No.RangeMeanS.D.C.V.Total sample815155.0-208.0180.015.18.8Interior154155.0-201.0179.57.54.2East120166.4-200.5178.124.313.6Coast210160.1-208.0181.214.68.1N.W.79165.1-202.0180.021.611.9
Span of the arms also reflects the generous proportions of the Fijians. Regional difference is not marked. Relative to stature, the hill people have the longer arms and the eastern natives the shortest. The greater relative arm length of the hill tribes seems to be owing more to deficiency of stature than to excessive arm length or shoulder breadth.
No.RangeMeanS.D.C.V.Total sample81596.1-116.3104.38.58.15Interior15499.4-115.1105.22.32.2East12099.1-108.5102.713.513.14Coast21097.9-116.3104.47.77.4N.W.79100.2-109.7104.112.011.5
No.RangeMeanS.D.C.V.Total sample81575.1-10087.03.53.9Interior15475.1-9484.49.411.0East12081-10088.53.53.9Coast21080-9987.73.23.6N.W.7980-9486.02.93.3Fiji (Howells)13278-10188.33.063.46Solomons (Howells)8569-9583.63.84.5
A total sitting height average of 87 cm. attests the generous general body length. A regional trend follows the same curve as that for stature. The eastern body length is greatest; it exceeds the over-all average by 1-1/2 cm. and is more than 4 cm. larger than the interior people who fall at the bottom of the scale of sitting height. Howells' Fijian series is close to my eastern average. Compared with the Solomon Islands natives, the Fijians are much more elongated.
No.RangeMeanS.D.C.V.Total sample81545-5850.41.53.0Interior15446-5649.81.42.8East12048-5451.01.32.5Coast21046-5650.51.42.8N.W.7947-5450.21.42.8Fiji (Howells)13246-5751.71.362.63Solomons (Howells)8546-5752.11.642.92
The relative sitting height ratio for all Fijians is 50.4 per cent. The eastern average of 51 per cent indicates a little more legginess, whereas the interior groups tend somewhat to longer trunks.
No.RangeMeanS.D.C.V.Total sample81528-4739.78.26.2Interior15429-4339.06.24.7East12035-4539.96.14.0Coast21028-4539.77.64.9N.W.7935-4740.56.63.9
The Fijians are generally a broad-shouldered people. The inhabitants of Ra and Ba have the highest average and the interior people are least broad-shouldered.
No.RangeMeanS.D.C.V.Total sample81518-2722.31.35.8Interior15419-2522.91.03.9East12020-2623.01.03.9Coast21018-2622.91.04.4N.W.7920-2723.43.113.2
Relative to total stature, shoulder breadth averages 22.3 per cent. No significant regional differences are indicated.
No.RangeMeanS.D.C.V.Total sample81523-4029.25.65.3Interior15425-3829.05.15.2East12027-3429.54.14.8Coast21023-3729.25.95.5N.W.7926-3229.34.65.0
The Fijians, as a whole, are fairly broad-hipped; this condition holds with little variation in all the provinces.
No.RangeMeanS.D.C.V.Total sample81558-10173.74.35.8Interior15465-10074.64.25.6East12067-8273.83.24.3Coast21058-9973.54.35.9N.W.7962-8672.85.98.1
The total shoulder-hip ratio describes the shoulders as 73.7 per cent as wide as the hips. These ratios do not vary greatly in different parts of Fiji. The somewhat higher index of the hill groups is owing largely to their narrower shoulders, whereas the superior shoulder breadth of the northwest provinces contributes mostly to the lower hip-shoulder index.
No.RangeMeanS.D.C.V.Total sample81524-3928.66.45.7Interior15425-3328.63.34.7East12026-3929.47.25.8Coast21025-3728.77.86.2N.W.7925-3228.94.34.9
Broad chests are also characteristic in Fiji. The eastern men surpass the Viti Levu males, and the interior groups have the narrowest chests, but the regional variations are small.
No.RangeMeanS.D.C.V.Total sample815184-30822.95.57.0Interior154195-26322.43.25.8East120189-29522.54.96.6Coast210184-30021.75.77.2N.W.79192-25021.83.36.0
The chests of the Fijians are also fairly deep. The close similarity in chest depth of the interior group and the eastern sample is rather striking inasmuch as the former are nearly 4 cm. shorter in stature. This would indicate that the interior group, for their size, are relatively deep-chested.
No.RangeMeanS.D.C.V.Total sample81559-9676.44.66.0Interior15469-8878.53.95.0East12065-8576.34.35.6Coast21056-8975.54.76.2N.W.7965-8575.74.45.8
The thoracic index shows that the Fijians are deep-chested relative to thoracic breadth as well as in absolute values. Again the interior people stand out for their deeper chests.
No.RangeMeanS.D.C.V.Total sample81545-8775.25.06.6Interior15445-8373.64.86.1East12052-8475.13.95.2Coast21057-8776.04.96.4N.W.7955-8675.36.68.8
The over-all arm length is 75.2 cm. Shorter arms seem to be characteristic of the interior population where the average is nearly 2 cm. less than the over-all average. The eastern group has the longest arms; the other samples are intermediate.
No.RangeMeanS.D.C.V.Total sample81526-3932.88.65.7Interior15428-3832.87.15.2East12028-3932.98.35.6Coast21026-3832.99.15.8N.W.7928-3833.07.95.4
Length of the upper arm averages 33 cm. for all Fijians; the several provinces are closely similar in this trait.
No.RangeMeanS.D.C.V.Total sample81523-3527.64.15.1Interior15424-3327.32.44.5East12023-3427.56.96.1Coast21024-3527.93.54.8N.W.7925-3227.93.44.8
Lower arm length is 27.6 cm. and also varies but little among the regional samples.
No.RangeMeanS.D.C.V.Total sample81565-11384.04.25.0Interior15477-10483.03.84.6East12065-9583.54.75.6Coast21075-11384.74.24.9N.W.7977-9482.23.64.3
The radial-humeral ratio indicates that the lower arm of Fijians is 84 per cent as long as the upper arm. None of the subgroups deviates markedly from this average.
No.RangeMeanS.D.C.V.Total sample81561-9884.310.512.5Interior15474-9681.18.612.9East12073-9684.18.610.3Coast21068-9785.37.28.5N.W.7975-9585.74.45.2
Average leg length is 84.3 cm., and some regional differences are manifest. The legs of the hill people are shorter by 3 cm. than are the other groups. Their neighbors to the northwest and east have the longest legs, and the eastern are intermediate.
No.RangeMeanS.D.C.V.Total sample81534-4940.98.36.9Interior15435-4540.313.410.8East12035-4740.76.25.2Coast21035-4741.26.85.1N.W.7936-4740.96.15.9
Lower leg length is around 40 cm. for all Fijians. The regional pattern is similar to that of total leg length: shortest in the highlands, intermediate in the east, and longest in the coastal and northwestern districts.
No.RangeMeanS.D.C.V.Total sample81529-5737.66.77.1Interior15431-5137.06.47.1East12033-5038.14.76.5Coast21029-4837.29.47.9N.W.7930-4337.77.66.3
The generous girth of the calf of the Fijians reflects their sturdily muscled legs. The eastern groups excel the other Fijians in this respect, whereas the interior groups have the lowest average for calf circumference.
No.RangeMeanS.D.C.V.Total sample815410-630562.47.86.7Interior154537-613565.34.12.5East120528-630566.34.92.9Coast210410-630563.54.63.5N.W.79537-597557.714.311.5
The head circumference average of 562.4 mm. Probably is a little on the large size because of the thick wiry hair of most Fijians; the eastern groups appear to have the largest heads and the northwestern groups show a rather abrupt drop.
No.RangeMeanS.D.C.V.Total sample815162-215187.99.45.0Interior154170-210190.17.64.0East120172-209188.66.63.5Coast210162-215187.413.57.2N.W.79165-214187.27.94.2Fiji (Howells)133164-208188.87.293.86Solomons (Howells)85170-208188.56.53.5Tonga (Sullivan)117173-213191.06.63.5
Total head length for all Fijians is 187.9 mm; longest heads occur in the interior. Both Howells' Fijian average and the Solomon Islands series are close to the above value. Gifford's Tongan head length of 191 mm. Somewhat exceeds the Fijian.
No.RangeMeanS.D.C.V.Total sample815122-186155.96.87.7Interior154135-170152.16.64.3East120144-172157.25.23.3Coast210141-186158.39.38.5N.W.79122-185152.98.68.2Fiji (Howells)133135-170153.76.13.9Solomons (Howells)85126-158144.75.23.6Tonga (Sullivan)117145-167154.84.32.8
General head breadth is 155.9 mm., and considerable regional variation is shown. Fijians of the interior have the narrowest heads, whereas the coastal and eastern people have appreciably wider heads. Howells' series of Fijians are closest to my highland groups.
The Solomon Islanders are markedly narrower headed than the Fijians, whereas Sullivan's Tongan series is nearer the Fijian average.
No.RangeMeanS.D.C.V.Total sample81568-9983.06.47.7Interior15468-9680.06.07.3East12072-9283.93.84.5Coast21072-9984.27.28.6N.W.7971-9581.610.312.6Fiji (Howells)13368-9481.544.75.7Solomons (Howells)8565-8876.83.95.1Tonga (Sullivan)11773-8981.13.13.9
Most Fijians tend to brachycephaly. The eastern natives and those of the coastal series have the broadest heads. The interior people show definitely lesser values in this ratio than do the other groups. Howells' Fijian series is close to the northwestern Fijians in their mesocephaly, and so is the Tongan mean. The Solomon series borders on dolicocephaly.
No.RangeMeanS.D.C.V.Total sample815110-154129.56.87.9Interior154114-140127.74.83.8East120114-148129.65.03.9Coast210112-154120.07.05.4N.W.79117-142127.69.28.9
Head height averages do not differ greatly among the provinces. The interior and northwestern people have somewhat lower heads; the coastal and eastern people show slight superiority.
No.RangeMeanS.D.C.V.Total sample81555-8469.03.43.6Interior15459-7767.23.95.8East12061-7868.73.24.7Coast21055-8469.43.74.3N.W.7958-8468.14.53.5
Relative to head length, the cranial vault of Fijians is high. The mountain people show the lowest relative head height, whereas the other provinces are nearer to the over-all average.
No.RangeMeanS.D.C.V.Total sample81566-10283.03.03.3Interior15475- 9684.03.94.6East12075- 9182.43.44.1Coast21066- 9782.85.38.4N.W.7973- 9281.28.69.7
Head height relative to total breadth is 83 per cent. In this ratio the interior groups have the highest index, a condition owing more to deficiency in cranial breadth than to superior head height.
No.RangeMeanS.D.C.V.Total sample815141-176157.710.56.7Interior154147-166156.611.57.3East120148-172158.44.42.7Coast210143-176158.515.59.7N.W.79141-171155.910.76.7
Head size as expressed by the cranial module averages 157.7 mm. for all Fijians. Regional fluctuation is unimportant.
No.RangeMeanS.D.C.V.Total sample81599-125109.94.02.7Interior154100-121109.83.63.3East12099-122110.83.83.4Coast210100-125109.74.74.3N.W.79101-120109.43.73.4
A minimum frontal diameter of 109.9 mm. indicates a fairly ample forehead breadth for the total sample. None of the subgroups depart much from this value.
No.RangeMeanS.D.C.V.Total sample81558-8970.64.36.1Interior15463-8272.23.34.6East12064-7970.53.04.3Coast21058-7769.94.15.9N.W.7961-8969.78.712.5
Forehead breadth relative to total cranial width is 70.6 per cent. The greatest deviation from this average occurs in the interior where the fronto-parietal ratio is 72.2 per cent and lesser head breadth more than greater forehead width causes the higher index.
No.RangeMeanS.D.C.V.Total sample815110-164145.75.03.4Interior154110-163145.86.34.3East120137-161146.74.32.9Coast210128-164145.24.93.4N.W.79136-156145.14.33.0Fiji (Howells)132130-159144.055.053.5Solomons (Howells)84115-149138.05.54.0Tonga (Sullivan)116131-159143.55.94.1
Broad faces are the rule among most of these people, as the total average of 145.7 mm. shows. Regional values for this criterion are closely alike in all parts of Fiji, the eastern showing a slight superiority in bizygomatic breadth.
Howells' Fiji series is slightly lower in this diameter as is the Tongan average. The Solomon Islands natives have definitely narrower faces.
No.RangeMeanS.D.C.V.Total sample81582-10893.55.76.1Interior15484-10896.04.85.0East12082-10293.33.23.4Coast21085-10392.55.76.2N.W.7980-10492.66.47.3Fiji (Howells)13285-11193.73.53.7Solomons (Howells)8485-11195.43.84.0Tonga (Sullivan)11685-10392.83.53.7
Face breadth relative to head width averages 93.5 per cent for all Fijians; Howell's series is much the same. The narrower heads of the interior people largely account for their higher index; otherwise there is general similarity in the several provinces.
No.RangeMeanS.D.C.V.Total sample81564-10075.53.03.9Interior15464-9875.43.24.2East12068-9975.52.53.3Coast21066-10075.53.14.1N.W.7966-9375.42.93.8Tonga (Sullivan)11663-8473.14.25.8
The ratio of forehead width to face breadth is 75.5. All of the regional averages for the zygo-frontal index are strikingly alike among the Fijians in every instance; the forehead is about three-quarters the breadth of the face. The Tongan ratio is a little lower.