to her as it tys there ye ben, now lever dan a goune thow it wer of scarlette." (Sept 28, 1443, vol. i. p. 49).[866]Sept. 21, 1465, vol. ii. p. 237.[867]E.g., "The Itineraries of William Wey" (pilgrimages), London, Roxburghe Club, 1857; much practical information; specimens of conversations in Greek, &c.; "The Stacions of Rome," ed. Furnivall, E.E.T.S, 1868 (on Rome and Compostella).[868]See among others: "Anglo-Saxon and Old English Vocabularies," by Th. Wright, ed. Wülcker, London, 1884, 2 vols. 8vo; "Promptorium Parvulorum, sive clericorum ...circaa.d.1440," ed. Albert Way, Camden Society, 1865, 4to, by Geoffrey the Grammarian, a Dominican of Norfolk; "Catholicon Anglicum, an English Latin wordbook, dated 1483," ed. Herrtage, E.E.T.S., 1881, 8vo.[869]In the "Political Poems," ed. Th. Wright, Rolls, vol. ii. p. 157. Probable date, 1436.Cf.the "Débat des hérauts de France et d'Angleterre," (written about 1456), ed. P. Meyer, Société des Anciens Textes, 1877, 8vo; on the navy, p. 9.[870]"De Dominio regali et politico." In it he treats of (chap. i.) "the difference between Dominium regale and Dominium politicum et regale," a difference that consists principally in this, that in the second case the king "may not rule hys people by other lawys than such as they assenten unto." Fortescue was born about 1395, and died after 1476. He wrote in Latin a treatise, "De natura Legis Naturæ," and another, "De laudibus Legum Angliæ."—"Works of Sir John Fortescue ... now first collected," by Thomas [Fortescue] Lord Clermont, London, 1869, 2 vols. 4to.[871]Chaps. xii. and xiii., vol. i. pp. 465 ff.[872]In his principal work, the "Repressor of over much blaming of the Clergy," ed. Babington, Rolls, 1860, 2 vols. 8vo. Pecock was born about 1395; he was a fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, bishop of St. Asaph, then bishop of Chichester. He wrote, besides the "Repressor," a quantity of works ("Donet"; "Book of Faith"; "Follower of Donet," &c., unpublished), also in English prose. The Church found that he went too far, and allotted too great a part to reason; his writings were condemned and burnt; he was relegated to the abbey of Thorney in 1459, and died there a short time after.[873]"Repressor," i, ch. xix.[874]"The Boke of St. Albans, by Dame Juliana Berners, containing treatises on hawking, hunting and cote armour, printed at St. Albans, by the Schoolmaster printer in 1486, reproduced in fac simile," by W. Blades, London, 1881, 4to (partly in verse and partly in prose; adapted from the French).—"A Chronicle of England" (from the creation to 1417), by Capgrave, born in 1394, died in 1464, ed. Hingeston, Rolls, 1858. (Of the same, a "Liber de illustribus Henricis," in Latin, ed. Hingeston, Rolls, 1858, and other works; see above, p.496.) "A Book of the noble Historyes of Kynge Arthur and of certen of his Knyghtes," printed by Caxton in 1485; reprinted with notes ("Le Morte Darthur," by Sir Thomas Malory) by O. Sommer and Andrew Lang, London, 1889, 2 vols. 8vo. Malory and Caxton will be mentioned again in connection with the Renaissance.[875]The "Testament of Love," in English prose. It has been attributed to Chaucer. Mr. Skeat has shown, by deciphering an anagram, that the author's name was Kitsun: "Margaret of Virtw have mercy on Kitsun" (Academy, March 11, 1893).[876]He has not observed, he admits, "the strict laws of time," and he has introduced no chorus; but it is not his fault. "Nor is it needful, or almost possible in these our times, and to such auditors as commonly things are presented, to observe the old state and splendor of dramatic poems, with preservation of any popular delight."—To the readers.[877]H. Vast, "Le Cardinal Bessarion," Paris, 1878, 8vo, p. 14.

[826]I try, repeatedly says Stephen Hawes,To followe the trace and all the perfitnesOf my maister Lydgate."The Historie of Graund Amoure and La Bell Pucle, called the Pastime of Plesure, contayning the Knowledge of the Seven Sciences and the Course of Man's life in this Worlde," London, 1554, 4to, curious woodcuts (reprinted by the Percy Society, 1845, 8vo; the quotation above, p. 2). It is an allegory of unendurable dulness, in which Graund Amoure (love of knowledge apparently) visits Science in the Tower of Doctrine, then Grammar, &c. Hawes lived under Henry VII.

[826]I try, repeatedly says Stephen Hawes,

To followe the trace and all the perfitnesOf my maister Lydgate.

"The Historie of Graund Amoure and La Bell Pucle, called the Pastime of Plesure, contayning the Knowledge of the Seven Sciences and the Course of Man's life in this Worlde," London, 1554, 4to, curious woodcuts (reprinted by the Percy Society, 1845, 8vo; the quotation above, p. 2). It is an allegory of unendurable dulness, in which Graund Amoure (love of knowledge apparently) visits Science in the Tower of Doctrine, then Grammar, &c. Hawes lived under Henry VII.

[827]On the fabliaux introduced into England, see above, p.225; the greater number of them are found in Hazlitt: "Remains of the early popular Poetry of England," London, 1864, 4 vols. One of the best, "The Wright's Chaste Wife," written in English, about 1462, by Adam de Cobsam, has been published by the Early English Text Society, ed. Furnivall, 1865, with a supplement by Mr. Clouston, 1886; it is the old story of the honest woman, who dismisses her would-be lovers after having made fun of them. That story figures in the "Gesta Romanorum," in the "Arabian Nights," in the collection of Barbazan (story of Constant du Hamel). It has furnished Massinger with the subject of his play, "The Picture," and Musset with that of "la Quenouille de Barberine."—On the romances of chivalry, see above, pp.219ff. A great number of rhymed versions of these romances are of the fifteenth century.—Ex. of pious works in verse, of the same century: Th. Brampton, "Pharaphrase on the seven penitential psalms, 1414," Percy Society, 1842; Mirk, "Duties of a Parish Priest," ed. Peacock, E.E.T.S., 1868, written about 1450; Capgrave (1394-1464), "Life of St. Katharine," ed. Horstmann and Furnivall, E.E.T.S., 1893 (various other edifying works by the same); many specimens of the same kind are unpublished.—Ex. of chronicles: Andrew de Wyntoun, "Orygynal Cronykil of Scotland," finished, about 1424, ed. Laing, Edinburgh, 1872 ff., 3 vols. 8vo; Hardyng (1378-1465?), "Chronicle in metre," London, 1543, 8vo. Hardyng sold for a large price, to the brave Talbot, who knew little about palæography, spurious charters establishing England's sovereignty over Scotland; those charters exist at the Record Office, the fraud was proved by Palgrave. All these chronicles are in "rym dogerel."

[828]"The Story of Thebes," by Lydgate (below p. 499); "The Tale of Beryn," with a prologue, where are related in a lively manner the adventures of the pilgrims in Canterbury and their visit to the cathedral (ed. Furnivall and Stone, Chaucer Society, 1876-87, 8vo); Henryson adds a canto to "Troilus" (below p. 507). Other poems are so much in the style of Chaucer that they were long attributed to him: "The Court of Love"; "The Flower and the Leaf"; "The Isle of Ladies, or Chaucer's Dream," &c. They are found in the Morris edition of Chaucer's works. All these poems are of the fifteenth century.

[829]Born about 1370, at Lydgate, near Newmarket; sojourned in Paris in 1426, died in 1446, or soon after. Concerning the chronological order of his works, and his versification, see "Lydgate's Temple of Glas," ed. J. Schick, Early English Text Society, 1891, Introduction. His "Troy Book" is of 1412-20; his "Story of Thebes," of 1420-22; his translation of Deguileville, of 1426-30; his "Fall of Princes" was written about 1430.

[830]He gave an English version of the famous story called in French, "Le Lai de l'Oiselet" (ed. G. Paris, 1884): "The Chorle and the Byrde."

[831]Ex. his picturesque "London Lickpenny."

[832]Same idea as in Villon; refrain:All stant in chaunge like a mydsomer rose,Halliwell, "Selections from Lydgate," 1840, p. 25.

[832]Same idea as in Villon; refrain:

All stant in chaunge like a mydsomer rose,

Halliwell, "Selections from Lydgate," 1840, p. 25.

[833]"Lydgate's Æsopübersetzung," ed. Sauerstein; "Anglia," 1866, p. 1; eight fables. He excuses himself:Have me excused, I was born in Lydegate,Of Tullius gardyn I entrid nat the gate. (p. 2.)

[833]"Lydgate's Æsopübersetzung," ed. Sauerstein; "Anglia," 1866, p. 1; eight fables. He excuses himself:

Have me excused, I was born in Lydegate,Of Tullius gardyn I entrid nat the gate. (p. 2.)

[834]O ye maysters, that cast shal yowre lookeUpon this dyté made in wordis playne,Remembre sothely that I the refreyn tookeOf hym that was in makyng soverayne,My maister, Chaucier, chief poete of Bretayne.Halliwell, "Selections from ... Lydgate," 1840, p. 128. Similar praise in the "Serpent of Division" (in prose). See L. Toulmin Smith, "Gorboduc," Heilbronn, 1883, p. xxi.

[834]

O ye maysters, that cast shal yowre lookeUpon this dyté made in wordis playne,Remembre sothely that I the refreyn tookeOf hym that was in makyng soverayne,My maister, Chaucier, chief poete of Bretayne.

Halliwell, "Selections from ... Lydgate," 1840, p. 128. Similar praise in the "Serpent of Division" (in prose). See L. Toulmin Smith, "Gorboduc," Heilbronn, 1883, p. xxi.

[835]The British Museum possesses a splendid copy of it (Royal 18 D ii., with miniatures of the time of the Renaissance, see above, p.303). The E.E.T.S. is preparing, 1894, an edition of it; there exist previous ones, the first of which is of 1500, "Here begynneth ... the Storye of Thebes," London, 4to.

[836]"Lydgate's Temple of Glas," ed. J. Schick, 1891, 8vo, Early English Text Society.

[837]First edition: "Here begynnethe the boke calledde John Bochas, descrivinge the Falle of Princes." [1494], folio.

[838]Myn hand gan tremble, my penne I felte quake ...I stode chekmate for feare whan I gan see,In my way how little I had runne."Fall of Princes," prologue to Book iii., Schick, "Story of Thebes," p. cv.

[838]

Myn hand gan tremble, my penne I felte quake ...I stode chekmate for feare whan I gan see,In my way how little I had runne.

"Fall of Princes," prologue to Book iii., Schick, "Story of Thebes," p. cv.

[839]Example, fight between Ulysses and Troilus:He smote Ulyxes throughout his viser ...But Ulyxes tho lyke a manly man,Of that stroke astoned not at all,But on his stede, stiffe as any wall,With his swerde so mightely gan race,Through the umber into Troylus face,That he him gave a mortal wounde,of which, naturally, Troilus does not die. "The auncient historie ... of the Warres, betwixte the Grecians and the Troyans," London, 1555, 4to, Book iii., chap xxii. First edition, 1513. The work had been composed for Henry V. and at his request. Thomas Heywood gave a modernised version of it: "The Life and Death of Hector," 1614.

[839]Example, fight between Ulysses and Troilus:

He smote Ulyxes throughout his viser ...But Ulyxes tho lyke a manly man,Of that stroke astoned not at all,But on his stede, stiffe as any wall,With his swerde so mightely gan race,Through the umber into Troylus face,That he him gave a mortal wounde,

of which, naturally, Troilus does not die. "The auncient historie ... of the Warres, betwixte the Grecians and the Troyans," London, 1555, 4to, Book iii., chap xxii. First edition, 1513. The work had been composed for Henry V. and at his request. Thomas Heywood gave a modernised version of it: "The Life and Death of Hector," 1614.

[840]Ed. Zupitza, Early English Text Society.

[841]A selection of his detached poems, mixed with many apocryphal ones, was edited by Halliwell: "A Selection from the minor Poems of Dan John Lydgate" (Percy Society), 1840, 8vo.

[842]"Troy Book"; in Schick, "Lydgate's Temple of Glas," p. lvi. In his learned essay Mr. Schick pleads extenuating circumstances in favour of Lydgate.

[843]This appeal to Chaucer is in itself quite touching; here it is:For he that was grounde of well sayinge,In all his lyfe hyndred no makyng,My maister Chaucer y^t founde ful many spotHym list not pynche nor grutche at every blot....Sufferynge goodly of his gentilnesse,Full many thynge embraced with rudenesse,And if I shall shortly hym discrive,Was never none to thys daye alive,To reken all bothe of yonge and olde,That worthy was his ynkehorne for to holde."The Auncient Historie," London, 1554, 4to, Book v. chap, xxxviii.

[843]This appeal to Chaucer is in itself quite touching; here it is:

For he that was grounde of well sayinge,In all his lyfe hyndred no makyng,My maister Chaucer y^t founde ful many spotHym list not pynche nor grutche at every blot....Sufferynge goodly of his gentilnesse,Full many thynge embraced with rudenesse,And if I shall shortly hym discrive,Was never none to thys daye alive,To reken all bothe of yonge and olde,That worthy was his ynkehorne for to holde.

"The Auncient Historie," London, 1554, 4to, Book v. chap, xxxviii.

[844]Thomas Hoccleve was born about 1368-9 and entered the "Privy Seal" in 1387-8; he died about 1450. His works are being published by the Early English Text Society: "Hoccleve's Works," 1892, 8vo; I., "The Minor Poems." His great poem, "De Regimine principum," has been edited by Th. Wright, Roxburghe Club, 1860, 4to. Two or three of his tales in verse are imitated from the "Gesta Romanorum"; another, the "Letter of Cupid," from the "Epistre an Dieu d'Amours," of Christine de Pisan. "Hoccleve's metre is poor, so long as he can count ten syllables by his fingers he is content." Furnivall, "Minor Poems," p. xli.

[845]It seems like nothing, he says, but just try and see:Many men, fadir, wennen that writyngeNo travaile is; thei hold it but a game ...But who-so list disport hym in that same,Let hym continue and he shall fynd it grame;It is wel gretter labour than it seemeth.("Minor Poems," p. xvii.)

[845]It seems like nothing, he says, but just try and see:

Many men, fadir, wennen that writyngeNo travaile is; thei hold it but a game ...But who-so list disport hym in that same,Let hym continue and he shall fynd it grame;It is wel gretter labour than it seemeth.("Minor Poems," p. xvii.)

("Minor Poems," p. xvii.)

[846]"La Male Règle de Thomas Hoccleve," in the "Minor Poems," pp. 25 ff.

[847]Al-thogh his lyfe be queynt, the résemblaunceOf him hath me so fressh lyflynesse,That, to putte othir men in rémembraunceOf his persone, I have heere his lyknesseDo makë, to this ende, in sothfastnesse,That thei that have of him lest thought and mynde,By this peynturë may ageyn him fynde.("Minor Poems," p. xxxiii.; on this portrait see above, p.341.)

[847]

Al-thogh his lyfe be queynt, the résemblaunceOf him hath me so fressh lyflynesse,That, to putte othir men in rémembraunceOf his persone, I have heere his lyknesseDo makë, to this ende, in sothfastnesse,That thei that have of him lest thought and mynde,By this peynturë may ageyn him fynde.

("Minor Poems," p. xxxiii.; on this portrait see above, p.341.)

[848]"Poetical Remains of James I. of Scotland," ed. Ch. Rogers, Edinburgh, 1873. The "King's Quhair" is found entire in Eyre Todd: "Abbotsford series of the Scotch poets," Glasgow, 1891, 3 vols,Cf."Le roman d'un roi d'Écosse," with details from an unprinted MS., Paris, 1894.

[849]Though used by others before him, and especially by Chaucer; they rhymea b a b b c c. Chaucer wrote in this metre "Troilus," "Parlement of Foules," &c. Here is an example, consisting in the commendation of the book to Chaucer and Gower:Unto [the] impnis of my maisteris dere,Gowere and Chaucere, that on the steppis sattOf rethorike quhill thai were lyvand here,Superlative as poetis laureate,In moralitee and eloquence ornate,I recommend my buk in lynis sevin,And eke thair soulis un-to the blisse of hevin.

Unto [the] impnis of my maisteris dere,Gowere and Chaucere, that on the steppis sattOf rethorike quhill thai were lyvand here,Superlative as poetis laureate,In moralitee and eloquence ornate,I recommend my buk in lynis sevin,And eke thair soulis un-to the blisse of hevin.

[850]"The Actis and Deidis of ... Schir William Wallace, Knicht of Ellerslie," by Henry the Minstrel, commonly known as Blind Harry, ed. J. Moir, Edinburgh, 1884-99, Scottish Text Society. Blind Harry died towards the end of the fifteenth century.

[851]Henryson was born before 1425, and wrote under James II. and James III. of Scotland; he was professor, perhaps schoolmaster, at Dunfermline. His works have been edited by David Laing, Edinburgh, 1865.

[852]"The Works of Gavin Douglas," ed. J. Small, Edinburgh, 1874, 4 vols. 8vo. Born in 1474-5, died in 1522. He finished his "Palice of Honour" in 1501, an allegorical poem resembling the ancient models: May morning, Vision of Diana, Venus and their trains, descriptions of the Palace of Honour, &c. We shall find, at the Renaissance, Douglas a translator of Virgil; his Æneid was printed only in 1553.

[853]Born about 1460, studies at St. Andrews, becomes a mendicant friar and is ordained priest, sojourns in France, where the works of Villon had just been printed, then returns to the Court of James IV., where he is very popular. He died probably after 1520. "The Poems of William Dunbar," ed. Small and Mackay, Edinburgh, Scottish Text Society.

[854]See, for example, his "Lament for the Makaris quhen he wes seik," a kind of "Ballade des poètes du temps jadis," a style which Lydgate and Villon had already furnished models of. In it he weeps:The noble Chaucer, of makaris flouir,The monk of Bery and Gower all three.

The noble Chaucer, of makaris flouir,The monk of Bery and Gower all three.

[855]Beginning of the "Thrissil and the Rois" (to be compared with the opening of the "Canterbury Tales"):Quhen March wes with variand windis past,And Appryl had, with his silver schouris,Tane leif at Nature with ane orient blast,And lusty May, that muddir is of flouris,Had maid the birdis to begyn their hourisAmang the tendir odouris reid and quhyt,Quhois armony to heir it was delyt....

[855]Beginning of the "Thrissil and the Rois" (to be compared with the opening of the "Canterbury Tales"):

Quhen March wes with variand windis past,And Appryl had, with his silver schouris,Tane leif at Nature with ane orient blast,And lusty May, that muddir is of flouris,Had maid the birdis to begyn their hourisAmang the tendir odouris reid and quhyt,Quhois armony to heir it was delyt....

[856]Text in the Morris edition of Chaucer's poetical works, London, Aldine poets, vol. iv.

[857]Principal work to consult: F. J. Child, "The English and Scottish Popular Ballads," Boston, 1882. See above, p. 352.

[858]In "Bishop Percy's Folio MS.," ed. Hales and Furnivall, London, Ballad Society, 1867, 8vo.

[859]Text,e.g., in Skeat, "Specimens of English Literature," Oxford, 4th ed. 1887, p. 96, written, under the form in which we now have it, about the end of the fifteenth century.

[860]The pillers of yvery garnished with golde,With perles sette and brouded many a folde,The flore was paved with stones precious, &c.Stephen Hawes, "Pastime of Pleasure," Percy Society, 1845, p. 125.

[860]

The pillers of yvery garnished with golde,With perles sette and brouded many a folde,The flore was paved with stones precious, &c.

Stephen Hawes, "Pastime of Pleasure," Percy Society, 1845, p. 125.

[861]"A History of Agriculture and Prices," vol. iv., Oxford, 1882, p. 19. See also the important chapters on Industry and Commerce in Mrs. Green's "Town Life in the XVth Century," London, 1894, 2 vols. 8vo, vol. i. chaps. ii. and iii.

[862]This title, since conferred upon the Russells, had been given to George Neville. The king, who had intended to endow the new duke in a proper manner, had given up the idea; and on the other hand, "as it is openly knowen that the same George hath not, nor by enheritance mey have, eny lyffelode to support the seid name, estate and dignite, or eny name of estate; and oft time it is sen that when eny lord is called to high estate and have not liffelode conveniently to support the same dignite, it induces gret poverty, indigens, and causes oftymes grete extortion, embracere and mayntenaunce to be had.... Wherfore the kyng, by the advyse ... [&c.] exactith that fro hensfforth the same erection and making of Duke, and all the names of dignite guyffen to the seid George, or the seid John Nevele his fader, be from hens fors voyd and of no effecte." 17 Ed. IV. year 1477, "Rotuli Parliamentorum," vol. vi. p. 173.

[863]See "Stans puer ad mensam," by Lydgate, printed by Caxton:T' enboce thi jowes with brede it is not due ...Thy teth also ne pike not with the knyff ...The best morsell, have this in remembraunce,Hole to thiself alway do not applye.Hazlitt, "Remains," 1864, vol. iii. p. 23. Many other treatises on etiquette cooking, &c. See chiefly: "The Babes Book ... The Book of Norture," &c., ed. Furnivall, 1868, 8vo; "Two fifteenth century Cookery Books," ed. T. Austin, 1888, 8vo; "The Book of quinte essence," about 1460-70, ed. Furnivall, 1866 (medical recipes); "Palladius on husbondrie ..." about 1420, ed. Lodge, 1872-9 (on orchards and gardens); "The Book of the Knight of la Tour Landry ... translated in the reign of Henry VI.," ed. T. Wright, 1868, 8vo (the whole published by the Early English Text Society).

[863]See "Stans puer ad mensam," by Lydgate, printed by Caxton:

T' enboce thi jowes with brede it is not due ...Thy teth also ne pike not with the knyff ...The best morsell, have this in remembraunce,Hole to thiself alway do not applye.

Hazlitt, "Remains," 1864, vol. iii. p. 23. Many other treatises on etiquette cooking, &c. See chiefly: "The Babes Book ... The Book of Norture," &c., ed. Furnivall, 1868, 8vo; "Two fifteenth century Cookery Books," ed. T. Austin, 1888, 8vo; "The Book of quinte essence," about 1460-70, ed. Furnivall, 1866 (medical recipes); "Palladius on husbondrie ..." about 1420, ed. Lodge, 1872-9 (on orchards and gardens); "The Book of the Knight of la Tour Landry ... translated in the reign of Henry VI.," ed. T. Wright, 1868, 8vo (the whole published by the Early English Text Society).

[864]"The Paston Letters," 1422-1509, ed. J. Gairdner, 1872, 3 vols. 8vo.

[865]Or in the worthy Margaret's spelling: "Yf I mythe have had my wylle, I xulde a seyne yow er dystyme; I wolde ye wern at hom, yf it wer your ese, and your sor myth ben as wyl lokyth to her as it tys there ye ben, now lever dan a goune thow it wer of scarlette." (Sept 28, 1443, vol. i. p. 49).

[866]Sept. 21, 1465, vol. ii. p. 237.

[867]E.g., "The Itineraries of William Wey" (pilgrimages), London, Roxburghe Club, 1857; much practical information; specimens of conversations in Greek, &c.; "The Stacions of Rome," ed. Furnivall, E.E.T.S, 1868 (on Rome and Compostella).

[868]See among others: "Anglo-Saxon and Old English Vocabularies," by Th. Wright, ed. Wülcker, London, 1884, 2 vols. 8vo; "Promptorium Parvulorum, sive clericorum ...circaa.d.1440," ed. Albert Way, Camden Society, 1865, 4to, by Geoffrey the Grammarian, a Dominican of Norfolk; "Catholicon Anglicum, an English Latin wordbook, dated 1483," ed. Herrtage, E.E.T.S., 1881, 8vo.

[869]In the "Political Poems," ed. Th. Wright, Rolls, vol. ii. p. 157. Probable date, 1436.Cf.the "Débat des hérauts de France et d'Angleterre," (written about 1456), ed. P. Meyer, Société des Anciens Textes, 1877, 8vo; on the navy, p. 9.

[870]"De Dominio regali et politico." In it he treats of (chap. i.) "the difference between Dominium regale and Dominium politicum et regale," a difference that consists principally in this, that in the second case the king "may not rule hys people by other lawys than such as they assenten unto." Fortescue was born about 1395, and died after 1476. He wrote in Latin a treatise, "De natura Legis Naturæ," and another, "De laudibus Legum Angliæ."—"Works of Sir John Fortescue ... now first collected," by Thomas [Fortescue] Lord Clermont, London, 1869, 2 vols. 4to.

[871]Chaps. xii. and xiii., vol. i. pp. 465 ff.

[872]In his principal work, the "Repressor of over much blaming of the Clergy," ed. Babington, Rolls, 1860, 2 vols. 8vo. Pecock was born about 1395; he was a fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, bishop of St. Asaph, then bishop of Chichester. He wrote, besides the "Repressor," a quantity of works ("Donet"; "Book of Faith"; "Follower of Donet," &c., unpublished), also in English prose. The Church found that he went too far, and allotted too great a part to reason; his writings were condemned and burnt; he was relegated to the abbey of Thorney in 1459, and died there a short time after.

[873]"Repressor," i, ch. xix.

[874]"The Boke of St. Albans, by Dame Juliana Berners, containing treatises on hawking, hunting and cote armour, printed at St. Albans, by the Schoolmaster printer in 1486, reproduced in fac simile," by W. Blades, London, 1881, 4to (partly in verse and partly in prose; adapted from the French).—"A Chronicle of England" (from the creation to 1417), by Capgrave, born in 1394, died in 1464, ed. Hingeston, Rolls, 1858. (Of the same, a "Liber de illustribus Henricis," in Latin, ed. Hingeston, Rolls, 1858, and other works; see above, p.496.) "A Book of the noble Historyes of Kynge Arthur and of certen of his Knyghtes," printed by Caxton in 1485; reprinted with notes ("Le Morte Darthur," by Sir Thomas Malory) by O. Sommer and Andrew Lang, London, 1889, 2 vols. 8vo. Malory and Caxton will be mentioned again in connection with the Renaissance.

[875]The "Testament of Love," in English prose. It has been attributed to Chaucer. Mr. Skeat has shown, by deciphering an anagram, that the author's name was Kitsun: "Margaret of Virtw have mercy on Kitsun" (Academy, March 11, 1893).

[876]He has not observed, he admits, "the strict laws of time," and he has introduced no chorus; but it is not his fault. "Nor is it needful, or almost possible in these our times, and to such auditors as commonly things are presented, to observe the old state and splendor of dramatic poems, with preservation of any popular delight."—To the readers.

[877]H. Vast, "Le Cardinal Bessarion," Paris, 1878, 8vo, p. 14.

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