CHAPTER XV.RETRIBUTION.1784.Nine years passed, after the death of Queen Matilda, before retribution overcame Juliana Maria for the part she had played in compassing her ruin. By that time all the conspirators who had taken part in the palace revolution of 1772 had been banished or disgraced, except two, Eickstedt and Guldberg, and of these the latter was by far the more powerful. The sex of the Queen-Dowager did not permit her to preside in person over the Council of State; her son, the Hereditary Prince Frederick, who was a puppet in the hands of his mother, nominally presided, but he was there only as a matter of form. Guldberg in reality presided, and behind Guldberg was Juliana Maria, for she ruled entirely through him. The mental condition of Christian VII. made it impossible for him to take any part in the government, though he still reigned in theory. The whole of the regal power was transferred from his hands to those of Juliana Maria and her other self, Guldberg, who eventually filled the post of Privy Cabinet Secretary to the King, and acted in many ways as Struensee had done.Their rule was not successful. The one measure to be placed to their credit was a law passed in 1776, which decreed that only natives of the kingdom could hold office, though the King had the power of naturalising deserving foreigners. In home affairs the Government became more and more unpopular. The democratic reforms instituted by Struensee were nearly all repealed: the orthodox clergy were gratified by the reintroduction of public penance for sexual sins, the nobility and landowners by the restoration of serfdom. The result of this legislation was that the peasants were more oppressed than before, the taxes grew heavier, and the old abuses flourished again vigorously. The foreign policy of Denmark was to lean more and more towards Prussia. The King of Prussia had, by means of his relative Juliana Maria, acquired great influence over the foreign policy of Denmark, and under his direction it grew hostile to England. The Danish Government was weak and vacillating in foreign affairs, and its administration of home affairs was feeble and corrupt. As the years went by, it became greatly discredited, and the Queen-Dowager, who was regarded, rightly or wrongly, as the cause of this loss of nationalprestige, became more and more hated. Indeed, so unpopular was the Government of Queen Juliana Maria that the wonder was it lasted so long; it only endured because no strong man arose to overthrow it.The hopes of the Danish nation were centred in the Crown Prince Frederick, the son of QueenMatilda. At one time there was a design to set both him and his sister aside,[115]but the Queen-Dowager and her friends were afraid the nation would not suffer it. The Crown Prince grew up under the care of Eickstedt, and his education was entrusted to a learned professor named Sporon. Taking their cue, no doubt, from the Queen-Dowager, the ministers treated the heir to the throne with scant deference or respect: he was tyrannised over by Eickstedt, neglected by Sporon and insulted by Guldberg. By theLex Regiahe came of age at fourteen, but the policy of the Queen-Dowager was to keep him in the background as much as possible, and he was not confirmed until he had reached his seventeenth year. Reports were spread abroad that he was afflicted with the same mental imbecility as his father. Nothing could be more untrue, for the Crown Prince was endowed not only with sound sense and a firm will, but a strong constitution. He was about his father’s height, his complexion was fair, and his hair so flaxen as to be almost white. In face he much resembled his mother, and it was said that he cherished her memory.[115]Woodford’s despatch, Copenhagen, December 5, 1772.The Crown Prince showed his character soon after he attained his legal majority, for though only a lad of fourteen, he expressed strong dissatisfaction concerning the cabinet orders reintroduced by Guldberg—the same kind of cabinet orders as had cost Struensee his head—and protested. Guldberg sentan insulting message in reply to the Crown Prince’s protest, and Eickstedt forced the young Prince to make an apology. Frederick’s remonstrance was ill-timed, and it was probably the cause of his confirmation being delayed for three years. But Guldberg’s insult had the effect of determining him to overthrow his domination and that of the Queen-Dowager at the earliest opportunity. To this end he carried on a secret correspondence with Bernstorff (who had resigned office in 1780 because of the French and Prussian policy of the Queen-Dowager) and other opponents of the Guldberg ministry, including Schack-Rathlou and Reventlow.At last, on April 4, 1784, the Crown Prince was confirmed in the royal chapel of the Christiansborg Palace, and before the confirmation his public examination took place in the presence of the foreign ministers and the court. This examination effectually dispelled the rumours which had been industriously spread concerning the young Prince’s mental abilities, for he answered clearly and directly the questions put to him, and spoke with a firmness which carried dismay to the hearts of the Queen-Dowager and her supporters.The confirmation of the Crown Prince was followed, as a matter of course, by his admission to the Council of State, and this took place on April 14, 1784. As it was an occasion of some ceremony, the King himself occupied the presidential chair; the Crown Prince was seated on his right, and Prince Frederick, the King’s brother, on hisleft. The Queen-Dowager had taken the precaution of appointing two new members of the Council of State, her creatures, who were sworn to carry out her wishes, and outvote any proposals of the Crown Prince. The first business of the meeting, therefore, was the swearing in of these two new members, and of Count Rosencrone, another nominee. When the three men advanced to sign the oath and formally take their seats, the Crown Prince rose and begged the King to command them to wait until he made a proposition. The King bowed assent—he was in the habit of assenting to every proposal—and before any one could interpose, the Crown Prince produced a memorandum which he read from beginning to end. It proved to be a most revolutionary document: he requested his father to dissolve the present cabinet, to recall two of his own supporters—Rosenkrantz and Bernstorff—to the Council of State, and to appoint two others, also his supporters—Huth and Stampe—thus giving him a majority in the Council. The Crown Prince then laid the memorandum before the King for signature, and, dipping a pen in the ink, placed it in the King’s hand. At that moment Prince Frederick, who, with the other members of the Council, had been taken by surprise, recovered his self-possession, and attempted to snatch the paper away from the King, who was about to sign it, but the Crown Prince intervened and held it fast. One of the newly appointed members of the Council, Rosencrone, entered a protest, andsaid: “Your Royal Highness, you must know that His Majesty cannot sign such a paper without due consideration.” The Crown Prince turned to Rosencrone with an air of great dignity. “It is not your place, sir,” said he, “to advise the King, but mine—I am heir to the throne, and, as such, responsible only to the nation.” To the astonishment of all, Guldberg remained silent, and, taking advantage of the momentary hesitation, the Crown Prince obtained his father’s signature to the document, and further got him to write “approved” across the corner. He put the paper into his pocket.The imbecile King, who was greatly frightened at this scene, took advantage of the pause to run out of the council chamber to his apartments. Prince Frederick, foiled in obtaining the paper, resolved at least to secure the King, and ran after him with all speed, bolting the door from the outside when he left the room.The Crown Prince at once assumed the presidency of the council, and, turning to four Privy Councillors—Moltke, Guldberg, Stemen and Rosencrone—declared that the King no longer required their services. At the same time he announced the dismissal of three other members of the Government. He then broke up the meeting, and endeavoured to follow his father, but finding the door locked which led to the King’s apartments, he went round another way. Here, too, he found the door barred against him. He declared that he would have itbroken down by force, and had given orders for this to be done when the door opened and Prince Frederick appeared, leading the King by the arm, with the intention of conducting him to the Queen-Dowager’s apartments. The Crown Prince sprang forward, and, seizing the King by the other arm, endeavoured to draw him back, assuring him that nothing would be done without his sanction, and that he only wished to secure the King’s honour and the welfare of the country. The feeble monarch seemed inclined to stay with his son rather than go with his brother, and this so incensed the Prince Frederick that he seized the Crown Prince by the collar, and endeavoured to drag him away from the King by force. But the younger man was the stronger, and clutching his father with his left hand, he used his right so energetically against his uncle that Prince Frederick was obliged to let go. At that moment the Crown Prince was reinforced by his page, and between them they drove Prince Frederick down the corridor, and shut the door on him. The King, who had been almost pulled asunder by the excited combatants, ran back to his apartments, whither he was followed a few minutes later by his son, who now had his father in his safe keeping.Thus was effected the palace revolution of April 14, 1784—a revolution which overthrew not only the Government, but the Queen-Dowager and her son. Its success or its failure turned on the result of this undignified struggle for the possession of theKing’s person, for if Prince Frederick had succeeded in carrying the King to the Queen-Dowager’s apartments, the recently signed ordinance would have been revoked, and steps would have been taken to prevent a repetition of the Crown Prince’s efforts to assert himself.The Queen-Dowager’s rage when her son told her what had occurred in the Council of State, and that the King was now in the keeping of the Crown Prince, may be better imagined than described. She vowed and protested that she would never submit to the power being thus snatched from her hands; she wished to go to the King at once, but was told that the Crown Prince and his friends would surely not admit her. She threatened to summon the palace guard to take the King away by force, but she was told that the Crown Prince had taken the precaution to secure the good-will not only of the palace guard, but, through commander-in-chief, of the whole army, and she was, in fact, already a prisoner. Then at last Juliana Maria realised that she was outwitted, and her reign was over for ever. The bitterness of her defeat was intensified by the thought that it had been effected by the son of the woman whom she had imprisoned and driven into exile.The Crown Prince was proclaimed Regent the same day amid scenes of the greatest enthusiasm. In the afternoon he walked alone through the principal streets of Copenhagen; there was no guard, and the crowds which filled the streetseverywhere made room for him to pass, and welcomed him with shouts and acclamations. As he said, the Danish people were his guard, and when he returned three hours later to the Christiansborg Palace, he had firmly riveted his hold on the affections of his future subjects.The Crown Prince behaved, as his mother would have done if she had been restored to the throne, with magnanimity: there was no bloodshed, and he treated even his bitterest enemies with great clemency. The rule of Juliana Maria was at an end, and henceforth neither she nor her son had the slightest influence in affairs of state. But the Crown Prince treated them both with every respect and courtesy: they were permitted to retain their apartments at the Christiansborg Palace,[116]and the palace of Fredensborg was made over for the use of Juliana Maria. She lived in retirement until her death, which took place in 1796, at the age of sixty-seven years. Until the last she was pursued by popular execration, and even after her death, until comparatively recent time, it was the habit of many of the Danish peasants to spit on her tomb at Röskilde as a mark of their undying hatred.[116]In 1794 they were driven out by the great fire which destroyed the Christiansborg, but apartments were found for them in the Amalienborg.Her son, Prince Frederick, who had neither his mother’s abilities nor her evil traits of character, had not the energy to meddle in affairs of state, and spent the rest of his days in promoting thearts and sciences. He died in 1805. He had married in 1774 Sophia Frederika, a princess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, by whom he had two sons and two daughters.[117]His elder son succeeded to the throne of Denmark in 1839 as King Christian VIII.[118][117]The younger of these daughters was the grandmother of Queen Alexandra.[118]He died in 1848, and was succeeded by his son Frederick VII., who, dying in 1863 without issue, was succeeded by the present King of Denmark, Christian IX.Of Queen Matilda’s two children little remains to be said. Her daughter, Louise Augusta, grew up a very beautiful and accomplished princess, who in wit and affability strongly recalled her mother, and between her and her brother there existed the fondest ties of attachment. She married the Duke of Augustenburg, and died in 1843, at the age of seventy-two. The daughter of this Princess, Caroline Amalie, married, as her second husband, Prince Christian Frederick, son of the Hereditary Prince Frederick (who, on the death of his cousin, Frederick VI., without male issue, became Christian VIII.), and thus the rival races of Juliana Maria and Matilda were united. Queen Caroline Amalie survived her husband for many years, and died in 1881, aged eighty-five years.FREDERICK, CROWN PRINCE OF DENMARK (AFTERWARDS KING FREDERICK VI.), SON OF QUEEN MATILDA.FREDERICK, CROWN PRINCE OF DENMARK (AFTERWARDS KING FREDERICK VI.), SON OF QUEEN MATILDA.Queen Matilda’s son, who, after a long regency, became, in 1808 (on the death of his father, Christian VII., at the age of fifty-nine), Frederick VI., was a liberal and enlightened prince; yet neither hisregency nor his reign was very successful. When Regent he made repeated efforts to obtain the hand of an English princess in marriage, one of the many daughters of George III.; but the King of England, who had taken a violent dislike to Denmark after its cruel treatment of his unfortunate sister, would not listen to the proposal. The heir to the Danish monarchy, thus repulsed, married Marie Sophie Frederika, a princess of Hesse-Cassel, who bore him two daughters, Caroline, who married the Hereditary Prince Ferdinand, and Vilhelmine Marie, who married Prince Frederick Carl Christian. His self-love was deeply wounded by the way in which his overtures had been spurned by his uncle, George III., and henceforth his foreign policy became anti-English, and he threw in his lot with France. To this may be traced directly, or indirectly, many of the disasters that overcame Denmark during the reign of Frederick VI.—the naval engagement of 1801, wherein the English attacked Copenhagen and forced the Danes to abandon it, the second attack by the British on Copenhagen, and its bombardment in 1807, which resulted in the surrender of the whole of the Danish and Norwegian fleets, and, in 1814, through the alliance of Denmark and France against Great Britain and Sweden, the loss of Norway to Denmark.These disasters naturally engendered a feeling of bitterness on the part of the brave Danes towards the English for a time, but this feeling has long since passed away, and the two nations, whose history isintimately connected, and who are akin in race and sympathy, are now united in the bond of friendship—a bond which has been immeasurably strengthened by the auspicious union which has given to us the most beautiful Queen and the most beloved Queen-Consort that England has ever known.THE END.
RETRIBUTION.
1784.
Nine years passed, after the death of Queen Matilda, before retribution overcame Juliana Maria for the part she had played in compassing her ruin. By that time all the conspirators who had taken part in the palace revolution of 1772 had been banished or disgraced, except two, Eickstedt and Guldberg, and of these the latter was by far the more powerful. The sex of the Queen-Dowager did not permit her to preside in person over the Council of State; her son, the Hereditary Prince Frederick, who was a puppet in the hands of his mother, nominally presided, but he was there only as a matter of form. Guldberg in reality presided, and behind Guldberg was Juliana Maria, for she ruled entirely through him. The mental condition of Christian VII. made it impossible for him to take any part in the government, though he still reigned in theory. The whole of the regal power was transferred from his hands to those of Juliana Maria and her other self, Guldberg, who eventually filled the post of Privy Cabinet Secretary to the King, and acted in many ways as Struensee had done.
Their rule was not successful. The one measure to be placed to their credit was a law passed in 1776, which decreed that only natives of the kingdom could hold office, though the King had the power of naturalising deserving foreigners. In home affairs the Government became more and more unpopular. The democratic reforms instituted by Struensee were nearly all repealed: the orthodox clergy were gratified by the reintroduction of public penance for sexual sins, the nobility and landowners by the restoration of serfdom. The result of this legislation was that the peasants were more oppressed than before, the taxes grew heavier, and the old abuses flourished again vigorously. The foreign policy of Denmark was to lean more and more towards Prussia. The King of Prussia had, by means of his relative Juliana Maria, acquired great influence over the foreign policy of Denmark, and under his direction it grew hostile to England. The Danish Government was weak and vacillating in foreign affairs, and its administration of home affairs was feeble and corrupt. As the years went by, it became greatly discredited, and the Queen-Dowager, who was regarded, rightly or wrongly, as the cause of this loss of nationalprestige, became more and more hated. Indeed, so unpopular was the Government of Queen Juliana Maria that the wonder was it lasted so long; it only endured because no strong man arose to overthrow it.
The hopes of the Danish nation were centred in the Crown Prince Frederick, the son of QueenMatilda. At one time there was a design to set both him and his sister aside,[115]but the Queen-Dowager and her friends were afraid the nation would not suffer it. The Crown Prince grew up under the care of Eickstedt, and his education was entrusted to a learned professor named Sporon. Taking their cue, no doubt, from the Queen-Dowager, the ministers treated the heir to the throne with scant deference or respect: he was tyrannised over by Eickstedt, neglected by Sporon and insulted by Guldberg. By theLex Regiahe came of age at fourteen, but the policy of the Queen-Dowager was to keep him in the background as much as possible, and he was not confirmed until he had reached his seventeenth year. Reports were spread abroad that he was afflicted with the same mental imbecility as his father. Nothing could be more untrue, for the Crown Prince was endowed not only with sound sense and a firm will, but a strong constitution. He was about his father’s height, his complexion was fair, and his hair so flaxen as to be almost white. In face he much resembled his mother, and it was said that he cherished her memory.
[115]Woodford’s despatch, Copenhagen, December 5, 1772.
[115]Woodford’s despatch, Copenhagen, December 5, 1772.
The Crown Prince showed his character soon after he attained his legal majority, for though only a lad of fourteen, he expressed strong dissatisfaction concerning the cabinet orders reintroduced by Guldberg—the same kind of cabinet orders as had cost Struensee his head—and protested. Guldberg sentan insulting message in reply to the Crown Prince’s protest, and Eickstedt forced the young Prince to make an apology. Frederick’s remonstrance was ill-timed, and it was probably the cause of his confirmation being delayed for three years. But Guldberg’s insult had the effect of determining him to overthrow his domination and that of the Queen-Dowager at the earliest opportunity. To this end he carried on a secret correspondence with Bernstorff (who had resigned office in 1780 because of the French and Prussian policy of the Queen-Dowager) and other opponents of the Guldberg ministry, including Schack-Rathlou and Reventlow.
At last, on April 4, 1784, the Crown Prince was confirmed in the royal chapel of the Christiansborg Palace, and before the confirmation his public examination took place in the presence of the foreign ministers and the court. This examination effectually dispelled the rumours which had been industriously spread concerning the young Prince’s mental abilities, for he answered clearly and directly the questions put to him, and spoke with a firmness which carried dismay to the hearts of the Queen-Dowager and her supporters.
The confirmation of the Crown Prince was followed, as a matter of course, by his admission to the Council of State, and this took place on April 14, 1784. As it was an occasion of some ceremony, the King himself occupied the presidential chair; the Crown Prince was seated on his right, and Prince Frederick, the King’s brother, on hisleft. The Queen-Dowager had taken the precaution of appointing two new members of the Council of State, her creatures, who were sworn to carry out her wishes, and outvote any proposals of the Crown Prince. The first business of the meeting, therefore, was the swearing in of these two new members, and of Count Rosencrone, another nominee. When the three men advanced to sign the oath and formally take their seats, the Crown Prince rose and begged the King to command them to wait until he made a proposition. The King bowed assent—he was in the habit of assenting to every proposal—and before any one could interpose, the Crown Prince produced a memorandum which he read from beginning to end. It proved to be a most revolutionary document: he requested his father to dissolve the present cabinet, to recall two of his own supporters—Rosenkrantz and Bernstorff—to the Council of State, and to appoint two others, also his supporters—Huth and Stampe—thus giving him a majority in the Council. The Crown Prince then laid the memorandum before the King for signature, and, dipping a pen in the ink, placed it in the King’s hand. At that moment Prince Frederick, who, with the other members of the Council, had been taken by surprise, recovered his self-possession, and attempted to snatch the paper away from the King, who was about to sign it, but the Crown Prince intervened and held it fast. One of the newly appointed members of the Council, Rosencrone, entered a protest, andsaid: “Your Royal Highness, you must know that His Majesty cannot sign such a paper without due consideration.” The Crown Prince turned to Rosencrone with an air of great dignity. “It is not your place, sir,” said he, “to advise the King, but mine—I am heir to the throne, and, as such, responsible only to the nation.” To the astonishment of all, Guldberg remained silent, and, taking advantage of the momentary hesitation, the Crown Prince obtained his father’s signature to the document, and further got him to write “approved” across the corner. He put the paper into his pocket.
The imbecile King, who was greatly frightened at this scene, took advantage of the pause to run out of the council chamber to his apartments. Prince Frederick, foiled in obtaining the paper, resolved at least to secure the King, and ran after him with all speed, bolting the door from the outside when he left the room.
The Crown Prince at once assumed the presidency of the council, and, turning to four Privy Councillors—Moltke, Guldberg, Stemen and Rosencrone—declared that the King no longer required their services. At the same time he announced the dismissal of three other members of the Government. He then broke up the meeting, and endeavoured to follow his father, but finding the door locked which led to the King’s apartments, he went round another way. Here, too, he found the door barred against him. He declared that he would have itbroken down by force, and had given orders for this to be done when the door opened and Prince Frederick appeared, leading the King by the arm, with the intention of conducting him to the Queen-Dowager’s apartments. The Crown Prince sprang forward, and, seizing the King by the other arm, endeavoured to draw him back, assuring him that nothing would be done without his sanction, and that he only wished to secure the King’s honour and the welfare of the country. The feeble monarch seemed inclined to stay with his son rather than go with his brother, and this so incensed the Prince Frederick that he seized the Crown Prince by the collar, and endeavoured to drag him away from the King by force. But the younger man was the stronger, and clutching his father with his left hand, he used his right so energetically against his uncle that Prince Frederick was obliged to let go. At that moment the Crown Prince was reinforced by his page, and between them they drove Prince Frederick down the corridor, and shut the door on him. The King, who had been almost pulled asunder by the excited combatants, ran back to his apartments, whither he was followed a few minutes later by his son, who now had his father in his safe keeping.
Thus was effected the palace revolution of April 14, 1784—a revolution which overthrew not only the Government, but the Queen-Dowager and her son. Its success or its failure turned on the result of this undignified struggle for the possession of theKing’s person, for if Prince Frederick had succeeded in carrying the King to the Queen-Dowager’s apartments, the recently signed ordinance would have been revoked, and steps would have been taken to prevent a repetition of the Crown Prince’s efforts to assert himself.
The Queen-Dowager’s rage when her son told her what had occurred in the Council of State, and that the King was now in the keeping of the Crown Prince, may be better imagined than described. She vowed and protested that she would never submit to the power being thus snatched from her hands; she wished to go to the King at once, but was told that the Crown Prince and his friends would surely not admit her. She threatened to summon the palace guard to take the King away by force, but she was told that the Crown Prince had taken the precaution to secure the good-will not only of the palace guard, but, through commander-in-chief, of the whole army, and she was, in fact, already a prisoner. Then at last Juliana Maria realised that she was outwitted, and her reign was over for ever. The bitterness of her defeat was intensified by the thought that it had been effected by the son of the woman whom she had imprisoned and driven into exile.
The Crown Prince was proclaimed Regent the same day amid scenes of the greatest enthusiasm. In the afternoon he walked alone through the principal streets of Copenhagen; there was no guard, and the crowds which filled the streetseverywhere made room for him to pass, and welcomed him with shouts and acclamations. As he said, the Danish people were his guard, and when he returned three hours later to the Christiansborg Palace, he had firmly riveted his hold on the affections of his future subjects.
The Crown Prince behaved, as his mother would have done if she had been restored to the throne, with magnanimity: there was no bloodshed, and he treated even his bitterest enemies with great clemency. The rule of Juliana Maria was at an end, and henceforth neither she nor her son had the slightest influence in affairs of state. But the Crown Prince treated them both with every respect and courtesy: they were permitted to retain their apartments at the Christiansborg Palace,[116]and the palace of Fredensborg was made over for the use of Juliana Maria. She lived in retirement until her death, which took place in 1796, at the age of sixty-seven years. Until the last she was pursued by popular execration, and even after her death, until comparatively recent time, it was the habit of many of the Danish peasants to spit on her tomb at Röskilde as a mark of their undying hatred.
[116]In 1794 they were driven out by the great fire which destroyed the Christiansborg, but apartments were found for them in the Amalienborg.
[116]In 1794 they were driven out by the great fire which destroyed the Christiansborg, but apartments were found for them in the Amalienborg.
Her son, Prince Frederick, who had neither his mother’s abilities nor her evil traits of character, had not the energy to meddle in affairs of state, and spent the rest of his days in promoting thearts and sciences. He died in 1805. He had married in 1774 Sophia Frederika, a princess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, by whom he had two sons and two daughters.[117]His elder son succeeded to the throne of Denmark in 1839 as King Christian VIII.[118]
[117]The younger of these daughters was the grandmother of Queen Alexandra.
[117]The younger of these daughters was the grandmother of Queen Alexandra.
[118]He died in 1848, and was succeeded by his son Frederick VII., who, dying in 1863 without issue, was succeeded by the present King of Denmark, Christian IX.
[118]He died in 1848, and was succeeded by his son Frederick VII., who, dying in 1863 without issue, was succeeded by the present King of Denmark, Christian IX.
Of Queen Matilda’s two children little remains to be said. Her daughter, Louise Augusta, grew up a very beautiful and accomplished princess, who in wit and affability strongly recalled her mother, and between her and her brother there existed the fondest ties of attachment. She married the Duke of Augustenburg, and died in 1843, at the age of seventy-two. The daughter of this Princess, Caroline Amalie, married, as her second husband, Prince Christian Frederick, son of the Hereditary Prince Frederick (who, on the death of his cousin, Frederick VI., without male issue, became Christian VIII.), and thus the rival races of Juliana Maria and Matilda were united. Queen Caroline Amalie survived her husband for many years, and died in 1881, aged eighty-five years.
FREDERICK, CROWN PRINCE OF DENMARK (AFTERWARDS KING FREDERICK VI.), SON OF QUEEN MATILDA.FREDERICK, CROWN PRINCE OF DENMARK (AFTERWARDS KING FREDERICK VI.), SON OF QUEEN MATILDA.
FREDERICK, CROWN PRINCE OF DENMARK (AFTERWARDS KING FREDERICK VI.), SON OF QUEEN MATILDA.
Queen Matilda’s son, who, after a long regency, became, in 1808 (on the death of his father, Christian VII., at the age of fifty-nine), Frederick VI., was a liberal and enlightened prince; yet neither hisregency nor his reign was very successful. When Regent he made repeated efforts to obtain the hand of an English princess in marriage, one of the many daughters of George III.; but the King of England, who had taken a violent dislike to Denmark after its cruel treatment of his unfortunate sister, would not listen to the proposal. The heir to the Danish monarchy, thus repulsed, married Marie Sophie Frederika, a princess of Hesse-Cassel, who bore him two daughters, Caroline, who married the Hereditary Prince Ferdinand, and Vilhelmine Marie, who married Prince Frederick Carl Christian. His self-love was deeply wounded by the way in which his overtures had been spurned by his uncle, George III., and henceforth his foreign policy became anti-English, and he threw in his lot with France. To this may be traced directly, or indirectly, many of the disasters that overcame Denmark during the reign of Frederick VI.—the naval engagement of 1801, wherein the English attacked Copenhagen and forced the Danes to abandon it, the second attack by the British on Copenhagen, and its bombardment in 1807, which resulted in the surrender of the whole of the Danish and Norwegian fleets, and, in 1814, through the alliance of Denmark and France against Great Britain and Sweden, the loss of Norway to Denmark.
These disasters naturally engendered a feeling of bitterness on the part of the brave Danes towards the English for a time, but this feeling has long since passed away, and the two nations, whose history isintimately connected, and who are akin in race and sympathy, are now united in the bond of friendship—a bond which has been immeasurably strengthened by the auspicious union which has given to us the most beautiful Queen and the most beloved Queen-Consort that England has ever known.
THE END.
APPENDIX.LIST OF AUTHORITIES.UNPUBLISHED DOCUMENTS.The despatches of Walter Titley [1764-68], British Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at Copenhagen. State Paper Office, London.The despatches of G. Cosby [1764-65], Assistant Envoy at Copenhagen. State Paper Office, London.The despatches of Sir Robert Gunning [1766-71], Minister Resident and afterwards Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at Copenhagen. State Paper Office, London.The despatches of Sir R. Murray Keith [1771-72], Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at Copenhagen. State Paper Office, London.The despatches of W. Woodford [1770-73], Minister Resident at Hamburg, afterwards Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at Copenhagen.Sundry despatches written from the Foreign Office in London by the Earl of Sandwich and the Earl of Suffolk to the British Ministers at Copenhagen during the years 1764-73, specified elsewhere. State Paper Office, London.Sundry documents from the Royal Archives, Copenhagen, and the town archives of Celle, specified elsewhere.PRINTED BOOKS, PAMPHLETS, ETC.Mémoires de Reverdil: Struensee et la cour de Copenhague(1760-72). Paris, 1858.Mémoires de mon Temps: par S. H. le Landgrave Charles, Prince de Hesse. [Printed by order of Frederick VII., King of Denmark, for private circulation.]Mémoires de M. Falckenskjold, Officier Général dans le service de S. M. Danoise.Memoiren von Köller-Banner.Christian VII. og Caroline Mathilde, by Chr. Blangstrup. Copenhagen.Die Verschwörung gegen die Königin Caroline Mathilde und die Grafen Struensee und Brandt, by G. F. von Jenssen-Tusch. Leipsig, 1864.Struensee, by K. Wittich. Leipsig, 1879.Authentische Aufklärungen über die Geschichte der Grafen Struensee und Brandt, 1788. [This book purports to be written by a Dutch officer, and was translated into English 1790. The author has evidently had access to first-rate authorities, but a good deal of the book must be received with caution.]Charlotte Dorothea Biehl’s Breve von Christian VII.Edited by L. Bobé. Copenhagen, 1902.Höst’sGrev Struensee og hans Ministerium. Copenhagen, 1824.Beiträge zur Geschichte de Braunschweig-Lüneburgischen Hauses und Hoses, by C. E. von Malortie. Hanover, 1860.Die Struensee und Brandtische Kriminalsache[pamphlet]. Amsterdam, 1773.Leben, Begebenheiten und unglückliches Ende der beiden Grafen Struensee und Brandt, 1772 [pamphlet].Gespräch im Reiche der Todten.Copenhagen, 1773 [pamphlet].Die Letzten Stunden der Königin von Danemark[pamphlet]. Hanover, 1776.N. Falck,NeuesStaatsbürgerliche’sMagazin. Schleswig, 1833.Narrative of the Conversion and Death of Count Struensee, by the Rev. Dr. Münter [translated by the Rev. T. Rennell, 1825].Memoirs and Correspondence of Sir R. Murray Keith, vol. i., 1849.Life of Caroline Matilda, Queen of Denmark, by Sir C. F. Lascelles Wraxall, 1864. [This book is valuable for its extracts from N. W. Wraxall’s private journal with reference to the Queen’s restoration.]N. W. Wraxall’sPosthumous Memoirs of his own Times, vol. i.N. W. Wraxall’sMemoirs of the Courts of Berlin, etc., vol. i.Northern Courts, by John Brown, 1818. [This book contains curious information, but a great deal of it is unauthenticated.]Memoirs of an Unfortunate Queen, interspersed with letters written by Herself to several of her Illustrious Relatives and Friends.1776. [Most of these letters are evidently spurious and the Memoirs are untrustworthy.]Histoire de Danemark, trad. by E. Beauvois. Copenhagen, 1878.Danemark, by De Flaux.History of Denmark, etc., Dunham.Bubb Dodington’sDiary, edition 1784.Mrs. Carter’sLetters.Lady Hervey’sLetters.Northcote’sMemoirs of Sir J. Reynolds, vol. i.Walpole’sReign of George III.Walpole’sLetters, edition 1857.Archdeacon Coxe’sTravels in Poland, Russia and Denmark, vol. v.Cunningham’sHandbook of London.Stanhope’sHistory of England, vol. vii., 1853.Wright’sEngland under the House of Hanover, vol. i.The Georgian Era, 1832.Jesse’sMemoirs of George III., 1867.La Reine Caroline Mathilde, by G. B. de Lagrèze. Paris, 1837.Adolphus’sHistory of England from the Accession of George III., 1802.George III., his Court and Family, 1820.Gibbon’sLetters to Lord Sheffield, Misc. Works, edition 1837.A View of Society and Manners in Germany, etc., by John Moore, 1779.Also the following papers from the years 1751-1775:—The London Gazette,The Annual Register,The Gentleman’s Magazine,General Evening Post,The Leyden Gazette,The Gazetteer,The Public Advertiser, etc.
INDEX.Aalborg, ii.,175,220.Aböe, Lieutenant, liberated, ii.,213.Alexandra, Queen, descent from Queen Louise, i., 53n.Amelia, Princess, presides over the court of George II., i., 23;her unamiable character, 24;entertains Christian VII., 160.“Art of Passau,” i., 62.Ascheberg, i., 238.Ball, Mr., naval surgeon, ii.,110.Bang, Councillor, ii.,149;his indictment of the Queen,152;defends Count Brandt,191.Benthaken, Anna Catherine, i., 136.Benzon dismissed, i., 292.Berger, Professor, arrested, ii.,73;liberated,214.Beringskjold, ii.,52;made Grand Chamberlain,94.Berkentin, Count, i., 56.Berkentin, Madame, i., 143, 198.Bernstorff, Count, his career, i., 46n.;slighted, 234;dismissed, 256;his character, 257.Bolingbroke, Lord, i., 8.Boothby, Lady Mary, i., 88.Bothmar, the Danish envoy at the court of St. James’s, i., 46.Bothmar, Baron, brother of the Danish envoy, i., 46.Brandt, Count Enevold, i., 128;banished, 148;recalled to court, 232;Master of the Revels, 321;made a Count, 335;and Struensee, ii.,6;thrashes the King,28;arrested,72;loaded with chains,108;his trial,189;condemned to death,194;his execution,202.Brunswick, Augusta Duchess of, her birth, i., 3;character, 21;hatred of Lord Bute, 42;her marriage, 43;her sympathy for her sister Queen Matilda, ii.,241.Brunswick, Prince Charles William Ferdinand, his marriage to Princess Augusta, i., 43;champions the cause of Queen Matilda, ii.,241.Bülow, Baron von, ii.,268;conferences with Wraxall,273.Bülow, Baroness von, i., 253.Bute, John, Earl of, i., 26;and the Princess of Wales, 27;character, 28;Prime Minister, 39;in exile, 156.Carlton House, i., 19.Caroline, Princess, ii.,325.Caroline, Queen, her death, i., 3.Caroline Amalie, Princess, ii.,324.Caroline Matilda, Queen of Denmark and Norway, her birth and parentage, i., 1-18;baptised at Leicester House, 17;childhood at Kew, 20;her accomplishments, 20;reared in strict seclusion by her mother, 32;first public appearance, 38;betrothed to Prince Christian of Denmark, 48;her reluctance to the Danish match, 84;her marriage portion, 85;married by proxy, 87;leaves for Denmark, 87;reaches Rotterdam, 90;received by her husband at Röskilde, 96;public entry into Copenhagen, 98;her marriage, 102;festivities at Copenhagen, 103;disappointed in her husband, 109;crowned and anointed, 119;embittered against the King, 125;swayed by Madame de Plessen, 127;treated cruelly by the King, 135;birth of her son Frederick VI., 138;loss to her of Madame de Plessen, 144;resides at Frederiksborg, 176;reconciliation to the King, 182;illness, 191;attended by Struensee, 208;takes him into favour, 210;her ascendency over the King, 218;Struensee her evil genius, 219;their intrigue, 222;friendly relations with the King, 224;rides in male attire, 225;tour through Schleswig and Holstein, 229;visits Count Rantzau at Ascheberg, 238;meets her mother atLüneburg, 248;returns to Copenhagen, 251;at Hirschholm, 252;her sympathy with the poor, 297;disregard of public opinion, 303;treatment of her son, 307;Order of Matilda established, 320;bitter feeling towards her, 328;delivered of a daughter, 331;child named Louise Augusta, 334;gives a masked ball, ii.,54;the palace revolution,63;a prisoner in the hands of the conspirators,73;conveyed to Kronborg,80;her treatment there,84,129;bitter feeling against her,96;examined by the Commissioners,141;confession of guilt,145;her trial,149;defence of Uhldahl,159;marriage dissolved,171;visited by Keith,219;freedom demanded by George III.,220;English squadron arrives at Kronborg,234;parts with Princess Louise Augusta,235;goes on board H.M.S.Southampton,237;resides at Göhrde,240;entry into Celle,243;visited by Keith,248;life at Celle,255;Wraxall introduced to her,264;popular reaction in her favour,271;important conversations with Wraxall,275;her sudden death,295;details of her illness and death,296;evidences of her innocence,300;letter to her brother George III.,301;and pastor Roques,304;her funeral at Celle,306;looked upon as a saint and martyr in Denmark,310;how the news of her death was received there,310;monument erected at Celle,313.Carstenskjold, Major, ii.,94.“Catherine of the Gaiters,” i., 136;great influence over the King, 146;her shamelessness, 147;sent out of the country, 148.Catherine the Great, and Matilda, i., 265;her favourites, 268;resents the appointment of Rantzau, 269;becomes Empress, 274.Celle, entry of Matilda into, ii.,243;described,255.Celle Castle, ii.,230;description of,246.Charlotte, Princess of Mecklenburg, her marriage to George III., i., 381;great animus against Matilda, ii.,228.Charlotte Amelia, Princess, i., 77.Chemnitz, a preacher, ii.,133.Chesterfield, Lord, i., 8.Christian V., i., 284.Christian VI., i., 285.Christian VII., i., 52;training, 56;keeps bad company, 58;character, 60;betrothal to Matilda, 63;confirmed, 64;proclaimed King, 68;his first Council, 70;dismisses Moltke, 74;his distaste for work, 75;fond of practical jokes, 76;named “The Northern Scamp,” 78;receives Matilda at Röskilde, 96;their marriage, 102;passion for display, 114;introduces masquerades, 115;crowned and anointed, 119;his dissipation and folly, 127;nocturnal expeditions, 129;tours through Holstein, 131;cruelty to the Queen, 135;birth of his son Frederick VI., 138;hisliaisonwith “Catherine of the Gaiters,” 146;visits England and France, 150;lands in England, 152;popularity in London, 158;tours in the provinces, 162;entertained by the city of London, 165;low dissipation in London, 168;gives a masked ball, 171;goes to Paris, 174;returns to Copenhagen, 175;improvement in his conduct, 182;infatuation for Holck, 190;mental and physical deterioration, 191;royal tour through Schleswig and Holstein, 229;visits Count Rantzau at Ascheberg, 238;returns to Copenhagen, 251;at Hirschholm, 252;court manners there, 253;and the Council of State, 286;abolishes certain religious festivals, 290;mental state, 315;virtual abdication in favour of Struensee, 333;his vagaries, 351;at Frederiksberg, ii.,35;in the hands of the conspirators,64;appears in public,89;arraigned by Reverdil,169;Queen divorced,171;hates the Queen-Dowager,270;his death,324.Christian VIII., ii.,324.Christian Frederick, Prince, ii.,324.Christiansborg Palace, i., 59;masked ball at, 116.Chudleigh, Miss, i., 27.Cliveden, i., 19.Coke, Lady Mary, i., 133.Copenhagen, civic government of, i., 295;foundling hospital established, 299;rejoicings at fall of Struensee, ii.,89;riotous scenes,92.Cosby, i., 62.Council of Conferences, i., 287.Council of State, i., 280;decree abolishing, 281;its origin, 285;re-established, ii.,104.Cricket introduced into England, i., 13.Cromartie, Lady, i., 5.Cumberland, Henry Frederick Duke of, i., 22;a dissipated youth, 245;marries Mrs. Horton, ii.,112.Cumberland, William Augustus Duke of, i., 5.“Danish Fly,” headdress, i., 158.Danneskjold-Samsöe, Count Frederick, i., 73.Denmark, court of, i., 106;state of foreign affairs, 113;and Russia, 265;strained relations between, 273;reform in administration of justice, 295;serfdom in, 296;illegitimacy in, 298;marriage laws in, 300;discontent in, ii.,1.Devonshire, Duke of, i., 39.Dodington, Bubb, at Kew, i., 7;character, 29;the confidant of the Princess of Wales, 30.Eickstedt, Hans Henrik von, ii.,51;made a general,93.Elizabeth, Princess, i., 22;her death, 32.Elsinore.SeeHelsingor.Essex, Charlotte, Countess of, i., 133.Eyben,Fräuleinvon, Queen’s lady-in-waiting, i., 143, 223;dismissed, 233;evidence at the trial of the Queen, 251.Falckenskjold, Colonel, i., 260;mission to Russian court, 278;arrested, ii.,73;sent to the fortress of Munkholm,214;dies at Lausanne,215.Filosofow, i., 141, 214;insults Struensee, 216;recalled, 269.“Flying Bodyguard,” the, i., 326.Foot Guards disbanded by Struensee, ii.,38;their mutinous conduct,39.Fredensborg Castle, i., 67.Frederick III., i., 284.Frederick V., i., 44;marriage with Juliana Maria of Brunswick, 53;becomes a drunkard, 54;his death, 68;and the Council of State, 285.Frederick, Crown Prince of Denmark, his birth, i., 138;his course of education, 307;treated with little respect, ii.,317;his confirmation,318;in the Council of State,319;effects the overthrow of the Ministry,320;proclaimed regent,322;becomes king,324;his marriage and children,325;disasters to Denmark during his reign,325.Frederick, Prince, son of the Queen-Dowager Juliana Maria, ii.,323;his death and family,324.Frederiksberg Palace, i., 67n.Frederiksborg, i., 176.Frederiks-Kirke in Copenhagen, i., 323.Gabel, Madame, i., 207.Gahler, General, i., 241;appointed to the War Department, 259;and Struensee, ii.,4;arrested,73;banished,214.Gahler, Madame von, i., 253;arrested, ii.,73;liberated,213.George II. and his son Frederick, i., 2;his court, 23;death and burial, 33, 34.George III., his birth, i., 4;created Prince of Wales, 16;becomes king, 35;his marriage, 38;dislike to Christian VII., 154;writes to Matilda about Bernstorff, 258;his attitude to the divorce trial, ii.,148;demands the Queen to be set at liberty,220;assents to the articles in favour of the revolution to restore the Queen,283;and Wraxall’s claims for reward,292.Gloucester, William Henry Duke of, i., 22;visits Copenhagen, 184;his character, 185;marries Lady Waldegrave, 186;festivities in Copenhagen in honour of his visit, 187;the Danish king’s opinion of him, 189.Goblet, wedding, i., 101n.Göhrde, ii.,240.Goodrich, Sir John, i., 137n.Gottorp Castle, i., 230.Guldberg, Ove, ii.,51;his great influence,94;all-powerful,269.Gunning, Sir Robert, i., 80;on Madame de Plessen, 140;his opinion of Count Osten, 276;on Struensee, 338.Hamburg and the partisans of the Queen, ii.,268.Hansel, Admiral, liberated, ii.,213.Hansen, a preacher, ii.,133.Hayter, Dr., Bishop of Norwich, i., 17.Hee, Dean, and Brandt, ii.,189.Helsingor, ii.,82n.Hesse, Prince Charles of, i., 74, 230;in exile, 148;on Struensee, 232.Hesse, Frederick Landgrave of, i., 75.Hesse, Mary Princess of, i., 75.Hesselberg, Colonel, liberated, ii.,213.Hinuber, ii.,290.Hirschholm Palace, i., 60;description of, 252;razed to the ground, 253n.Holck, Conrad Count, account of, i., 128;treats the Queen with scant respect, 130;influence over the King, 136;offer of marriage refused by Lady Bel Stanhope, 161;disgraceful evening amusements in London, 168;marriage to Count Laurvig’s daughter, 190;his influence undermined by Struensee, 203;dismissed, 233.Holck, Gustavus, a page, i., 233.Holstein, Count, dismissed from office, i., 233;attends the Queen to Stade, ii.,236.Holstein, Countess, i., 253; ii.,272.Household Cavalry abolished, i., 324.Illegitimacy in Denmark, i.,298.Jessen, ii.,53,94.Juell-Wind, Baron, ii.,142.Juliana Maria, Queen-Dowager, i., 53, 76;her character, 54;at Fredensborg, 305;rarely invited to court, 306;an imperious, intriguing woman, ii.,49;joins conspiracy against Struensee,50;treatment of the Queen,86;distributes honours,93;her appointments to office,95;takes the place of the Queen,102;re-establishes the Council of State,104;witnesses the execution of Struensee and Brandt,210;the most hated woman in Denmark,269;state of affairs in Denmark,315;her rage at the overthrow of the Guldberg Ministry,322;her rule at an end,323.Junius on Queen Matilda, ii.,124.Justice, reform in administration of, i., 295.Keith, Sir Robert Murray, i., 341;reception at the court of Denmark, 344;his opinion of Struensee, ii.,32;intervenes on behalf of the Queen,99;receives the Order of the Bath,121;protests in favour of the Queen,172;visits the Queen,219;tells her she was no longer a prisoner,231;takes leave of the Queen,240;appointed ambassador to Vienna,249;letter regarding Queen Matilda,250;his death,253.Kew House, i., 6.Kirchoff, John, and Sperling, i., 58;pensioned, 78.Köller-Banner, joins in a conspiracy against Struensee, ii.,51;arrests Struensee,67;made a general and known henceforth as Köller-Banner,93;his death,269n.Kronborg, a gloomy fortress, ii.,81;chapel at,133n.Lehzen, Pastor, ii.,260,298;attends the Queen in her last illness,305;funeral sermon,307.Leicester House, i., 4;high play at, 6.Lennox, Lady Sarah, i., 37.Lex Regia, i., 282.Leyser, Dr., ii.,298.Lichtenstein, Baron von, interviews with Wraxall concerning the Queen, ii.,281.Lottery, royal Danish, i., 323.Louisa Anne, Princess, i., 22;her death, 145.Louise, Queen of Denmark, i., 45;death and character, 52.Louise Augusta, Princess, i., 334;declared legitimate, ii.,171;separated from her mother,235;marries the Duke of Augustenburg,324.Lühe, Madame von der, the Queen’s lady-in-waiting, i., 143, 223;dismissed, 233.Lüneburg, i., 248.Luttichau, Chamberlain, dismissed, i., 233.Malzahn, i., 273.Marie Sophie Frederika, Princess, marries Frederick VI., ii.,325.Marriage laws in Denmark, i., 300.Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Prince Ernest, ii.,229.Moltke, Count, i., 55;dismissed, 74.Moltke, Count, son of the Prime Minister, dismissed, i., 292.Monthly Journal for Instruction and Amusement, i., 196.Moore, John, at Celle, ii.,261.Münter, Dr., sermon against the royal amusements, i., 117;his sermon against Struensee, ii.,97;and Struensee’s conversion,178;attends Struensee to the scaffold,208;rewarded by the Queen-Dowager,212.Newcastle, Duke of, i., 39.Nielsen, a Lutheran clergyman, i., 57.Norfolk House, St. James’s Square, i., 3.Oeder, Professor, i., 291.Oeser, Professor, sculptor, ii.,313.Ompteda, Baroness d’, ii.,240,258,261.Order of Matilda, i., 320.Osten, Count von, i., 273;appointed to the Foreign Office, 276;his hatred of Struensee, ii.,4;banished to Jutland,269.Park Place, i., 19.Plessen, Madame de, lady-in-waiting, i., 91;her political intrigues, 113;guides the Queen in all things, 125;suddenly dismissed, 141;settles at Celle, 144;her character, 144;at Celle, ii.,256;celebrates the Queen’s birthday,261.Press censorship abolished, i., 296.Rantzau-Ascheberg, Count Schack Karl, i., 197;his career, 235;receives the King and Queen at Ascheberg, 238;retires from office, ii.,3;remonstrates with Struensee,43;heads the conspiracy against Struensee,49;his intention to betray the conspiracy,59;pretends a fit of the gout,60;surprises the King in bed,64;attempts to arrest the Queen,75;the resistance he meets with,76;honours conferred on him,93;exiled,269.Reventlow, Count, tutor of Prince Christian, i., 56;his severity, 57;dismissed, 141;his bitter feeling against the Queen, 263.Reverdil, his career, i., 59;dismissed, 147;recalled, 347;describes the court at Hirschholm, 354;arrested, ii.,73;set at liberty,105;dies at Geneva,106n.;his arraignment of the King,169.Reynolds, Sir Joshua, paints Matilda’s portrait, i., 84.Rich, Sir Robert, i., 22.Richmond, Duchess of, i., 133.Roques, M., pastor, ii.,304.Rosenborg Palace, i., 326n.Röskilde, i., 95n.Russia, interference in Danish affairs, i., 265.St. Petersburg, foundling hospital in, i., 299n.Saldern, a semi-barbarian, i., 141;dismisses Madame de Plessen, 142.Salt tax abolished, i., 296.Sames, Colonel, ii.,94.Schack-Rathlou, Councillor, ii.,95,141.Schimmelmann, Baron, i., 141n.;his revolutionary project, ii.,273.Seckendorf, Baron, acts as confidential agent between the Queen and Wraxall, ii.,275.Serfdom in Denmark, i., 296.Söhlenthal, Baron, i., 198.Sophia Frederika, Princess, ii.,324.Sophia Magdalena, Queen-Dowager, i., 55;fond of the King, 76;her death, 226.Sperling, page of the chamber, his vicious character, i., 58;encourages the King in vice, 78;superseded in the King’s favour, 130;dismissed, 142.Stade, seaport, ii.,239.Stampe, H., ii.,142.Struensee, Adam, i., 193;appointed a preacher at Altona, 195;receives preferment in the Duchy of Holstein, 196.Struensee, Charles Augustus, appointed to office, i., 291;arrested, ii.,73;banished,214.Struensee, John Frederick, i., 151;his parentage, 193;goes to Altona, 195;as a writer, 196;travelling physician to Christian VII., 199;appointed his surgeon-in-ordinary, 202;attends Matilda in her illness, 208;his appearance and manner, 213;inoculates the Crown Prince, 217;given the title of Conferenzath, 218;the Queen’s evil genius, 219;with the King and Queen in Schleswig and Holstein, 229;recalls Brandt to court, 232;his foreign policy, 250;all-powerful favourite, 253;at the head of affairs, 261;keynote of his foreign policy, 265;his ignorance of forms of etiquette, 271;as Master of Requests, 280;abolishes the Council of State, 281;and the Danish nobility, 288;and the clergy, 290;a great reformer, 293;his principal reforms, 294;abolishes the Household Cavalry, 324;appointed Privy Cabinet Minister, 332;made a count, 335;his coat of arms, 336;his colleagues all false to him, ii.,2;and the Norwegian sailors,8;plot against his life,14;his cowardice,17;dread of assassination,36;disbands the Foot Guards,38;their mutinous conduct,39;Rantzau heads conspiracy against him,49;the palace revolution,63;taken prisoner by the conspirators,68;conveyed to the citadel,70;bitter feeling against him,96;loaded with chains,107;examined by Commissioners,135;confession of guilt,138;conversion by Dr. Münter,179;his trial,184;condemned to death,193;his execution and horrible death,202;head stuck on a pole,210.Stürtz, Councillor, liberated, ii.,213.Suhm the historian urges the Queen-Dowager into a conspiracy, ii.,97;his hatred of Struensee,98.Syon House, entertainment at, i., 159.Texier, M. le, proposes to Wraxall a project for restoring the Queen, ii.,273.Thott, Count Otto, takes office, ii.,95;president of the council,105;commissioned to examine the Queen,141.Titley, Walter, his career, i., 45n.Traventhal Castle, i., 233.Uhldahl, Commissioner, ii.,149;defends the Queen,159;defends Struensee,187.Vilhelmine Marie, Princess, ii.,325.Waldegrave, Dowager-Countess, i., 185;marries the Duke of Gloucester, 186.Wales, Augusta Princess of, her marriage, i., 2;life at Kew, 6;left a widow, 12;treated kindly by the King, 15;her children, 18, 22;dislike to the Duke of Cumberland, 23;leads a retired life, 25;and Lord Bute, 27;and Bubb Dodington, 30;her character, 31, 115;influence over her son George III., 36;dislike to Christian VII., 157;visits Brunswick, 244;her unpopularity, 246;meets Matilda atLüneburg, 248;they part in anger, 249;her troubles and death, ii.,113.Wales, Frederick Prince of, an account of, i., 1;arrives in England, 2;his marriage, 3;in open opposition to the King, 4;life at Kew, 6;his friendship with Bolingbroke, 8;as an author, 9;his patriotism, 10;death and character, 12;buried in Westminster Abbey, 16;his children, 18, 22.Walmoden, Madame de, Countess of Yarmouth, i., 24.Walpole, Horace, on Christian VII., i., 163.Walpole, Sir Robert, i., 22.Warnstedt, Chamberlain, dismissed, i., 292.Whitefield, George, sermon on Matilda’s marriage, i., 89.Willebrandt, Councillor, liberated, ii.,213.Wivet, Fiscal-General, receives the King’s orders to prosecute Struensee, ii.,184;his charges against Count Brandt,191.Wraxall, Sir N. W., notice of, ii.,263;visits Celle,263;introduced to Queen Matilda,264;proceeds to Hamburg,267;becomes an agent in the conspiracy to restore the Queen,273;his communications with the Queen,275;leaves for England,281;communicates with George III.,282;articles in favour of the revolution assented to by George III.,283;returns to Celle,284;interviews with the Queen,285;returns to London and delivers his letters to Hinuber,290;learns the news of the Queen’s death,291;receives 1,000 guineas for his services,293.Wyndham, Sir William, i., 8.Yarmouth, Countess of.SeeWalmoden.York, Edward Duke of, i., 22;his career and death, 132.Zell.SeeCelle.THE ABERDEEN UNIVERSITY PRESS LIMITED
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