Iapydes.A warlike and barbarous people in the north of Illyricum, between the rivers Arsia and Tedanius; were a mixed race, partly Illyrian and partly Celtic, who tattooed their bodies. They were subdued by Augustus. Their country was called Iaiydia.
Iazyges.A powerful Sarmatian people, who originally dwelt on the coast of the Pontus Euxinus and the Palus Mæotis; but in the reign of Claudius settled near the Quadi in Dacia, in the country bounded by the Danube, the Theiss, and the Sarmatian Mountains. The Iazyges were in close alliance with the Quadi, along with whom they frequently attacked the Roman dominions, especially Mœsia and Pannonia. In the 5th century they were conquered by the Goths.
Ice.In high latitudes, during the winter, rivers are frequently covered with ice of sufficient thickness to sustain the heaviest loads. This means of communication should be used with great circumspection. A change of temperature may not only suddenly destroy this natural bridge, but render the river impassable by any method for a considerable time in consequence of the floating ice.
The thickness of ice should be, to allow the passage of infantry in single file on a line of planks, and 2 yards apart, 2 inches; cavalry or light guns, with intervals, 4 inches; 12-pounder field-pieces, unlimbered and on sleds, 5 inches; 12-pounder field-pieces, limbered and drawn by horses, with intervals between pieces, 6 to 7 inches. Ice when 10 to 12 inches thick bears the heaviest loads. Two tracks of planks laid on the ice for the carriage-wheels to run on, may be employed when there is any doubt as to its strength, or the wagon may be transformed into a sort of sled by fastening two planks under the wheels.
The thickness of the ice may be increased, when the temperature is low enough, by throwing water on it.
When the river is frozen on each side, but open in the middle in consequence of the velocity of the current, a boom stretched across the open space will often check the velocity sufficiently to cause the water to freeze.
Iceni.A British tribe which inhabited chiefly Suffolk and Norfolk. In 61, headed by Boadicea, their queen, they marched southwards and destroyed Verulam, London, and other places, with great slaughter of the Romans, but were defeated by Suetonius near London, and their queen slain.
Ich Dien.I serve; the motto under the plume of ostrich feathers found in the helmet of the king of Bohemia after he was slain at the battle of Crécy, at which he served as a volunteer in the French army, August 26, 1346. Edward the Black Prince, in veneration of his father, Edward III., who commanded that day, though the prince won the battle, adopted this motto, which has since been borne with the feathers by the heirs to the crown of England; but not as prince of Wales, which many have erroneously maintained.
Ichnæ, orIschnæ. A Greek city in the north of Mesopotamia, founded by the Macedonians; was the scene of the first battle between Crassus and the Parthians, in which the former gained the victory. According to Appian, the Parthians soon after defeated the Romans near the same spot.
Ichnography.The plan or representation of the length and breadth of a fortification, the distinct parts of which are marked out either on the ground itself, or on paper. A plan upon the correct principles of ichnography represents a work as it would appear if it were leveled to its foundations, and shows only the expanse of ground on which it had been erected. The science does not represent either the elevation or the different parts belonging to a fortification. This properly comes under the title “profile,” which does not, however, include length.
Iconium(nowKonieh). A town of Asia Minor, situated on the shores of the Lake Trogitis, about 120 miles inland from the Mediterranean. In ancient times it was famous as the capital of Lycaonia, and from 1087 to 1229 it was the seat of a Seljuk sultanate. In December, 1832, a battle was fought here, in which Ibrahim Pasha completely defeated the Turkish army.
Idaho.A Territory of the United States, bounded on the north by the British possessions, on the east by Montana and Dakota, and on the south by Nevada and Utah. It was organized in 1863, and has frequently been the scene of Indian troubles.
Idsted.A village of Selswick. A battle was fought here in 1850, between the Danes and Schleswig-Holsteiners, in which the latter were defeated.
Ignition(Lat.ignis, “fire”). The act of setting fire to, or of taking fire; as opposed to combustion or burning, which is a consequence of ignition. By ignition of gunpowder is understood the setting on fire of a particular point of the charge.
Ilerda(nowLerida). A town of the Ilergetes,in Hispania Tarraconensis, situated on a height above the river Sicoris (nowSegre). It was afterwards a Roman colony, but in the time of Ausonius had ceased to be a place of importance. It was here that Africanus and Petreius, the legates of Pompey, were defeated by Cæsar, 49B.C.
Illinois.One of the Central States of the United States, in the valley of the Upper Mississippi, and one of the most fertile in the Union, having scarcely any soil which is uncultivable. It was originally settled by the French, but fell into the hands of the English in 1763, becoming the property of the United States at the Revolution. It was organized as a State December 3, 1818, and during the civil war was a staunch supporter of the Union.
Illinois Indians.A confederacy of Indian tribes, mostly of Algonkin stock, who formerly inhabited the State now known by their name. Very few relics of these tribes now exist.
Illustrious.Conferring lustre or honor; brilliant; renowned; as, illustrious deeds or titles.
Illyricum, orIllyria. Is the Roman name of a country whose limits in ancient times varied considerably. It was inhabited by a savage tribe, who were much addicted to piracy and robbery. In 359B.C.Philip of Macedon conquered the eastern portion of the country, now Albania, and it was incorporated with Macedonia. The Illyrians were brought into a collision with the Romans on account of their piracy, which led to their subjugation about two centuries before the Christian era. They made numerous efforts to shake off the Roman yoke, but were always defeated, and the country became a most important province of the Roman empire, comprising the territory represented in modern times by Croatia, Dalmatia, Herzegovina, Montenegro, nearly all Bosnia, and a part of Albania. On the division of the Roman empire, it shared in the vicissitudes that followed that act. A decree of Napoleon, on October 14, 1809, gave the name of Illyrian provinces to Carniola, Dalmatia, and other countries from the Adriatic Sea to the Save, then belonging to the French empire. At his fall these provinces were united as a kingdom to the Austrian empire, and some alterations were made in its boundaries, especially by the restoration to Hungary of what had formerly belonged to it, and the annexation of the whole of Carinthia.
Ilmenau.A town of Saxe-Weimar, on the Ilm, 18 miles west from Weimar. A battle was fought by the united forces of the Russians and Saxons against the Swedes near this town in 1706.
Imbannered.Furnished with banners.
Imbellic.Not warlike or martial. This term is now obsolete.
Imbody.SeeEmbody.
Imbrued, orEmbrued. An expression used in heraldry to signify bloody, or dropping with blood. Weapons thus blazoned are drawn with drops of blood falling from them.
Imeritia.Formerly an independent Transcaucasian territory, now part of the government of Kutais. Its history as an independent dominion commenced from about the beginning of the 15th century, and was long marked by internal dissensions. In 1745, Solomon I. was proclaimed, but his nobles revolting shortly after, and aided by the Turks, dethroned him. Solomon applied for help to Russia, and in 1769, Count Todtlen, at the head of a Russian force, entered Emeritia, restored the king, and drove back the Turks. The civil dissensions of this province, however, continued, and at last, in 1810, after having long acknowledged allegiance to Russia, it was formally incorporated in, and proclaimed a province of that empire.
Immailed.Wearing mail or armor; clad in armor. This term is now obsolete.
Immartial.Not martial; not warlike. This term is now obsolete.
Immortals.In antiquity, the name of a body of 10,000 troops, constituting the guard of the king of Persia; so called because they were always of the same number; for as soon as any of them died, the vacancy was immediately filled up. They were distinguished from all the other troops by the richness of their armor, and still more by their bravery. The same term was applied to the life-guards of the Roman emperors.
Imola.A fortified town of Ravenna, a province of Italy, on a small island in the river Santerno; it is defended by a strong castle. This town was founded by the Lombards on the ruins of Forum Cornelii, destroyed by Justinian, and was afterwards successively held by different chiefs who ruled in Central Italy. Julius II. annexed it to the States of the Church, but it was delivered from the papal yoke when Ravenna declared for annexation to Sardinia in 1859.
Impact.In gunnery, the single instantaneous blow or stroke of a body in motion against another either in motion or at rest.
Impale.In heraldry, to arrange two coats of arms side by side in one shield divided per pale. It is usual thus to exhibit the conjoined coats of husband and wife, the husband’s arms occupying the dexter, or right side, and the wife’s the sinister, or left side, of the escutcheon.
Impedimenta.The accompaniments to an army received from the Romans the name of impedimenta. They consist in transportation of munitions, equipments, provisions, hospital supplies, tents, engineering tools, bridge equipage, and boats, baggage, cooking utensils, etc., necessary for the use of an army moving against an enemy. This requires the use of large numbers of wagons and of draught animals, or shipping, and necessarily impedes the movement of an army. SeeBaggage.
Impenetrable.Incapable of being penetrated or pierced, not admitting the passage of other bodies, not to be entered; as, an impenetrable shield.
Imperator.An old Roman title signifying commander, which was applied to the rulers of provinces, consuls, pro-consuls, etc., or to anybody who had animperiumassigned him. After a victory the Roman soldiers frequently saluted their commander by this title.
Imperial Guards.SeeGuards, Imperial.
Imperialists.This word was chiefly applied to the subjects of, or forces employed by the house of Austria, when opposed to the troops of other German powers.
Imperil.To bring into peril, to endanger.
Impetuous.Rushing with force and violence, moving with impetus, furious, forcible; as, the troops went pouring forward with impetuous speed.
Impetus.In gunnery, the altitude through which a heavy body must fall to acquire a velocity equal to that with which a ball is discharged from a piece.
Implement.Whatever may supply a want, especially an instrument or utensil as supplying a requisite to an end; as, the implements of war.
Implements, Equipments, and Machines.In artillery, the two former are employed in loading, pointing, and firing cannon, and in the mechanical manœuvres of artillery carriages, the latter to mount and dismount cannon from their carriages, and to transport artillery material from one part of a work to another. The implements for loading cannon are, (1) Therammer-head, a short cylindrical piece of beech or other tough wood, fixed to the end of a long stick of ash, called astaff, employed to push the charge to its place in the bore or chamber of a cannon. (2) Thesponge, awoolenbrush attached to the end of a staff, for the purpose of cleaning the interior of cannon and extinguishing any burning fragments of the cartridge that may remain after firing. In the field and mountain services, the rammer-head and sponge are attached to the opposite ends of the same shaft; in the siege and sea-coast services, they are attached to separate staves, except for howitzers, in which they are combined. (3) Theladle, a copper scoop attached to the end of a staff for the purpose of withdrawing the projectile of a loaded piece. (4) Theworm, a species of double cork-screw attached to a staff, used in field and siege cannon to withdraw a cartridge. (5) Thegunner’shaversack(which see). (6) Thepass-box, a wooden box closed with a lid and carried by a handle attached to one end. In siege and sea-coast service, where the cartridge is large, it takes the place of the haversack. (7) Thetube-pouchorprimer-pouch, a small leather pouch attached to the cannoneer by a waistbelt. It contains the friction-tubes, lanyard, priming-wire, thumb-stall, etc. (8) Thebudge-barrel(which see). (9) Thepriming-wire, used to pick a hole in a cartridge for the passage of the flame from the vent. (10) Thethumb-stall, a buckskin cushion attached to the thumb or finger to close the vent in sponging and loading. (11) Thefuze-setter, a brass drift for driving a wooden fuze into a shell. (12) Thefuze-mallet, made of hard wood, and used in connection with the setter. (13) Thefuze-saw, a 10-inch tenon saw for cutting wooden or paper fuzes to the required length. (14) Thefuze-gimlet, sometimes employed in place of the saw to open a communication with the fuze composition. (15) Thefuze-auger, an instrument for regulating the time of burning of a fuze by removing a certain portion of the composition from the exterior. For this purpose it has a movable graduated scale, which regulates the depth to which the auger should penetrate. (16) Thefuze-rasp, a coarse file employed in fitting a fuze-plug to a shell. (17) Thefuze-plug reamer, used to enlarge the cavity of a fuze-plug after it has been driven into a projectile, to enable it to receive a paper fuze. (18) Theshell-plug screw, a wood screw with a handle, used to extract a plug from a fuze-hole. (19) Thefuze-extractor, worked by a screw, and is a more powerful instrument than the preceding; it is used for extracting wooden fuzes from loaded shells. (20) Thefuze-wrench, made in the form of a cross or T-shaped, to unscrew percussion fuzes. (21) Themortar-scraper, a slender piece of iron with a spoon at one end and a scraper at the other, for cleaning the chamber of a mortar. (22) Thegunner’s sleeves, made of flannel or serge; they are drawn over the coat-sleeves of the gunner to prevent them from being soiled while loading a mortar. (23) Thefunnel, made of copper, and used in pouring the bursting charge into a shell. (24) Thepowder-measures, made of copper, of cylindrical form, and of various sizes, for the purpose of determining the charges of shells and cannon by measurement. (25) Thelanyard, a cord, one end of which has a small iron hook, and the other a wooden handle. It is used to explode the friction-tubes with which cannon for the land service are now fired. (26) Thegunner’s gimletandvent-punch, used in boring out the vent when it becomes foul. (27)Gunner’s pincers(which see). (28) Theshell-hooks, an instrument made to fasten into the ears of a shell, for the purpose of lifting it to the muzzle of the piece. (29) Thetow-hook, in field service, used in unpacking ammunition and taking projectiles from the chest. The implements for pointing are: thegunner’s level,gunner’s quadrant, thebreech-sight, thependulum-hausse, andelevating arc. (See appropriate headings.) Thetangent-scale, a brass plate, the lower edge of which is cut to the curve of the base-ring of the piece, and the upper formed into offsets which correspond to differences of elevation of a quarter of a degree. It is used in pointing by placing the curved edge on the base-ring,with the radius of the offset corresponding with the highest point of the ring, and sighting over the centre of the offset, and the highest point of the swell of the muzzle. The principal manœuvring implements are: thetrail handspike, themanœuvring handspike, theshod handspike, thetruck handspike, theroller handspike(seeHandspike); theprolonge, a stout rope used to connect the lunette of the carriage and pintle-hook of the limber to move the piece short distances without limber; thesponge-bucket, made of sheet-iron, for washing the bore of the piece; thetar-bucket, also made of sheet-iron, for carrying grease for the wheels; thewatering bucket, made of sole-leather, for watering the horses; thewater-buckets, made of wood and bound with iron hoops. These are of two kinds,—one for the traveling-forge, and the other for the service of garrison batteries. Thedrag-rope, used when necessary to employ a number of men in hauling loads, or extricating a carriage from a difficult part of the road. It has a hook at one end, a loop at the other, and six wooden handles placed about 4 feet apart. Themen’s harness, similar to the drag-rope, except that the rope is stouter, and the handles are replaced by leather loops which pass over the shoulders of the men, to enable them to exert their strength to advantage. Thebill-hook, or hand-bill, used for cutting twigs. Thescrew-jack, a lifting-machine composed of a screw worked by amovable nutsupported on acast-iron stand. It is used in greasing carriage-wheels. Artillery machines comprise thegin(seeGin), thesling-cart(seeHand-sling-cart), thecasemate truck, thehand-cart(seeHand-cart), thelifting-jack, and thelever-jack. The casemate truck is composed of a stout frame of wood mounted on three barbette traverse-wheels, and is employed to move cannon and carriages through posterns and along casemate galleries. The lifting-jack is a small but powerful screw, worked by a geared nut. It is useful when the space for manœuvring is small, and the number of men limited. If the weight to be raised is sufficiently high, the lifting power is applied at the top; if it be low, it is applied at the foot. The lever-jack is another but less powerful apparatus for lifting. It consists of aleverof wood resting on abolt, which passes through holes in twouprights. The height of the bolt is varied by passing it through different holes in the uprights (eight in number), and the power of the lever is regulated by a notched piece of cast iron screwed to the under side of the lever.
Implements, Re-loading.SeeRe-loading Implements.
Impregnable.Not to be stormed, or taken by assault; incapable of being reduced by force; able successfully to resist attack; as, an impregnable fortress.
Impregnably.In an impregnable manner; in a manner to defy force; as, a place impregnably fortified.
Impress.To compel any person to serve.
Impression.The effect of an attack upon any place or body of soldiers.
Imprisonment.Officers may be sentenced to imprisonment by a general court-martial in any case where the court may have discretionary authority. General, garrison, and regimental courts-martial may sentence soldiers to imprisonment, solitary or otherwise, with or without hard labor, for various offenses enumerated in the Articles of War. A garrison or regimental court-martial, in awarding imprisonment, is limited to a period not exceeding thirty days. When a court awards solitary imprisonment as a punishment, it is necessary that the words “solitary confinement” should be expressed in the sentence. The legal imprisonment in the United States is confinement, solitary confinement, and confinement on bread and water; confinement on bread and water shall not extend over fourteen days at a time, with intervals between the periods of such confinement not less than such periods, and not exceeding eighty-four days in any one year.
Impulse.The act of impelling, or driving onward with sudden force; impulsion; the action of a force so as to produce motion suddenly, or without appreciable loss of time. Also sudden motion exciting to action; hasty inclination; influence acting unexpectedly, or with momentary force; impression; instigation; as, the troops moved forward with one impulse.
In Battery.The position of field-guns when unlimbered and prepared for action. Also applied to heavy guns when in the firing position; also the command for the movement in both cases. Heavy guns are “from battery” when in the loading position.
In Gear.A command in the service of heavy guns, to cause the eccentrics of the truck-wheels to be thrown in gear. Also refers to the position of the eccentrics when the command is executed.
In Line.Refers to the formation of troops when posted, or marching, with extended front.
Inaccessible.A general term for any distance or height which cannot be approached for any military purposes.
Inactive.Not disposed to action or effort; not diligent or industrious; not busy; idle; as, an inactive officer.
Inca.A king or prince of Peru, before the conquest of that country by the Spaniards.
Incapable.A term of disgrace, frequently annexed to military sentences, when an officer has been cashiered by the sentence of a general court-martial, and rendered incapable of ever serving his country in either a civil or military capacity.
Incendiary Compositions.Used to set fire to buildings, shipping, etc., have been known and used from the earliest times.Greek fire(which see) was extensively used in the 7th century. Among modern incendiarycompositions arefire stone, sometimes calledrock fire, andValenciennes composition(which see).
Incendiary Shells.Are shells containing incendiary compositions. SeeCarcassfor modern example.
Incensed, orAnimé. An epithet applied in heraldry to panthers or other wild beasts borne with flames issuing from their mouth and ears.
Incidence, Angle of.In projectiles, the angle which the line of direction of the projectile makes with the surface of the obstacle on which it impinges.
Inclination.In gunnery, the inclination of a plane is the angle it makes with the horizon either above or below.
Inclination of the Grooves.In a rifle is the angle which the tangent to the groove at any point makes with the element of the bore passing through the point. The tangent of the angle, which may be taken as a measure of the inclination, is equal to the circumference of the bore divided by the length of bore corresponding to one revolution of the spiral. SeeTwist.
Incline.To gain ground to the flank, as well as to the front. Inclining is of great use in the marching of the line in front, to correct any irregularities that may happen. It is equivalent to the quarter facing and to the oblique marching of the infantry. It enables you to gain the enemy’s flank without exposing your own, or without wheeling or altering the parallel front of the company.
Inclose.To surround; to shut in; to confine on all sides; to include; to shut up; to encompass; as, to inclose a fort or an army with troops; to inclose a town with walls.
Incommoder l’Ennemi(Fr.). To get possession of a fort, eminence, etc., from which the enemy may be harassed, or which is necessary to his security.
Incompetent.Incapable; unfit; unequal. No officer, be his situation what it may, can be said to be competent to command who is not only willing and able to follow orders himself, but will likewise see them strictly adhered to by others; whose mind is not superior to partialities, and whose judgment is not equal to discern real merit from ignorant assumption.
Incorporate, To.To add a smaller body of forces to a larger, and to mix them together. Independent companies are said to be incorporated, when they are distributed among different regiments; regiments among brigades, etc.
Incorporation.In the manufacture of gunpowder, is the thorough mixing of the three ingredients—nitre, sulphur, and charcoal,—a very important operation. The process should be so complete that the smallest particle of the gunpowder should contain each ingredient in proper proportion.
Increasing Twist.A term applied to rifle grooves, the inclination of which increases from the breech to the muzzle. In many guns the grooves begin at the front of the chamber, without inclination.
Incursion.Invasion without conquest; inroad; ravage.
Indefensible.Not defensible; not capable of being defended or maintained; as, a military post may be indefensible.
Indefensive.Having no defense.
Indella.A body of Swedish yeomen furnished by certain proprietors of lands, after the manner of the old Norman feudal system.
Indemnification.A regulated allowance for losses sustained by officers or soldiers on actual service.
Indemnity.Indemnification, compensation, or remuneration for loss, damage, or injury sustained.
Indent, To.A word particularly made use of in India for the dispatch of military business. It is of the same import and meaning asto draw upon. It likewise means an order for military stores, arms, etc.; as, an indent for new supplies, etc.
Indented.In heraldry, one of the partition lines of the shield, similarly notched to dancetté, but with notches much smaller, and not limited in number.
Indented Line.In fortification, is a serrated line, forming several angles, so that one side defends another. The faces are longer than the flanks. Indented lines are used on the banks of rivers, where they enter a town. The parapet of the covered way is also often indented.
Independence, Declaration of.The solemn declaration of the Congress of the United States of America, on July 4, 1776, by which they formally renounced their subjection to the government of Great Britain.
Independent.In a military sense, is a term which distinguishes from the rest of the army those companies which have been raised by individuals for rank, and were afterwards drafted into corps that were short of their complement of men.Independent company or troop, is one that is not incorporated into any regiment.
India, orHindostan. An extensive region of Southern Asia, celebrated during many ages for its riches and natural productions. The Hindoo histories ascribe the origin of the people to a period ages before the ordinary chronologies. A race of kings is mentioned as reigning 2300B.C.Several ancient nations, particularly the Tyrians and Egyptians, carried on commerce with India. It was partially conquered by Darius Hystaspes, who formed an Indian satrapy, 512B.C., and by Alexander, 327B.C.The authentic history of Hindostan commences with the conquests of Mahmoud Ghuzni, 1004. For further history of India, seeBengal,Calcutta,Madras, etc.
Indian File.Single file; arrangement of persons in a row following one after another; the usual way among Indians of traversing woods, etc.
Indian Fortification.The entrance into an East Indian fortification is through a large and complicated pile of buildings, projecting in the form of a parallelogram from the main rampart; and, if the city has two walls, it projects beyond them both. This building consists of several continued terraces, which are of the same height as the main rampart, and communicate with it; the inward walls of these terraces form the sides of an intricate passage, about 20 feet broad, which leads by various short turnings, at right angles, through the whole pile to the principal gate that stands in the main rampart. This is the general outline of the old Indian fortifications.
Indian Military Force.The East Indian military service, like the civil service, has been undergoing a thorough reorganization, consequent on the great mutiny, and the transfer of the government of the country from the East India Company to the crown. In 1857, at the outbreak of the mutiny, the Indian army consisted of about 277,000 men, of whom 45,000 were Europeans and 232,000 natives. During the mutiny the native army of Bengal was almost entirely broken up. Fifteen regiments of regular native infantry, the local infantry, the Gurka and irregular line regiments, eight regiments of irregular cavalry, and the sappers and miners, were all that remained at the close of 1860 of the old native army of Bengal. The Indian army in 1867 numbered 183,148 men; 61,498 being Europeans, and 121,650 Indian forces. The police, civil and military, forms an important force, and is to a great extent taking the place of the regular army. In Bengal, for instance, the military police includes ten battalions of infantry each 700 strong; three squadrons of cavalry, and some local levies; in all about 10,000 men, of various races, with 40 European officers. The whole police force of India has been reorganized on one uniform system, with a central organization of its own in each presidency.
Indian Territory.A large extent of territory, which originally belonged to the Louisiana purchase, lying north by west of that State. It was set apart for the use of Indians, many tribes of whom have from time to time been removed to it, and have wonderfully improved in the arts of civilized life.
Indiana.One of the Western States, and a portion of the great Mississippi Valley country. It was settled in the early part of the 18th century by the French; was subsequently ceded to the English, and after the Revolution passed into the possession of the United States. The early settlers were for a long time troubled by the incursions of the Indians; but after their signal defeat by Gen. Harrison at Tippecanoe, November 7, 1811, they were soon afterwards subdued, and became peaceable. Indiana was admitted as a State in 1816, and during the civil war contributed its full quota of troops to the support of the Union.
Indians.The name by which the various tribes of aborigines scattered over the extensive continent of America are distinguished. They are divided into numerous tribes and nations, all in a state more or less savage, and having all the peculiar characteristics of that kind of life. They generally decline as the civilized population advances into the country; though reservations of land have always been set apart by the U. S. government for the support of tribes within its territory. (SeeIndians and their Agencies.) A short description of the most important tribes will be found under appropriate headings in this work.
Indians and their Agencies.The following are the distribution and population of the Indians in the United States, taken from the Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1876:
Arizona,Colorado River Agency: Mojaves, 820; Chemehuevis, 320; Hualapais (not on reservation), 620; Coahuilas (not on reservation), 150; Cocopas (not on reservation), 180.Moquis Pueblo Agency: Moquis Pueblos, 1700.Pima and Maricopa Agency: Papagos, about 5000; Pimas, 4100; Maricopas, 400.San Carlos Agency: Pinal and Aribaipa Apaches, 1051; Chiricahua Apaches, 297; Mojave Apaches, 618; Yuma Apaches, 352; Tonto Apaches, 629; Coyotero Apaches, 1612. Indians in Arizona not under an agent: Yumas, 930; Mojaves, 700.
California,Hoopa Valley Agency: Hoopas, 511; Redwoods, 12; Siahs, 13; Klamaths, 44.Round Valley Agency(192 not on reservation): Potter Valley, 307; Ukie, 197; Pitt River, 60; Red Wood, 94; Wylackie, 172; Con Cowe, 148; Little Lake, 166.Tule River Agency: Tules, Tejons, Wachamnis, Kweahs, King’s River, and Manaches, 1200. Indians in California not under an agent: Mission, Coahuila, Temecula, and other Indians, 4375; Klamaths, 1125.
Colorado,Los Pinos Agency: Tabequache-Muache, Capote, and Weminuche bands of Utes, 2000.White River Agency: Grand River, Yampa, Uintah, and Pah bands of Utes, 900.
Dakota,Cheyenne River Agency: Two Kettle Sioux, Sans-Arc Sioux, Minneconjou Sioux, Blackfeet Sioux, 2280.Crow Creek Agency: Lower Yanctonais Sioux, 1213.Devil’s Lake Agency: Sisseton Sioux, 391; Wahpeton Sioux, 477; Cut-Head Sioux, 203.Flandreau Agency: Flandreau Sioux, 361.Fort Berthold Agency: Arickarees, 692; Gros Ventres, 414; Mandans, 241; Gros Ventres (seceders), 100.Lower Brulé Agency: Lower Brulé Sioux, 1800.Ponca Agency: Poncas, 730.Red Cloud Agency: Ogallalla Sioux, Northern Cheyennes, Northern Arapahoes, 6000.Spotted Tail Agency: Upper Brulé and Ogallalla Sioux, Lower Brulé Sioux, Northern Brulé Sioux, and others, 2315.Sisseton Agency: Sisseton and Wahpeton Sioux, 1745.Standing Rock Agency: Upper Yanctonais Sioux, Lower Yanctonais Sioux, Uncpapa Sioux,Blackfeet Sioux, 2315.Yankton Agency: Yankton Sioux, 1992. Indians in Dakota not under an agent, or absent from agencies, 15,000.
Idaho,Fort Hall Agency: Bannacks, 648; Shoshones, 964.Lemhi Agency: Sheepeaters, 300; Bannacks, 190; Shoshones, 450.Nez Percés Agency: Nez Percés, 2800. Indians in Idaho not under an agent: Cœur d’Alenes, Pend d’Oreilles, and Kootenays, 1000.
Indian Territory,Cheyenne and Arapahoe Agency: Cheyennes, 2029; Arapahoes, 1703; Apaches, 48; Cheyennes absent from reservation, 180; held as prisoners by military, 32.Kiowa and Comanche Agency: Kiowas, 1090; Comanches, 1570; Apaches, 325.Osage Agency: Osage, 2679; Kaws, 443.Pawnee Agency: Pawnees, 2026.Quapaw Agency: Quapaws, 235; confederated Kaskaskias, Piankeshaws, Weas, Peorias, and Miamis, 202; Ottawas, 140; Eastern Shawnees, 97; Wyandottes, 258; Senecas, 240; Modocs, 117; Straggling Black Bob Shawnees and Pottawatomies, 100.Sac and Fox Agency: Sacs and Foxes of Mississippi, 417; absentee Shawnees, 647; Mexican Kickapoos, 312.Union Agency: Cherokees, 18,672; Creeks, 14,000; Choctaws, 16,000; Chickasaws, 5800; Seminoles, 2553.Wichita Agency: Caddos and Delawares, 580; Comanches, 168; Keechies and Wacos, 155; Tawacanies, 100; Wichitas, 217. Indians in Indian Territory not under an agent: Citizen Pottawatomies, 131.
Iowa,Sac and Fox Agency: Sacs and Foxes, 341.
Kansas,Kansas Agency: Pottawatomies (prairie band), 497; Kickapoos, 252. Indians in Kansas without an agency: Chippewas, of Swan Creek, and Munsees, 61; Mokohoko band of Sacs and Foxes, 200.
Michigan,Mackinac Agency: Chippewas of Lake Superior, 1200; Chippewas of Saginaw, Swan Creek, and Black River, 2000; Chippewas and Ottawas of Lake Michigan, 7000; Pottawatomies of Huron, 60.
Minnesota,Leech Lake Agency: Pillager and Lake Winnebagoshish Chippewas, 1610; Chippewas of Mississippi, 790.Red Lake Agency: Red Lake Chippewas, 1178.White Earth Agency: Mississippi Chippewas, 1768; Pembina Chippewas, 452; Otter-Tail Chippewas, 485.
Montana,Blackfeet Agency: Blackfeet, Bloods, and Piegans (no tribal distinctions), 7200.Crow Agency: Mountain Crows, 1500; River Crows, 1000.Flathead Agency: Flatheads, 381; Pend d’Oreilles, 858; Kootenays, 390.Fort Peck Agency: Assiniboines, 1998; Yanctonais, Uncpapa, Brulé, Teton Sioux, and Gros Ventres, 6500.
Nebraska,Great Nemaha Agency: Iowas, 224; Sacs and Foxes of Missouri, 100.Omaha Agency: Omahas, 1027.Otoe Agency: Otoes and Missouris, 454.Santee Agency: Santee Sioux, 793.Winnebago Agency: Winnebagoes, 1500.
New Mexico,Abiquiu Agency: Utes, 900; Jicarilla Apaches, 326.Cimarron Agency: Jicarilla Apaches, 420; Muache Utes, 230.Mescalero Agency: Mescalero Apaches, 1400.Navajo Agency: Navajoes, 11,868.Pueblo Agency: Pueblos, 8400.Southern Apache Agency: Gila Apaches, Mogollen Apaches, Mimbre Apaches, Chiricahua Apaches, 1600.
New York,New York Agency: Senecas, 3017; Oneidas, 250; Onondagas, 453; Cayugas, 161; Tuscaroras, 412; St. Regis, 741.
Nevada,Nevada Agency: Pah-Utes on Pah-Ute reservation, 400; Pah-Utes in Northern Arizona (not on reservation), 284; Pah-Utes in Utah (not on reservation), 528; Pah-Utes in Southern Nevada (not on reservation), 631; Pah-Utes in California (not on reservation), 184; Pah-Utes on Pyramid Lake reserve, 1500; Shoshones, 500; Pah-Utes on Walker River reserve, 500.Western Shoshone Agency: Goship Utes (not on reservation), 204; Western Shoshones (not on reservation), 1945; Indians in Nevada not under an agent: Pah-Utes (not on reservation), 1000.
North Carolina,Eastern Cherokee Agency: Eastern Cherokees, 1600; other Eastern Cherokees scattered through Georgia, South Carolina, and Tennessee, 800.
Oregon,Grand Ronde Agency: Molels, Clackamas, Rogue River, and other bands, 755.Klamath Agency: Klamaths, 676; Modocs, 100; Pah-Ute Snakes, 100; Wollpahpe Snakes, 174.Malheur Agency: Pah-Utes, 462; Snakes, 300.Siletz Agency: Rogue River, Shasta Scoton, and thirteen other bands, 1100; Alseas, Sinselaws, Coosas, and Umpquas, 325.Umatilla Agency: Walla Walla, 128; Cayuse, 385; Umatilla, 169.Warm Springs Agency: Wascoes, 263; Teninoes, 50; Warm Springs, 187; Indians roaming on Columbia River, renegades and others, 2000.
Utah,Uintah Valley Agency: Uintah Utes, 650; Indians in Utah not under an agent, Pah Vents, 134; Goship Utes, 256.
Washington Territory,Colville Agency: Colvilles, 650; Spokanes, 685; Lakes, 242; Calispels, 395; Okinakanes, 330; San Poels and Nespeelums, 500; Methows, 315.Neah Bay Agency: Makahs, 538.Puyallup Agency: Muckleshoot, 130; Puyallups, 525; Nisquallies, 205; Squaxons, 50; Chehalis, 240; Shoal Water Bay, 60; Grape Harbor, 160; Cowlitz, 25.Quinaielt Agency: Quinaielts, 122; Queets, 114; Hohs, 80; Quillehutes, 260.S’Kokomish Agency: S’Klallams, 550; Towanas, 275.Tulalip Agency: Snohomish, 900; Lummi, 600; Etakmur, 550; Swinomish, 700; Muckleshoot, 500.Yakama Agency: Yakama, Palouse, Pisquose, Wenatshepum, Kliktat, Klinquit, Kowwassayee, Siaywas, Skinpah, Wisham, Shyiks, Ochechole, Kahmiltpah, and Seapcat, 4100.
Wisconsin,Green Bay Agency: Menomonees, 1522; Oneidas, 1387; Stockbridges, 121.La Pointe Agency: Chippewas, RedCliff Band, 726; Bad River, 732; Lac Court d’Oreille, 1048; Lac de Flambeau, 665; Fond du Lac, 404; Grand Portage, 262; Bois Fort, 714. Indians in Wisconsin not under an agent: Winnebagoes, 823; Pottawatomies (prairie band), 180.
Wyoming,Shoshone Agency: Shoshones (eastern band), 1800.
Indians in North Carolina, Indiana, Tennessee, Georgia, Florida, and Texas: Miamis, Seminoles, Lipans, Tonkawas, 850. Number of Indians in the United States, exclusive of those in Alaska, 266,151; number of Indians who are mixed-bloods, 40,639; number of school-teachers for Indians, 437; amount of money expended for education during the year, $362,496.03; number of births and deaths about even.
Alaska.The aboriginal inhabitants of Alaska are divided generally into two classes, the Ararian, or Coast tribes, and Indian, or Interior tribes; of the former the Innuit, or Esquimo races, inhabit coast of Arctic and North Pacific Ocean, and the Aleutians inhabited the chain of Aleutian Islands and the western ends of Aliaska peninsula.
Innuit, orEsquimo.Kopágmuts; numbered, in 1870, about 200; inhabit the shore of the Arctic Ocean between Mackenzie’s River and Manning’s Point; were formerly much more numerous and powerful, inhabiting valley of Mackenzie’s River for 300 miles until driven out by Indians.
Kanmalígmut.They number about 250; inhabit shore of Arctic Ocean from Manning’s Point to Cape Barrow; great traders.
Nuwikmut.Number about 600, and inhabit coast of Arctic Ocean from mouth of Colville River to Cape Liskurore; main villages at Cape Smith, Cape Barrow, Wainwright’s Island, and Icy Cape; make annual trading voyages in July and August.
Nunatogmuts.Number about 350; inhabit the north shore of Kotzebue Sound; treacherous and thieving; meet white traders annually at Point Hope, and carry on trade with natives up the inland rivers.
Konágmuts.Number about 100, and inhabit the eastern shore of Selanik River and southeast coast of Kotzebue Sound, carrying on trade with interior Indians.
Okeéogmuts.Number about 350, and inhabit the islands in Behring’s Sea and Straits north of N. lat. 63°; most agile and hardy of Northern Indians; are bold, obstinate, and courageous; carry on trade between Asia and America by means of skin canoes.
Kikhtogámuts.Number about 250, and inhabit St. Lawrence Island; the most immodest and filthy of Esquimos.
Kariágmuts.Number 500, and inhabit peninsula between Kotzebue and Norton Sounds, have large trade with whalers, and travel extensively; are addicted to theft, incest, and violence.
Mahlemut.Number 600; inhabit the neck of the Kariak peninsula.
Unáligmuts.Number 150, and inhabit southwestern shore of Norton Sound.
Ecógmuts.Number about 1000; inhabit the delta of the Yukon and 300 miles of its valley. Have heavy beard and hairy bodies, in strong contrast to other tribes.
Mágemuts.Number about 500; inhabiting Muriak Island and coast from 60° to 62° N. lat. Great hunters of mink, as their name indicates. They excel in ivory carving, but are poor, filthy, and immodest.
Kusknogmuts.Number 2500; inhabit shore of Kuskoquine Bay and valley of Kuskoquine River for 150 miles; do not intermarry with other tribes.
Nushagágmuts.Number about 400, and inhabit shore of Bristol Bay and valleys of lakes between it and coast mountains.
Ogulmuts.Number about 500, and inhabit north shore of Aliaska peninsula and basin of Lliamna Lake.
Karrigmuts.Number 3000, and inhabit south shore of Aliaska peninsula and shore of Cook’s Inlet to Lliamna Peak, and also Kodiack Island; were formerly much more numerous, and occupied all the shore of Cook’s Inlet until the interior Indians drove them off and established themselves on that coast; they are frequently confounded with theAleuts; have been much altered by over 90 years’ intercourse with Russians; are virtually Greek Christians.
Chugachígmuts.Number about 600, and inhabit southern and eastern coast of Kenai peninsula.
Ugálákmuts.Number about 400, and inhabit coast from Icy Bay to Prince William’s Sound, except at the mouth of the Atna, on Copper River, where the interior Indians hold the coast. This tribe is at present the southern and eastern limit of the Innuit, or Esquimo races, although at one time they undoubtedly extended to the mouth of the Stickeen River.
Aleuts.On the advent of the Russians, about 150 years ago, the twenty Aleut races numbered about 10,000 people; they had marked peculiarities and well-defined tribal divisions. The cruelty, oppression, and persecution of the Russians rapidly decreased their numbers; their natural and tribal distinctions were lost and forgotten; they were entirely cowed and subdued; they embraced Greek Christianity, and were transported by their conquerors all along the coast.
Khagántagákuhn.Number 350, and inhabit western end of Aliaska peninsula and Shumagin Islands.
Unaláshkuhns.Number 750; inhabit Unalask, Unmak, and Priboloff Islands.
Atkanhun.Number 470, and inhabit the Western Islands.
Tinneh.Interior Indian tribes belonging to the same family; occupy either flank of the Rocky Mountains, from the mouth of Mackenzie’s River southward as far as Mexico. In Alaska they extend westward to near the delta Yukon, but absolutely reach the sea-coast only at two places, the mouth of the Atna River and the shore at Cook’s Inlet.
Koyukukhotana.Number about 600, and inhabit the mountain north of the Yukon and east of Norton Sound. A fierce and warlike tribe, constantly at war with the Kaiguhkotima; live in permanent villages, and travel by dog-sledges. They subsist by hunting deer and mountain-sheep.
Kaiguhkotima.Number about 2300; have many settlements between lat. 60° and 65° N. and long. 150° and 160° W., on the lower Yukon and Kuskoquin Rivers. They live by fishing and trading dried fish with the tribes of the upper rivers for moose and deer meat, wooden-ware, and beech-bark canoes, which the latter are very skillful in making; they travel by dog-sledges.
Unakhotana.Number about 500, and live in the valley of the Yukon from long. 152° to 156° W.; do not build permanent villages, keep only hunting-dogs, practice polygamy, take and discard wives at pleasure.
Ahtona.Number about 1500, and inhabit the basin of the Atna, or Copper River. This is one of the two tribes that have forced their way through the Ararians and conduct their annual trading independent of the middlemen of the coast.
Tchaninkutchin.Number about 1000, and inhabit north shore of Kenai peninsula and basin of Suchinto River. This is the second instance of interior Indians proper who have forced their way through the Ararians. Less is known of them than any other coast tribes; they are intelligent and warlike, and subsist on mountain-sheep, with the skins of which they clothe themselves.
Nehannees.A name given to a number of tribes who inhabit the head-waters of the Yukon, Mackenzie, and Stickeen Rivers. By the late George Gibbs, they are of a low grade and little is known of their peculiarities or numbers. They consist of theAbbatotena, who inhabit the basin of the Pelly and MacMillan Rivers, and are called by the Hudson Bay people “Gens du Bois.” TheMauvais Mondi, inhabiting basin of Francis Lake.Architotena, called Sicannees by the Hudson Bay people, inhabit the head-waters of the Deas and Laird’s Rivers. TheDahotena, inhabiting the head-waters of the Stickeen, and theIahko-tena, in the basin of the Lewis River.
Chilkahtena.Inhabit head-waters of rivers that rise near the head-waters of the Chilkuht that flow north into the Yukon. They are bold and warlike; number about 500; are middlemen traders between the Chilkhut Ihlinkets, who do not allow them to descend the Chilkhut, and interior tribes.
Jnahnkutchin.Number about 800, and live in basin of Jenanah River, the principal tributary of the Yukon, are nomadic, live on deer, and trap fox and sable for trade; are regarded by their neighbors, whom they visit annually for trading purposes, with fear and terror.
Kutchkutchin.Number about 400, and inhabit about 350 miles of the Yukon valley.
Natsitkutchin.The “Gens de Rats” of the Hudson Bay people; occupy the north side of the Porcupine; number not known.
Inkuthkutchin.250 in number; inhabit south bank of Porcupine.
Hankutchin.Number not known; occupy 300 miles of Yukon valley that is densely wooded.
Intchuon Kutchin.Very numerous, “the Gens de Foix” of the Hudson Bay people; occupy the basin of the White, the Lewis, and the Stewart River; they are of nomadic habits, amiable and remarkably honest. They trade with the Atna River Indians.
Ihlinkets.A stock of Indians inhabiting the islands of the Alexander Archipelago from lat. 60° N. to the head or north end of Vancouver Island. They are essentially maritime and commercial; they travel entirely by canoes, in which they make voyages hundreds of miles in length. They live in fixed villages, always built upon the shores of bays or rivers in the most substantial manner of heavy timber, often showing great mechanical skill, and frequently arranged with regard for capacity for defense. They own slaves, cremate their dead, and are industrious and frugal as well as cruel, warlike, and aggressive in their nature.
Yakutats.Numbering about 350; inhabit the coast from Mount St. Elias to Mount Crilton, their principal village being at Port Mulgrove, Behring’s Bay. They cure salmon to live upon, hunt the seal and sea-otter for trade. They eat the blubber and flesh of the whale, and often voyage as far south as Fort Simpson, in lat. 54° N.
Chilkahtknan.Number about 1500 in the village of Chilkaht and Iselkort Rivers and head of Lyn Channel; they are fierce and warlike, often at war with the southern Indians; make annual trading voyages, carrying peltries obtained from interior Indians as far south as Victoria, Vancouver Island, receiving in exchange blankets, powder, ball, hardware, and molasses and sugar.
Sitkakneen.Number about 1200 or 1500, and inhabit the shore of Cross Sound, Checkayoff, Kruyoff, and Buranoff Islands. Their principal village is Sitka, Buranoff Island. They are called Kolases by Russians, whom it took many years to subdue to a sufficient extent to make a foothold in their country. They frequently fought the intruders, and as late as 1855 perpetrated a bloody massacre, killing a whole congregation who were worshiping in a church. Before the advent of the Russians they were often at war with their neighbors, and before being subject to an epidemic of smallpox and a massacre by the Stickeens were much more numerous. The Russians employ large numbers of them at ship-building. They are industrious and have much mechanical skill in working both wood and metals. Large numbers of them have been baptized into the Greek Church, but Christianity never made much impression upon them.
Kootznonknan.Numbering about 300; inhabit Admiralty Island, their principal villagebeing at Hood’s Bay. They resemble the Sitkas, with whom they intermarry. They were the first to distill a kind of liquor from molasses or sugar and potatoes or beans, which is now a universal custom in Alaska, and is demoralizing the native population to a great extent.
Jahkuknan.Numbering about 250 in the basin of the Jashku River and shore of Stephen’s Pass; resemble the Sitkas.
Kakenan.Number about 200; inhabit Kow and several other islands in Stephen’s Pass; warlike and treacherous. They are the only Alaska Indians with whom the United States has had hostilities. Gen. J. C. Davis destroyed their principal village in 1858, since which time they have declined in power and importance.
Tongasknan.200 in number; inhabit Tongas Island.
Stakhinknan.Number 1000; inhabit the mouth of Stahkin River and neighboring islands; principal village at Wrangle Island; resemble the Sitkas closely; warlike and treacherous; skillful workers in metals and wood.
Kygahn.Called Haidas by Hudson Bay people; numbering in Alaska about 500 and in Prince of Wales Archipelago; are of fine stature, and fierce and warlike as well as treacherous; ingenious carvers in metal and wood; they formerly carried on a trade in slaves with more northern Indians, making for the purpose of capturing them predatory incursions as far south as Vancouver Island and Puget Sound. They also manufacture and supply yellow-cedar canoes of immense size to northern Indians.
Indications, Military.SeeMilitary Indications.
Indicator.An invention of Gen. Wingate, of the New York Militia, for instructing men in aiming the musket. A steel rod passing through a brass tompon in the muzzle is projected forwards by the firing-pin. The rod carries a sharp point in the line of the sights, which punctures a miniature target a foot or so in front of the muzzle.
Indisciplinable.Not disciplinable; incapable of being disciplined, or subjected to discipline; undisciplinable.
Indiscipline.Want of discipline or instruction.
Indore.The capital of the principality of the same name in India, on the left bank of the Kuthi. This place, mean and insignificant enough in itself, acquired considerable notoriety in connection with the grand revolt of 1857. Though Holkar, the rajah, remained faithful to the British government, yet his troops mutinied on July 1, holding their prince as a prisoner in his palace, and butchering many Europeans, men, women, and children, in cold blood.
Inefficient.Incapable of, or indisposed to, effective action; effecting nothing; as, an inefficient force.
Inergetic.Having no energy; as, an inergetic officer.
Inescutcheon.In heraldry, a small escutcheon borne within a shield.
Inexperienced.Not having experience; unskilled; as, an inexperienced general.
Inexpugnable.Incapable of being subdued by force; impregnable.
Infamous Behavior.In the British service a term peculiarly applicable to military life when it is affected by dishonorable conduct; on conviction of which, an officer is ordered to be cashiered. Infamy may be attached to an officer or soldier in a variety of ways; and some countries are more tenacious than others on this head. Among European nations it has always been deemed infamous and disgraceful to abandon the field of action or to desert the colors. In Germany a mark of infamy was attached to the character of every man who was found guilty of misbehavior before the enemy. Among the Romans it was considered as infamous and disgraceful to be taken prisoner, and a Roman soldier was impressed with the idea that he must either conquer or die on the field. There are various occasions in which the conduct of an officer may render him unworthy of the situation he fills, such as cheating at play, taking unfair advantages of youth, imposing upon the credulity or confidence of a tradesman, habitual drunkenness, flagrant breaches of hospitality, etc.
Infantry(Lat.infans, “child,” or “servant,” applied to servants who went on foot, andinfanterie, to foot-soldiers generally). Is that portion of a military establishment using small-arms and equipped for marching and fighting on foot, in contradistinction to artillery and cavalry. It is the oldest of the “three arms” into which armies are conventionally divided; was the favorite of the Greeks, the Gauls, the Germans, and the Franks, and was that mainly with which Rome conquered the world. Under Grecian and Roman civilization it attained pre-eminence as thearm of battle, but fell into contempt and comparative desuetude early in the Middle Ages, and did not emerge from that obscurity till the decline of the feudal system. It was first revived by the Swiss, who, armed with the pike, withstood the most famous chivalry of Europe. Afterwards the Spanish infantry, armed with the musket, and led by Alva and the Duke of Parma, Cortez and Pizarro, became the terror of two continents. The other states of Europe were not slow in learning the lesson. Infantry steadily increased in power and importance from the first years of the 14th century, and is now recognized as constituting the principal strength of military organizations. This importance results from the fact that it can be used everywhere, “in mountains or on plains, in woody or open countries, in cities or in fields, on rivers or at sea, in the redoubt or in the attack on the breach.” It is the self-sustaining arm in the field of battle, and is, moreover, less expensive, man for man, than its auxiliaries.
Infantry Exercise.The use of the rifle, and manœuvres for regiments of infantry, according to the regulations issued by the War Department.
Infantry, Heavy-armed.Among the ancients were such as wore a complete suit of armor, and engaged with broad shields and long spears. They were the flower and strength of the Grecian armies, and had the highest rank of military honor.
Infantry, Light.Came into use after the year 1656. They had no camp equipage to carry, and their arms and accoutrements were much lighter than the common infantry, or battalion men; they were used as skirmishers, etc.
Infantry, Light-armed.Among the ancients, were designed for skirmishes, and for fighting at a distance. Their weapons were arrows, darts, or slings.
Infantry Tactics.SeeTactics.
Inferior.In a military sense means simply junior in rank, having a lower rank.
Infest.To trouble greatly; to disturb; to annoy; to harass; as, the sea is infested with pirates; parties of the enemy infest the coast.
Infile.To arrange in a file or rank; to place in order. This term is obsolete.
Inflammation.When grains of powder are united to form a charge, and fire is communicated to one of them, the heated and expansive gases evolved insinuate themselves into the interstices of the charge, envelop the grains, and ignite them, one after the other. This propagation of ignition is calledinflammation, and its velocity thevelocity of inflammation. It is much greater than that of combustion, and it should not be confounded with it. Thevelocity of inflammationof powder compressed by pounding is about .64 inch, while that of mealed powder in the same condition is only .45 inch. Inflammation, in the study of gunpowder, is the spread of the flame from one grain to another—as opposed to ignition; the setting on fire of a certain point of the charge.
Informant.In case a civil person is the complainant, he becomes the principal witness before a court-martial, and after giving his evidence may remain in court, in order that the judge-advocate may refer to him.
Informers.In the British service, were soldiers who gave information of false musters, or of pay illegally detained; and were, for said services, entitled to their discharge.
Ingauni.A Ligurian tribe who formerly inhabited the sea-coast and adjoining mountains at the foot of the Maritime Alps, on the west side of the Gulf of Genoa. They are mentioned as being engaged in hostilities with a neighboring tribe, the Epanterii, on the occasion of the landing of Mago, the brother of Hannibal,B.C.205. They were several times engaged in wars with the Romans, but were finally defeated by the pro-consul, Æmilius Paullus, in a decisive engagement (losing 15,000 killed and 2500 prisoners), which resulted in their ultimate submission to the Roman sway.
Inglorious.Shameful; disgraceful; ignominious; as, he charged his troops with inglorious flight.
Inimical.Hostile.
Initial Velocity.In England the termmuzzle velocityis frequently used. In gunnery, the initial velocity of a projectile is the velocity at the muzzle of the piece, and is determined by the use of the ballistic pendulum, the gun pendulum, the electro-ballistic machines, the Schultz chronoscope, or the Le Boulengé chronograph; the two last being now generally used in the U. S. service. The various plans in use differ only in the manner of recording and keeping the time of flight. The initial velocity of a shot may be ascertained by firing the gun, the axis being horizontal, at a target and measuring thedistanceof the point struck below the point where the axis of the gun produced would pierce the target.Thisis the vertical distance fallen through by the ball in the time of passage from the muzzle to the target, and the time in which it falls through this distance is given by the formula
t=√2sg
in whichtrepresents the time,sthe vertical space fallen through, andgthe force of gravity. The distance to the target divided by thistimegives the initial velocity approximately. Practically, this method is only applicable to large breech-loading cannon, which have neither windage nor vibration in the barrel to affect the angle of departure of the projectile. Smooth-bores or muzzle-loading rifles are subject to the first cause of error; the first-named guns in a great degree, and small-arms to vibrations not yet fully investigated, which cause a sensible difference between the axis of the piece as pointed and the line of fire. The causes that affect initial velocity are the weight of the charge, the size and position of the vent, the windage, the length of the bore, the form of the chamber, the diameter and density of the projectile, the windage of the cartridge; the form, size, density, and dryness of the grains of powder; and the barometric, thermometric, and hygrometric states of the atmosphere. SeeVelocity.
Injuries to Cannon.Brass cannon are little subject to external injury caused by service, except from the bending of the trunnions sometimes, after long service or heavy charges. Internal injuries are caused by the action of the elastic fluids developed in the combustion of the powder, or by the action of the shot in passing out of the bore. These effects generally increase with the caliber of the piece. The principal injury of the first kind is the cutting away of themetal of the upper surface of the bore over the seat of the shot. The injuries of the second kind are, thelodgment of the shot,—a compression of the metal on the lower side of the bore, at the seat of the shot, which is caused by the pressure of the gas in escaping over the top of the shot. There is a correspondingburrin front of the lodgment, and the motion therefore given to the shot causes it to strike alternately on the top and bottom of the bore, producing otherenlargements, generallythreein number, the first on the upper side a little in advance of the trunnions, the second on the lower side about the astragal, the third in the upper part of the muzzle. It is chiefly from this cause that brass guns become unserviceable.Scratches, caused by the fragments of a broken shot, or the roughness of an imperfect one. A piece is said to behoneycombedwhen the surface of the bore is full of small holes and cavities. This is due to the melting and volatilization of a portion of tin in the alloy, tin being much more fusible than copper. Iron cannon are subject to the above defects in a less degree than brass, except the corrosion of the metal, by which the vent is rendered unserviceable from enlargement. The one cause of injury to iron cannon is the rusting of the metal, producing a roughness and enlargement of the bore and an increase of any cavities or honeycombs which may exist in the metal.