Pulicat, Madras. 13N.80E.Occupied by Dutch, 1609; conquered by British, 1781; ceded to Dutch, 1818; to British, 1825.
Punna, Rajputana. 25N.80E.Besieged by Sikander Lodi, 1494; taken by Ram Chandra Deo, 1563. Here Pran Nath is held sacred, and his tomb exists.
Puri, Bengal. 20N.86E.Contained Gold Tooth of the Buddha for many centuries; now famous for the temple of Vishnu in his incarnation of Juggernaut.
Quilon, Madras. 9N.77E.Visited by Marco Polo; Portuguese residents defeated by Dutch, 1662.
Radhanagar, Bengal. 23N.88E.Bp. of Ram Mohan Rai, first writer of Bengali prose.
Rahun, Punjab. 31N.76E.Believed to have been f. by Rajah Raghab. Taken by Tara Singh, 1759.
Rajgir, Bengal. 25N.85E.Visited by Fa Hian and Hiuen Tsiang. Identified with Rajagriha, res. of Buddha. (See Sir Edwin Arnold's 'Light of Asia.')
Rajpur('the royal town'), United Provs. 30N.78E.Scene of story entitled 'The Potter's Thumb,' by Mrs. Flora Annie Steel.
Ramleh, Syria. 32N.35E.Visited by W. M. Thomson, and described in 'The Land and the Book.' (See Volney's 'Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte.')
Ramnad, Madras. 9N.79E.Captured by British, 1772.
Ramnagar, Punjab. 32N.74E.Besieged by Ranjit Singh, 1795; Lord Gough defeated Sikhs, 1848.
Rangoon('the end of the war'), Burma. 17N.96E.F. as Dagon, c. 588B.C.; rebuilt by Alompra, 1755; captured by British, 1824, 1852. (See Kipling's 'From Sea to Sea.')
Ranibennur, Bombay. 15N.76E.Seized by Colonel Wellesley, 1800; occupied by British, 1818.
Rattihalli, Bombay. 14N.76E.Defeat of Hyder Ali by Mahrattas, 1764.
RawalPindi, Punjab. 34N.73E.Scene of surrender of Sikhs after Sir Hugh Gough's defeat at Gujrat, 1849.
Rhodes, Asia Minor. 36N.28E.F. in 408B.C.Citizens massacred by Cassius, 42B.C.; held by knights of St. John of Jerusalem, 1309; besieged by Mohammed II., 1480; taken by Solyman the Magnificent, 1522. Bp. of Panaetius, Stratocles, Andronicus, Eudemus, Hieronymus, Pisander, Simmias, and Aristides. Res. of Apollonius Rhodius and Posidionius. (See Hakluyt's 'Voyages.')
Rohanked, Berar. 21N.76E.Nasir Khan defeated, 1437; Jamal Khan here slain in battle, 1590.
Rohtak, Punjab. 29N.77E.Scene of murder of Kai Khusru, c. 1286; besieged by Khizr Khan, 1410.
Rungpur('abode of bliss'), Bengal. 26N.89E.Alleged res. of Rajah Bhagadatta. Taken by British, 1765.
Sabraon, Punjab. 31N.75E.First Sikh War ended by Sir Hugh Gough's defeat of Sikhs, 1846. (See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of India.')
Safed, Palestine. 33N.36E.Believed by Jews Messiah will make city his capital. Scene of siege of Holophernes and murder of Judith. Bp. of Tobias. Castle f. by Christians, 1140; taken by Saladin, 1189; destroyed by Sultan of Damascus, 1220; rebuilt by Templars, 1240; destroyed by Bibars of Egypt, 1266. (See Thomson's 'Land and the Book,' Volney's 'Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte.')
Sagandari, Bengal. 23N.89E.Bp. of Madhu Sudan Datta, writer of 'Meghanad-Badh' and 'Krishna Kumari.'
Saigon, Cochin-China. 11N.107E.Captured by French, 1858. (See Little's 'Far East.')
St. Thomé, Madras. 13N.80E.Suburb of Madras; scene of victory of French under Paradis over Maphuz Khan, 1746. (See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of India.')
Salem, Madras. 12N.78E.Seized by British, 1768; ceded to British by treaty of Seringapatam, 1792.
Samana, Punjab. 30N.76E.Conquered by Mohammed of Ghor, 1192; by Banda Bairagi, 1708.
Samaria, Palestine. 32N.35E.F. by Omri, 912B.C.; captured by Sargon, 722B.C.; by Alexander the Great, 331B.C.; by Antiochus the Great, 203B.C.; by John Hyrcanus, 120B.C.; given by Augustus to Herod the Great.
Samarkand, Turkestan. 40N.67E.Bp. of Nidhami-i-Arudi, author of 'Chahar Maqala.' Ancient city destroyed by Alexander the Great, 329B.C.; conquered by Kotaiba ibn Moslim, 711; by Genghis Khan, 1220; by Amir of Bokhara, 1504; by Russians, 1868. Contains mosque ofShah-Zindeh, and tomb of Tamerlane. Bp. of Aboul-Mansour-Matoudiri. (See 'Travels of Marco Polo.')
Sambhal, United Provs. 29N.79E.Bp. of Amir Khan.
Samiaveram, Madras. 11N.78E.Occupied by Clive, 1752.
Samsat, Asiatic Turkey. 38N.39E.Bp. of Bishop Paul of Samosata and of Lucian.
Sana, Arabia. 15N.45E.Capital of Yemen, captured by Turks, 1872.
San-de-pu, Manchuria. 42N.123E.Unsuccessfully attacked by Russians under General Grippenberg, 1904.
Sanjan, Bombay. 20N.73E.Visited by Polish scholar, Hove, 1787. Taken by Portuguese, 1534.
Sante Bennur, Madras. 14N.76E.Taken by Hyder Ali, 1761; by Mahrattas, 1791.
Santipur, Bengal. 23N. 88E.Res. of Chaitanya, and bp. of Adyaita.
Sarafand, Syria. 33N.35E.Ancient city, known in the Bible as Zareptath. (See Thomson's 'Land and the Book.')
Sardhana, United Provs. 29N.78E.Celebrated as res. of Begam Sumru.
Sardis, Asia Minor. 39N.28E.Occupied by Cyrus, 548B.C.; burned by Ionians, c. 409B.C.; destroyed by Tamerlane, 1402. Mentioned by Æschylus and Herodotus; res. of Xerxes; contains ruins of temple of Cybele and tomb of Alyattes.
Sasseram('one thousand toys'), Bengal. 25N.84E.Contains tombs of Sher Shah and his father.
Satyamangalam, Madras. 11N.77E.Taken by Hyder Ali, 1768; by Tippoo Sahib, 1790.
Savandurga, Madras. 13N.77E.Captured by Lord Cornwallis, 1791.
Selefke, Asiatic Turkey. 36N.34E.F. by Seleucus Nicator; bp. of Xenarchus.
Seleucia Pieria, Asia Minor. 36N.36E.F. by Seleucus Nicator; captured by Ptolemy Euergetes, 246B.C.; by Antiochus the Great, 219B.C.
Seoul, Korea. 38N.127E.Capital of Korea since 1392. Contains fine temple of Confucius. (See Diosy's 'New Far East,' McKenzie's 'From Tokyo to Tiflis,' Little's 'Far East.')
Sephora, Palestine. 33N.35E.Mentioned in the Bible; visited by Lamartine, 1832.
Seringapatam('city of Vishnu'), Mysore. 12N.77E.Besieged by Lord Cornwallis, 1792; taken by British and Tippoo Sahib killed, 1799. Contains ancient temple of Vishnu, and tombs of Hyder Ali and Tippoo Sahib.
Seroda, Bombay. 15N.74E.Res. of Sir R. Burton; described in 'Goa and the Blue Mountains.'
Sha River, Manchuria. 42N.123E.Russians under General Kuropatkin conquered by Japanese, 1904.
Shahabad, United Provs. 28N.80E.F. by Diler Khan, whose tomb is here, 1677; visited by Bishop Heber, 1824.
Shang-hai('above the sea'), China. 31N.121E.Taken by Triads, 1853; occupied by British and French, 1860. (See Little's 'Far East.')
Shehr, Arabia. 15N.50E.City described in 'Travels of Marco Polo' as Escier.
Shehr-i-Sebz, Turkestan. 39N.67E.F. on site of Kesh, bp. of Tamerlane.
Shimoga, Madras. 14N.76E.Captured by Mahrattas, 1798; destroyed by Dhundia Wagh, 1799.
Shimonosoki, Japan. 34N.131E.Bombarded by American, British, Dutch, and French fleet, 1864; treaty signed here, 1895. (See McKenzie's 'From Tokyo to Tiflis,' Little's 'Far East.')
Shiraz, Persia. 30N.53E.F. c. 697; capital of Persia, 1760. Near by are tombs of Saadi and Hafiz.
Shivner, Bombay. 19N.74E.Bp. of Sivaji.
Sholapur, Bombay. 18N.76E.The Baji Rao suffered defeat at hands of British, 1818.
Shwebo, Upper Burma. 23N.96E.Bp. of Maung Aung Zeya.
Sidon, Syria. 34N.35E.Taken by Crusaders, 1110; by Saladin, 1187; recaptured by Crusaders, 1197; destroyed by Mongols, 1260; captured by Mussulmans, 1291; bombarded by Napier, 1840; persecution of Christians, 1860. (See Thomson's 'Land and the Book,' Volney's 'Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte.')
Sikandarabad, United Provs. 28N.78E.F. by Sikandar Lodi, 1498; suffered during Mutiny, 1857.
Sikandra, United Provs. 27N.78E.Res. of Sikandar Lodi, and contains tomb of Akbar.
Siloam, Palestine. 32N.35E.Pool near Jerusalem mentioned in the Bible. (See Mark Twain's 'New Pilgrim's Progress,' Thomson's 'Land and the Book.')
Simla, Punjab. 31N.77E.Fashionable health-resort of Europeans in India, frequently the scene of Kipling's stories, e.g., 'Under the Deodars,' 'The Phantom 'Rickshaw.'
Sinai, Mount, Arabia Petræa. 28N.34E.Mentioned in the Bible as the mountain on which God revealed himself to Moses. (See Flinders Petrie's 'Researches in Sinai,' also 'Purchas His Pilgrimes,' Volney's 'Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte,' Burckhardt's 'Travels in Syria and the Holy Land.')
Singapore, Malay Peninsula. 1N.104E.F. by Sir Stamford Raffles, 1819; ceded to British by Sultan of Johore,1824. (See Kipling's 'From Sea to Sea.')
Singarh('lion's fort'), Bombay. 18N.74E.Taken by Sivaji, 1647; by Tanaji Malusre, 1670; by British, 1818.
Singi, Bengal. 28N.81E.Bp. of Kasiram Das, translator into Bengali of 'Mahabharata.' (See R. C. Dutt's 'Lit. of Bengal.')
Sinhur, Rajputana. 23N.77E.Jaswaut Rao here attacked Captain Jean Baptiste Filose, 1814.
Sinope, Asia Minor. 42N.35E.F. by Ionians of Miletus, 630B.C.; unsuccessfully attacked by Mithradates IV., 220B.C.; captured by Pharnaces, 183B.C.; by Lucullus, 70B.C.; fleet and town partially destroyed by Russians, 1853. Bp. of Diogenes.
Sira, Madras. 14N.77E.Taken by Mahrattas, 1757; by Hyder Ali; recaptured by Mahrattas, 1766; by Tippoo Sahib, 1774.
Sirhind, Punjab. 31N.76E.Sarang Khan overcome by Khizr Khan, 1420; Bazid Khan killed by Banda Bairagi, 1708.
Sivas, Asiatic Turkey. 40N.37E.Destroyed by Tamerlane, 1400.
Skutari, Asia Minor. 41N.29E.Scene of Florence Nightingale's activities during Crimean War, 1854-6; destroyed by fire, 1872.
Smyrna, Asia Minor. 38N.27E.Ancient city celebrated by Pindar, Aristides, and Himerius, containing famous relics of Homer. Destroyed by Alyattes, c. 575B.C.; rebuilt by Antigonus and Lysimachus, but suffered from earthquake, 179; seized by Turks, 1084; conquered by Aidin, c. 1330; by Tamerlane, 1402. (See Kinglake's 'Eothen,' Twain's 'New Pilgrim's Progress,' Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient,' Montesquieu's 'Lettres Persanes.')
Sohar, Arabia. 24N.57E.Visited by Marco Polo and Ibn Batatu. Occupied by Portuguese, 1508.
Somnath, Bombay. 21N.70E.Pillaged by Mahmud of Ghazni, 1025. Alleged place in which Krishna died.
Sopara, Bombay. 19N.73E.Sacred place of Buddha, and mentioned in the 'Mahabharata.'
Su-Chau, China. 31N.121E.F. c. 500B.C.; captured by Taiping rebels, 1860; became treaty-port, 1896.
Sukkur, Sind. 28N.69E.Talpurs defeated by Shah Shuja, 1833; British possession, 1842.
Sur('rock'), Palestine. 33N.35E.Ancient Tyre. Besieged by Nebuchadnezzar II., 572B.C.; by Alexander the Great, 332B.C.; captured by Crusaders, 1124; destroyed by Malik al-Ashraf, 1291; suffered from earthquake, 1837. (See Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient,' Thomson's 'Land and the Book,' Volney's 'Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte,' Hakluyt's 'Voyages.')
Surat, Bombay. 21N.73E.Overcome by Akbar, 1572; British settlement, 1612; under British rule, 1800. (See 'Purchas His Pilgrimes.')
Susa, Persia. 32N.48E.Capital of Elamite kingdom, c. 2280B.C.; conquered by Assyrians, 645B.C.Contains tomb alleged to be of Daniel.
Tabariah, Syria. 33N.36E.F. by Herod Antipas, c. 16; Saladin defeated Christians, 1187; given to France, 1240; taken by Mussulmans, 1247. Mentioned by Josephus; contains tomb of Arabian philosopher Lokman; Mishna compiled here, 190, and part of Talmud. (See Burckhardt's 'Travels in Syria and the Holy Land.')
Tabor, Mount, Palestine. 33N.35E.Scene of assembly of army of Barak and Deborah against Sisera; alleged scene of Christ's Transfiguration. Gabinius overcame Jews, 53B.C.; fortified by Malik-el-Adil, 1212; French victory over British and Turks, 1799. (See Burckhardt's 'Travels in Syria and the Holy Land.')
Tabreez, Persia. 38N.46E.Foundation attributed to Zobeida, wife of Haroun-al-Raschid, 791. Destroyed by Tamerlane, 1392; taken from Turks by Nadir Shah, 1730; by Russians, 1827. The Bab here put to death, 1850.
Taif, Arabia. 22N.41E.Visited by Burckhardt, and described in 'Travels in Arabia.'
Talwaudy, Punjab. 32N.75E.Village near Lahore which is bp. of Nanek, founder of Sikh religion.
Tanjore, Madras. 11N.79E.Unsuccessfully attacked by Lally, 1758; taken by British, 1773; under British control, 1799.
Tarsus, Asia Minor. 37N.35E.Traditionally f. by Sennacherib. Meeting-place of Mark Antony and Cleopatra, 38B.C.Contains tomb of Sardanapalus, and is bp. of St. Paul, Athenodorus, and Hermogenes.
Tchesme, Asia Minor. 38N.27E.Turkish fleet defeated by Russian under Orloff and Elphinstowe, 1770.
Teheran, Persia. 36N.51E.Treaty signed between British and Persians, 1857. Near city are ruins of Rhages, bp. of Haroun-al-Raschid.
Teima, Arabia. 28N.39E.The Tema of the Bible. Visited by C. M. Doughty, and described in 'Travels in Arabia Deserta.'
Tekrit, Asiatic Turkey. 35N.44E.Bp. of Saladin.
Tiberias, Sea of, Palestine. 33N.36E.Frequently mentioned in the Bible as Lake of Galilee or Gennesaret, and by Josephus. Bp. of disciples Simon, Andrew, James the Great, and John. Visited by Lamartine, 1832. (See Kinglake's 'Eothen,' Twain's 'New Pilgrim's Progress,' 'Purchas His Pilgrimes,' Adam Smith's 'Historical Geography of the Holy Land,' Thomson's 'Land and the Book,' Burckhardt's 'Travels in Syria and the Holy Land.')
Tien-tsin('Heaven's ford'), China. 39N.117E.Besieged by Taiping rebels, 1853; treaty signed with French and British, 1858; occupied by French and British, 1860; foreign inhabitants murdered, 1870; res. of Li Hung-Chang for 20 years, 1874.
Tokat, Asiatic Turkey. 40N.37E.Severely damaged by earthquake, 1825; massacre of Armenians, 1895.
Tokio, Japan. 36N.140E.Seat of government for Tokugawa Ieyasu, 1603; eastern capital of Japan, 1868; opened to foreign res., 1869. (See Diosy's 'New Far East,' McKenzie's 'From Tokyo to Tiflis.')
Tomsk, Siberia. 56N.85E.F. in 1604; capital of Tomsk. Contains university f. in 1888. (See Fraser's 'Real Siberia,' Tolstoi's 'Resurrection.')
Tortosa, Syria. 35N.36E.Ceded to Templars, c. 1161; taken by Saladin, 1188; by Mussulmans, 1291.
Tottori, Japan. 36N.134E.Visited by Lafcadio Hearn, and described in 'Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan.'
Tranquebar, Madras. 11N.80E.Bought by Dutch, 1620; taken by British, 1787; sold to British, 1845.
Trebizond('a table'), Asiatic Turkey. 41N.40E.F. by Greeks from Sinope, 700B.C.; scene of Xenophon's retreat with ten thousand; capital of empire of Trebizond under Alexius Comnenus, 1204; taken by Mohammed II., 1461.
Trichinopoli, Madras. 11N.79E.British possession, 1801. Contains tomb of Bishop Heber.
Trichoor, Madras. 11N.76E.Occupied by Hyder Ali, 1776; by Tippoo Sahib, 1789.
Trincomali, Ceylon. 9N.81E.Contains ruins of famous Temple of a Thousand Columns destroyed by Portuguese, 1622. Taken by storm by British, 1795.
Tripoli, Syria. 34N.36E.Destroyed by earthquakes, 450, 550; captured by Saracens, 638; by Crusaders, who destroyed celebrated Arabian collection of books, 1109; by Egyptians, 1289. (See Volney's 'Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte,' Hakluyt's 'Voyages,' Burckhardt's 'Travels in Syria and the Holy Land.')
Troy, Asia Minor. 40N.26E.Said to have been f. by Dardanus, walls built by Apollo and Poseidon; centre of Greek legends. Visited by Alexander the Great, 334B.C.; Roman possession, 189B.C.; destroyed by Turks, 1306. (See Homer's 'Iliad,' Virgil's 'Æneid,' Tacitus' 'Annals,' Kinglake's 'Eothen.')
Tsing-tao, China. 36N.120E.Seized by Germany, 1897.
Turkestan, Asiatic Russia. 44N.68E.Resort of pilgrims to mosque of Hazret-Yassavi, built by Tamerlane. Occupied by Russian troops, 1864.
Umarkot, Sind. 25N.70E.Alleged to have been f. by Umar. Bp. of Akbar.
Ur, Palestine. 32N.35E.Contains ruins of temple to moon-god Sin. Frequently mentioned in Bible, especially as spot from which Abraham's father moved westward.
Ura-tyube, Russian Turkestan. 41N.68E.Alleged to have been f. by Cyrus; captured by Russians, 1866.
Urfah, Asiatic Turkey. 37N.39E.Captured by Seljuk Turks, 1040; by Crusaders, 1097; by Mussulmans, 1144. Ancient centre of Syrian learning; bp. of St. Ephraim Syrus, and said to have been res. of Abraham.
Urga, Mongolia. 48N.106E.Sacred city of Mongols, and is the seat of the Kutuktu, deified Lama. Contains famous temple of Maidar. (See Sheepshanks' 'My Life in Mongolia and Siberia.')
Urumiyah, Persian Armenia. 37N.45E.Alleged bp. of Zoroaster.
Utakamand, Madras. 11N.77E.Town in which Sir R. Burton resided, described in 'Goa and the Blue Mountains.'
Utch('high place'), Punjab. 29N.71E.Contains fort built by daughter of Deo Singh. Captured by Mahmud of Ghazni, 1006. Res. of Persian historian, Minhaj-ud-din.
Van, Asiatic Turkey. 38N.43E.Alleged to have been f. by Semiramis; rebuilt by Van; by Valarsaces, 149B.C.; taken by Arabs, c. 640; by Osmanlis, 1514; by Persians, 1636; by Kurds, 1845.
Vellore, Madras. 13N.79E.Said to have been f. by Bommi Reddi, c. 1274; besieged by Mahrattas, 1676; taken by Daud Khan, 1708; Safdar Ali murdered here by Murtaza Ali, 1742; occupied by British, 1760; by Hyder Ali, 1780.
Vijayanagar('city of victory'), Madras. 15N.76E.F. in 1336; contains celebrated ruins, and is famous as res. of Sayana, the Vedic commentator.
Vladivostok, Asiatic Russia. 43N.132E.Occupied by Russians, 1860; free port, 1873; capital of Littoral, 1888. (See Fraser's 'Real Siberia,' Little's 'Far East.')
Wady Hammanah, Syria. 34N.36E.Gorge near which Lamartine lived.
Wa-fang-kou, Manchuria. 40N.122E.Russians under General Stackelberg conquered by Japanese, 1904.
Wakayama, Japan. 34N.135E.Contains castle of princes of Kishu, f. 1850, and near by is temple of Kumudera, said to be f. 770.
Wandewash, Madras. 12N.80E.Lally-Tollendal defeated by Sir Eyre Coote 1760.
Wei-hai-wei, China. 37N.122E.Great Chinese arsenal established, 1883; seized by Japanese, 1895; leased to British, 1898. (See Diosy's 'New Far East.')
Wi-ju, Korea. 40N.125E.Here Manchus entered Korea, 1627; Japanese entered Manchuria, 1894, 1904. (See McKenzie's 'From Tokyo to Tiflis.')
Wu-chang, China. 30N.114E.Captured by Taiping rebels, 1853.
Yakutsk, Eastern Siberia. 62N.130E.F. by Cossacks, 1632.
Yalu, Korea. 40N.125E.Japanese under Admiral Ito defeated Chinese fleet at mouth of Yalu, 1894; passage forced by Japanese during Russo-Japanese War, 1904. (See McKenzie's 'From Tokyo to Tiflis.')
Yamaguchi, Japan. 34N.131E.Mission established by St. Francis Xavier, 1550.
Yanbo, Arabia. 24N.38E.Landing-place for Egyptian pilgrims. (See Burton's 'Pilgrimage to Al-Madinah and Meccah,' Burckhardt's 'Travels in Arabia.')
Yarkand, Chinese Turkestan. 38N.78E.Annexed to Chinese Empire, 1757; captured by Dungans, 1864; recaptured by Chinese, 1877. (See 'Travels of Marco Polo.')
Yokasuka, Japan. 35N.140E.Will Adams, the English pilot, landed here, 1600; tomb in vicinity of town.
Yokohama, Japan. 35N.140E.Became residential treaty port, 1858; totally destroyed by fire, 1866. (See Lafcadio Hearn's 'Out of the East' and 'Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan,' Kipling's 'From Sea to Sea.')
Zebulon, Palestine. 33N.35E.Mentioned several times in the Bible; visited by Lamartine, 1832.
Zileh, Asia Minor. 40N.36E.Formerly celebrated for worship of Anaitis. Here Julius Cæsar defeated Pharnaces, and uttered famous words, 'Veni, vidi, vici.' (See Suetonius' 'De Vita Cæsarum,' I. 37.)
INDEX
INDEX
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Those places marked with an asterisk (*) appear also in the Gazetteer