CLASS III.CONCHIFERA.

CONTAINS TWENTY FAMILIES.

A well-known but rare shell; the larger end closed by a convex disk, with numerous small perforations, and encircled by a dilated margin of elegant papyraceous tubes, resembling a beautifully plaited ruff; the smaller end open. Found in sandy places at low water.

Shell oval, slightly elongated, striated longitudinally, sub-equilateral; adhering, more or less confounded with the coats of a rather thick calcareous tube, conic, club-shaped, open at its attenuated extremity, and terminated at the other by a convex disk pierced by a great number of sub-tubular, rounded holes, and by a fissure in the centre.

Aspergillum Javanum.A. vaginiferum.A. Novæ Zeylandiæ.A. agglutinans.

Aspergillum Javanum.

A. vaginiferum.

A. Novæ Zeylandiæ.

A. agglutinans.

A. Javanum.The Java Aspergillum. Pl.33, fig. 3.

Species smooth, in which the circumference of the disk is bordered with a waved testaceous fringe.

A. Novæ Zeylandiæ.The New-Zealand Aspergillum.

Species in which the circumference of the disk is without a fringe.

An irregular tube, with branches or projecting tubes at the closed end; within it is one free or moveable valve, unitedby a ligament to another, which is blended with the tube; this distinguishes it from the Aspergillum. Found in sand and coral.

Shell oval, very slightly elongated, striated longitudinally, slightly irregular; equivalve, inequilateral; hinge a little variable; ligament exterior; two well-marked distant muscular impressions; a calcareous sub-cylindrical tube, more or less completely surrounding the shell, and terminated before by a single orifice.

C. aperta.The open Clavagella.

Tube erect, adhering; aperture waved, entire, expanding, funnel-shaped, leaving the two valves open or uncovered in all their anterior part; with an ovate face valve.

Lamarck asserts that the tube and shell of this genus are quite distinct. It so greatly resembles the Teredo that it is with difficulty distinguished. It is found in sand, wood, stone, and sometimes shells.

Shell annular or very short, not sharp nor angular anteriorly, but in other respects much like that of the Teredo.

Tube generally shorter, thicker, more solid, more club-shaped than that of the Teredo, always closed at its anterior extremity in such a manner as to contain and entirely hide the shell; the posterior extremity open, and divided interiorly into two syphons by a partition.

Fistulana clava.F. corniformis.F. gregata.F. lagenula.

Fistulana clava.

F. corniformis.

F. gregata.

F. lagenula.

F. corniformis.The horn-shaped Fistulana.

Answers to the above description.

F. gregata.The gregarious Fistulana.

Sheath or tube doubly club-shaped, congregating; shell angularly arcuated, with double angulated serrated wings.

F. Clava.The Club Fistulana. Pl.33, fig. 5.

Species with one end clavate, the other incurved, narrower,obtuse, and perforated in the middle; shell generally flexuous, of a brownish colour; exterior rough, interior smooth.

The tube of this genus unquestionably contains a bivalve shell; but, as no perfect specimen has yet been found, nothing decisive is known respecting it.

Tube calcareous, thick, conically elongated, more or less flexuous, as if composed of pieces placed on the ends of each other, or as if articulated, with a ring or projection more or less marked at the place of the joints, but without traces of partitions; terminated on one side by an inflation, oftentimes with some interior partitions, and on the other by two tubes, distinct and sub-articulated.

S. arenaria.The Sand Septaria.

The type of this genus.

A genus without a living species, given here to preserve the family entire, having a shell thick, oval, short, very gaping posteriorly, equivalve, inequilateral; summits well marked; a spoonlike cavity in each valve.

Tube or sheath testaceous, cylindrical; anterior end open; posterior end closed, but exhibiting the two valves of the shell.

This genus derived its name from the faculty it possesses of boring wood. The T. navalis can penetrate the stoutest oaken planks of a ship’s sides by means of two valves affixed to the head of the animal. The effects produced would be much more destructive but from the fact of their generally perforating the wood in the direction of the grain. Sir E. Home wrote a very scientific and interesting description of a species not mentioned by Lamarck, called the T. gigantea, found imbedded in indurated mud in the Island ofSumatra. It is the largest species known, some having been seen four or five feet long.

Shell thick, solid, very short or annular, open at both extremities; equivalve, equilateral, angular and sharp anteriorly, only slightly touching by the opposite edges; hinge obsolete; a considerable internal spoonlike cavity; one slightly sensible muscular impression.

Tube more or less distinct from the substance in which the animal lives, cylindrical, straight or flexuous, closed with age at the oral extremity so as to envelop the animal and its shell; always open at the other end, and divided interiorly into two syphons by a middle partition.

Teredo navalis.T. palmulata.T. gigantea.

Teredo navalis.

T. palmulata.

T. gigantea.

T. navalis.The common Ship Worm.

Species very thin, cylindrical, and smooth; slightly twisted, white, finely striated longitudinally.

This genus is without any tubular sheath; it derives its name from the Greek wordφωλεω, to hide, alluding to the custom of its inhabitant in forming cells in rocks, wood, &c.

In form the Pholas is generally oblong, having two large valves opposite to each other, with a number of smaller ones attached to the back as a substitute for a hinge. The two large valves never shut close; they are open at one end, and sometimes at both.

The exterior of the shell is usually of a pure or dusky white, but sometimes of a brownish cast. In some species the shell is adorned with beautiful delicate reticulations, like the finest lace; in others the texture is coarser, like small basket-work. They are found in the American, Indian, and European seas, each shell in a separate habitation formed inlimestone, sandstone, wood, coral, &c.; often discovered completely imbedded in the oak planks of ships traversing those seas; as they advance in growth they enlarge the space within, and leave the aperture by which they entered of its primitive size.

Shell thin, sub-transparent, finely striated, elongated oval, bivalve, equivalve, inequilateral; the valves only touching in the middle of their edges; the summits but little marked, and concealed by a callosity produced by the expansion of the dorsal lobes of the mantle; near the hinge are often developed one or more accessory calcareous pieces; an incurved tooth interior beneath the hinge.

Pholas dactylus.P. orientalis.P. candida.P. dactyloides.P. silicula.P. costata.P. crispata.P. callosa.P. clavata.

Pholas dactylus.

P. orientalis.

P. candida.

P. dactyloides.

P. silicula.

P. costata.

P. crispata.

P. callosa.

P. clavata.

P. dactylus.The prickly Pholas. Pl.3, fig. 3.

Answers to the general description, but is beset with small calcareous spiny nodules on the ribs, which run widening and enlarging from the summit to the margin; colour white or very light brown.

P. striata.The striated Pholas. Pl.3, fig. 5.

Oval, the dorsal callosity leaving the summit free, and extending towards the anterior and inferior extremity in such a manner that each valve seems to be formed of three parts, because of an oblique furrow from the summit to the margin; a tooth running down in the inside from the summit; one pair of accessory pieces at the posterior extremity of the shell.

P. candida.The white Pholas. Pl.3, fig. 2.

Elongated, wedge-shaped; muscular impression almost medial; a kind of oblique tooth parting from the summit; no accessory pieces.

P. costata.The ribbed Pholas. Pl.3, fig. 4.

Elongated, wedge-shaped, covered with regular elevated jagged or scalloped ribs, elegantly disposed; three dorsal accessory pieces; muscular impression almost medial.

P. crispata.The curled Pholas.

Somewhat oval, truncated behind, and as if divided into two parts by an oblique furrow from the summit to the base; anterior part reticulated, the other parts plain; muscular impression marginal.

P. clavata.The clubbed Pholas.

Short, wedge-form, little gaping, with many accessory pieces.

Always without accessory pieces, and, therefore, easily distinguished from the Pholas.

Shell equivalve, somewhat wedge-shaped, with a very large, oval, oblique, anterior opening between the valves; the posterior extremity nearly close; hinge linear, marginal, without teeth; two distant muscular impressions; sometimes with a kind of tube or calcareous general envelope.

Gastrochæna cuneiformis.G. mytiloides.G. modiolina.

Gastrochæna cuneiformis.

G. mytiloides.

G. modiolina.

G. modiolina.The Modioliform Gastrochæna.

Oval, thin, brittle, gaping at the side; light reddish brown, with a bluish white interior.

G. cuneiformis.The wedgelike Gastrochæna. Pl.3, fig. 1.

Species with a smooth shell, and without distinct tube. (Represented as imbedded in wood.)

FAMILY III.Solenides.Four genera.

There are many species belonging to this genus differing considerably in form and appearance. Its name is derived from a Greek word signifying a pipe or tube. It is a bivalve whose breadth sometimes exceeds its length; some species have a resemblance to the sheath of a razor or a knife handle; others are curved like the scabbard of a cimeter.

The Solen is found in the sand of the seashore, which it sometimes penetrates to the depth of one or two feet. Most of the species are covered with an epidermis, which renders their colours more or less obscure. In general they present but little beauty, though some are of a bright pink colour, and some are beautifully and delicately radiated with purple and white.

The principal characteristic of this genus is the hinge, which generally has one subulate tooth, though sometimes two or three.

Shell equivalve, extremely inequilateral, transversely elongated, open at both ends; the apices very small, and entirely at the commencement of the dorsal line; one or two teeth in the hinge; ligament external; two distant muscular impressions; the anterior one very long and narrow, the posterior one sub-angular.

Solen vaginaS. corneus.S. ensis.S. pygmæus.S. ambiguus.S. Dombeii.S. Javanicus.S. Caribæus.S. antiquatus.S. vaginoides.S. siliqua.S. cultellus.S. planus.S. minutus.S. constrictus.S. coarctatus.S. rostratus.S. violaceus.

Solen vagina

S. corneus.

S. ensis.

S. pygmæus.

S. ambiguus.

S. Dombeii.

S. Javanicus.

S. Caribæus.

S. antiquatus.

S. vaginoides.

S. siliqua.

S. cultellus.

S. planus.

S. minutus.

S. constrictus.

S. coarctatus.

S. rostratus.

S. violaceus.

S. vagina.The Razor Sheath. Pl.31, fig. 5.

Valves equal, truncated at both ends; straight or slightly curved; summit terminal.

S. cultellus.The kidney-shaped Solen.

Species a little curved lengthwise; summit not terminal.

S. rostratus.The violet-beaked Solen.

Species with longer and narrower valves, flatter at the extremities; callosity at the hinge very visible; cardinal teeth or hinge nearer the middle than the anterior side.

S. ensis.The Sabre Solen.

Species linear, sabre-shaped; a single compressed tooth in each valve; olive brown at the base, and of a purple hue near the apex.

S. siliqua.The podlike Solen.

Species linear, straight; two teeth in one valve and one in the other; covered with a glossy brown epidermis; striated transversely.

S. antiquatus.The Antiquated Solen.

Species thin, white, and almost transparent; striated concentrically; ends rounded; hinge near the centre; a tooth in one valve locking into two in the other; the teeth erect and projecting beyond the margin; covered with a dark-coloured epidermis.

Distinguished from the Mya by the prominency of the apex and the situation of the ligament.

Shell regular, elongated oval, gaping at the two extremities, equivalve, inequilateral; summit but little marked, and anterodorsal; hinge very complete, similar, formed by a conical primary tooth before a short, compressed, ascending callosity; ligament exterior, attached to the callosity; two muscular impressions.

P. Aldrovandi.The Panopæa of Aldrovandus. Pl.5, fig. 2.

The type of this genus, transversely elongated, undulated; concentrically wrinkled; of dark green colour, almost black.

Shell oval, elongated, equivalve, sub-equilateral, edges almost straight and parallel; the extremities equally rounded, and as if truncated; summits but little marked; hinge toothless, or formed by some rudimentary primary teeth; ligament projecting, affixed to the thick nymphal callosities; two distant, rounded muscular impressions.

Solecurtus radiatus.S. strigilatus.S. legumen.

Solecurtus radiatus.

S. strigilatus.

S. legumen.

S. radiatus.The radiated Solecurtus.

Species flat, small, with an interior ridge running down obliquely from the summit to the abdominal margin.

S. strigilatus.The strigilated Solecurtus.

Species more cylindrical, without interior ridge.

S. legumen.The Pease-pod Solecurtus. Pl.31, fig. 6.

Species still more elongated and sub-cylindrical.

Distinguished from the Solen by being without teeth at the hinge.

Shell covered with epidermis, slightly irregular, elongated, gaping at the two extremities, equivalve, inequilateral; the summits but little marked; hinge toothless; a longitudinal callosity; ligament exterior, affixed to very projecting callosities on the shortest side of the shell; two distinct muscular impressions.

Glycimeris margaritacea.Glycimeris siliqua.

Glycimeris margaritacea.

Glycimeris siliqua.

G. siliqua.The podlike Glycimeris.

Transversely oblong, covered with a black epidermis;umbones decorticated; internal disc of the valves white, thick, and callous.

This term is derived from the Greek wordμυω, to close, alluding to the animal’s custom of closing the valves. The principal characteristic of the Mya is its gaping at one end; it is likewise distinguished by having a large spoonlike tooth proceeding from beneath the beak. Its form is greatly varied, but generally covered with a greenish epidermis, which may be removed; and the shell, when polished, will display beautiful prismatic colours. The Mya is found on the seashore or on the banks of large rivers, partially concealed in the sand and mud.

Shell transverse, inequilateral, surrounded with a thick epidermis; rather solid; edges thin and sharp; summits but little marked; hinge dissimilar; one or two large, compressed, spoon-shaped teeth rising perpendicularly from the plane of the left valve, and fitting into the entrance of a primary cavity in the right valve; ligament interior, attaching the tooth and cavity; two distant muscular impressions; the anterior long and narrow, the posterior rounded; the mantle impression narrow, with a large sinus or hollow.

Mya truncata.M. arenaria.M. erodona.M. solenimyalis.

Mya truncata.

M. arenaria.

M. erodona.

M. solenimyalis.

M. arenaria.The Sand Mya. Pl.5, fig. 1.

Regular species.

M. erodona.The Erodona Mya.

Irregular species, in which the cavity of the right valve is bordered by strong projections.

M. truncata.The truncated Mya. Pl.5, fig. 3.

Sub-oval, truncated; small end gaping; large end rounded;covered with a dark yellowish epidermis; inside white; wrinkled transversely.

Shell elongated oval, very thin, fragile, semipellucid; much inflated at one end like a duck’s bill, whence it derives its common name; equivalve, very inequilateral; hinge toothless; the anterior side rounded and much longer than the posterior; ligament interior affixed to a bony spoonlike process in each valve, and sustained by a lateral plate running obliquely into the interior of the shell.

Anatina laterna.A. truncata.A. subrostrata.A. longirostris.A. globulosa.A. trapezoides.A. rugosa.A. imperfecta.A. myalis.A. rupicola.

Anatina laterna.

A. truncata.

A. subrostrata.

A. longirostris.

A. globulosa.

A. trapezoides.

A. rugosa.

A. imperfecta.

A. myalis.

A. rupicola.

A. subrostrata.The beaklike Anatina.

Species equivalve and regular.

A. myalis.The Mya-like Anatina.

Species inequivalve.

A. trapezoides.The trapezium-shaped Anatina. Pl.12, fig. 5.

Species with a moveable tooth or calcareous piece upon the right valve, lodged in the angle formed by the spoonlike process.

This genus was taken from the Mactra, and is perfectly distinct, as it wants the lateral teeth. It is called Lutricola by De Blainville, from its lurking in sand or mud at the mouths of large rivers.

Shell inequilateral, orbicular, sub-triangular or transverselyoval, gaping at the extremities; hinge with one cardinal tooth folded in two, or two teeth, one of which is plain, with an opposite hollow to receive it; no lateral teeth; ligament interior and fixed in the hollow cavity of the primary tooth.

Lutraria solenoides.L. rugosa.L. compressa.L. piperata.L. tellinoides.L. elliptica.L. papyracea.L. plicatella.L. crassiplica.L. complanata.L. candida.

Lutraria solenoides.

L. rugosa.

L. compressa.

L. piperata.

L. tellinoides.

L. elliptica.

L. papyracea.

L. plicatella.

L. crassiplica.

L. complanata.

L. candida.

L. solenoides.The Solen-like Lutraria.

Species oblong, sub-cylindrical, very gaping, two very strong cardinal teeth; the spoonlike cavity of the ligament vertical.

L. compressa.The compressed Lutraria.

Species oval or orbicular, almost equilateral, very compressed, little gaping; hinge similar; internal ligament inserted in the pit of a vertical spoonlike cavity; two distinct tubes, without longitudinal striæ.

L. rugosa.The rugged Lutraria.

Species ovate, closed at both ends; striæ from the summit to the base.

L. elliptica.The oval Lutraria.

Oblong oval, nearly smooth, having a few concentric striæ, and some diagonal striæ at the ends of the valves; colour yellow or greenish brown; inside white.

The name given to this genus was derived from the Greek wordμακτρα, from its resemblance to a trough used for kneading bread.

In all species of this genus a similarity of colouring and form pervades the whole. In shape they are sub-triangular or oblong, with a smooth, striated, or transversely-ribbed exterior. In some species the valves gape at both ends, and inothers at the anterior only. The most general colour is lilac, or white tinged with blue or yellow; some have purple rays on a brown ground.

A singularity in the form of the hinge of the Mactra distinguishes it from all other genera. It is of a triangular form, has a bent or angular compressed tooth on each valve, with a small oblique cavity on each side to which the ligament is attached. There are also two lateral teeth, one near the ligament and the other near the primary tooth. These teeth are thin and fragile; the primary tooth is sometimes indistinct, but the lateral teeth always exist.

The Mactra is found buried in the sand at a little distance from the seashore. Shell generally thin and brittle, covered with epidermis, of a triangular form, transverse, equivalve, inequilateral; beaks prominent; one compressed, folded, cardinal tooth, with an adjoining pit in each valve, projecting inward; lateral teeth thin, lamellous, entering, placed near the hinge; exterior ligament small; an interior ligament inserted in the cardinal pits; two muscular impressions, united by a narrow marginal tongue.

Mactra gigantea.M. Spengleri.M. striatella.M. carinata.M. straminea.M. Australis.M. violacea.M. fasciata.M. turgida.M. plicataria.M. rufescens.M. maculata.M. subplicata.M. triangularis.M. lactea.M. abbreviata.M. Helvacea.M. grandis.M. stultorum.M. maculosa.M. ovalina.M. alba.M. solida.M. castanea.M. rufa.M. squalida.M. Brasiliana.M. donacina.M. depressa.M. lilacea.M. trigonella.M. deltoides.M. crassatella.

Mactra gigantea.

M. Spengleri.

M. striatella.

M. carinata.

M. straminea.

M. Australis.

M. violacea.

M. fasciata.

M. turgida.

M. plicataria.

M. rufescens.

M. maculata.

M. subplicata.

M. triangularis.

M. lactea.

M. abbreviata.

M. Helvacea.

M. grandis.

M. stultorum.

M. maculosa.

M. ovalina.

M. alba.

M. solida.

M. castanea.

M. rufa.

M. squalida.

M. Brasiliana.

M. donacina.

M. depressa.

M. lilacea.

M. trigonella.

M. deltoides.

M. crassatella.

M. gigantea.The gigantic Mactra.

Species in which the cardinal teeth are almost obsolete, in consequence of the enlargement of the pit of the ligament.

M. stultorum.The fool’s Mactra. Pl.9, fig. 6.

Species in which all the teeth are very large, lamellous, striated longitudinally; colour reddish brown.

M. solida.The solid Mactra.

Species thick, solid, without epidermis; lateral teeth finely striated.

M. trigonella.The three-cornered Mactra.

Species in which the lateral teeth are almost obsolete; exterior surface smooth.

M. triangularis.The triangular Mactra.

Species very small, strong, opaque, white; inside white; margin strongly crenated.

M. crassa.The thick Mactra.

Species very thick, solid, striated longitudinally; the cardinal teeth obsolete, or almost so; the lateral very thick, very close, and reflected; an external ligament as well as an internal one.

May be easily known from the Mactra and Lutraria, as the valves, when closed, fit exactly, and do not gape. It is remarkable that all the living species contained in this genus only exist in the seas of Australasia, while at least seven species in a fossil state are found in France.

Shell inequilateral, sub-orbicular, close, equivalve, sometimes attenuated at one end; two divergent primary teeth, with a cavity at the side; lateral teeth obsolete; ligament internal, inserted in the cavity of the hinge.

Crassatella Kingicola.C. donacina.C. sulcata.C. subradiata.C. contraria.C. cuneata.C. rostrata.C. glabrata.C. erycinæa.C. cycladea.C. striata.

Crassatella Kingicola.

C. donacina.

C. sulcata.

C. subradiata.

C. contraria.

C. cuneata.

C. rostrata.

C. glabrata.

C. erycinæa.

C. cycladea.

C. striata.

C. sulcata.The furrowed Crassatella. Pl.6, fig 4.

Shell ordinarily thick, striated transversely, denticulated, sub-triangular, equivalve, inequilateral, summits well marked and evidently turned forward; hinge very large, subsimilar, formed by two diverging cardinal teeth, separated by a large pit; ligament almost entirely interior, and inserted in the pit.

C. Kingicola.The King’s Island Crassatella.

Ovate, orbicular; yellowish white, with obsolete rays; very minutely striated transversely; the umbones somewhat plicated.

The only living species of this genus is found on the sand in New-Holland, but there are many fossils in France. It is so equivocal in character that it is difficult to judge of their hinge.

E. cardioides.The cardium-shaped Erycina. Pl.6, fig. 5.

Shell rather longer than high, sub-triangular, regular, equivalve, inequilateral, rarely gaping; the summits well marked and a little anteriorly inclined; hinge subsimilar; two unequal cardinal teeth, converging at the summit, and leaving a pit between them; two lateral teeth, not distant, lamellous, inserted; ligament interior, fixed in the cavity between the primary teeth.

This genus is very remarkable for having the pit or cavity divided into two parts, the one at the end of the other; the ligament is partially seen from the outside.

Ungulina oblonga.Ungulina transversa.

Ungulina oblonga.

Ungulina transversa.

U. transversa.The transverse Ungulina.

Shell vertical or longitudinal, rather irregular, not gaping, equivalve, inequilateral, with summits little marked and decorticated; hinge dorsal, formed by one short, primary cleft tooth, before an oblong pit, divided by a small ligament, in which is inserted a sub-interior ligament; colour yellowish brown.

This genus, which at first sight is confounded with the Solens, differs from them particularly by the singular disposition of the ligament placed at the short side of the shell.

Solenimya Australis.Solenimya Mediterranea.

Solenimya Australis.

Solenimya Mediterranea.

S. Australis.The Australian Solenimya. Pl.6, fig. 2.

Shell covered with a thick brownish epidermis, regular, thick, elongated oval, edges straight and parallel, equally rounded at both extremities; valves equal, very inequilateral.

S. Mediterranea.The Mediterranean Solenimya.

Transversely oblong; dark brown, ribbed longitudinally, with imbricated projecting foliations; inside white.

This genus was constituted by Lamarck on account of the peculiar characters which distinguished it from those genera which it most resembles; particularly in having the valves connected by two ligaments.

Shell generally small, transverse, sub-oval or rounded, occasionally a little gaping at the sides; hinge with one or two cardinal teeth, and a narrow cavity for the interior ligament; exterior ligament short.

Amphidesma variegata.A. donacilla.A. lactea.A. cornea.A. albella.A. flexuosa.A. prismatica.A. phaseolina.A. corbuloides.A. glabrella.A. lucinalis.A. Boysii.A. tenuis.A. purpurascens.A. nucleola.A. physioides.

Amphidesma variegata.

A. donacilla.

A. lactea.

A. cornea.

A. albella.

A. flexuosa.

A. prismatica.

A. phaseolina.

A. corbuloides.

A. glabrella.

A. lucinalis.

A. Boysii.

A. tenuis.

A. purpurascens.

A. nucleola.

A. physioides.

A. glabrella.The smooth Amphidesma. Pl.6, fig. 9.

Species lenticular or oval, with or without a lunated depression.

A. lactea.The milky Amphidesma.

Sub-orbicular, sub-pellucid, compressed, reticulated; yellowish white.

This genus approximates the Crassatella and Ungulina, but is distinguished from them by the inequality of the valves and the strong primary tooth.

Shell rather solid, a little irregular and triangular, inequivalve, more or less inequilateral, rounded and enlarged before, attenuated and prolonged behind; summits well marked, one projecting behind the other; hinge anomalous, formed by a large, conical, recurved cardinal tooth, with a cavity at its base for the reception of the tooth of the other valve; ligament very small; two muscular impressions little distant.

Corbula Australis.C. sulcata.C. erythrodon.C. ovalina.C. Taitensis.C. nucleus.C. impressa.C. porcina.C. semen.

Corbula Australis.

C. sulcata.

C. erythrodon.

C. ovalina.

C. Taitensis.

C. nucleus.

C. impressa.

C. porcina.

C. semen.

C. nucleus.The kernel Corbula.

Strong, sub-triangular, under valve larger than the upper one; transversely striated; covered with a thick brownish epidermis.

C. ovalina.The ovate Corbula. Pl.6, fig. 6.

Regular species.

C. Australis.The Australian Corbula.

Irregular species, living in stone.

Closely allied to the Corbula.

Pandora rostrata.Pandora obtusa.

Pandora rostrata.

Pandora obtusa.

P. rostrata.The beaked Pandora. Pl.6, fig. 3.

Shell white, regular, elongated, inequivalve, inequilateral; right or upper valve entirely flat, with a plait or fold; much produced towards the beak; hinge anomalous, formed by a transverse cardinal tooth on the right valve, entering into a corresponding cavity on the left; ligament internal, oblique, triangular, inserted in a pit rather deep, with edges a little projecting on each valve; two rounded muscular impressions.

This genus is taken from the Mytilus, and, like the Pholas, possesses the faculty of penetrating calcareous rocks, from which it cannot be extracted without breaking the substance in which it is imbedded.

Shell bivalve, thick, covered with epidermis, rather irregular, elongated, sub-cylindrical, obtuse at the two extremities; summits little marked; hinge toothless, or with a very small rudimentary tooth; ligament external, a little inflated.

Saxicava rugosa.S. Gallicana.S. pholadis.S. Australis.S. veneriformis.

Saxicava rugosa.

S. Gallicana.

S. pholadis.

S. Australis.

S. veneriformis.

S. Australis.The Australian Saxicava. Pl.7, fig. 6.

Answers to the above description.

S. Gallicana.The Gallic Saxicava.

Oblong, wrinkled, truncated at the posterior extremity, one valve larger than the other; pale horn colour.

2. Petricola. Thirteen species.

This genus possesses the same faculty of boring rocks as the Saxicava; it is distinguished from the latter genus by the hinge having one or two teeth in each valve.

Shell sub-trigonal, transverse, inequilateral; upper side narrowed and a little gaping; lower side rounded.

Petricola lamellosa.P. ochroleuca.P. semilamellata.P. lucinalisP. striata.P. costellata.P. rocelaria.P. exilis.P. ruperella.P. chamoides.P. pholadiformis.P. labagella.P. linguatula.

Petricola lamellosa.

P. ochroleuca.

P. semilamellata.

P. lucinalis

P. striata.

P. costellata.

P. rocelaria.

P. exilis.

P. ruperella.

P. chamoides.

P. pholadiformis.

P. labagella.

P. linguatula.

P. lamellosa.The lamellous Petricola. Pl.7, fig. 3.

Species oval, trigonal, radiated; two teeth on one valve, and one on the other.

P. pholadiformis.The Pholas-shaped Petricola.

Species transversely elongated.

Another lithophagous shell, taken from the genus Venus, from which it is distinguished by the different disposition of the teeth, having three primary in one of the valves at least.

Shell more or less irregular, sub-trigonal, striated or radiated, equivalve, inequilateral, the anterior side shorter and rounded, the posterior sub-truncated; summits well marked; hinge sub-regular, more or less dissimilar, formed by slender, narrow, cardinal teeth, variable in number on each valve, sometimes two on the right and three on the left, and sometimes three on both; these teeth are small, contiguous, parallel, and but little, if at all, divergent exterior; very weak.

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