§ 63.Einfollows the strong declension, when used as a numeral. The dat.einmeis generally contracted toeime(§9, 3). Wheneinis used in the sense ofalone, it follows the weak declension. On the inflexion ofander,second, see§55.Zweianddrīare declined as follows:—Masc.Neut.Fem.Nom. Acc.zwēnezweizwō,zwuo,zwāGen.zwei(g)er(§35)zwei(g)erzwei(g)erDat.zwein,zweienzwein,zweienzwein,zweienNom. Acc.drī,dr[i]edriudrī,drīeGen.drī(g)er(§35)drī(g)erdrī(g)erDat.drī̆n,drīendrī̆n,drī̆endrī̆n,drīen§ 64.The other cardinals up to twelve are sometimes inflected; when such is the case the endings are:—Masc. and Fem.Neut.Nom. Acc.-e-iuGen.-er-erDat.-en-enhundertandtūsentare neuter nouns.CHAPTER VPRONOUNS§ 65.1. Personal.Sing.Nom.ich,Idu,dū,thouAcc.michdichGen.mīndīnDat.mirdirPlur.Nom.wirirAcc.unsich,unsiuchGen.unseriuwerDat.unsiuSing.Masc.Neut.Fem.Nom.ër,heëȥ,it, theresi,sī,siu,sie,sheAcc.inëȥsie,si,sīGen.(ës)ësir(e)Dat.im(e)im(e)ir(e)Plur.Nom. Acc.si,sī,sie(Neut. alsosiu),theyGen.ir(e)Dat.inNote.—1.The gen.iris often used as a possessive pronoun. Forëȥthe formiȥsometimes appears.2.For the acc. pl.unsichthe dat.unsis mostly used.iuis often used foriuch, andvice versa.im,irare more usual thanime,ire.3.The unstressed forms of personal pronouns are oftenattached to other words, asichȥ,iȥ=ich ëȥ;ichne,ine,ichn=ich ne(not);tuostu=tuost du;dune,dun=du ne(not);tuoȥ=tuo ëȥ;eist,ēst=ëȥ ist;deiȥ=daȥ ëȥ;mohter = mohte ër;baten=bat in;wirȥ=wir ëȥ, &c.§ 66.2. Reflexive.Sing.Plur.Acc.sichsichGen.sīn(fem.ir)irDat.im,irin§ 67.3. Possessive.mīn,my;dīn,thy;sīn,his;ir,her;unser,our;iuwer,your;ir,their.They are declined like the strong adjectivemichel,great(§55). The dat. sing. formsdīnme,sīnmeare generally contracted todīme,sīme, see§9, 3.§ 68.4. Demonstrative.Sing.Masc.Neut.Fem.Nom.dër,thedaȥdiuAcc.dëndaȥdieGen.dësdësdër(e)Dat.dëm(e)dëm(e)dër(e)Instr.diuPlur.Masc.Neut.Fem.Nom.diediudieAcc.diediudieGen.dër(e)dër(e)dër(e)Dat.dëndëndënLikedëris also declinedjener,that, except that the Nom., Acc. sg. neut. ends in-eȥ.dër, &c., is used both as definite article and relative pronoun.Note.—1.For the fem. nom. sing. and the neut. nom. acc. pl.diu, the formdiewas sometimes used; and converselydiufordiein the fem. acc. singular.diuanddiewere sometimes weakened tode, and tod’before words beginning with a vowel.daȥwas sometimes weakened todeȥ, and still further toȥwhich was then attached to a preceding word, aslātȥ kind=lāt daȥ kint;anȥ,inȥ=an,in daȥ.dēst,deis,dēs=daȥ ist.2.The various cases were often fused into one word with prepositions, asanme,ame,am=an dëme;zëme,zëm=ze dëme;ūfme=ūf dëme;zër=ze dër(fem.);übern=über dën;ūfën=ūf dën;zën=ze dën.Sing.Masc.Neut.Fem.Nom.dirre(diser,dise),thisditze,diz,diȥdisiuAcc.disenditze,diz,diȥdiseGen.disesdisesdirreDat.disem(e)disem(e)dirrePlur.Nom.disedisiudiseAcc.disedisiudiseGen.dirredirredirreDat.disendisendisen5. Relative.§ 69.A relative pronoun proper did not exist in the oldest periods of the Germanic languages, and accordingly the separate languages expressed it in various ways. In MHG. the following pronouns and adverbial particles were used to express it:—1.dër,daȥ(also used as a conjunction),diu, also in combination with the particlesdar der dā. 2.sō,alsō(alse,als),as;sam(alsam),as. 3.dā(r),where,dar,thither, whither,darinne,therein,dannen,wherefrom,darumbe,therefore,dō,when, as.4. Indefinite relatives, asswër(fromsō wër),whoever,swelch,each who,swëder,who of two;swā,swar,wherever,swannen,swanne(swenne),whenever,swie,however, howsoever.5. The conjunctionunde,and.6. Interrogative.§ 70.The MHG. simple interrogative pronoun has no independent form for the feminine, and is declined in the singular only.Masc. Fem.Neut.Nom.wër,whowaȥAcc.wënwaȥGen.wëswësDat.wëm(e)wëm(e)Instr.wiuIn the same manner are declined the compounds:swër(fromsō wër),whoever,etewër,eteswër,anyone,neiȥwër(=ne weiȥ wër,I do not know who),anyone.wëder,who of two, is declined like a strong adjective;welīch(welch),which, is also declined like a strong adjective, but the nom. singular remains uninflected.7. Indefinite.§ 71.ander,other;dechein,dehein,dekein,no, none;dewëder,neither;ein,one, some one: wheneinis used with the meaningaloneit follows the weak declension;etelīch,etlīch,eteslīch,etslīch,anyone, many a, pl. =some;etewër,eteswër,anyone;etewaȥ,anything;iegelīch,ieslīch,iegeslīch,each;ieman,iemen,someone, somebody;iewëder,ietwëder,each;iewelīch,iewelich,each;iewiht,iht,anything;kein,no;man,one;manec,many a, declinedmaneger,manegeȥ,manegiu, &c.;nehein,no, none;niht,nothing;solch,such, declined likemanec;sum,any one at all, pl.some;sumelīch,sumlīch,many a;swelch,each who;swër,whoever;wëder,which of two;welīch(welch),which, declined likemanec.CHAPTER VIVERBS§ 72.The MHG. verb has the following independent forms:—one voice (active), two numbers, three persons, two tenses (present and preterite), two complete moods (indicative and subjunctive, the latter originally the optative), besides an imperative which is only used in the present tense; two verbal nouns (the present infinitive, and the gerund, generally called the inflected infinitive), a present participle with active meaning, and one verbal adjective (the past participle).The MHG. verbs are divided into two great classes:—Strong and Weak. The strong verbs form their preterite (originally the perfect) and past participle by means of ablaut (§12). The weak verbs form their preterite by the addition of the syllable-te, and their past participle by means of at-suffix. The strong verbs were originally further sub-divided into reduplicated and non-reduplicated verbs. The reduplication had, however, entirely disappeared in the oldest period of the language. The non-reduplicated verbs are divided into six classes according to the six ablaut-series (§12). The originally reduplicated verbs are put together here and called Class VII. Besidesthese two great classes of strong and weak verbs, there are a few others which will be treated under the general headingMinor Groups.A. Strong Verbs.§ 73.We are able to conjugate a MHG. strong verb when we know the four stems, as seen in (1) the infinitive or first pers. sing. of the present indicative, (2) the first or third pers. sing. of the preterite indicative, (3) the first pers. plural of the preterite indicative, (4) the past participle. The pret. subjunctive and the second pers. pret. indicative have the same stem-vowel as the pret. plural indicative.§ 74.The conjugation ofnëmen, OHG.nëman,to take, will serve as a model for all strong verbs.Present.Indic.Subj.MHG.OHG.MHG.OHG.Sing.1.nimenimunëmenëme2.nimes(t)nimis(t)nëmes(t)nëmēs(t)3.nimetnimitnëmenëmePlur.1.nëmennëmemēs,-ēmnëmennëmēm2.nëmetnëmetnëmetnëmēt3.nëmentnëmantnëmennëmēnImper.Infin.MHG.OHG.MHG.OHG.Sing.2.nimnimnëmennëmanPlur.1.nëmennëmemēs,-ēm2.nëmet, (-ent)nëmetGerund.MHG.OHG.Gen.nëmen(n)esnëmannesDat.nëmen(n)enëmannePresent Participle.nëmendenëmantiPreterite.Indic.Subj.MHG.OHG.MHG.OHG.Sing.1.namnamnæmenāmi2.næmenāminæmes(t)nāmīst3.namnamnæmenāmiPlur.1.nāmennāmumnæmennāmīm2.nāmetnāmutnæmetnāmīt3.nāmennāmunnæmennāmīnPast Participle.MHG.OHG.genomenginomanNote.— Theein the endings is regularly lost according to the rule given in §9, 1, as sing.stil,stilst,stilt, inf.stëln,to steal; sing.var,verst,vert, inf.varn,to go. It was also frequently lost in the third pers. sing. pres. indicative of other verbs, asvint=vindet,siht=sihet, see §9, 4 note. Thenin the first pers. plural was sometimes dropped when the pronoun came after the verb, asnëme wir=nëmen wir.The imperative singular sometimes has-eafter the analogy of weak verbs (§90).The OHG. forms given above show in what forms umlaut regularly took place, viz. in the second and third pers. singular of the pres. indicative, when possible, in the second pers. singular of the pret. indicative, and in the pret. subjunctive. The second pers. singular of the pret. indicative always has the same stem-vowel as the pret. subjunctive. On the absence of umlaut in the pret. subjunctive of certain types of verbs, see§10, note. Forms without and with umlaut are found in the second and third pers. singular of the present in verbs belonging to Class VII, asslāfes(t),slāfetbesideslæfes(t),slæfet.Concerning the changes betweeni,ë;u,o;iu,ie;ei,ē;ou,ōin the various classes of strong verbs, see§§14-17.The Classification of the Strong Verbs.§ 75.We shall only give in each class a few verbs to illustrate the gradation of vowels and consonant changes. All other verbs occurring in the texts will be found in the Glossary referred to their proper class.Class I.§ 76.The verbs of this class belong to the first ablaut-series (§12) and therefore haveīin all forms of the present;eiin the first and third pers. sing. of the preterite, butēbeforech(= Germanich,§23), and finally (§17); andiin the preterite plural and past participle, thus:—bīten,to waitbeitbitengebitenswīgen,to be silentsweicswigengeswigentrīben,to drivetreiptribengetribenAnd similarlybelīben,to remain,bīȥen,to bite,rīben,to rub,rīten,to ride,schīnen,to shine,schrīben,to write,sīgen,to sink,strīten,to quarrel.snīden,to cutsneitsnitengesnitendīhen,to thrivedēchdigengedigenrīsen,to fallreisrirn(risen)gerirn(gerisen)And similarlylīden,to suffer,mīden,to avoid,nīden,to envy,līhen,to lend,zīhen,to accuse. See§30.§ 77.The following two verbs which are also used as weak verbs have mixed forms in the preterite and past participle:—schrīen,to screamschrēschriuwengeschriuwenschreischrūwengeschrūwenschrirngeschrirnspīwen,to vomitspēspiwengespiwenspeispiuwengespiuwenspūwengespūwenspirngespirnClass II.§ 78.The verbs of this class belong to the second ablaut-series (§12) and therefore haveiein the present, butiuin the present singular (§16);ouin the first and third pers. sing. of the preterite, butōbeforet,ȥ,sandch(= Germanich), §18;uin the pret. plural; andoin the past participle, thus:—biegen,to bendbiugeboucbugengebogentriefen,to droptriufetrouftruffengetroffenbieten,to offerbiutebōtbutengebotenschieȥen,to shootschiuȥeschōȥschuȥȥengeschoȥȥenAnd similarlyklieben,to cleave,kriechen,to creep,liegen,to lie,riechen,to smell,schieben,to shove,vliegen,to fly;dieȥen,to roar,gieȥen,to pour,vlieȥen,to flow.sieden,to seethesiudesōtsuten gesotenziehen,to drawziuhezōchzugen gezogenkiesen,to choosekiuskōskurngekornAnd similarlyvliehen,to flee,niesen,to sneeze,verliesen,to lose,vriesen,to freeze. See§30.§ 79.On the stem-vowels in the following verbs, see§16, noteand§36:—bliuwen,to strikebliuwebloublūwenbliuwengebliuwenblouwengeblouwenAnd similarlybriuwen,to brew,kiuwen,to chew,riuwen,to pain.§ 80.To this class also belong the three aorist presents:—lūchen,to shutliuche(lūche)louchluchengelochensūfen,to gulp downsūfesoufsuffengesoffensūgen,to sucksūgesoucsugengesogenClass III.§ 81.The verbs of this class belong to the third ablaut-series (§12), and include the strong verbs having a medial nasal or a liquid + consonant. Those with nasal + consonant haveithroughout the present tense anduin the past participle; the others haveiin the present singular,ëin the plural, andoin the past participle (see §§14,15), thus:—binden,to bindbindebantbundengebundenrinnen,to runrinneranrunnengerunnensingen,to singsingesancsungengesungenAnd similarlybrinnen,to burn,dringen,to press,entrinnen,to escape,gelingen,to succeed,gewinnen,to gain,schrinden,to split,sinken,to sink,sinnen,to reflect,spinnen,to spin,swimmen,to swim,trinken,to drink,vinden(p.p.vunden),to find,winden,to wind.beginnen,to begin, pret. sing.beganbesidebegunde,begonde, pl.begunden, p.p.begunnen.bërgen,to hidebirgebareburgengeborgenhëlfen,to helphilfehalfhulfengeholfenstërben,to diestirbestarpsturbengestorbenAnd similarlybevëlhen,to order,emphëlhen,enphëlhen,to recommend,gëlten,to pay,mëlken,to milk,schëlten,to revile,swëllen,to swell,verdërben,to destroy,wërfen,to throw,wërren,to confuse,wërden,to become, pret. pl.wurten,wurden, p.p.worten,(ge)worden, see§30.Class IV.§ 82.The verbs of this class belong to the fourth ablaut-series (§12). They include those strong verbs which have a liquid or a nasal before or after the stem-vowel, and a few others, thus:—ëiaāonëmen,to takenimenamnāmengenomenbërn,to bearbir(§9, 1)barbārengebornstëln,to stealstil(§9, 1)stalstālengestolnbrëchen,to breakbrichebrachbrāchengebrochenvëhten,to fightvihtevahtvāhtengevohtenAnd similarlyschërn,to shear,schrëcken,to frighten,sprëchen,to speak,vlëhten,to plait,zëmen(p.p. alsogezëmen),to be befitting,stëchen,to prick,trëffen(p.p.troffen),to hit;dreschen,to thrash,leschen,to be extinguished, see §11, 1.komen(OHG.quëman),to come,kume,quam,quāmen,komen; on other forms of this verb, see§36.Class V.§ 83.The verbs of this class belong to the fifth ablaut-series (§12). They include the strong verbs containing a medial consonant other than a nasal or liquid, thus:—ëiaāëgëben,to givegibegapgābengegëbenjëhen,to saygihe(§35)jachjāhengejëhensëhen,to seesihesachsāhengesëhenwëgen,to movewigewacwāgengewëgenAnd similarlygeschëhen,to happen,knëten,to knead,mëȥȥen,to measure,pflëgen,to be accustomed,trëten,to tread,vergëȥȥen,to forget,wëben,to weave.wësen,to bewisewaswārengewësenAnd similarlygenësen(pret. pl. alsogenāsen),to recover,jësen,to ferment,lësen(pret. pl. alsolāsen),to gather, read. See§30.ëȥȥen,to eatiȥȥeāȥ(aȥ)āȥengëȥȥen(§9, 7)vrëȥȥen,to devourvriȥȥevrāȥvrāȥenvrëȥȥenThese verbs had a long vowel in the pret. singular in the oldest period of all the Germanic languages, cp. also Lat.ēdī.§ 84.To this class also belong the three verbs:—bit(t)en,to begbitebatbātengebëtenligen,to lie downligelaclāgengelëgensitzen,to sitsitzesaȥsāȥengesëȥȥenbit(t)en, OHG.bittenfrom*bidjan;ligen, OHG.liggenfrom*ligjan;sitzen, OHG.sitzenfrom*sitjan, see §§14,31, 3. The inf.ligenis sometimes contracted tolīn, see§37.Class VI.§ 85.The verbs of this class belong to the sixth ablaut-series (§12), and accordingly haveain the present;uoin the pret. singular and plural; andain the past participle. They have umlaut in the second and third pers. singular, asgrebes(t),grebet;verst,vert. See§10.graben,to diggruopgruobengegrabentragen,to carrytruoctruogengetragenmaln,to grindmuolmuolengemalnvarn,to govuorvuorengevarnAnd similarlyladen,to load,nagen,to gnaw,schaffen,to create,spanen,to entice,waschen,to wash,wahsen,to grow,waten,to wade.slahen,to strikesluocsluogengeslagentwahen,to washtwuoctwuogengetwagenSee§30. The pret. sing.sluoc,twuocfor*sluoch,*twuochwere formed after the analogy of the pret. plural.§ 86.To this class also belong:—stān,stēn(§96),to standstuontstuondengestandenentseben(olderentseven),to perceiveentsuopentsuobenentsabengewähenen,to mentiongewuocgewuogengewagenheben(olderheven),to raisehuophuobengehabenswern(see§35),to swearswuorswuorengeswarngeswornThe pret. singularstuont,entsuop,gewuoc,huopfor*stuot(cp. Engl.stood),*entsuof,*gewuoch,*huofwere formed after the analogy of the pret. plural. On theb,gin the pret. plural, see§30. The last four verbs in the list originally had ajin the present, which accounts for the umlaut, cp. OHG.heffen, Goth.hafjan,to raise.hebenhad itsbfrom forms where it was regular.Class VII.§ 87.To this class belong the verbs which originally had reduplicated preterites. The present and past participle have the same stem-vowel; and the preterite singular and plural haveie. In OHG. the verbs which hada,āoreiin the present hadia(olderea,ē) in the preterite; and those which hadou (ō),uoin the present hadio(oldereo) in the preterite. But in MHG. theiaandioregularly fell together inie(§11, 3), so that all the preterites hadie.bannen,to banishbienbienengebannenhalten,to holdhielthieltengehaltenslāfen,to sleepsliefsliefengeslāfenheiȥen,to callhieȥhieȥengeheiȥnloufen,to runliefliefengeloufenruofen,to callriefriefengeruofenAnd similarlyhalsen,to embrace,salzen,to salt,spalten,to split,spannen,to span,vallen,to fall,valten,to fold,wallen,to bubble;bāgen,to quarrel,blāsen,to blow,brāten,to roast,lāȥen(see also §99),to let,leave,rāten,to advise;meiȥen,to cut,scheiden,to separate,sweifen,to rove;bōȥen,to strike,stōȥen,to push,houwen(pret.hiuandhie, pl.hiuwen,hiewen),to hew,wuofen,to bewail.gān,gēn,to gogienc(gie)giengen(ge)gangenhāhen(§29)hān(§38),to hanghienc(hie)hiengengehangenvāhen(§29)vān(§38),to catchvienc(vie)viengengevangenerren,ern,to ploughierierengearnOn the interchange betweenhandng, see§30;erren,ernfrom older*arjan.B. Weak Verbs.§ 88.The OHG. weak verbs were divided into three great classes according as the infinitive ended in-enfrom older*-jan, -on, or-ēn.Inflectional tables in this section have been reformatted for greater readability. A representative screen shot of the original format is shown at theend of the text.The characteristic endings of the three OHG. classes were:—Present.Class I.Class II.Class III.Indic. sing.-u-ōn-ēn-is(t)-ōs(t)-ēs(t)-it-ōt-ēt„plur.-ēn-ōn-ēn-et-ōt-ēt-ent-ōnt-ēntSubj. sing.-e-o-e-ēs(t)-ōs(t)-ēs(t)-e-o-e„plur.-ēn-ōn-ēn-ēt-ōt-ēt-ēn-ōn-ēnImper. sing.-i-o-e„plur.-ēn-ōn-ēn-et-ōt-ētPreterite.Class I.Class II.Class III.Indic. sing.-ta,-ita-ōta-ēta-tōs(t),-itōs(t)-ōtōs(t)-ētōs(t)-ta,-ita-ōta-ēta„plur.-tun,-itun-ōtun-ētun-tut,-itut-ōtut-ētut-tun,-itun-ōtun-ētunSubj. sing.-ti,-iti-ōti-ēti-tīs(t),-itīs(t)-ōtīs(t)-ētīs(t)-ti,-iti-ōti-ēti„plur.-tīn,-itīn-ōtīn-ētīn-tīt,-itīt-ōtīt-ētīt-tīn,-itīn-ōtīn-ētīnPast Participle.Uninfl. form-it-ōt-ētInfl.„-tēr,-itēr-ōtēr-ētērInfinitive.-en-ōn-ēnIn OHG. the verbs of Class I were divided into two sub-divisions: (a) polysyllabic verbs and those containing an old long stem-syllable; (b) those which originally had a short stem-syllable (cp.§31, 3). The former formed their preterite in-ta, and the latter in-ita; and similarly in the inflected form of the past participle. In MHG. all the unaccented vowelsi,e,a,o,u,ī,ē,ōregularly fell together ine(§7), so that the old distinction between the endings of the three classes of verbs was to a great extent obliterated. The OHG. verbs with a short stem-syllable belonging to Classes II and III came in MHG. to be inflected entirely like sub-division (b) of Class I; and those with a long stem-syllable mostly came to be inflected like sub-division (a) of Class I, see §§9, 2,92.Owing to all the OHG. unaccented vowels being weakened toethe MHG. endings are:—Sing.Plur.Pres. Indic.:-e-en-es(t)-et-et-ent„Subj.:-e-en-es(t)-et-e-enPret. Indic.and Subj.:-te,-ete-ten,-eten-tes(t),-etes(t)-tet,-etet-te,-ete-ten,-etenImper.-en-e-etP.P. Uninfl. form-etP.P.Infl.„-ter,-eterInfin.-en.Final-nin the first pers. sing. of the pres. indicative of the old Classes II and III remained in early MHG., but during the MHG. period the first person was remodelled after the analogy of Class I.Note.— Old forms withō̆ (u)for latereoccasionally occur in verbs originally belonging to the OHG. Class II; and in like mannerī̆forein the pret. subjunctive.§ 89.The MHG. weak verbs are divided into two classes, according as the preterite is formed in-teor-ete(see however §40). The inflexion of the present is the same in both classes.Class I.§ 90.To this class belong (1) verbs which have old long stem-syllables. Those having a mutated vowel in the present have the corresponding unmutated vowel in the preterite. Theiwhich would have caused umlaut in the preterite disappeared in the prehistoric period of the language. The past participle generally has two forms: one with a mutated vowel, and the other without it, properly from the old inflected form which did not have umlaut. (2) Verbs having a short stem-vowel followed by a singleconsonant (l,r), and trisyllabic verbs containing anl,n, orrin the second syllable, aszeln, olderzellen(§31, 3),to count, pret.zeltebesidezalte, p.p.gezeltbesidegezalt;nern,to rescue, pret.nerte(OHG.nerita), p.p.genert; and similarlydoln(OHG.dolōn),to tolerate,seln,to hand over,spiln,to play,weln,to choose;wern,to defend;wandeln(OHG.wantalōn),to change, pret.wandelte;vordern(OHG.fordarōn),to further, pret.vorderte;sëgenen(OHG.sëganōn),to bless, pret.sëgente. See §§9, 1, 2,92.Present.Indic.Subj.Imper.Sing.1.kennekenne2.kennes(t)kennes(t)kenne3.kennetkennePlur.1.kennenkennenkennen2.kennetkennetkennet, (-ent)3.kennentkennenPreterite.Sing.1.kantekante2.kantes(t)kantes(t)3.kantekantePlur.1.kantenkanten2.kantetkantet3.kantenkantenInfin.kennen,to know; Pres. Part.kennende; Past Part.gekennet,gekant.And similarly with a large number of verbs, asblüemen,to bloom,brennen,to burn,füllen,to fill,grüeȥen,to greet,hœren,to hear,küssen,to kiss,lœsen,to loose,nennen,to name,rennen,to run,senden(pret.sante),to send,senken,to sink,setzen(pret.satte,sazte, p.p.gesat,gesazt,gesetzt),to set,stellen,to place,süeȥen,to sweeten,vellen,to fell,wǣnen,to fancy,wünschen,to wish;gelouben,to believe,kēren,to turn,koufen,to buy,leiten(pret.leite),to lead,ougen,to show,suochen,to seek. The verba pura have double forms in the present and preterite, asdræjen,dræn(§35),to turn, pret.drātebeside the new formationdræjete,dræte, and similarlyblüejen,to bloom,müejen,to trouble,rüejen,to row,sæjen,to sow,wæjen,to blow. Verbs with medialckhave double preterites, asdecken,to cover, pret.dactebesidedahte, and similarlydrücken,drucken,to press,smecken,to taste,wecken,to awake. See also §92.§ 91.The following are irregular:—Infin.Pret.P.P.denken,to thinkdāhtegedāht(§§28,29)dunken,dünken,to seemdūhtegedūh(§§28,29)furhten,fürhten,to fearvorhtegevorhtwurken,würken,to workworhtegeworhtbringen,to bringbrāhtegebrāht(§§28,29)Note.— The second pers. sing. ofbrāhteisbræhteorbrāhtes(t), pret. subj.bræhte; and similarly withdāhte; the subj. ofdūhteisdūhteordiuhte.Class II.§ 92.The verbs belonging to this class form their preterite in-eteand their past participle in-et. In other respects Class II has the same endings as Class I.It includes: (a) The dissyllabic verbs, having a short stem-vowel followed by a single consonant other thanl,r, which in OHG. belonged to Classes II and III, asloben(OHG.lobōn),to praise, pret.lobete, p.p.gelobet;lëben(OHG.lëbēn),to live, pret.lëbete, p.p.gelëbet(see§88). (b) The dissyllabic verbs of OHG. Class I with a shortstem-vowel followed by double consonants other thanll(see§31, 3), aslegen, olderleggen(OHG.leggen),to lay, pret.legeteorleite(§37), p.p.gelegetorgeleit;denen, olderdennen(OHG.dennen),to stretch, pret.denete, p.p.gedenet.Other examples belonging to Class II are:bëten,to pray,dagen,to be silent,klagen,to complain,klëben,to stick,laden,to invite,namen,to name,sagen,to say, pret.sageteandseite(§37).The verbs with a long stem-syllable, which belonged to OHG. Classes II and III, went over in MHG. either into Class I (1), see§90, or had preterites in-tebeside-ete, asdanken,to thank, pret.danctebesidedankete, p.p.gedanctbesidegedanket;vrāgen,to ask, pret.vrāgtebesidevrāgete, p.p.gevrāgtbesidegevrāget, and similarlyahten,to observe,minnen,to love,trahten,to strive, &c., see §§9, 2,90;dienen,to serve, pret.diende(§40), &c.C. Minor Groups.1.Preterite-Presents.§ 93.These have strong preterites with a present meaning, from which new weak preterites have been formed. The 2nd pers. sg. ends in-t, and has the same stem-vowel as the 1st and 3rd pers. sg. The following verbs belong to this class:—weiȥ,I know, 2nd pers. sg.weist; pl.wiȥȥen; inf.wiȥȥen; pres. p.wiȥȥende; pret.wisse,wesse,wisteorweste; p.p.gewistorgewest.touc,I am of use, inf. and pl.tugenortügen; pret.tohte; subj.töhte.gan,I grant, 2nd pers. sg.ganst; inf. and pl.gunnenorgünnen; pret.gunde; subj.gundeorgünde; p.p.gegunnen,gegunnet,orgegunst.kan,I know, 2nd pers. sg.kanst; inf. and pl.kunnenorkünnen; pret.kunde(konde); subj.kundeorkünde.darf,I need, 2nd pers. sg.darft; pl.durfenordürfen; pret.dorfte; subj.dörfte; infin. and p.p. only inbedürfen,bedorft.tar,I dare,venture, 2nd pers. sg.tarst; inf. and pl.turrenortürren; pret.torste; subj.törste.sol,I shall, 2nd pers. sg.solt; inf. and pl.sulnorsüln; pret.soldeorsolte.mac,I can, 2nd pers. sg.maht; pl.magen,megen,mugen,ormügen; pret.mahteormohte; subj.mehte (mahte)ormöhte.muoȥ,I must, 2nd pers. sg.muost; pl.müeȥen; pret.muosteormuose; subj.müesteormüese.2.Anomalous Verbs.§ 94.(1)tuon,to do.Present.Indic.Subj.Sing.tuon(tuo)tuotuos(t)tuos(t)tuottuoPlur.tuontuontuot(tuont)tuottuonttuonInfin.tuonImper.tuoPres. P.tuondePreterite.Sing.tëte(tët)tæte(tëte)tætetætes(t)tëte(tët)tætePlur.tāten, (tæten,tëten)tætenP.P.getān§ 95.(2)gān,to go.Present.Indic.Subj.Sing.gān,gēngē(gā,gange)gās(t),gēs(t)gēs(t)(gās(t),ganges(t))gāt,gētgē(gā,gange)Plur.gān,gēngēn(gān,gangen)Infin.gān,gēnImper.ganc,genc,ginc(gā,gē)Pres. P.gānde,gēndePreterite.Sing.giencorgiePlur.giengenP.P.(ge)gangenorgegān§ 96.(3)stān,to stand.Present.Indic.Subj.Sing.stān,stēn,stā,stēstā,stē(stande),&c.stās(t),stēs(t)stāt,stētPlur.stān,stēnInfin.stān,stēnImper.stā,stē,stantPreterite.stuontP.P.gestandenorgestān§ 97.(4)sīn,wësen,to be.Present.Indic.Subj.Sing.binsī(sīge,sīe)bis(t)sīs(t)(sīges(t),sīes(t))istsī(sīge,sīe)Plur.birn,sīnsīn(sīgen,sīen)birt,sītsīt(sīget,sīet)sintsīn(sīgen,sīen)Infin.sīn,wësen.Indic. Pret. Sing.was;pl.wāren(§30)Subj.„„wære;pl.wærenP.P.gewësen(gewëset)§ 98.(5)wellen,to will.Present.Indic.Subj.Sing.1.wilwelle2.wil,wiltwelles(t)3.wilwellePlur.1.wellen,welnwellen2.wellet,weltwellet3.wellen,welnwellenPret.wolteorwolde(§40)wolteorwölteInfin.wellen.
§ 63.Einfollows the strong declension, when used as a numeral. The dat.einmeis generally contracted toeime(§9, 3). Wheneinis used in the sense ofalone, it follows the weak declension. On the inflexion ofander,second, see§55.Zweianddrīare declined as follows:—
§ 64.The other cardinals up to twelve are sometimes inflected; when such is the case the endings are:—
hundertandtūsentare neuter nouns.
§ 65.
si,sī,siu,sie,she
sie,si,sī
Note.—1.The gen.iris often used as a possessive pronoun. Forëȥthe formiȥsometimes appears.
2.For the acc. pl.unsichthe dat.unsis mostly used.iuis often used foriuch, andvice versa.im,irare more usual thanime,ire.
3.The unstressed forms of personal pronouns are oftenattached to other words, asichȥ,iȥ=ich ëȥ;ichne,ine,ichn=ich ne(not);tuostu=tuost du;dune,dun=du ne(not);tuoȥ=tuo ëȥ;eist,ēst=ëȥ ist;deiȥ=daȥ ëȥ;mohter = mohte ër;baten=bat in;wirȥ=wir ëȥ, &c.
§ 66.
sīn(fem.ir)
§ 67.
mīn,my;dīn,thy;sīn,his;ir,her;unser,our;iuwer,your;ir,their.
They are declined like the strong adjectivemichel,great(§55). The dat. sing. formsdīnme,sīnmeare generally contracted todīme,sīme, see§9, 3.
§ 68.
Likedëris also declinedjener,that, except that the Nom., Acc. sg. neut. ends in-eȥ.dër, &c., is used both as definite article and relative pronoun.
Note.—1.For the fem. nom. sing. and the neut. nom. acc. pl.diu, the formdiewas sometimes used; and converselydiufordiein the fem. acc. singular.diuanddiewere sometimes weakened tode, and tod’before words beginning with a vowel.daȥwas sometimes weakened todeȥ, and still further toȥwhich was then attached to a preceding word, aslātȥ kind=lāt daȥ kint;anȥ,inȥ=an,in daȥ.dēst,deis,dēs=daȥ ist.
2.The various cases were often fused into one word with prepositions, asanme,ame,am=an dëme;zëme,zëm=ze dëme;ūfme=ūf dëme;zër=ze dër(fem.);übern=über dën;ūfën=ūf dën;zën=ze dën.
dirre(diser,dise),this
ditze,diz,diȥ
ditze,diz,diȥ
§ 69.A relative pronoun proper did not exist in the oldest periods of the Germanic languages, and accordingly the separate languages expressed it in various ways. In MHG. the following pronouns and adverbial particles were used to express it:—
1.dër,daȥ(also used as a conjunction),diu, also in combination with the particlesdar der dā. 2.sō,alsō(alse,als),as;sam(alsam),as. 3.dā(r),where,dar,thither, whither,darinne,therein,dannen,wherefrom,darumbe,therefore,dō,when, as.4. Indefinite relatives, asswër(fromsō wër),whoever,swelch,each who,swëder,who of two;swā,swar,wherever,swannen,swanne(swenne),whenever,swie,however, howsoever.5. The conjunctionunde,and.
§ 70.The MHG. simple interrogative pronoun has no independent form for the feminine, and is declined in the singular only.
In the same manner are declined the compounds:
swër(fromsō wër),whoever,etewër,eteswër,anyone,neiȥwër(=ne weiȥ wër,I do not know who),anyone.
wëder,who of two, is declined like a strong adjective;welīch(welch),which, is also declined like a strong adjective, but the nom. singular remains uninflected.
§ 71.ander,other;dechein,dehein,dekein,no, none;dewëder,neither;ein,one, some one: wheneinis used with the meaningaloneit follows the weak declension;etelīch,etlīch,eteslīch,etslīch,anyone, many a, pl. =some;etewër,eteswër,anyone;etewaȥ,anything;iegelīch,ieslīch,iegeslīch,each;ieman,iemen,someone, somebody;iewëder,ietwëder,each;iewelīch,iewelich,each;iewiht,iht,anything;kein,no;man,one;manec,many a, declinedmaneger,manegeȥ,manegiu, &c.;nehein,no, none;niht,nothing;solch,such, declined likemanec;sum,any one at all, pl.some;sumelīch,sumlīch,many a;swelch,each who;swër,whoever;wëder,which of two;welīch(welch),which, declined likemanec.
§ 72.The MHG. verb has the following independent forms:—one voice (active), two numbers, three persons, two tenses (present and preterite), two complete moods (indicative and subjunctive, the latter originally the optative), besides an imperative which is only used in the present tense; two verbal nouns (the present infinitive, and the gerund, generally called the inflected infinitive), a present participle with active meaning, and one verbal adjective (the past participle).
The MHG. verbs are divided into two great classes:—Strong and Weak. The strong verbs form their preterite (originally the perfect) and past participle by means of ablaut (§12). The weak verbs form their preterite by the addition of the syllable-te, and their past participle by means of at-suffix. The strong verbs were originally further sub-divided into reduplicated and non-reduplicated verbs. The reduplication had, however, entirely disappeared in the oldest period of the language. The non-reduplicated verbs are divided into six classes according to the six ablaut-series (§12). The originally reduplicated verbs are put together here and called Class VII. Besidesthese two great classes of strong and weak verbs, there are a few others which will be treated under the general headingMinor Groups.
§ 73.We are able to conjugate a MHG. strong verb when we know the four stems, as seen in (1) the infinitive or first pers. sing. of the present indicative, (2) the first or third pers. sing. of the preterite indicative, (3) the first pers. plural of the preterite indicative, (4) the past participle. The pret. subjunctive and the second pers. pret. indicative have the same stem-vowel as the pret. plural indicative.
§ 74.The conjugation ofnëmen, OHG.nëman,to take, will serve as a model for all strong verbs.
Note.— Theein the endings is regularly lost according to the rule given in §9, 1, as sing.stil,stilst,stilt, inf.stëln,to steal; sing.var,verst,vert, inf.varn,to go. It was also frequently lost in the third pers. sing. pres. indicative of other verbs, asvint=vindet,siht=sihet, see §9, 4 note. Thenin the first pers. plural was sometimes dropped when the pronoun came after the verb, asnëme wir=nëmen wir.
The imperative singular sometimes has-eafter the analogy of weak verbs (§90).
The OHG. forms given above show in what forms umlaut regularly took place, viz. in the second and third pers. singular of the pres. indicative, when possible, in the second pers. singular of the pret. indicative, and in the pret. subjunctive. The second pers. singular of the pret. indicative always has the same stem-vowel as the pret. subjunctive. On the absence of umlaut in the pret. subjunctive of certain types of verbs, see§10, note. Forms without and with umlaut are found in the second and third pers. singular of the present in verbs belonging to Class VII, asslāfes(t),slāfetbesideslæfes(t),slæfet.
Concerning the changes betweeni,ë;u,o;iu,ie;ei,ē;ou,ōin the various classes of strong verbs, see§§14-17.
§ 75.We shall only give in each class a few verbs to illustrate the gradation of vowels and consonant changes. All other verbs occurring in the texts will be found in the Glossary referred to their proper class.
§ 76.The verbs of this class belong to the first ablaut-series (§12) and therefore haveīin all forms of the present;eiin the first and third pers. sing. of the preterite, butēbeforech(= Germanich,§23), and finally (§17); andiin the preterite plural and past participle, thus:—
bīten,to wait
swīgen,to be silent
trīben,to drive
And similarlybelīben,to remain,bīȥen,to bite,rīben,to rub,rīten,to ride,schīnen,to shine,schrīben,to write,sīgen,to sink,strīten,to quarrel.
snīden,to cut
dīhen,to thrive
rīsen,to fall
And similarlylīden,to suffer,mīden,to avoid,nīden,to envy,līhen,to lend,zīhen,to accuse. See§30.
§ 77.The following two verbs which are also used as weak verbs have mixed forms in the preterite and past participle:—
schrīen,to scream
spīwen,to vomit
§ 78.The verbs of this class belong to the second ablaut-series (§12) and therefore haveiein the present, butiuin the present singular (§16);ouin the first and third pers. sing. of the preterite, butōbeforet,ȥ,sandch(= Germanich), §18;uin the pret. plural; andoin the past participle, thus:—
biegen,to bend
triefen,to drop
bieten,to offer
schieȥen,to shoot
And similarlyklieben,to cleave,kriechen,to creep,liegen,to lie,riechen,to smell,schieben,to shove,vliegen,to fly;dieȥen,to roar,gieȥen,to pour,vlieȥen,to flow.
sieden,to seethe
ziehen,to draw
kiesen,to choose
And similarlyvliehen,to flee,niesen,to sneeze,verliesen,to lose,vriesen,to freeze. See§30.
§ 79.On the stem-vowels in the following verbs, see§16, noteand§36:—
bliuwen,to strike
And similarlybriuwen,to brew,kiuwen,to chew,riuwen,to pain.
§ 80.To this class also belong the three aorist presents:—
lūchen,to shut
liuche(lūche)
sūfen,to gulp down
sūgen,to suck
§ 81.The verbs of this class belong to the third ablaut-series (§12), and include the strong verbs having a medial nasal or a liquid + consonant. Those with nasal + consonant haveithroughout the present tense anduin the past participle; the others haveiin the present singular,ëin the plural, andoin the past participle (see §§14,15), thus:—
binden,to bind
rinnen,to run
singen,to sing
And similarlybrinnen,to burn,dringen,to press,entrinnen,to escape,gelingen,to succeed,gewinnen,to gain,schrinden,to split,sinken,to sink,sinnen,to reflect,spinnen,to spin,swimmen,to swim,trinken,to drink,vinden(p.p.vunden),to find,winden,to wind.beginnen,to begin, pret. sing.beganbesidebegunde,begonde, pl.begunden, p.p.begunnen.
bërgen,to hide
hëlfen,to help
stërben,to die
And similarlybevëlhen,to order,emphëlhen,enphëlhen,to recommend,gëlten,to pay,mëlken,to milk,schëlten,to revile,swëllen,to swell,verdërben,to destroy,wërfen,to throw,wërren,to confuse,wërden,to become, pret. pl.wurten,wurden, p.p.worten,(ge)worden, see§30.
§ 82.The verbs of this class belong to the fourth ablaut-series (§12). They include those strong verbs which have a liquid or a nasal before or after the stem-vowel, and a few others, thus:—
nëmen,to take
bërn,to bear
stëln,to steal
brëchen,to break
vëhten,to fight
And similarlyschërn,to shear,schrëcken,to frighten,sprëchen,to speak,vlëhten,to plait,zëmen(p.p. alsogezëmen),to be befitting,stëchen,to prick,trëffen(p.p.troffen),to hit;dreschen,to thrash,leschen,to be extinguished, see §11, 1.komen(OHG.quëman),to come,kume,quam,quāmen,komen; on other forms of this verb, see§36.
§ 83.The verbs of this class belong to the fifth ablaut-series (§12). They include the strong verbs containing a medial consonant other than a nasal or liquid, thus:—
gëben,to give
jëhen,to say
sëhen,to see
wëgen,to move
And similarlygeschëhen,to happen,knëten,to knead,mëȥȥen,to measure,pflëgen,to be accustomed,trëten,to tread,vergëȥȥen,to forget,wëben,to weave.
wësen,to be
And similarlygenësen(pret. pl. alsogenāsen),to recover,jësen,to ferment,lësen(pret. pl. alsolāsen),to gather, read. See§30.
These verbs had a long vowel in the pret. singular in the oldest period of all the Germanic languages, cp. also Lat.ēdī.
§ 84.To this class also belong the three verbs:—
bit(t)en,to beg
ligen,to lie down
sitzen,to sit
bit(t)en, OHG.bittenfrom*bidjan;ligen, OHG.liggenfrom*ligjan;sitzen, OHG.sitzenfrom*sitjan, see §§14,31, 3. The inf.ligenis sometimes contracted tolīn, see§37.
§ 85.The verbs of this class belong to the sixth ablaut-series (§12), and accordingly haveain the present;uoin the pret. singular and plural; andain the past participle. They have umlaut in the second and third pers. singular, asgrebes(t),grebet;verst,vert. See§10.
graben,to dig
tragen,to carry
maln,to grind
varn,to go
And similarlyladen,to load,nagen,to gnaw,schaffen,to create,spanen,to entice,waschen,to wash,wahsen,to grow,waten,to wade.
slahen,to strike
twahen,to wash
See§30. The pret. sing.sluoc,twuocfor*sluoch,*twuochwere formed after the analogy of the pret. plural.
§ 86.To this class also belong:—
stān,stēn(§96),to stand
entseben(olderentseven),to perceive
gewähenen,to mention
heben(olderheven),to raise
swern(see§35),to swear
The pret. singularstuont,entsuop,gewuoc,huopfor*stuot(cp. Engl.stood),*entsuof,*gewuoch,*huofwere formed after the analogy of the pret. plural. On theb,gin the pret. plural, see§30. The last four verbs in the list originally had ajin the present, which accounts for the umlaut, cp. OHG.heffen, Goth.hafjan,to raise.hebenhad itsbfrom forms where it was regular.
§ 87.To this class belong the verbs which originally had reduplicated preterites. The present and past participle have the same stem-vowel; and the preterite singular and plural haveie. In OHG. the verbs which hada,āoreiin the present hadia(olderea,ē) in the preterite; and those which hadou (ō),uoin the present hadio(oldereo) in the preterite. But in MHG. theiaandioregularly fell together inie(§11, 3), so that all the preterites hadie.
And similarlyhalsen,to embrace,salzen,to salt,spalten,to split,spannen,to span,vallen,to fall,valten,to fold,wallen,to bubble;bāgen,to quarrel,blāsen,to blow,brāten,to roast,lāȥen(see also §99),to let,leave,rāten,to advise;meiȥen,to cut,scheiden,to separate,sweifen,to rove;bōȥen,to strike,stōȥen,to push,houwen(pret.hiuandhie, pl.hiuwen,hiewen),to hew,wuofen,to bewail.
gān,gēn,to go
erren,ern,to plough
On the interchange betweenhandng, see§30;erren,ernfrom older*arjan.
§ 88.The OHG. weak verbs were divided into three great classes according as the infinitive ended in-enfrom older*-jan, -on, or-ēn.
Inflectional tables in this section have been reformatted for greater readability. A representative screen shot of the original format is shown at theend of the text.
The characteristic endings of the three OHG. classes were:—
In OHG. the verbs of Class I were divided into two sub-divisions: (a) polysyllabic verbs and those containing an old long stem-syllable; (b) those which originally had a short stem-syllable (cp.§31, 3). The former formed their preterite in-ta, and the latter in-ita; and similarly in the inflected form of the past participle. In MHG. all the unaccented vowelsi,e,a,o,u,ī,ē,ōregularly fell together ine(§7), so that the old distinction between the endings of the three classes of verbs was to a great extent obliterated. The OHG. verbs with a short stem-syllable belonging to Classes II and III came in MHG. to be inflected entirely like sub-division (b) of Class I; and those with a long stem-syllable mostly came to be inflected like sub-division (a) of Class I, see §§9, 2,92.
Owing to all the OHG. unaccented vowels being weakened toethe MHG. endings are:—
Pret. Indic.and Subj.:
Final-nin the first pers. sing. of the pres. indicative of the old Classes II and III remained in early MHG., but during the MHG. period the first person was remodelled after the analogy of Class I.
Note.— Old forms withō̆ (u)for latereoccasionally occur in verbs originally belonging to the OHG. Class II; and in like mannerī̆forein the pret. subjunctive.
§ 89.The MHG. weak verbs are divided into two classes, according as the preterite is formed in-teor-ete(see however §40). The inflexion of the present is the same in both classes.
§ 90.To this class belong (1) verbs which have old long stem-syllables. Those having a mutated vowel in the present have the corresponding unmutated vowel in the preterite. Theiwhich would have caused umlaut in the preterite disappeared in the prehistoric period of the language. The past participle generally has two forms: one with a mutated vowel, and the other without it, properly from the old inflected form which did not have umlaut. (2) Verbs having a short stem-vowel followed by a singleconsonant (l,r), and trisyllabic verbs containing anl,n, orrin the second syllable, aszeln, olderzellen(§31, 3),to count, pret.zeltebesidezalte, p.p.gezeltbesidegezalt;nern,to rescue, pret.nerte(OHG.nerita), p.p.genert; and similarlydoln(OHG.dolōn),to tolerate,seln,to hand over,spiln,to play,weln,to choose;wern,to defend;wandeln(OHG.wantalōn),to change, pret.wandelte;vordern(OHG.fordarōn),to further, pret.vorderte;sëgenen(OHG.sëganōn),to bless, pret.sëgente. See §§9, 1, 2,92.
Infin.kennen,to know; Pres. Part.kennende; Past Part.gekennet,gekant.
And similarly with a large number of verbs, asblüemen,to bloom,brennen,to burn,füllen,to fill,grüeȥen,to greet,hœren,to hear,küssen,to kiss,lœsen,to loose,nennen,to name,rennen,to run,senden(pret.sante),to send,senken,to sink,setzen(pret.satte,sazte, p.p.gesat,gesazt,gesetzt),to set,stellen,to place,süeȥen,to sweeten,vellen,to fell,wǣnen,to fancy,wünschen,to wish;gelouben,to believe,kēren,to turn,koufen,to buy,leiten(pret.leite),to lead,ougen,to show,suochen,to seek. The verba pura have double forms in the present and preterite, asdræjen,dræn(§35),to turn, pret.drātebeside the new formationdræjete,dræte, and similarlyblüejen,to bloom,müejen,to trouble,rüejen,to row,sæjen,to sow,wæjen,to blow. Verbs with medialckhave double preterites, asdecken,to cover, pret.dactebesidedahte, and similarlydrücken,drucken,to press,smecken,to taste,wecken,to awake. See also §92.
§ 91.The following are irregular:—
Note.— The second pers. sing. ofbrāhteisbræhteorbrāhtes(t), pret. subj.bræhte; and similarly withdāhte; the subj. ofdūhteisdūhteordiuhte.
§ 92.The verbs belonging to this class form their preterite in-eteand their past participle in-et. In other respects Class II has the same endings as Class I.
It includes: (a) The dissyllabic verbs, having a short stem-vowel followed by a single consonant other thanl,r, which in OHG. belonged to Classes II and III, asloben(OHG.lobōn),to praise, pret.lobete, p.p.gelobet;lëben(OHG.lëbēn),to live, pret.lëbete, p.p.gelëbet(see§88). (b) The dissyllabic verbs of OHG. Class I with a shortstem-vowel followed by double consonants other thanll(see§31, 3), aslegen, olderleggen(OHG.leggen),to lay, pret.legeteorleite(§37), p.p.gelegetorgeleit;denen, olderdennen(OHG.dennen),to stretch, pret.denete, p.p.gedenet.
Other examples belonging to Class II are:bëten,to pray,dagen,to be silent,klagen,to complain,klëben,to stick,laden,to invite,namen,to name,sagen,to say, pret.sageteandseite(§37).
The verbs with a long stem-syllable, which belonged to OHG. Classes II and III, went over in MHG. either into Class I (1), see§90, or had preterites in-tebeside-ete, asdanken,to thank, pret.danctebesidedankete, p.p.gedanctbesidegedanket;vrāgen,to ask, pret.vrāgtebesidevrāgete, p.p.gevrāgtbesidegevrāget, and similarlyahten,to observe,minnen,to love,trahten,to strive, &c., see §§9, 2,90;dienen,to serve, pret.diende(§40), &c.
1.Preterite-Presents.
§ 93.These have strong preterites with a present meaning, from which new weak preterites have been formed. The 2nd pers. sg. ends in-t, and has the same stem-vowel as the 1st and 3rd pers. sg. The following verbs belong to this class:—
weiȥ,I know, 2nd pers. sg.weist; pl.wiȥȥen; inf.wiȥȥen; pres. p.wiȥȥende; pret.wisse,wesse,wisteorweste; p.p.gewistorgewest.
touc,I am of use, inf. and pl.tugenortügen; pret.tohte; subj.töhte.
gan,I grant, 2nd pers. sg.ganst; inf. and pl.gunnenorgünnen; pret.gunde; subj.gundeorgünde; p.p.gegunnen,gegunnet,orgegunst.
kan,I know, 2nd pers. sg.kanst; inf. and pl.kunnenorkünnen; pret.kunde(konde); subj.kundeorkünde.
darf,I need, 2nd pers. sg.darft; pl.durfenordürfen; pret.dorfte; subj.dörfte; infin. and p.p. only inbedürfen,bedorft.
tar,I dare,venture, 2nd pers. sg.tarst; inf. and pl.turrenortürren; pret.torste; subj.törste.
sol,I shall, 2nd pers. sg.solt; inf. and pl.sulnorsüln; pret.soldeorsolte.
mac,I can, 2nd pers. sg.maht; pl.magen,megen,mugen,ormügen; pret.mahteormohte; subj.mehte (mahte)ormöhte.
muoȥ,I must, 2nd pers. sg.muost; pl.müeȥen; pret.muosteormuose; subj.müesteormüese.
2.Anomalous Verbs.
§ 94.
(1)tuon,to do.
§ 95.
(2)gān,to go.
§ 96.
(3)stān,to stand.
§ 97.
(4)sīn,wësen,to be.
§ 98.
(5)wellen,to will.