A week consists of seven mornings, or seven days, which the Gentiles call by the names of the seven planets (which they worshipped as Gods); the first day of the sun; the second day of the moon, &c. In a week God made the world,
i.e.
in six days, and rested the seventh.
All civilized nations observe one day in seven, as a stated time of worship; the Turks and Mahometans keep the sixth day of the week, or Friday; the Jews the seventh, or Saturday; the Christians the first, or Sunday.
Of months there are various kinds; a solar month is the space of thirty days, in which time the sun runneth through one sign of the zodiac.
A lunar month is that interval of time which the moon spendeth in wandering from the sun, in her oval circuit, through the twelve signs, until she returns to him again, (being sometimes nearer, sometimes farther from the earth)
i.e.
from the first day of her appearing next after her change, to the last day of her being visible, before her next change, which may be greater or lesser, according to her motion.
The usual or common months are those set down in our almanacks, containing some 30, some 31, and February but 28 days, according to these verses:
Thirty days hath September,April, June, and November;February twenty-eight alone,All the rest have thirty-one;But when leap-year comes, that timeHas February twenty-nine.
Thirty days hath September,April, June, and November;February twenty-eight alone,All the rest have thirty-one;But when leap-year comes, that timeHas February twenty-nine.
A year is the space of time in which the sun runs through all the 12 signs of the zodiac: containing 12 solar months, 13 lunar months, 52 weeks, 365 days, and six hours, which six hours, in four years time, being added together, make one day, which day on every fourth year is added to February, making that month 29 days, which at other times is but 28; and this year with the additional day is called leap-year.
To find the Leap-Year.
Divide the year of our Lord by 4, and if there be no remainder, it is leap-year; but if there remains 1, 2, or 3, then that denotes the first, second, or third after leap-year.
TABLES OFWEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
Troy Weight.Char.
Troy Weight.Char.
24Grains---1Pennyweightdwt.20Pennyweights1Ounce ---oz.12Ounces ---1Poundlb.
24Grains---1Pennyweightdwt.20Pennyweights1Ounce ---oz.12Ounces ---1Poundlb.
By this weight are weighed jewels, gold, silver, corn, and all liquors.
Avoirdupois Weight.
Avoirdupois Weight.
16Drams---1Ounce ---oz.16Ounces ---1Pound ---lb.28Pounds---1Quar. of a hun.qr.20Hundreds --1Ton ---ton.
16Drams---1Ounce ---oz.16Ounces ---1Pound ---lb.28Pounds---1Quar. of a hun.qr.20Hundreds --1Ton ---ton.
By this weight, which is now generally used in England, are weighed butter, cheese, groceries, &c.
N.B.
One pound avoirdupois is equal to 14 oz. 11 dwts. 15½ grains troy; and one ounce troy is equal to 1 oz. 1 dram, and something above an half, avoirdupois.
Apothecaries' Weight.Char.
Apothecaries' Weight.Char.
20Grains1Scruple ---scruple3Scruples ---1Dram ---dram8Drams----1Ounce ---ounce12Ounces ---1Pound ---pound
20Grains1Scruple ---scruple3Scruples ---1Dram ---dram8Drams----1Ounce ---ounce12Ounces ---1Pound ---pound
By this weight apothecaries compound their medicines; but buy and sell their drugs by avoirdupois weight.
Wine Measure.In short.
Wine Measure.In short.
2Pints ---1Quartqrt.4Quarts ---1Gallon ---gall..63Gallons ---1Hogshead ---hhd.2Hogsheads ---1Pipe ---pipe.2Pipes ---1Tun ---tun.
2Pints ---1Quartqrt.4Quarts ---1Gallon ---gall..63Gallons ---1Hogshead ---hhd.2Hogsheads ---1Pipe ---pipe.2Pipes ---1Tun ---tun.
Beer Measure.
Beer Measure.
2Pints ---1Quart ---qrt.4Quarts ---1Gallon ---gall.9Gallons ---1Firkin ---firk.2Firkins ---1Kilderkin ---kild.2Kilderkins --1Barrel ---bar.1½Barrel ---1Hogshead --hhd.3Barrels, or 2 hhds.1Butt ---butt.
2Pints ---1Quart ---qrt.4Quarts ---1Gallon ---gall.9Gallons ---1Firkin ---firk.2Firkins ---1Kilderkin ---kild.2Kilderkins --1Barrel ---bar.1½Barrel ---1Hogshead --hhd.3Barrels, or 2 hhds.1Butt ---butt.
N.B.
Eight gallons make a firkin of ale.
Cloth Measure.In short.
Cloth Measure.In short.
4Nails ---1Quarter ---qr.4Quarters --1Yard ---yd.
4Nails ---1Quarter ---qr.4Quarters --1Yard ---yd.
Note, An ell English is 5 quarters of a yard, and an ell Flemish is 3 quarters.
Time.
Time.
60Seconds ---1Minute60Minutes ---1Hour24Hours ---1Natural Day7Days1Week4Weeks1Month13Months, 1 day, and 6 hours, isOne52Weeks, 1 day, and 6 hours, isJulian365Days, and 6 hours, isYear.8766Hours, is
60Seconds ---1Minute60Minutes ---1Hour24Hours ---1Natural Day7Days1Week4Weeks1Month13Months, 1 day, and 6 hours, isOne52Weeks, 1 day, and 6 hours, isJulian365Days, and 6 hours, isYear.8766Hours, is
Note,
An exact solar year is equal to 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 48 seconds, 57 thirds: and one lunar month is equal to 29 days, 12 hours, and 45 minutes.
Dry Measure.In short.
Dry Measure.In short.
8Pints ---1Gallon ---gall.2Gallons ---1Peck ---peck.4Pecks ---1Bushel ---bush.4Bushels ---1Coomb --coomb.2Coombs --1Quarter --qr.5Quarters --1Wey ----wey.2Weys ---1Last ---last.
8Pints ---1Gallon ---gall.2Gallons ---1Peck ---peck.4Pecks ---1Bushel ---bush.4Bushels ---1Coomb --coomb.2Coombs --1Quarter --qr.5Quarters --1Wey ----wey.2Weys ---1Last ---last.
Land Measure.
Land Measure.
40Square Perches ---1Rood4Roods ----1Acre
40Square Perches ---1Rood4Roods ----1Acre
Note, 5 feet is a geometrical pace, and 1056 geometrical paces 1 English mile.
Long Measure.
12Inches ----1Foot3Feet ---1Yard5Yards and ½ ---1Pole or perch40Poles --- ---1Furlong8Furlongs or 1760 yards1English mile
12Inches ----1Foot3Feet ---1Yard5Yards and ½ ---1Pole or perch40Poles --- ---1Furlong8Furlongs or 1760 yards1English mile
A MULTIPLICATION TABLE.
1234567892468101214161836912151821242748121620242832365101520253035404561218243036424854714212835424956638162432404856647291827364554637281
1234567892468101214161836912151821242748121620242832365101520253035404561218243036424854714212835424956638162432404856647291827364554637281
THE use of this table is to find how many any one figure multiplied by another will make: suppose I wanted to know, how many seven times eight is, I look into the table for 7 in the first rank of figures on the left hand, and for 8 in the top line; then carrying my finger strait from 7 in the first rank of figures, till I come to that which has the figure 8 on the top of it, I there find 56, which is the exact number of 7 times 8, or 8 multiplied by 7. So in all other instances look for the first figure in the left-hand rank or column, and for the figure you want to multiply by in the first or top line, and which ever square these two meet in, there is the amount.
ThePENCE TABLE.
20Pence is1shilling and8pence30---2----640---3----450---4----260---5------70---5----1080---6----890---7----6100---8----4110---9----2120---10------130---10----10140---11----8150---12----6160---13----4170---14----2180---15------190---15----10200---16----8210---17----6220---18----4230---19----2240---20------
20Pence is1shilling and8pence30---2----640---3----450---4----260---5------70---5----1080---6----890---7----6100---8----4110---9----2120---10------130---10----10140---11----8150---12----6160---13----4170---14----2180---15------190---15----10200---16----8210---17----6220---18----4230---19----2240---20------