CLASS IV.MOLLUSCA.TWENTY-TWO FAMILIES.

Some genera of this family are without a testaceous covering, and are mentioned only for the sake of preserving the family entire.

This genus derives its common name from a fancied resemblance to a miniature triumphal car.

Shell very thin, transparent, symmetrical, convex below, flat above, valves unequal, form tricuspidated, cleft at the sides, open like a cleft anteriorly, and tridentated posteriorly; summit truncated.

Hyalæa tridentata.Hyalæa cuspidata.

Hyalæa tridentata.

Hyalæa cuspidata.

H. tridentata.The three-toothed Hyalæa.

Transparent, horn-coloured, globular; tridentated posteriorly; summit and two posterior sides open; finely striated transversely.

Clio Borealis.Clio Australis.

Clio Borealis.

Clio Australis.

Shell gelatinous, cartilaginous, transparent, in shape of a reversed pyramid or lanceolate truncated, only open at the summit.

Cleodora pyramidata.Cleodora caudata.

Cleodora pyramidata.

Cleodora caudata.

C. pyramidata.The pyramidal Cleodora.

Like a pyramid, triangular, thin, transparent; aperture obliquely truncated.

Shell papyraceous, very fragile, planorbis form, sub-carinated, involuted rather obliquely, in such a manner as to be deeply and largely umbilicated on one side, and the spine slightly projecting and pointed on the other; aperture large, entire.

L. helicialis.The Helix-like Limacina.

Thin, fragile, spiral; the volutions united in a discoid form.

Shell or case cartilaginous, transparent, conical posteriorly where the animal adheres, and prolonged above like a long hollow semi-cylinder, under which the animal can take shelter.

C. Peronii.Peron’s Cymbulia.

Shell shaped like a shoe, somewhat gelatinous or cartilaginous, very transparent crystalline, oblong pointed at the vertex, truncated at the base.

P. Peronii.

The animals of this genus are covered with a coriaceous skin, but without a shell.

Phyllidia varicosa.P. pustulosa.P. ocellata.

Phyllidia varicosa.

P. pustulosa.

P. ocellata.

Formerly classed with the Chiton; but as the testaceousplates of this genus are never joined, the two may be easily distinguished.

Shell elongated, multivalve; alternate pieces generally longitudinal; sides naked.

Chitonellus striatus.Chitonellus larvæformis.

Chitonellus striatus.

Chitonellus larvæformis.

C. striatus.The striated Chitonellus.

Striæ radiating from the apex of each valve; margin serrated; base of the last valve obtuse.

C. larvæformis.The Caterpillar Chitonellus.

More or less cylindrical, almost naked; the valves of the shell very small, and almost entirely concealed under the skin; tufts hairy or silky between the parts of the valves near the margin.

This genus was so called from the resemblance of its testaceous covering to a coat of mail. The form of the Chiton is very similar to a well-known insect called the woodlouse, found in decayed timber; it generally adheres to rocks, or lies rolled up like a ball among seaweed and stones. In length it seldom exceeds an inch, except in tropical climates, where they are sometimes three or four inches long. In general there are eight valves, the termination of which is surrounded by a scaly or rough ligament, which enables the animal to expand or contract its shell freely. It presents a great variety of colour; in general it is dark brown, overcast with a shade of green, but some are beautifully variegated with pink, yellow, blue, or red; interior green or whitish.

Shell more or less elongated, consisting of a longitudinal series of eight very symmetrical calcareous pieces, more or less curved, and round at both extremities; summit more or less marked, and when imbricated, always from front to rear.

Chiton gigas.C. squamosus.C. Peruvianus.C. spinosus.C. fascicularis.C. marginatus.

Chiton gigas.

C. squamosus.

C. Peruvianus.

C. spinosus.

C. fascicularis.

C. marginatus.

C. squamosus.The scaly Chiton. Pl.1, fig. 1.

Depressed, valves large, carinated, well imbricated; the interstices offering well-marked lateral spaces; the border of the mantle regularly scaly.

C. marginatus.The marginated Chiton. Pl.1, fig. 2.

Valves carinated and projecting over each other; finely shagreened, with a dusky reddish-brown margin.

C. fascicularis.The fasciculated Chiton. Pl.1, fig. 3.

Valves more narrow, imbricated, without distinct spaces; lateral parts of the skin naked or hairy, but always provided with silky or hairy tufts disposed in pairs between the junctions of the valve.

C. spinosus.The spiny Chiton. Pl.1, fig. 4.

Shell beset with long, thin, curved, tubular, hairy, blackish spines.

The Patella of Linnæus was divided by Lamarck into several distinct genera, and now comprehends only such shells as are of a conical form, with an imperforated summit. The anterior is that part to which the summit inclines, and is always more narrow than the posterior part.

It derives its name from its resemblance to a little dish; the colour and structure are various; some are smooth, others granulated, and many are covered with elevated tuberculated ribs. The exterior is sometimes of a pale fawn colour, and the interior of a bright pink; some have a silvery hue, but the more general colour is bluish white or light brown.

This genus of shells is very numerous in all seas, but chiefly in hot countries, where they are found of a larger size; they generally adhere by their base to rocks, stones, and marine substances, from which it is difficult to detach them.

Shell oval or circular, sub-conic; summit right or more or less recurved anteriorly; the cavity simple, entire, more or less deep; the margin complete and entirely horizontal; a narrow muscular impression.

Patella apicina.P. granatina.P. oculus.P. barbara.P. plicata.P. laciniosa.P. saccharina.P. angulosa.P. barbata.P. longicosta.P. spinifera.P. aspera.P. luteola.P. pyramidata.P. umbrella.P. plumbea.P. cærulea.P. radians.P. scutellaris.P. viridula.P. pectinata.P. Galathea.P. Safiana.P. testudinaria.P. cochlear.P. compressa.P. granularis.P. decaurata.P. Magellanica.P. stellifera.P. vulgata.P. mammillaris.P. lineata.P. leucopleura.P. notata.P. Tarentina.P. punctata.P. puncturata.P. Javanica.P. tuberculifera.P. miniata.P. pellucida.P. tricostata.P. Australis.P. cymbularia.

Patella apicina.

P. granatina.

P. oculus.

P. barbara.

P. plicata.

P. laciniosa.

P. saccharina.

P. angulosa.

P. barbata.

P. longicosta.

P. spinifera.

P. aspera.

P. luteola.

P. pyramidata.

P. umbrella.

P. plumbea.

P. cærulea.

P. radians.

P. scutellaris.

P. viridula.

P. pectinata.

P. Galathea.

P. Safiana.

P. testudinaria.

P. cochlear.

P. compressa.

P. granularis.

P. decaurata.

P. Magellanica.

P. stellifera.

P. vulgata.

P. mammillaris.

P. lineata.

P. leucopleura.

P. notata.

P. Tarentina.

P. punctata.

P. puncturata.

P. Javanica.

P. tuberculifera.

P. miniata.

P. pellucida.

P. tricostata.

P. Australis.

P. cymbularia.

P. vulgata.The common Patella. Pl.2, fig. 1.

Conic, summit obtuse and vertical; sometimes ribbed from the vertex to the margin with divergent striæ, sometimes striated without ribs; exterior dark brown or greenish, internal blue or purple radiations.

P. compressa.The compressed or flat-sided Patella. Pl.2, fig. 2.

Oval, elongated, compressed on the sides, having thesummit sub-anterior, well marked, and curved; exterior fawn colour, interior of a silvery hue.

P. deaurata.The golden red Patella. Pl.2, fig. 3.

Sub-conic, summit more anterior, with a slight forward inclination; colour yellowish red.

P. cochlear.The spoonlike Patella. Pl.2, fig. 4.

Depressed, the summit hardly marked, and much more narrow in front than behind; exterior brownish, interior light blue.

P. scutellaris.The buckler Patella. Pl.2, fig. 5.

Depressed, summit sub-anterior, radiated from the summit to the margin; brown colour, with a yellowish band parallel to the margin.

P. pectinata.The pectinated Patella. Pl.2, fig. 6.

Oval, summit well marked and anteriorly inclined; ribbed from the summit to the margin, which is slightly convex in the middle.

P. cymbularia.The cymbular Patella. Pl.2, fig. 7.

Oval, thin, pearly, with a festooned margin; summit nearly marginal; colour white, shaded with very light brown.

The genera that constitute this family were separated by Lamarck from the Patella of Linnæus.

The characteristic distinctions of this shell were first pointed out by De Blainville.

Shell elongated, very depressed; the summit greatly post-medial, and evidently inclined behind; aperture as large as the shell; the lateral edges straight and parallel, the posterior rounded, the anterior sharp and notched in the middle;muscular impression large, elongated oval, slightly open in front.

Parmophora Australis.P. brevicula.P. granulata.

Parmophora Australis.

P. brevicula.

P. granulata.

P. Australis.The Australian Parmophorus.

Shell oblong, depressed; vertex slightly recurved; striated concentrically; one margin rounded, and the other truncated.

Most of the shells of this genus are small; some are elevated, and others of a widely-depressed conical form.

Shell conical, recurved; summit entire; slit, or more or less hollowed on the anterior side; a muscular impression in form of a horseshoe, open behind and thicker at the beginning.

Emarginula Blainvillii.E. marginata.E. fissura.E. rubra.

Emarginula Blainvillii.

E. marginata.

E. fissura.

E. rubra.

E. Blainvillii.Blainville’s Emarginula.

Shell with the notch or slit in the middle of the back, and not extending to the margin.

E. fissura.The slit Emarginula. Pl.32, fig. 5.

Oval, compressed, summit well marked, with reticulated striæ and ribs; fissure extending half way from the margin to the summit; exterior light brown, interior white.

E. marginata.The marginated Emarginula.

More compressed than the preceding; summit distinct, anterior margin formed like a gutter.

The perforation not being perfectly round, but generally ovate oblong, procured for this genus its common name, by which it is easily distinguished.

Shell simple, conical, depressed, recurved; summit perforated a little anterior in an oblong or oval manner, like a keyhole;the exterior surface ribbed longitudinally, slightly striated transversely.

Fissurella picta.F. nimbosa.F. crassa.F. Græca.F. nodosa.F. Cayennensis.F. lilacina.F. rosea.F. Barbadensis.F. radiata.F. viridula.F. hiantula.F. pustula.F. fascicularis.F. Javanicensis.F. depressa.F. Peruviana.F. gibberula.F. minuta.

Fissurella picta.

F. nimbosa.

F. crassa.

F. Græca.

F. nodosa.

F. Cayennensis.

F. lilacina.

F. rosea.

F. Barbadensis.

F. radiata.

F. viridula.

F. hiantula.

F. pustula.

F. fascicularis.

F. Javanicensis.

F. depressa.

F. Peruviana.

F. gibberula.

F. minuta.

F. nimbosa.The scaly-ribbed Fissurella.

Species of which the middle part of the edges of the aperture is hollowed in such a manner that, when placed on a level surface, they touch only at the extremities.

F. rosea.The rosy Fissurella.

Species more depressed, edges bent up lengthwise, forming a kind of canal.

F. Græca.The Greek Fissurella. Pl.32, fig. 1.

Conical, ovate oblong; striæ cancellated and elevated; sections tuberculated; exterior yellowish brown or clouded, interior white or light blue.

Easily distinguished by its form, which gave rise to the common name.

Shell oblique, sharp pointed; cone bent forward, with a recurved, almost spiral summit, finely striated longitudinally and slightly wrinkled transversely; aperture a round oval; the margin at the base nearly round, more or less regularly crenated and indented, interior with a lengthened, arched, transverse muscular impression.

Pileopsis ungarica.P. mitrula.P. intorta.P. subrufa.

Pileopsis ungarica.

P. mitrula.

P. intorta.

P. subrufa.

P. ungarica.The Fool’s Cap.

Conical, vertex slightly spiral, pointed, and recurved; exterior pale fawn colour, and the outer margin bordered with a fringed epidermis; interior sometimes of a very bright pink or rose colour.

This genus of shells is remarkable for having in the interior cavity a transverse funnel or tongue-shaped testaceous appendage, from which originated its common name.

Shell conic, base orbicular; summit vertical and imperforated; cavity deep, having at its interior summit a tongue-like appendage. This appendage is sometimes vertical and sometimes like a horseshoe, having on it a muscular impression of variable form.

Calyptræa extinctorium.C. lævigata.C. equestris.C. tectum-sinense.

Calyptræa extinctorium.

C. lævigata.

C. equestris.

C. tectum-sinense.

C. extinctorium.The extinguisher Calyptræa.

Species in which the internal appendage is horn-shaped; colour brownish.

C. equestris.The equestrian Calyptræa. Pl.32, fig. 4.

Species in which the internal appendage is like a horseshoe, open in front.

C. tectum-sinense.The Chinese roof Calyptræa.

Shell formed of separate, transverse, irregular round laminæ of uniform size, attached to each other by the summit on the exterior of each, presenting the appearance of a number of small flat Patellæ piled one on the other; colour yellowish, margin entire, very glossy within.

Very similar to the Navicella, but distinguished from it by not having an operculum.

Shell irregular, form very variable, depressed or compressed; spire obliquely inclined to one side; margin entire;cavity large, divided by a horizontal partition, which gives it the form of a half-decked boat.

Crepidula fornicata.C. porcellana.C. aculeata.C. unguiformis.C. dilatata.C. Peruviana.

Crepidula fornicata.

C. porcellana.

C. aculeata.

C. unguiformis.

C. dilatata.

C. Peruviana.

C. porcellana.The brown-spotted Crepidula.

Shell thick, flat, summit not spiral.

C. aculeata.The prickly Crepidula.

Oval, brown, roughly striated, vertex recurved, interior blue or purple.

C. sub-spirata.The sub-spiral Crepidula. Pl.32, fig. 2.

Species almost round, summit sub-spiral; colour yellowish white, with a bluish tinge towards the summit.

This is a fresh-water shell, found in the lakes of Europe.

Shell thin and brittle, obliquely conical; summit pointed and recurved; margins simple, base oval and smooth.

Ancylus oblongus.Ancylus fluviatilis.

Ancylus oblongus.

Ancylus fluviatilis.

A. oblongus.The oblong Ancylus.

Aperture elongated, vertex turned to one side, striated concentrically; exterior pale yellowish colour, interior light blue.

A. fluviatilis.The river Ancylus. Pl.32, fig. 3.

Simple, oval, almost symmetrical; summit pointed, compressed, very distinct; bent back a little to the right, but not marginal; the edges of the aperture entire and effuse.

Acera Carnosa.

Formerly classed with the Bulla, but separated from it onaccount of the shell being entirely covered by the animal, and never externally visible.

Shell oval, thin, fragile, more or less involuted on one side, rendering the aperture more or less wide.

B. aperta.The open Bullæa. Pl.17, fig. 5.

Shell interior and very incompletely involuted, without spire or columella; sub-orbicular, white, transparent, faintly striated, and slightly wrinkled; almost entirely open.

The great confusion that existed in this genus, as classed by Linnæus, has been elucidated by the division and classification of Lamarck. This genus derived its name from the resemblance which some of the smaller species have to a bubble of water. Its shells are found in almost all parts of the world.

Shell external, oval, involuted; aperture very large, open the whole length of the shell, and generally wider at the base; outer edge sharp and smooth; summit umbilicated.

Bulla lignaria.B. ampulla.B. striata.B. naucum.B. physis.B. fasciata.B. aplustre.B. hydatis.B. cornea.B. fragilis.B. solida.

Bulla lignaria.

B. ampulla.

B. striata.

B. naucum.

B. physis.

B. fasciata.

B. aplustre.

B. hydatis.

B. cornea.

B. fragilis.

B. solida.

B. aplustre.The streamer-like Bulla. Pl.17, fig. 7.

Species completely involute; the spire very distinct, visible, but not projecting, with a kind of thickening at the anterior part of the columellar edge.

B. lignaria.The woodlike Bulla.

Species sub-involute, no visible spire either within or without, but narrowed towards the top when it is slightly umbilicated; yellowish brown colour, with transverse pale striæ.

B. hydatis.The watery Bulla.

Species more solid, thicker, almost entirely involute;whorls of the spire slightly visible in an umbilicus projecting interiorly from the summit.

B. naucum.The sea-nut Bulla.

Species thin; the whorls of the spire visible externally, but without projection, and with a suture as if caniculated without thickening at the anterior part of the columellar edge.

B. fragilis.The fragile Bulla.

Species very thin, rather involute; the whorls of the spire distinct within as without; the suture deep, angular, and cleft in a greater or less part of its length.

This genus may almost be said to have no testaceous covering, as it appears more like the element of a shell.

Aplysia depilans.A. fasciata.A. punctata.

Aplysia depilans.

A. fasciata.

A. punctata.

A. depilans.The bald Aplysia.

Shell dorsal, semicircular, of a thin yellow cartilaginous substance.

Closely allied to the Aplysia; it is a singularly formed shell, difficult to describe, as it contains few of the characteristics which distinguish other shells.

Shell rudimentary, entirely flat, sub-spiral, with a summit thick and very callous.

Dolabella Rumphii.Dolabella fragilis.

Dolabella Rumphii.

Dolabella fragilis.

D. Rumphii.Rumphius’s Dolabella.

Base thick, callous, and sub-spiral; dilated above, thin, and wedge-shaped.

FAMILY VI.Limacinea.Five genera.

Onchidium Typhæ.Onchidium Peronii.

Onchidium Typhæ.

Onchidium Peronii.

Lamarck has given a description of the animal of this genus, but only mentions that the scutcheon contains a shell or solid crustaceous body.

Parmacella Olivieri.

The animal belonging to this genus is furnished with a coriaceous shield, wrinkled.

Limax rufus.L. albus.L. cinerus.L. agrestis.

Limax rufus.

L. albus.

L. cinerus.

L. agrestis.

Shell external, very small, ear-shaped; very depressed, summit inclined posteriorly, not spiral; aperture oval, very large; the left edge sharp, a little rolled inward, especially behind.

T. Haliotidea.The Haliotis-shaped Testacella. Pl.17, fig. 6.

Answering to the above description; very thin, transparent, and yellowish.

Shell proportionally very small, extremely thin, pellucid, almost membranous, oval or sub-globular; spire very short, of which the last whorl is very large; aperture large, semilunar; the edges sharp; the left edge arched, and extending itself interiorly to the summit.

V. pellucida.The pellucid Vitrina. Pl.17, fig. 3.

Extremely thin, pellucid, and glossy; depressed, spirevery short; aperture large and oval; colour pale yellowish green.

According to the systematic arrangement of Lamarck, this genus now consists of shells with peculiar characteristic distinctions.

By Linnæus, marine, land, and fresh-water shells were united in this genus, and so confounded that the naturalist would often look in vain for the distinguishing characters which would enable him to class and determine the genus of the object under examination.

Notwithstanding the divisions of Lamarck, its species are numerous; the shells are terrestrial, and found in all parts of the globe; some are rare and beautiful.

The term Helix was given to this genus from the spiral form of the shell.

Shell extremely variable in form, generally globular, sometimes ventricose, conoid, never turriculated; summit constantly obtuse and rounded; aperture generally of a medium size, but sometimes very large or very small, always modified by the turn of the spire; oval, semilunar, more wide than long, edges disunited, entering but very little into the formation of the interior; the right lip or margin thickened or reflected.

Helix vesicalis.H. algira.H. pomatia.H. aspersa.H. vermiculata.H. alonensis.H. lineolata.H. picta.H. mutata.H. gigantea.H. polyzonalis.H. monozonalis.H. pulla.H. versicolor.H. Naticoides.H. Madagascariensis.H. galactites.H. hæmastoma.H. melanotragus.H. extensa.H. lucana.H. globulus.H. melanostoma.H. cælatura.H. microstoma.H. maculosa.H. Richardi.H. Bonplandii.H. planulata.H. labrella.H. ungulina.H. pellis-serpentis.H. Senegalensis.H. unidentata.H. cepa.H. heteroclites.H. discolor.H. lactea.H. zonaria.H. serpentina.H. Niciensis.H. variabilis.H. fruticum.H. neglecta.H. cespitum.H. ericetorum.H. intersecta.H. Carthusianella.H. Carthusiana.H. diaphana.H. concolor.H. velutina.H. Javanica.H. Peruviana.H. simplex.H. cidaris.H. citrina.H. guttata.H. verticillus.H. olivetorum.H. planospira.H. Barbadensis.H. sinuata.H. hippocastanum.H. bidentalis.H. argilacea.H. vittata.H. alanda.H. arbustorum.H. candidissima.H. nemoralis.H. hortensis.H. sylvatica.H. pisana.H. splendida.H. crenulata.H. planorbula.H. macularia.H. maritima.H. strigata.H. muralis.H. rugosa.H. cornea.H. linguifera.H. incarnata.H. cinctella.H. cellaria.H. nitida.H. obvoluta.H. Cookiana.H. pileus.H. papilla.H. punctifera.H. plicatula.H. planorbella.H. scabra.H. cariosa.H. plebeium.H. personata.H. hispida.H. rotundata.H. apicina.H. striata.H. conspurcata.H. conica.H. conoidea.H. pulchella.

Helix vesicalis.

H. algira.

H. pomatia.

H. aspersa.

H. vermiculata.

H. alonensis.

H. lineolata.

H. picta.

H. mutata.

H. gigantea.

H. polyzonalis.

H. monozonalis.

H. pulla.

H. versicolor.

H. Naticoides.

H. Madagascariensis.

H. galactites.

H. hæmastoma.

H. melanotragus.

H. extensa.

H. lucana.

H. globulus.

H. melanostoma.

H. cælatura.

H. microstoma.

H. maculosa.

H. Richardi.

H. Bonplandii.

H. planulata.

H. labrella.

H. ungulina.

H. pellis-serpentis.

H. Senegalensis.

H. unidentata.

H. cepa.

H. heteroclites.

H. discolor.

H. lactea.

H. zonaria.

H. serpentina.

H. Niciensis.

H. variabilis.

H. fruticum.

H. neglecta.

H. cespitum.

H. ericetorum.

H. intersecta.

H. Carthusianella.

H. Carthusiana.

H. diaphana.

H. concolor.

H. velutina.

H. Javanica.

H. Peruviana.

H. simplex.

H. cidaris.

H. citrina.

H. guttata.

H. verticillus.

H. olivetorum.

H. planospira.

H. Barbadensis.

H. sinuata.

H. hippocastanum.

H. bidentalis.

H. argilacea.

H. vittata.

H. alanda.

H. arbustorum.

H. candidissima.

H. nemoralis.

H. hortensis.

H. sylvatica.

H. pisana.

H. splendida.

H. crenulata.

H. planorbula.

H. macularia.

H. maritima.

H. strigata.

H. muralis.

H. rugosa.

H. cornea.

H. linguifera.

H. incarnata.

H. cinctella.

H. cellaria.

H. nitida.

H. obvoluta.

H. Cookiana.

H. pileus.

H. papilla.

H. punctifera.

H. plicatula.

H. planorbella.

H. scabra.

H. cariosa.

H. plebeium.

H. personata.

H. hispida.

H. rotundata.

H. apicina.

H. striata.

H. conspurcata.

H. conica.

H. conoidea.

H. pulchella.

H. algira.The yellow Snail. Pl.18, fig. 8.

Species shaped like a Planorbis, rough or hairy, more or less largely umbilicated, margin sharp.

H. Naticoides.The Natica-shaped Snail. Pl.18, fig. 7.

Species ventricose.

H. obvoluta.The small white-lipped Snail. Pl.18, fig. 9.

Species more or less depressed, umbilicated, Planorbis-shaped, the edges of the aperture thickened, callous, and even toothed.

H. conoides.The cone-shaped Snail. Pl.18, fig. 4.

Species conoidal; the turns of the spire rounded.

H. pomatia.The edible Snail.

Species sub-globular, not umbilicated; the margin of the aperture thickened; aperture covered with a calcareous lid resembling an operculum.

H. nitida.The pellucid Snail.

Species depressed, more or less largely umbilicated; the edges sharp, but always thin and shining.

H. nemoralis.The grove Snail.

Species imperforated, semi-globular, thin, and sub-pellucid; not umbilicated, with a light inflexion at the place of the junction of the columella with the margin of the aperture;colour various, inner margin white or reddish brown; volutions five, with several dark brown bands.

H. Carthusiana.The Carthusian Snail.

Species sub-depressed, sub-umbilicated, with a sharp edge, thickened within by a roll.

H. arbustorum.The orchard Snail.

Sub-globular, sub-pellucid, sub-umbilicated, five volutions, finely striated longitudinally; mottled with greenish yellow, streaked with deep chestnut, a broad brown band commonly at the edge of the outer lip, and running round through the volutions to the apex.

All terrestrial shells in this genus, taken from the Linnæan Helix on account of the peculiarity of the shell, which is orbicular, more or less flat on the upper part; the circumference of the shells constantly carinated or sub-carinated; aperture ovate, transverse, contiguous to the axis of the shells; outer lip sub-angular, sometimes toothed within.

Carocolla acutissima.C. albilabris.C. angistoma.C. labyrinthus.C. lucerna.C. inflata.C. Gualteriana.C. bicolor.C. Mauritiana.C. Madagascariensis.C. marginata.C. lychnuchus.C. planata.C. planaria.C. hispidula.C. lapicida.C. albella.C. elegans.

Carocolla acutissima.

C. albilabris.

C. angistoma.

C. labyrinthus.

C. lucerna.

C. inflata.

C. Gualteriana.

C. bicolor.

C. Mauritiana.

C. Madagascariensis.

C. marginata.

C. lychnuchus.

C. planata.

C. planaria.

C. hispidula.

C. lapicida.

C. albella.

C. elegans.

C. lapicida.The stone Carocolla. Pl.19, fig. 1.

Species discoid, very umbilicated; edges thick, but not toothed; beautiful bands.

C. elegans.The elegant Carocolla.

Species with a conical spire a little elevated, the base flat, the aperture square, with sharp edges.

C. labyrinthus.The winding Carocolla.

Species discoid, umbilicated, with the aperture toothed.

An extraordinary shell, sometimes called the antique lamp from its form.

Shell orbicular, the spire convex and obtuse; aperture round, toothed within, grinning, turned upward to the spire; margin reflected.

Anostoma depressa.Anostoma globulosa.

Anostoma depressa.

Anostoma globulosa.

A. depressa.The depressed Anostoma.

Sub-globular, depressed and sub-carinated in its circumference, not umbilicated; aperture round, the margin continued by a callosity, toothed, thickened, and turned towards the back of the shell.

A. globulosa.The globular Anostoma.

Globose, with two small punctures, one on each side of the lip; slightly carinated, smooth, and white; margin reflected.

A terrestrial shell, distinguished from the Helix by its transverse callous columella; depressed and diminished in thickness at the lower part.

Shell sub-globular or conoid, spire low, a little depressed; aperture semi-ovate, modified by the last turn of the spire; the edge of the aperture sharp or a little reflected in a roll, the left edge enlarged at its base in a large callosity, which entirely covers the umbilicus and joins obliquely with the columella, which is twisted and a little projecting; the operculum horny, complete, sometimes calcareous externally.

Helicina Neritella.H. striata.H. fasciata.H. viridis.

Helicina Neritella.

H. striata.

H. fasciata.

H. viridis.

H. Neritella.The Nerite-shaped Helicina. Pl.19, fig. 4.

Species yellowish white, finely striated, the edge reflected in a roll.

H. striata.The striated Helicina.

Globular, striated, the right edge sharp, but reflected; the umbilical callosity rather thick, the operculum calcareous and solidified by a marginal roll and a vertical crosspiece.

These shells are generally very small, some not more than an eighth of an inch in length; chiefly terrestrial.

Shell cylindrical, elongated, or sub-globular, ordinarily ventricose: summit obtuse; the turns of the spire numerous, almost equal; aperture round or oval, with margins almost equal, expanded, reflected; one or two plaits on the columellar edge, and several teeth, varying in number on the right margin.

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