v-APostscript to 4th edition of the Manual, price 6d.vi-AAs it is impossible to enable the reader to recognize rocks and minerals at sight by aid of verbal descriptions or figures, he will do well to obtain a well-arranged collection of specimens, such as may be procured from Mr. Tennant (149. Strand), teacher of Mineralogy at King's College, London.vii-ATravels in North America by the Author, vol. ii. chap. 22.vii-BIbid. 1842.viii-AQuart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1851, vol. vii. p. 250.ix-AThe generally received determination of the age of this rock is probably correct; but as there are no overlying coal-measures and no well-known Devonian fossils in the whitish stone of Elgin, and as I have not personally explored the geology of that district, I cannot speak as confidently as in regard to the age of the Montreal Chelonian.xii-AH. D. Rogers, Proceedings of Amer. Assoc. of Science, Albany, 1851.xii-BSee Memoir by the Author, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. vii. p. 240.xiii-AWürtembergisch. Naturwissen. Jahreshefte, 3 Jahr. Stuttgart, 1847.xiii-BNov. Act. Acad. Cæsar. Leopold. Nat. Cur. 1850, p. 902. For figures, see ibid. plate xxi. figs. 14, 15, 16, 17.xiv-ASee Manual,p. 268.xv-AManual,p. 289.xv-BIbid.p. 268.xvi-AFor Terminology, see Note, p. 223.xvi-BQuart. Journ. vol. vii. Memoirs, p. 111.xvii-APrinciples, 1st ed. chaps. v. and ix.xvii-BIbid. p. 153.xxi-APreface to 5th ed. of Studies of University of Cambridge.xxii-APrinciples, 4th ed. 1835, vol. i. p. 231, and vol. i. chap. 9. subsequent ed.xxii-BIn my Anniversary Address, for 1851, to the Geological Society, the reader will find a full discussion of the facts and arguments which bear on the theory of progressive development.—Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. vii.3-ASee Principles of Geology, by the Author, Index, "Nile," "Rivers," &c.4-ASeep. 18.4-BSee Geograph. Journ. vol. iv. p. 64.11-AThe kaolin of China consists of 71·15 parts of silex, 15·86 of alumine, 1·92 of lime, and 6·73 of water (W. Phillips, Mineralogy, p. 33.); but other porcelain clays differ materially, that of Cornwall being composed, according to Boase of nearly equal parts of silica and alumine, with 1 per cent. of magnesia. (Phil. Mag. vol. x. 1837.)11-BSee W. Phillips's Mineralogy, "Alumine."14-AConsult Index to Principles of Geology, "Stratification," "Currents," "Deltas," "Water," &c.21-ASiau. Edin. New Phil. Journ. vol. xxxi.; and Darwin, Volc. Islands, p. 134.28-ASee Synoptic Table in Blainville's Malacologie.29-AGray, Phil. Trans., 1835, p. 302.31-AFor figures of recent species, see below,p. 183., and figs. of fossils, seep. 228.32-ASee Index of Principles, "Fossilization."33-ASee Principles, Index, "Lym-Fiord."33-BSee below, Chap. XVIII., on the Wealden.34-ASee Principles, Index, "Calcareous Springs," &c.34-BIbid. "Travertin," "Coral Reefs," &c.35-AReport Brit. Ass. 1843, p. 178.36-ADr. MacCulloch, Syst. of Geol. vol. i. p. 123.36-BPrinc. of Geol., Index, "Superior Lake."37-ADe la Beche, Geol. Researches, p. 95., and Geol. Observer (1851), p. 686.41-AVol. i. p. 399. first series.41-BPiddington, Asiat. Research. vol. xviii. p. 226.42-AJam. Ed. New Phil. Journ. No. 30. p. 246.43-AStokes, Geol. Trans., vol. v. p. 212. second series.43-BIbid.46-AIn the first three editions of my Principles of Geology, I expressed many doubts as to the validity of the alleged proofs of a gradual rise of land in Sweden; but after visiting that country, in 1834, I retracted these objections, and published a detailed statement of the observations which led me to alter my opinion in the Phil. Trans. 1835, Part I. See also the Principles, 4th and subsequent editions.46-BSee his Journal of a Naturalist in Voyage of the Beagle, and his work on Coral Reefs.46-CSee chapters xxviii. to xxxi. inclusive.48-AEdin. Trans. vol. vii. pl. 3.50-AProceedings of Geol. Soc. vol. iii. p. 148.53-ASee plan by M. Chevalier, Burat's D'Aubuisson, tom. ii. p. 334.55-ASee M. Thurmann's work, "Essai sur les Soulèvemens Jurassiques du Porrentruy, Paris, 1832," with whom I examined part of these mountains in 1835.57-AI am indebted to the kindness of T. Sopwith, Esq., for three models which I have copied in the above diagrams; but the beginner may find it by no means easy to understand such copies, although, if he were to examine and handle the originals, turning them about in different ways, he would at once comprehend their meaning as well as the import of others far more complicated, which the same engineer has constructed to illustratefaults.60-ABiographical account of Dr. Hutton.60-BSee above, p. 49. and section.60-CPlayfair, ibid.; see his Works, Edin. 1822, vol. iv. p. 81.62-APlayfair, Illust. of Hutt. Theory, § 42.62-BGeol. Trans. second series, vol. v. p. 452.64-AConybeare and Phillips, Outlines, &c. p. 376.64-BPhillips, Geology, Lardner's Cyclop. p. 41.65-ASee the results of the "Geological Survey of Great Britain;" Memoirs, vols. i. and ii., by Sir H. De la Beche, Mr. A. C. Ramsay, and Mr. John Phillips.67-AWestern Islands, vol. ii. p. 93. pl. 31. fig. 4.69-ASee Mammat's Geological Facts, &c. p. 90. and plate.69-BConybeare's Report to Brit. Assoc. 1842, p. 381.70-APrestwich, Geol. Trans. second series, vol. v. pp. 452. 473.75-ASection given by Dr. Christie, Edin. New Phil. Journ. No. xxiii., called by mistake the Cave of Mardolce, by the late M. Hoffmann. See account by Mr. S. P. Pratt, F. G. S. Proceedings of Geol. Soc. No. 32. 1833.78-AI was directed by M. Deshayes to this spot, which I visited in June, 1833.78-BSee Trans. of Geol. Soc., second series, vol. v. plate v.82-ATrimmer, Proceedings of Geol. Soc. vol. iv. p. 7. 1842.83-ASee Lyell on Sand-pipes, &c., Phil. Mag., third series, vol. xv. p. 257., Oct. 1839.84-APrinciples of Geology, 7th ed. p. 506., 8th ed. 509.85-ASecond Visit to the U. S. vol. ii. chap. 34.88-A"Ancient Sea Margins," p. 114., by R. Chambers.91-ASee Principles, vol. i. chap. iv.103-AFor tertiary, Sir H. De la Beche has used the term "supracretaceous," a name implying that the strata so called are superior in position to the chalk.103-BProfessor Phillips has adopted these terms: Cainozoic, from καινος,cainos, recent, and ζωον,zoon, animal; Mesozoic, from μεσος,mesos, middle, &c.; Paleozoic, from παλαιος,palaios, ancient, &c.103-CProfessor Phillips has adopted these terms: Cainozoic, from καινος,cainos, recent, and ζωον,zoon, animal; Mesozoic, from μεσος,mesos, middle, &c.; Paleozoic, from παλαιος,palaios, ancient, &c.103-DProfessor Phillips has adopted these terms: Cainozoic, from καινος,cainos, recent, and ζωον,zoon, animal; Mesozoic, from μεσος,mesos, middle, &c.; Paleozoic, from παλαιος,palaios, ancient, &c.103-EPalæontology is the science which treats of fossil remains, both animal and vegetable. Etym. παλαιος,palaios, ancient, οντα,onta, beings, and λογος,logos, a discourse.110-ASee Princ. of Geol. vol. iii. 1st ed.112-ASee Principles, Index, "Serapis."113-AGeol. Quart. Journ. vol. ii. Memoirs, p. 15.114-AQuart. Geol. Journ. 4 Mems. p. 48.115-AJournal, p. 451.116-ASee Principles, 8th ed. pp. 260-268.117-ALyell's Second Visit to the United States, vol. ii. chap. xxxiv.119-APrinc. of Geol. 3d edition, 1834, vol. iii. p. 414.120-AProceedings Geol. Soc. No. 43. p. 222.122-AChap. xvi. and the references there given.122-BVoyage in 1822, p. 233.123-AT. L. Hayes, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. 1844.124-ASee paper by the author, Phil. Trans. 1835, p. 15.125-ASee above, section, p. 48.125-BGeol. of Fife, &c. p. 220.129-AFor a full account of the drift of East Norfolk, see a paper by the author, Phil. Mag. No. 104. May, 1840.130-AQuart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. vii. p. 22.131-AForbes, Memoirs of Geol. Survey of Great Britain, vol. i. p. 377.134-AGeol. Trans. 2d series, vol. vi. p. 135. Mr. Smith of Jordanhill had arrived at similar conclusions as to climate from the shells of the Scotch Pleistocene deposits.134-BProceedings of Geol. Soc. No. 63. p. 119.135-ATravels in N. America, vol. ii. p. 141.135-BIbid. p. 99. chap. xix.136-ABulletin Soc. Géol. de France, tom. iv. 2de sér. p. 1121.138-ASee Travels in N. America, vol. i. chap. ii.140-AAgassiz, Etudes sur les Glaciers.143-AArchiac, Hist. des Progrès, &c. vol. ii. p. 249.143-BSee Elements of Geology, 2d ed. 1841.144-ADarwin's Journal, p. 283.144-BMore recently Sir R. Murchison, having revisited the Alps, has declared his opinion that "the great granitic blocks of Mont Blanc were translated to the Jura when the intermediate country was under water."—Paper read to Geol. Soc. London, May 30, 1849.147-AMorris, Geol. Soc. Proceed., 1849.147-BWoodward's Geology of Norfolk.148-AZool. of Beagle, part 1. pp. 9. 111.149-AOwen, Brit. Foss. Mamm. 271.Mastodon longirostris, Kaup, seeibid.152-AI am indebted to Mr. Lonsdale for the details above given respecting the structure of this coral.155-AOwen, Brit. Foss. Mam. xxvi., and Buckland, Rel. Dil. 19. 24.155-BSee Principles of Geology.158-ASee Principles of Geology, chaps. xli. to xliv.162-ASee paper by E. Charlesworth, Esq.; London and Ed. Phil. Mag. No. xxxviii. p. 81., Aug. 1835.162-BSee Monograph on the Crag Mollusca. Searles Wood, Paleont. Soc. 1848.163-AIn regarding the Suffolk crag, both red and coralline, as older Pliocene instead of Miocene, I am only returning to the classification adopted by me in the Principles and Elements of Geology up to the year 1838.166-AE. Forbes, Mem. Geol. Survey, Gt. Brit., vol. i. 386.172-AProceedings of the Geol. Soc. vol. iv. part 3. 1845, p. 547.175-ABulletin des Sci. de la Soc. Philom., May, 1825, p. 74.176-AHébert. Bulletin. 1849, vol. vi. 2d series, p. 459.181-AScrope, Geology of Central France, p. 15.183-ASee Desmarest's Crustacea, plate 55.185-AI believe that the British specimen here figured is P.rhombica, Linn.189-ASee Proceedings of Roy. Soc., No. 44. p. 233.190-ALyell and Murchison, sur les Dépôts Lacust. Tertiaries du Cantal, &c. Ann. des Sci. Nat. Oct. 1829.191-ALeyde Magaz. voor Wetensch Konst en Lett., partie v. cahier i. p. 71. Cited by Rozet, Journ. de Géologie, tom. i. p. 43.191-BM. C. Prevost, Submersions Itératives, &c. Note 23.192-ACuvier, Oss. Foss., tom. iii. p. 255.194-AThis species is found both in the Paris and London basins.197-ACoquilles caractérist. des Terrains, 1831.197-BQuarterly Geol. Journal, vol. iii. p. 353.199-APrestwich, Quart. Geol. Journ. vol. iii. p. 386.199-BPalæont. Soc. Monograph. Rept. pt. ii. p. 61.202-AFor description of Eocene Cephalopoda, see Monograph by F. E. Edwards, Palæontograph. Soc. 1849.203-AAnnals of Nat. Hist. vol. iv. No. 23. Nov. 1839.206-AMurchison, Quart. Journ. of Geol. Soc. vol. v., and Lyell, vol. vi. 1850. Anniversary Address.206-BSee paper by the author, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. iv, p. 12.; and Second Visit to the U. S. vol. ii. p. 59.206-CQuart. Journ. Geol Soc. vol. vi. p. 32.207-ASee Memoir by R. W. Gibbes, Journ. of Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. vol. i. 1847.208-ALyell, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1847, vol. iv. p. 15.209-AM. Alcide d'Orbigny, in his valuable work entitled Paléontologie Française, has adopted new terms for the French subdivisions of the Cretaceous Series, which, so far as they can be made to tally with English equivalents, seem explicable thus:Danien.Maestricht beds.Senonien.Upper and lower white chalk, and chalk marl.Turonien.Part of the chalk marl and the upper greensand, the latter being in his last work (Cours Elémentaire) termed Cénomanien.Albien.Gault.Aptien.Upper part of lower greensand.Neocomien.Lower part of same.211-ASee paper by the author, Trans. of Geol. Soc., vol. v. p. 246., 1840.211-BFitton, Geol. Trans., 2d series, vol. iv. p. 319.215-AProceedings of Geol. Soc., vol. iii. pp. 7, 8., 1842.216-AGeol. Trans. Second Series, vol. iii. p. 232. plate 31. figs. 3. and 11.216-BGeol. of U. S. Exploring Exped. p. 252. 1849.217-ASee Chapters X. and XI.217-BDarwin, p. 549. Kotzebue's First Voyage, vol. iii. p. 155.217-CMantell, Geol. of S. E. of England, p. 96.219-ADr. Fitton, Quart. Geol. Journ., vol. i. p. 179., ii. p. 55., and iii. p. 289., where comparative sections and a valuable table showing the vertical range of the various fossils of the lower greensand at Atherfield is given.221-AArchiac, sur la Form. Crétacée du S. O. de la France, Mém. de la Soc. Géol. de France, tom. ii.222-AD'Orbigny's Paléontologie Française, pl. 533.223-AIn this and subsequent remarks on fossil plants I shall often use Dr. Lindley's terms, as most familiar in this country; but as those of M. A. Brongniart are much cited, it may be useful to geologists to give a table explaining the corresponding names of groups so much spoken of in palæontology.Brongniart.Lindley.Cryptogamic.{1. Cryptogamous amphigens, or cellular cryptogamic.Thallogens.Lichens, sea-weeds, fungi.2. Cryptogamous acrogens.Acrogens.Mosses, equisetums, ferns, lycopodiums—Lepidodendron.Phanerogamic.{3. Dicotyledonous gymnosperms.Gymnogens.Conifers and Cycads.4. Dicot. Angiosperms.Exogens.Compositæ, leguminosæ, umbelliferæ, cruciferæ, heaths, &c. All native European trees except conifers.5. Monocotyledons.Endogens.Palms, lilies, aloes, rushes, grasses, &c.223-BA. Brongniart, Veget. Foss. Dict. Univ., p. 111., 1849.224-ASee a paper by the author, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. i. p. 55.225-AProceed. Geol. Soc. iv. p. 391.225-BSee Forbes, Quart. Geol. Journ. vol. i. p. 79.227-ADr. Fitton, Geol. Trans. vol. iv. p. 320. Second Series.230-AMantell, Geol. of S. E. of England, p. 244.231-A"On the Dorsetshire Purbecks," by Prof. E. Forbes, Edinb. Brit. Assoc., Aug. 1850.233-AMr. Webster first noticed the erect position of the trees and described the Dirt-bed.233-BFitton, Geol. Trans., Second Series, vol. iv. pp. 220, 221.233-CSee Flinders' Voyage.233-DFitton, ibid.233-EBuckland and De la Beche, Geol. Trans., Second Series, vol. iv. p. 16. Mr. Forbes has ascertained that the subjacent rock is a freshwater limestone, and not a portion of the Portland oolite, as was previously imagined.234-AE. Forbes, ibid.235-ASee Principles of Geol., 8th ed. pp. 260-268.235-BIbid. p. 443.237-AFitton, Geol. of Hastings, p. 58.; who cites Lander's Travels.237-BSee above, p. 85.; and Second Visit to the U. S. vol. ii. chap. xxxiv.237-CSee the Author's Anniv. Address, Geol. Soc. 1850, Quart. Geol. Journ. vol. vi. p. 52.241-AAn account of these cliffs was read by the author to the British Assoc. at Glasgow, Sept. 1840.241-BSeine-Inferieure, p. 142. and pl. 6. fig. 1.243-ABotley Hill, near Godstone, in Surrey, was found by trigonometrical measurement to be 880 feet above the level of the sea; and Wrotham Hill, near Maidstone, which appears to be next in height of the North Downs, 795 feet.243-BMy friend Dr. Mantell has kindly drawn up this scale at my request.244-AFitton, Geol. of Hastings, p. 55.244-BConybeare, Outlines of Geol., p. 81.245-AIbid., p. 145.245-BGeol. of Western Sussex, p. 61.247-ASee illustrations of this theory by Dr. Fitton, Geol. Sketch of Hastings.248-ASir E. Murchison, Geol. Sketch of Sussex, &c., Geol. Trans., Second Series, vol. ii. p. 98.248-BSeefig. 94.p. 76.251-AGeol. Soc. Proceed. No. 74. p. 363. 1841, and G. S. Trans. 2 Ser. v. 7.251-BFor farther information, see Mantell's Geol. of S. E. of England, p. 352.252-ASoulèvemens Jurassiques. Paris, 1832.253-ASee above, p. 82.257-ASee Mantell's Geol. of S. E. of England, p. 32. After re-examining the elephant bed in 1834, I was no longer in doubt of its having been a regular subaqueous deposit. In 1828, Dr. Mantell discovered in the shingle below the chalk-rubble the jawbone of a whale 12 feet long, which must have belonged to an individual from 60 to 70 feet in length, Medals of Creation, p. 825.259-ASee Chapters VI. and XIX.261-AFitton, Geol. Trans., Second Series, vol. iv. pl. 23. fig. 12.262-AS. P. Pratt, Annals of Nat. Hist., November, 1841.263-ASee Phil. Trans. 1850, p. 393.263-BP. Scrope, Geol. Proceed., March, 1831.265-AFor a fuller account of these Encrinites, see Buckland's Bridgewater Treatise, vol. i. p. 429.266-ALycett, Quart. Geol. Journ. vol. iv. p. 183.266-BProceedings Geol. Soc. vol. i. p. 414.267-ASee Buckland's Bridgewater Treatise; and Brodie's Fossil Insects, where it is suggested that these elytra may belong toPriomus.267-BVol. i. p. 115.269-AI have given a figure in the Principles of Geology, chap. ix., of another Stonesfield specimen ofAmphitherium Prevostii, in which the sockets and roots of the teeth are finely exposed.269-BA figure of this recentMyrmecobiuswill be found in the Principles, chap. ix.270-AOwen's British Fossil Mammals, p. 62.271-AIbbetson and Morris, Report of Brit. Ass., 1847, p. 131.274-AConyb. and Phil. p. 261.275-AAgassiz, Pois. Fos. vol. ii. tab. 28, 29.276-ABridgewater Treatise, p. 290.276-BAgassiz, Poissons Fossiles, vol. iii. tab. C. fig. 1.276-CIbid. p. 168.276-DIbid. p. 187.277-AGeol. Soc. Proceedings, vol. iii. p. 157. 1839.277-BGeol. Trans. Second Series, vol. v. p. 511.278-AGeol. Trans., Second Series, vol. i. pl. 49.278-BConybeare and De la Beche. Geol. Trans.; and Buckland, Bridgew. Treat., p. 203.278-CQuart. Geol. Journ. vol. ii. p. 411.279-AΑμβλυς,amblys, blunt; and ῥυγχος,rhynchus, snout.280-ADarwin's Journal, chap. xix.280-BBridgew. Treat., p. 125.281-AGeological Researches, p. 334.281-BBuckland, Bridgew. Treat., p. 307.281-CIbid.281-DSee Principles,Index, Lancerote, Graham Island, Calabria.281-EA History of Fossil Insects, &c. 1845. London.282-ATableau des Veg. Fos. 1849, p. 105.283-ACon. and Phil., p. 166.283-BGeol. Researches, p. 337.283-CBurat's D'Aubuisson, tom. ii. p. 456.285-ASee description of the coal-field by the author, and the plants by C. J. F. Bunbury, Esq., Quart. Geol. Journ., vol. iii. p. 281.286-ABuckland, Bridgew. Treat., vol. ii. p. 38.287-AMonog. des Bunten Sandsteins.288-ATableau des Genres de Veg. Fos., Dict. Univ. 1849.290-AGeol. Trans., Second Series, vol. v.290-BBuckland, Proc. Geol. Soc. vol. ii. p. 439.; and Murchison and Strickland Geol. Trans., Second Ser., vol. v. p. 347.295-AOrmerod, Quart. Geol. Journ. 1848, vol. iv. p. 277.296-AHugh Miller, First Impressions of England, 1847, pp. 183. 214.297-ABuist, Trans. of Bombay Geograph. Soc. 1850, vol. ix. p. 38.297-BTravels in North America, vol. ii. p. 168.298-AHitchcock, Mem. of Amer. Acad. New Ser., vol. iii. p. 129.298-BThis specimen is now in Dr. Mantell's museum.299-AAmer. Journ. of Sci. vol. xlviii. p. 46.300-AJournal of Voyage of Beagle, &c. 2d edition, p. 89. 1845.301-APalæontographical Society, 1848, London.302-ATrans. Geol. Soc. Lond., Second Series, vol. iii. p. 37.303-AKing's Monograph, pl. 2.306-ASee paper by Messrs. Riley and Stutchbury, Geol. Trans., Second Series, vol. v. p. 349., plate 29., figures 2. and 5.306-BOwen, Report on Reptiles, British Assoc., Eleventh Meeting, 1841, p. 197.307-AMurchison's Russia, vol. ii. pl. A. fig. 3.308-APhillips; art. "Geology," Encyc. Britan.309-ASedgwick, Geol. Trans., Second Series, vol. iv.; and Phillips, Geol. of Yorksh. part 2.309-BMemoirs of Geol. Survey, vol. i. p. 195.315-AThe trunk in this case is referred by Mr. Brown toLepidodendron, but his illustrations seem to show the usual markings assumed bySigillarianear its base.316-AFor terminology of classification of plants, see above, note, p. 223.316-BQuart. Geol. Journ., vol. v., Mem., p. 17.317-AAnniv. Address to Geol. Soc., 1840.317-BHawkshaw, Geol. Soc. Proceedings, Nos. 64. and 69.318-AGeol. Report on Cornwall, &c. p. 143.318-BLindley and Hutton, Foss. Flo. part 6. p. 150.319-ASee papers by Messrs. Beckett and Ick. Proceed. in Geol. Soc., vol. iv. p. 287.319-BAnnales des Mines, 1821.320-APrinciples of Geol., 8th ed., p. 215.321-ASee figures of texture, Witham, Foss. Veget., pl. 3.321-BSee Lyell's Travels in N. America, vol. ii. p. 179.322-AQuart. Geol. Journ., vol. ii. p. 177.324-AGeol. Quart. Journ., vol. ii. p. 393.; and vol. vi. p. 115.325-APrestwich, Geol. Trans., 2d Series, vol. v. p. 440. Murchison, Silurian System, p. 105.325-BSilurian System, p. 84.325-CTrans. Roy. Soc. Edin. vol. xiii. Horner, Edin. New Phil. Journ., April, 1836.325-DPhillips; art. "Geology," Encyc. Metrop., p. 590.326-APhillips; art. "Geology," Encyc. Metrop., p. 592.326-BMemoirs of Geol. Survey, pp. 51. 255, &c.329-AH. D. Rogers, Trans. Assoc. Amer. Geol., 1840-42, p. 440.333-ATrans. of Ass. of Amer. Geol., p. 470.334-ALyell's Second Visit to the U. S., vol. ii. p. 245. American Journ. of Sci., 2d series, vol. v. p. 17.
v-APostscript to 4th edition of the Manual, price 6d.
vi-AAs it is impossible to enable the reader to recognize rocks and minerals at sight by aid of verbal descriptions or figures, he will do well to obtain a well-arranged collection of specimens, such as may be procured from Mr. Tennant (149. Strand), teacher of Mineralogy at King's College, London.
vii-ATravels in North America by the Author, vol. ii. chap. 22.
vii-BIbid. 1842.
viii-AQuart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1851, vol. vii. p. 250.
ix-AThe generally received determination of the age of this rock is probably correct; but as there are no overlying coal-measures and no well-known Devonian fossils in the whitish stone of Elgin, and as I have not personally explored the geology of that district, I cannot speak as confidently as in regard to the age of the Montreal Chelonian.
xii-AH. D. Rogers, Proceedings of Amer. Assoc. of Science, Albany, 1851.
xii-BSee Memoir by the Author, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. vii. p. 240.
xiii-AWürtembergisch. Naturwissen. Jahreshefte, 3 Jahr. Stuttgart, 1847.
xiii-BNov. Act. Acad. Cæsar. Leopold. Nat. Cur. 1850, p. 902. For figures, see ibid. plate xxi. figs. 14, 15, 16, 17.
xiv-ASee Manual,p. 268.
xv-AManual,p. 289.
xv-BIbid.p. 268.
xvi-AFor Terminology, see Note, p. 223.
xvi-BQuart. Journ. vol. vii. Memoirs, p. 111.
xvii-APrinciples, 1st ed. chaps. v. and ix.
xvii-BIbid. p. 153.
xxi-APreface to 5th ed. of Studies of University of Cambridge.
xxii-APrinciples, 4th ed. 1835, vol. i. p. 231, and vol. i. chap. 9. subsequent ed.
xxii-BIn my Anniversary Address, for 1851, to the Geological Society, the reader will find a full discussion of the facts and arguments which bear on the theory of progressive development.—Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. vii.
3-ASee Principles of Geology, by the Author, Index, "Nile," "Rivers," &c.
4-ASeep. 18.
4-BSee Geograph. Journ. vol. iv. p. 64.
11-AThe kaolin of China consists of 71·15 parts of silex, 15·86 of alumine, 1·92 of lime, and 6·73 of water (W. Phillips, Mineralogy, p. 33.); but other porcelain clays differ materially, that of Cornwall being composed, according to Boase of nearly equal parts of silica and alumine, with 1 per cent. of magnesia. (Phil. Mag. vol. x. 1837.)
11-BSee W. Phillips's Mineralogy, "Alumine."
14-AConsult Index to Principles of Geology, "Stratification," "Currents," "Deltas," "Water," &c.
21-ASiau. Edin. New Phil. Journ. vol. xxxi.; and Darwin, Volc. Islands, p. 134.
28-ASee Synoptic Table in Blainville's Malacologie.
29-AGray, Phil. Trans., 1835, p. 302.
31-AFor figures of recent species, see below,p. 183., and figs. of fossils, seep. 228.
32-ASee Index of Principles, "Fossilization."
33-ASee Principles, Index, "Lym-Fiord."
33-BSee below, Chap. XVIII., on the Wealden.
34-ASee Principles, Index, "Calcareous Springs," &c.
34-BIbid. "Travertin," "Coral Reefs," &c.
35-AReport Brit. Ass. 1843, p. 178.
36-ADr. MacCulloch, Syst. of Geol. vol. i. p. 123.
36-BPrinc. of Geol., Index, "Superior Lake."
37-ADe la Beche, Geol. Researches, p. 95., and Geol. Observer (1851), p. 686.
41-AVol. i. p. 399. first series.
41-BPiddington, Asiat. Research. vol. xviii. p. 226.
42-AJam. Ed. New Phil. Journ. No. 30. p. 246.
43-AStokes, Geol. Trans., vol. v. p. 212. second series.
43-BIbid.
46-AIn the first three editions of my Principles of Geology, I expressed many doubts as to the validity of the alleged proofs of a gradual rise of land in Sweden; but after visiting that country, in 1834, I retracted these objections, and published a detailed statement of the observations which led me to alter my opinion in the Phil. Trans. 1835, Part I. See also the Principles, 4th and subsequent editions.
46-BSee his Journal of a Naturalist in Voyage of the Beagle, and his work on Coral Reefs.
46-CSee chapters xxviii. to xxxi. inclusive.
48-AEdin. Trans. vol. vii. pl. 3.
50-AProceedings of Geol. Soc. vol. iii. p. 148.
53-ASee plan by M. Chevalier, Burat's D'Aubuisson, tom. ii. p. 334.
55-ASee M. Thurmann's work, "Essai sur les Soulèvemens Jurassiques du Porrentruy, Paris, 1832," with whom I examined part of these mountains in 1835.
57-AI am indebted to the kindness of T. Sopwith, Esq., for three models which I have copied in the above diagrams; but the beginner may find it by no means easy to understand such copies, although, if he were to examine and handle the originals, turning them about in different ways, he would at once comprehend their meaning as well as the import of others far more complicated, which the same engineer has constructed to illustratefaults.
60-ABiographical account of Dr. Hutton.
60-BSee above, p. 49. and section.
60-CPlayfair, ibid.; see his Works, Edin. 1822, vol. iv. p. 81.
62-APlayfair, Illust. of Hutt. Theory, § 42.
62-BGeol. Trans. second series, vol. v. p. 452.
64-AConybeare and Phillips, Outlines, &c. p. 376.
64-BPhillips, Geology, Lardner's Cyclop. p. 41.
65-ASee the results of the "Geological Survey of Great Britain;" Memoirs, vols. i. and ii., by Sir H. De la Beche, Mr. A. C. Ramsay, and Mr. John Phillips.
67-AWestern Islands, vol. ii. p. 93. pl. 31. fig. 4.
69-ASee Mammat's Geological Facts, &c. p. 90. and plate.
69-BConybeare's Report to Brit. Assoc. 1842, p. 381.
70-APrestwich, Geol. Trans. second series, vol. v. pp. 452. 473.
75-ASection given by Dr. Christie, Edin. New Phil. Journ. No. xxiii., called by mistake the Cave of Mardolce, by the late M. Hoffmann. See account by Mr. S. P. Pratt, F. G. S. Proceedings of Geol. Soc. No. 32. 1833.
78-AI was directed by M. Deshayes to this spot, which I visited in June, 1833.
78-BSee Trans. of Geol. Soc., second series, vol. v. plate v.
82-ATrimmer, Proceedings of Geol. Soc. vol. iv. p. 7. 1842.
83-ASee Lyell on Sand-pipes, &c., Phil. Mag., third series, vol. xv. p. 257., Oct. 1839.
84-APrinciples of Geology, 7th ed. p. 506., 8th ed. 509.
85-ASecond Visit to the U. S. vol. ii. chap. 34.
88-A"Ancient Sea Margins," p. 114., by R. Chambers.
91-ASee Principles, vol. i. chap. iv.
103-AFor tertiary, Sir H. De la Beche has used the term "supracretaceous," a name implying that the strata so called are superior in position to the chalk.
103-BProfessor Phillips has adopted these terms: Cainozoic, from καινος,cainos, recent, and ζωον,zoon, animal; Mesozoic, from μεσος,mesos, middle, &c.; Paleozoic, from παλαιος,palaios, ancient, &c.
103-CProfessor Phillips has adopted these terms: Cainozoic, from καινος,cainos, recent, and ζωον,zoon, animal; Mesozoic, from μεσος,mesos, middle, &c.; Paleozoic, from παλαιος,palaios, ancient, &c.
103-DProfessor Phillips has adopted these terms: Cainozoic, from καινος,cainos, recent, and ζωον,zoon, animal; Mesozoic, from μεσος,mesos, middle, &c.; Paleozoic, from παλαιος,palaios, ancient, &c.
103-EPalæontology is the science which treats of fossil remains, both animal and vegetable. Etym. παλαιος,palaios, ancient, οντα,onta, beings, and λογος,logos, a discourse.
110-ASee Princ. of Geol. vol. iii. 1st ed.
112-ASee Principles, Index, "Serapis."
113-AGeol. Quart. Journ. vol. ii. Memoirs, p. 15.
114-AQuart. Geol. Journ. 4 Mems. p. 48.
115-AJournal, p. 451.
116-ASee Principles, 8th ed. pp. 260-268.
117-ALyell's Second Visit to the United States, vol. ii. chap. xxxiv.
119-APrinc. of Geol. 3d edition, 1834, vol. iii. p. 414.
120-AProceedings Geol. Soc. No. 43. p. 222.
122-AChap. xvi. and the references there given.
122-BVoyage in 1822, p. 233.
123-AT. L. Hayes, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. 1844.
124-ASee paper by the author, Phil. Trans. 1835, p. 15.
125-ASee above, section, p. 48.
125-BGeol. of Fife, &c. p. 220.
129-AFor a full account of the drift of East Norfolk, see a paper by the author, Phil. Mag. No. 104. May, 1840.
130-AQuart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. vii. p. 22.
131-AForbes, Memoirs of Geol. Survey of Great Britain, vol. i. p. 377.
134-AGeol. Trans. 2d series, vol. vi. p. 135. Mr. Smith of Jordanhill had arrived at similar conclusions as to climate from the shells of the Scotch Pleistocene deposits.
134-BProceedings of Geol. Soc. No. 63. p. 119.
135-ATravels in N. America, vol. ii. p. 141.
135-BIbid. p. 99. chap. xix.
136-ABulletin Soc. Géol. de France, tom. iv. 2de sér. p. 1121.
138-ASee Travels in N. America, vol. i. chap. ii.
140-AAgassiz, Etudes sur les Glaciers.
143-AArchiac, Hist. des Progrès, &c. vol. ii. p. 249.
143-BSee Elements of Geology, 2d ed. 1841.
144-ADarwin's Journal, p. 283.
144-BMore recently Sir R. Murchison, having revisited the Alps, has declared his opinion that "the great granitic blocks of Mont Blanc were translated to the Jura when the intermediate country was under water."—Paper read to Geol. Soc. London, May 30, 1849.
147-AMorris, Geol. Soc. Proceed., 1849.
147-BWoodward's Geology of Norfolk.
148-AZool. of Beagle, part 1. pp. 9. 111.
149-AOwen, Brit. Foss. Mamm. 271.Mastodon longirostris, Kaup, seeibid.
152-AI am indebted to Mr. Lonsdale for the details above given respecting the structure of this coral.
155-AOwen, Brit. Foss. Mam. xxvi., and Buckland, Rel. Dil. 19. 24.
155-BSee Principles of Geology.
158-ASee Principles of Geology, chaps. xli. to xliv.
162-ASee paper by E. Charlesworth, Esq.; London and Ed. Phil. Mag. No. xxxviii. p. 81., Aug. 1835.
162-BSee Monograph on the Crag Mollusca. Searles Wood, Paleont. Soc. 1848.
163-AIn regarding the Suffolk crag, both red and coralline, as older Pliocene instead of Miocene, I am only returning to the classification adopted by me in the Principles and Elements of Geology up to the year 1838.
166-AE. Forbes, Mem. Geol. Survey, Gt. Brit., vol. i. 386.
172-AProceedings of the Geol. Soc. vol. iv. part 3. 1845, p. 547.
175-ABulletin des Sci. de la Soc. Philom., May, 1825, p. 74.
176-AHébert. Bulletin. 1849, vol. vi. 2d series, p. 459.
181-AScrope, Geology of Central France, p. 15.
183-ASee Desmarest's Crustacea, plate 55.
185-AI believe that the British specimen here figured is P.rhombica, Linn.
189-ASee Proceedings of Roy. Soc., No. 44. p. 233.
190-ALyell and Murchison, sur les Dépôts Lacust. Tertiaries du Cantal, &c. Ann. des Sci. Nat. Oct. 1829.
191-ALeyde Magaz. voor Wetensch Konst en Lett., partie v. cahier i. p. 71. Cited by Rozet, Journ. de Géologie, tom. i. p. 43.
191-BM. C. Prevost, Submersions Itératives, &c. Note 23.
192-ACuvier, Oss. Foss., tom. iii. p. 255.
194-AThis species is found both in the Paris and London basins.
197-ACoquilles caractérist. des Terrains, 1831.
197-BQuarterly Geol. Journal, vol. iii. p. 353.
199-APrestwich, Quart. Geol. Journ. vol. iii. p. 386.
199-BPalæont. Soc. Monograph. Rept. pt. ii. p. 61.
202-AFor description of Eocene Cephalopoda, see Monograph by F. E. Edwards, Palæontograph. Soc. 1849.
203-AAnnals of Nat. Hist. vol. iv. No. 23. Nov. 1839.
206-AMurchison, Quart. Journ. of Geol. Soc. vol. v., and Lyell, vol. vi. 1850. Anniversary Address.
206-BSee paper by the author, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. iv, p. 12.; and Second Visit to the U. S. vol. ii. p. 59.
206-CQuart. Journ. Geol Soc. vol. vi. p. 32.
207-ASee Memoir by R. W. Gibbes, Journ. of Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. vol. i. 1847.
208-ALyell, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1847, vol. iv. p. 15.
209-AM. Alcide d'Orbigny, in his valuable work entitled Paléontologie Française, has adopted new terms for the French subdivisions of the Cretaceous Series, which, so far as they can be made to tally with English equivalents, seem explicable thus:
211-ASee paper by the author, Trans. of Geol. Soc., vol. v. p. 246., 1840.
211-BFitton, Geol. Trans., 2d series, vol. iv. p. 319.
215-AProceedings of Geol. Soc., vol. iii. pp. 7, 8., 1842.
216-AGeol. Trans. Second Series, vol. iii. p. 232. plate 31. figs. 3. and 11.
216-BGeol. of U. S. Exploring Exped. p. 252. 1849.
217-ASee Chapters X. and XI.
217-BDarwin, p. 549. Kotzebue's First Voyage, vol. iii. p. 155.
217-CMantell, Geol. of S. E. of England, p. 96.
219-ADr. Fitton, Quart. Geol. Journ., vol. i. p. 179., ii. p. 55., and iii. p. 289., where comparative sections and a valuable table showing the vertical range of the various fossils of the lower greensand at Atherfield is given.
221-AArchiac, sur la Form. Crétacée du S. O. de la France, Mém. de la Soc. Géol. de France, tom. ii.
222-AD'Orbigny's Paléontologie Française, pl. 533.
223-AIn this and subsequent remarks on fossil plants I shall often use Dr. Lindley's terms, as most familiar in this country; but as those of M. A. Brongniart are much cited, it may be useful to geologists to give a table explaining the corresponding names of groups so much spoken of in palæontology.
223-BA. Brongniart, Veget. Foss. Dict. Univ., p. 111., 1849.
224-ASee a paper by the author, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. i. p. 55.
225-AProceed. Geol. Soc. iv. p. 391.
225-BSee Forbes, Quart. Geol. Journ. vol. i. p. 79.
227-ADr. Fitton, Geol. Trans. vol. iv. p. 320. Second Series.
230-AMantell, Geol. of S. E. of England, p. 244.
231-A"On the Dorsetshire Purbecks," by Prof. E. Forbes, Edinb. Brit. Assoc., Aug. 1850.
233-AMr. Webster first noticed the erect position of the trees and described the Dirt-bed.
233-BFitton, Geol. Trans., Second Series, vol. iv. pp. 220, 221.
233-CSee Flinders' Voyage.
233-DFitton, ibid.
233-EBuckland and De la Beche, Geol. Trans., Second Series, vol. iv. p. 16. Mr. Forbes has ascertained that the subjacent rock is a freshwater limestone, and not a portion of the Portland oolite, as was previously imagined.
234-AE. Forbes, ibid.
235-ASee Principles of Geol., 8th ed. pp. 260-268.
235-BIbid. p. 443.
237-AFitton, Geol. of Hastings, p. 58.; who cites Lander's Travels.
237-BSee above, p. 85.; and Second Visit to the U. S. vol. ii. chap. xxxiv.
237-CSee the Author's Anniv. Address, Geol. Soc. 1850, Quart. Geol. Journ. vol. vi. p. 52.
241-AAn account of these cliffs was read by the author to the British Assoc. at Glasgow, Sept. 1840.
241-BSeine-Inferieure, p. 142. and pl. 6. fig. 1.
243-ABotley Hill, near Godstone, in Surrey, was found by trigonometrical measurement to be 880 feet above the level of the sea; and Wrotham Hill, near Maidstone, which appears to be next in height of the North Downs, 795 feet.
243-BMy friend Dr. Mantell has kindly drawn up this scale at my request.
244-AFitton, Geol. of Hastings, p. 55.
244-BConybeare, Outlines of Geol., p. 81.
245-AIbid., p. 145.
245-BGeol. of Western Sussex, p. 61.
247-ASee illustrations of this theory by Dr. Fitton, Geol. Sketch of Hastings.
248-ASir E. Murchison, Geol. Sketch of Sussex, &c., Geol. Trans., Second Series, vol. ii. p. 98.
248-BSeefig. 94.p. 76.
251-AGeol. Soc. Proceed. No. 74. p. 363. 1841, and G. S. Trans. 2 Ser. v. 7.
251-BFor farther information, see Mantell's Geol. of S. E. of England, p. 352.
252-ASoulèvemens Jurassiques. Paris, 1832.
253-ASee above, p. 82.
257-ASee Mantell's Geol. of S. E. of England, p. 32. After re-examining the elephant bed in 1834, I was no longer in doubt of its having been a regular subaqueous deposit. In 1828, Dr. Mantell discovered in the shingle below the chalk-rubble the jawbone of a whale 12 feet long, which must have belonged to an individual from 60 to 70 feet in length, Medals of Creation, p. 825.
259-ASee Chapters VI. and XIX.
261-AFitton, Geol. Trans., Second Series, vol. iv. pl. 23. fig. 12.
262-AS. P. Pratt, Annals of Nat. Hist., November, 1841.
263-ASee Phil. Trans. 1850, p. 393.
263-BP. Scrope, Geol. Proceed., March, 1831.
265-AFor a fuller account of these Encrinites, see Buckland's Bridgewater Treatise, vol. i. p. 429.
266-ALycett, Quart. Geol. Journ. vol. iv. p. 183.
266-BProceedings Geol. Soc. vol. i. p. 414.
267-ASee Buckland's Bridgewater Treatise; and Brodie's Fossil Insects, where it is suggested that these elytra may belong toPriomus.
267-BVol. i. p. 115.
269-AI have given a figure in the Principles of Geology, chap. ix., of another Stonesfield specimen ofAmphitherium Prevostii, in which the sockets and roots of the teeth are finely exposed.
269-BA figure of this recentMyrmecobiuswill be found in the Principles, chap. ix.
270-AOwen's British Fossil Mammals, p. 62.
271-AIbbetson and Morris, Report of Brit. Ass., 1847, p. 131.
274-AConyb. and Phil. p. 261.
275-AAgassiz, Pois. Fos. vol. ii. tab. 28, 29.
276-ABridgewater Treatise, p. 290.
276-BAgassiz, Poissons Fossiles, vol. iii. tab. C. fig. 1.
276-CIbid. p. 168.
276-DIbid. p. 187.
277-AGeol. Soc. Proceedings, vol. iii. p. 157. 1839.
277-BGeol. Trans. Second Series, vol. v. p. 511.
278-AGeol. Trans., Second Series, vol. i. pl. 49.
278-BConybeare and De la Beche. Geol. Trans.; and Buckland, Bridgew. Treat., p. 203.
278-CQuart. Geol. Journ. vol. ii. p. 411.
279-AΑμβλυς,amblys, blunt; and ῥυγχος,rhynchus, snout.
280-ADarwin's Journal, chap. xix.
280-BBridgew. Treat., p. 125.
281-AGeological Researches, p. 334.
281-BBuckland, Bridgew. Treat., p. 307.
281-CIbid.
281-DSee Principles,Index, Lancerote, Graham Island, Calabria.
281-EA History of Fossil Insects, &c. 1845. London.
282-ATableau des Veg. Fos. 1849, p. 105.
283-ACon. and Phil., p. 166.
283-BGeol. Researches, p. 337.
283-CBurat's D'Aubuisson, tom. ii. p. 456.
285-ASee description of the coal-field by the author, and the plants by C. J. F. Bunbury, Esq., Quart. Geol. Journ., vol. iii. p. 281.
286-ABuckland, Bridgew. Treat., vol. ii. p. 38.
287-AMonog. des Bunten Sandsteins.
288-ATableau des Genres de Veg. Fos., Dict. Univ. 1849.
290-AGeol. Trans., Second Series, vol. v.
290-BBuckland, Proc. Geol. Soc. vol. ii. p. 439.; and Murchison and Strickland Geol. Trans., Second Ser., vol. v. p. 347.
295-AOrmerod, Quart. Geol. Journ. 1848, vol. iv. p. 277.
296-AHugh Miller, First Impressions of England, 1847, pp. 183. 214.
297-ABuist, Trans. of Bombay Geograph. Soc. 1850, vol. ix. p. 38.
297-BTravels in North America, vol. ii. p. 168.
298-AHitchcock, Mem. of Amer. Acad. New Ser., vol. iii. p. 129.
298-BThis specimen is now in Dr. Mantell's museum.
299-AAmer. Journ. of Sci. vol. xlviii. p. 46.
300-AJournal of Voyage of Beagle, &c. 2d edition, p. 89. 1845.
301-APalæontographical Society, 1848, London.
302-ATrans. Geol. Soc. Lond., Second Series, vol. iii. p. 37.
303-AKing's Monograph, pl. 2.
306-ASee paper by Messrs. Riley and Stutchbury, Geol. Trans., Second Series, vol. v. p. 349., plate 29., figures 2. and 5.
306-BOwen, Report on Reptiles, British Assoc., Eleventh Meeting, 1841, p. 197.
307-AMurchison's Russia, vol. ii. pl. A. fig. 3.
308-APhillips; art. "Geology," Encyc. Britan.
309-ASedgwick, Geol. Trans., Second Series, vol. iv.; and Phillips, Geol. of Yorksh. part 2.
309-BMemoirs of Geol. Survey, vol. i. p. 195.
315-AThe trunk in this case is referred by Mr. Brown toLepidodendron, but his illustrations seem to show the usual markings assumed bySigillarianear its base.
316-AFor terminology of classification of plants, see above, note, p. 223.
316-BQuart. Geol. Journ., vol. v., Mem., p. 17.
317-AAnniv. Address to Geol. Soc., 1840.
317-BHawkshaw, Geol. Soc. Proceedings, Nos. 64. and 69.
318-AGeol. Report on Cornwall, &c. p. 143.
318-BLindley and Hutton, Foss. Flo. part 6. p. 150.
319-ASee papers by Messrs. Beckett and Ick. Proceed. in Geol. Soc., vol. iv. p. 287.
319-BAnnales des Mines, 1821.
320-APrinciples of Geol., 8th ed., p. 215.
321-ASee figures of texture, Witham, Foss. Veget., pl. 3.
321-BSee Lyell's Travels in N. America, vol. ii. p. 179.
322-AQuart. Geol. Journ., vol. ii. p. 177.
324-AGeol. Quart. Journ., vol. ii. p. 393.; and vol. vi. p. 115.
325-APrestwich, Geol. Trans., 2d Series, vol. v. p. 440. Murchison, Silurian System, p. 105.
325-BSilurian System, p. 84.
325-CTrans. Roy. Soc. Edin. vol. xiii. Horner, Edin. New Phil. Journ., April, 1836.
325-DPhillips; art. "Geology," Encyc. Metrop., p. 590.
326-APhillips; art. "Geology," Encyc. Metrop., p. 592.
326-BMemoirs of Geol. Survey, pp. 51. 255, &c.
329-AH. D. Rogers, Trans. Assoc. Amer. Geol., 1840-42, p. 440.
333-ATrans. of Ass. of Amer. Geol., p. 470.
334-ALyell's Second Visit to the U. S., vol. ii. p. 245. American Journ. of Sci., 2d series, vol. v. p. 17.