AAbbey,seeMonastery.Abbot, meaning of word,425; as father of family of monks,143; election of,144; description of installation of,145; wealth and political influence of,147; disorders among lay,179; as a feudal lord,373; in legislative assemblies,400.Abelard opposed by Bernard,196.Abraham, St., the hermit,50; quoted,60.Abstinence, no virtue in false,419.Accountability, personal, sense of maintained by monks,414.Act of Succession,298.Agriculture, monasteries centers of,155; and the Cistercian monks,192; fostered by monks,403.SeeBenedict, Order of St.Alaric the Goth sacks Rome,103.Albans, St., Abbey of, Morton on its vices,338.Albertus Magnus, a Dominican,242.Albigensians, Hallam on doctrines of,232; Hardwick on same,233; Dominic preaches against,234; Dominic's part in crusade against,235.Alcuin, on corruptions of monks,173; education and,167.Alexander IV., Pope, on the stigmata of St. Francis,221; and the University of Paris quarrel,250.Alfred, King, the Great, complains of monks,173; his reformatory measures,181.Alien Priories, confiscated,338; origin of,340.Allen, on the fate of the Templars,202; on Dominic and the Albigensian crusade,238; on spiritual pride of the Mendicants,257; on the genius of feudalism,373; on the deficiencies of monastic characters,394.Alms-giving,seeCharity.Alverno, Mount, and the stigmata of St. Francis,219.Ambrose, embraces ascetic Christianity,84; Theodosius on,115; saying of Gibbon applied to,116; describes Capraria,126; his influence on Milanese women,126.Ammonius, the hermit, visits Rome,72.Anglicans, claims of, respecting the early British Church,162.Anglo-Saxons and British Christianity,164.Anglo-Saxon Church, effect of Danish invasion on,181;effect of Dunstan's work on,187.SeeBritain.Anslem, of Canterbury, on flight from the world,369.Anthony, St., visits Paul of Thebes,37; his strange experiences,38; buries Paul,41; birth and early life of,43; his austerities,44,45; miracles of,46; his fame and influence,47; his death,48; Taylor on biography of,48.Ap Rice, a Royal Commissioner,311.Aquinas, Thomas, a Dominican,242.Ascetic, The, his morbid introspection,392; meaning of word,425.SeeMonksandHermits.Asceticism, in India,18-20,357; among Chaldeans,20; in China,20; among the Greeks,21,22; the Essenes,23; in apostolic times,27; the Gnostics,27; and the Bible,30,366; in post-apostolic times,31; modifications of, under Basil,64; protests against, in early Rome,124; various forms of,385; effects of,391,401.SeeMonasticism.Aske, Robert, heads revolt against Henry VIII.,326.Athanasius, St., visits hermits,35; his life of Anthony,42; influence of same on Rome,80,83; spreads Pachomian rule,63; visits Rome,71, and effect of,80; visits Gaul,119; his saying on fasting,121.Atonement, for sin, the monk's influence on doctrine of,417.Augustine, Bishop of Hippo, his life, and services to monasticism,117,119; influenced by biography of Anthony,43; on marriage and celibacy,112; charges monks with fraud,128.Augustine, Rule of, adopted by Dominic,232,241.Augustine, the monk, his mission to England,161.Augustinians,246.Aurelius, Emperor, Christianity during reign of,124.Austerities, Robertson on,94.SeeAsceticismandSelf-denialAustin Canons,118.BBacon, Roger, a Franciscan,228; imprisonment of,407.Bagot, Richard, on the English reformation,345.Bale, John, on the fall of the monasteries,333.Baluzii, on the prosperity of the Franciscans,255.Bangor, Monastery of, founded,123; slaughter of its monks,165.Barbarians, the struggle of the monks with,148,149,170; conversion of,398.Basil the Great,63; revolts against excessive austerities,64; founder of Greek monasticism,64,65; his rules,65; adopts irrevocable vows,65; on marriage,66; enforces strict obedience,66.Bede, The Venerable, on the British Church,123; on monks and animals,156.Begging Friars,seeMendicants,FranciscansandDominicans.Benedict, Pope, XI.,221; XII., consecrates Monte Cassino,135; on the stigmata of St. Francis,221.Benedict of Aniane, his attempted reform,176.Benedict, of Nursia, birth and early life,131; his trials,132; his fame attracts followers,133; his strictness provokes opposition,133; retires to Monte Cassino,134; conquers Paganism,135; his miracles and power over barbarians,137; his last days,138; his rules,138; Schaff on same,148; Cardinal Newman on mission of,149; saying of, on manual labor,403.Benedict, Order of St.,131; rules of,138; the novitiate,140; daily life of monks,140; meaning of term "order,"143; abbots of,144; manual labor,147,403; Schaff on rules of,148; its dealings with barbarians,148,398; its literary and educational services,151; its agricultural work,155,404; spread of,158; its followers among the royalty,159.Bernard, of Clairvaux, his birth and monastic services,193; character of his monastery,192; on drugs and doctors,194; his reforms,195; Vaughan on,195; Storrs on,197; the Crusades,197; on the abuses of charity,411.Bernardone, Peter, father of Francis,208.SeeFrancis.Bethlehem, Jerome's monasteries at,85,88; Paula establishes monasteries at,100.Bible, The, and monasticism,30,376.Bigotry, of monks,394.Biography, monastic history centers in,84.Björnstrom, on the stigmata,223.Blæsilla, murmurs against monks at her funeral,125.Blunt, on the: fall of the monasteries,333.Boccaccio, comments on his visit to Monte Cassino,136.Boleyn, Anne, and Henry VIII.,294.Bollandists, Catholic, on Dominic and the Inquisition,238.Bonaventura, on the stigmata of Francis,220; a Franciscan,228; on vices of the monks,337.Boniface, the apostle to the Germans,167.Bonner, Bishop, persuades Prior Houghton to sign oath of supremacy,303.Brahminism, asceticism under,19.Britain, Tertullian, Origen, and Bede, on Christianity in,123;. relation of early church in, to Rome,162; monasticism in,162,168.Brotherhood of Penitence,229.Bruno, the abbot of Cluny,177.Bruno, founder of Carthusian order,188; Ruskin on the order,189;the monastery of the Chartreuse,189; his eulogy of solitude,396.Bryant, poem of, on fall of monasteries,353.Buddha, on the ascetic life,357.Buddhism, asceticism under,19.Burke, Edmund, quoted by Gasquet on fall of monasteries,312.Burnet, on report of Royal Commissioners,316.Bury, Father, on Chinese monks,20.CCambridge, University of, the friars at,252,405.Campeggio, Cardinal, the divorce proceedings of Henry VIII. and,294.Capraria, Rutilius and Ambrose on island of,126.Capuchins,246.Carlyle, Thomas, on Mahomet,33; quotes Jocelin on Abbot Samson's election,145; on the twelfth century,157; on the monastic ideal,174; on Jesuitical obedience,271; views of, criticised,278.Carmelites,246.Carthusians, The, establishment of,188; famous monastery of,189; rules of,189; in England,191,334.SeeCharterhouse.Cassiodorus, the literary labors of,152.Casuistry, of the Jesuits,272;429.Catacombs, visited by Jerome,87.Catharine, of Aragon, Henry's divorce from,293.Catholic, Roman,seeRome, Church of.Celibacy, praised by Jerome and Augustine,112; views of Helvidius on, opposed by Jerome,113; the struggle to establish sacerdotal,183; Lingard on,183; Lea on,184; vow of,380; and Scripture teaching,381; early Fathers on,381; a modern ecclesiastic's reasons for,381; how vow of, came to be imposed,382; no special virtue in,419.Cellani, Peter, Dominic retires to house of,238;Celtic Church,seeBritain.Cenobites, meaning of term,425; origin of, in the East,57; habits of early,58; aims of,60.Chalcis, desert of,87.Chaldea, asceticism in,20.Chalippe, Father Candide, on miracles of saints,224.Channey, Maurice, on fall of the Charterhouse,302.Channing, William E., on various manifestations of the ascetic spirit,385; on exaggerations of monasticism,415.Chapter, The, defined,144; of Mats,228.Chapuys, despatches of, to Charles V.,297.Charity, of monks,348,410; true and false,348,412; Bernard, Jacob of Vitry and Lecky on abuses of,411; as a passport to Heaven,411.Charlemagne,118.Charles V., Emperor, Pole writes to,296; Chapuy's despatches to,297.Charterhouse, of London,191; execution of monks of,301,334; and the progress of England,343.SeeCarthusians.Chartreuse, Grand, monastery,189.Chastity, vow of, in Pachomian rule,61.SeeCelibacy.China, asceticism in,20.Chinese monks, Father Bury on,20.Christ,seeJesus Christ.Christian clergy, character of, in the fourth century,77.Christian ideal, tending toward fanaticism,129.Christian discipleship, nature of true,390.Christianity, asceticism and apostolic,27,28,31; conquers Roman empire,71,76; endangered by success,77; in Rome in the fourth century,79; Lord on same,80; is opposed to fanaticism,94; in ancient Britain,123,161,162; Clarke on,171; Mozoomdar on essential principle of,359; requires some sort of self-denial,390,418,419; monasticism and, compared,420; monasticism furnishes example of,422.SeeBritainandChurch.Chrysostom, becomes an ascetic,84; brief account of life of,116; monastic cause furthered by,117.Church, Christian, the triumphant, compared with church in age of persecution,109; ideal of, furthers monasticism,129; and the barbarians,149; of the thirteenth century,206; its life-ideal,369; its union with paganism,370.SeeAnglo-Saxon Church,Britain, andEngland, Church of.Cistercian Order, the monks and rule of,192; decline of,193.Citeaux, Monastery at,192.Civic duties and monasticism,399.SeeMonasticism.Clairvaux, Bernard of,seeBernard; Monastery of,193.Clara, St., Nuns of, founded,228.Clarke, William Newton, on Christianity of first and second centuries,171.Clarke, James Freeman, on Brahmin ascetics,20.Classics, Jerome's fondness for the,95; the monks and the,405.Clement XIV., Pope, dissolves the Society of Jesus,279.Clergy of the Christian Church,77.Clinton, Lord, on the work of suppression,311.Cloister,426.SeeMonastery.Cluny, Monastery at,177; the congregation of,178.Coke, Sir Edward, quoted,329.Columba, St., his church relations,162.Commissioners, The Royal, appointed to visit monasteries of England, their methods,308,333; character of,311; begin their work,313; their report,316;Parliament acts on same,319.Confession, among the Jesuits,269.Conscience, liberty of, renounced by monks,394.Constantine the Great,71.Contemplation, John Tauler on,395; Bruno on,396.Convents.SeeMonasteries.Copyright, first instance of quarrel for,170.Council, of Saragossa,122; of Trent,382; Lateran,242.Court of Augmentation,319.Crocella, Santa, chapel of,131; Romanus the monk,131.Cromwell, Richard, on Sir John Russell,326.Cromwell, Thomas, his life and aims,308; Green and Froude on,309; his religious views,309; Foxe and Gasquet on character of,310; becomes Vicegerent,310; inspires terror and hatred,324; his removal demanded,326; overcomes the Pilgrims of Grace,326; bribed for estates,329.Cross, loyalty to the, fostered by monks,414; power of the doctrine of,418.Crusades, effect of, on monastic types,373.SeeMilitary OrdersandBernard.Cyril, Bishop of Alexandria,61; and murder of Hypatia,68.
A
A
Abbey,seeMonastery.Abbot, meaning of word,425; as father of family of monks,143; election of,144; description of installation of,145; wealth and political influence of,147; disorders among lay,179; as a feudal lord,373; in legislative assemblies,400.Abelard opposed by Bernard,196.Abraham, St., the hermit,50; quoted,60.Abstinence, no virtue in false,419.Accountability, personal, sense of maintained by monks,414.Act of Succession,298.Agriculture, monasteries centers of,155; and the Cistercian monks,192; fostered by monks,403.SeeBenedict, Order of St.Alaric the Goth sacks Rome,103.Albans, St., Abbey of, Morton on its vices,338.Albertus Magnus, a Dominican,242.Albigensians, Hallam on doctrines of,232; Hardwick on same,233; Dominic preaches against,234; Dominic's part in crusade against,235.Alcuin, on corruptions of monks,173; education and,167.Alexander IV., Pope, on the stigmata of St. Francis,221; and the University of Paris quarrel,250.Alfred, King, the Great, complains of monks,173; his reformatory measures,181.Alien Priories, confiscated,338; origin of,340.Allen, on the fate of the Templars,202; on Dominic and the Albigensian crusade,238; on spiritual pride of the Mendicants,257; on the genius of feudalism,373; on the deficiencies of monastic characters,394.Alms-giving,seeCharity.Alverno, Mount, and the stigmata of St. Francis,219.Ambrose, embraces ascetic Christianity,84; Theodosius on,115; saying of Gibbon applied to,116; describes Capraria,126; his influence on Milanese women,126.Ammonius, the hermit, visits Rome,72.Anglicans, claims of, respecting the early British Church,162.Anglo-Saxons and British Christianity,164.Anglo-Saxon Church, effect of Danish invasion on,181;effect of Dunstan's work on,187.SeeBritain.Anslem, of Canterbury, on flight from the world,369.Anthony, St., visits Paul of Thebes,37; his strange experiences,38; buries Paul,41; birth and early life of,43; his austerities,44,45; miracles of,46; his fame and influence,47; his death,48; Taylor on biography of,48.Ap Rice, a Royal Commissioner,311.Aquinas, Thomas, a Dominican,242.Ascetic, The, his morbid introspection,392; meaning of word,425.SeeMonksandHermits.Asceticism, in India,18-20,357; among Chaldeans,20; in China,20; among the Greeks,21,22; the Essenes,23; in apostolic times,27; the Gnostics,27; and the Bible,30,366; in post-apostolic times,31; modifications of, under Basil,64; protests against, in early Rome,124; various forms of,385; effects of,391,401.SeeMonasticism.Aske, Robert, heads revolt against Henry VIII.,326.Athanasius, St., visits hermits,35; his life of Anthony,42; influence of same on Rome,80,83; spreads Pachomian rule,63; visits Rome,71, and effect of,80; visits Gaul,119; his saying on fasting,121.Atonement, for sin, the monk's influence on doctrine of,417.Augustine, Bishop of Hippo, his life, and services to monasticism,117,119; influenced by biography of Anthony,43; on marriage and celibacy,112; charges monks with fraud,128.Augustine, Rule of, adopted by Dominic,232,241.Augustine, the monk, his mission to England,161.Augustinians,246.Aurelius, Emperor, Christianity during reign of,124.Austerities, Robertson on,94.SeeAsceticismandSelf-denialAustin Canons,118.
Abbey,seeMonastery.
Abbot, meaning of word,425; as father of family of monks,143; election of,144; description of installation of,145; wealth and political influence of,147; disorders among lay,179; as a feudal lord,373; in legislative assemblies,400.
Abelard opposed by Bernard,196.
Abraham, St., the hermit,50; quoted,60.
Abstinence, no virtue in false,419.
Accountability, personal, sense of maintained by monks,414.
Act of Succession,298.
Agriculture, monasteries centers of,155; and the Cistercian monks,192; fostered by monks,403.SeeBenedict, Order of St.
Alaric the Goth sacks Rome,103.
Albans, St., Abbey of, Morton on its vices,338.
Albertus Magnus, a Dominican,242.
Albigensians, Hallam on doctrines of,232; Hardwick on same,233; Dominic preaches against,234; Dominic's part in crusade against,235.
Alcuin, on corruptions of monks,173; education and,167.
Alexander IV., Pope, on the stigmata of St. Francis,221; and the University of Paris quarrel,250.
Alfred, King, the Great, complains of monks,173; his reformatory measures,181.
Alien Priories, confiscated,338; origin of,340.
Allen, on the fate of the Templars,202; on Dominic and the Albigensian crusade,238; on spiritual pride of the Mendicants,257; on the genius of feudalism,373; on the deficiencies of monastic characters,394.
Alms-giving,seeCharity.
Alverno, Mount, and the stigmata of St. Francis,219.
Ambrose, embraces ascetic Christianity,84; Theodosius on,115; saying of Gibbon applied to,116; describes Capraria,126; his influence on Milanese women,126.
Ammonius, the hermit, visits Rome,72.
Anglicans, claims of, respecting the early British Church,162.
Anglo-Saxons and British Christianity,164.
Anglo-Saxon Church, effect of Danish invasion on,181;effect of Dunstan's work on,187.SeeBritain.
Anslem, of Canterbury, on flight from the world,369.
Anthony, St., visits Paul of Thebes,37; his strange experiences,38; buries Paul,41; birth and early life of,43; his austerities,44,45; miracles of,46; his fame and influence,47; his death,48; Taylor on biography of,48.
Ap Rice, a Royal Commissioner,311.
Aquinas, Thomas, a Dominican,242.
Ascetic, The, his morbid introspection,392; meaning of word,425.SeeMonksandHermits.
Asceticism, in India,18-20,357; among Chaldeans,20; in China,20; among the Greeks,21,22; the Essenes,23; in apostolic times,27; the Gnostics,27; and the Bible,30,366; in post-apostolic times,31; modifications of, under Basil,64; protests against, in early Rome,124; various forms of,385; effects of,391,401.SeeMonasticism.
Aske, Robert, heads revolt against Henry VIII.,326.
Athanasius, St., visits hermits,35; his life of Anthony,42; influence of same on Rome,80,83; spreads Pachomian rule,63; visits Rome,71, and effect of,80; visits Gaul,119; his saying on fasting,121.
Atonement, for sin, the monk's influence on doctrine of,417.
Augustine, Bishop of Hippo, his life, and services to monasticism,117,119; influenced by biography of Anthony,43; on marriage and celibacy,112; charges monks with fraud,128.
Augustine, Rule of, adopted by Dominic,232,241.
Augustine, the monk, his mission to England,161.
Augustinians,246.
Aurelius, Emperor, Christianity during reign of,124.
Austerities, Robertson on,94.SeeAsceticismandSelf-denial
Austin Canons,118.
B
B
Bacon, Roger, a Franciscan,228; imprisonment of,407.Bagot, Richard, on the English reformation,345.Bale, John, on the fall of the monasteries,333.Baluzii, on the prosperity of the Franciscans,255.Bangor, Monastery of, founded,123; slaughter of its monks,165.Barbarians, the struggle of the monks with,148,149,170; conversion of,398.Basil the Great,63; revolts against excessive austerities,64; founder of Greek monasticism,64,65; his rules,65; adopts irrevocable vows,65; on marriage,66; enforces strict obedience,66.Bede, The Venerable, on the British Church,123; on monks and animals,156.Begging Friars,seeMendicants,FranciscansandDominicans.Benedict, Pope, XI.,221; XII., consecrates Monte Cassino,135; on the stigmata of St. Francis,221.Benedict of Aniane, his attempted reform,176.Benedict, of Nursia, birth and early life,131; his trials,132; his fame attracts followers,133; his strictness provokes opposition,133; retires to Monte Cassino,134; conquers Paganism,135; his miracles and power over barbarians,137; his last days,138; his rules,138; Schaff on same,148; Cardinal Newman on mission of,149; saying of, on manual labor,403.Benedict, Order of St.,131; rules of,138; the novitiate,140; daily life of monks,140; meaning of term "order,"143; abbots of,144; manual labor,147,403; Schaff on rules of,148; its dealings with barbarians,148,398; its literary and educational services,151; its agricultural work,155,404; spread of,158; its followers among the royalty,159.Bernard, of Clairvaux, his birth and monastic services,193; character of his monastery,192; on drugs and doctors,194; his reforms,195; Vaughan on,195; Storrs on,197; the Crusades,197; on the abuses of charity,411.Bernardone, Peter, father of Francis,208.SeeFrancis.Bethlehem, Jerome's monasteries at,85,88; Paula establishes monasteries at,100.Bible, The, and monasticism,30,376.Bigotry, of monks,394.Biography, monastic history centers in,84.Björnstrom, on the stigmata,223.Blæsilla, murmurs against monks at her funeral,125.Blunt, on the: fall of the monasteries,333.Boccaccio, comments on his visit to Monte Cassino,136.Boleyn, Anne, and Henry VIII.,294.Bollandists, Catholic, on Dominic and the Inquisition,238.Bonaventura, on the stigmata of Francis,220; a Franciscan,228; on vices of the monks,337.Boniface, the apostle to the Germans,167.Bonner, Bishop, persuades Prior Houghton to sign oath of supremacy,303.Brahminism, asceticism under,19.Britain, Tertullian, Origen, and Bede, on Christianity in,123;. relation of early church in, to Rome,162; monasticism in,162,168.Brotherhood of Penitence,229.Bruno, the abbot of Cluny,177.Bruno, founder of Carthusian order,188; Ruskin on the order,189;the monastery of the Chartreuse,189; his eulogy of solitude,396.Bryant, poem of, on fall of monasteries,353.Buddha, on the ascetic life,357.Buddhism, asceticism under,19.Burke, Edmund, quoted by Gasquet on fall of monasteries,312.Burnet, on report of Royal Commissioners,316.Bury, Father, on Chinese monks,20.
Bacon, Roger, a Franciscan,228; imprisonment of,407.
Bagot, Richard, on the English reformation,345.
Bale, John, on the fall of the monasteries,333.
Baluzii, on the prosperity of the Franciscans,255.
Bangor, Monastery of, founded,123; slaughter of its monks,165.
Barbarians, the struggle of the monks with,148,149,170; conversion of,398.
Basil the Great,63; revolts against excessive austerities,64; founder of Greek monasticism,64,65; his rules,65; adopts irrevocable vows,65; on marriage,66; enforces strict obedience,66.
Bede, The Venerable, on the British Church,123; on monks and animals,156.
Begging Friars,seeMendicants,FranciscansandDominicans.
Benedict, Pope, XI.,221; XII., consecrates Monte Cassino,135; on the stigmata of St. Francis,221.
Benedict of Aniane, his attempted reform,176.
Benedict, of Nursia, birth and early life,131; his trials,132; his fame attracts followers,133; his strictness provokes opposition,133; retires to Monte Cassino,134; conquers Paganism,135; his miracles and power over barbarians,137; his last days,138; his rules,138; Schaff on same,148; Cardinal Newman on mission of,149; saying of, on manual labor,403.
Benedict, Order of St.,131; rules of,138; the novitiate,140; daily life of monks,140; meaning of term "order,"143; abbots of,144; manual labor,147,403; Schaff on rules of,148; its dealings with barbarians,148,398; its literary and educational services,151; its agricultural work,155,404; spread of,158; its followers among the royalty,159.
Bernard, of Clairvaux, his birth and monastic services,193; character of his monastery,192; on drugs and doctors,194; his reforms,195; Vaughan on,195; Storrs on,197; the Crusades,197; on the abuses of charity,411.
Bernardone, Peter, father of Francis,208.SeeFrancis.
Bethlehem, Jerome's monasteries at,85,88; Paula establishes monasteries at,100.
Bible, The, and monasticism,30,376.
Bigotry, of monks,394.
Biography, monastic history centers in,84.
Björnstrom, on the stigmata,223.
Blæsilla, murmurs against monks at her funeral,125.
Blunt, on the: fall of the monasteries,333.
Boccaccio, comments on his visit to Monte Cassino,136.
Boleyn, Anne, and Henry VIII.,294.
Bollandists, Catholic, on Dominic and the Inquisition,238.
Bonaventura, on the stigmata of Francis,220; a Franciscan,228; on vices of the monks,337.
Boniface, the apostle to the Germans,167.
Bonner, Bishop, persuades Prior Houghton to sign oath of supremacy,303.
Brahminism, asceticism under,19.
Britain, Tertullian, Origen, and Bede, on Christianity in,123;. relation of early church in, to Rome,162; monasticism in,162,168.
Brotherhood of Penitence,229.
Bruno, the abbot of Cluny,177.
Bruno, founder of Carthusian order,188; Ruskin on the order,189;the monastery of the Chartreuse,189; his eulogy of solitude,396.
Bryant, poem of, on fall of monasteries,353.
Buddha, on the ascetic life,357.
Buddhism, asceticism under,19.
Burke, Edmund, quoted by Gasquet on fall of monasteries,312.
Burnet, on report of Royal Commissioners,316.
Bury, Father, on Chinese monks,20.
C
C
Cambridge, University of, the friars at,252,405.Campeggio, Cardinal, the divorce proceedings of Henry VIII. and,294.Capraria, Rutilius and Ambrose on island of,126.Capuchins,246.Carlyle, Thomas, on Mahomet,33; quotes Jocelin on Abbot Samson's election,145; on the twelfth century,157; on the monastic ideal,174; on Jesuitical obedience,271; views of, criticised,278.Carmelites,246.Carthusians, The, establishment of,188; famous monastery of,189; rules of,189; in England,191,334.SeeCharterhouse.Cassiodorus, the literary labors of,152.Casuistry, of the Jesuits,272;429.Catacombs, visited by Jerome,87.Catharine, of Aragon, Henry's divorce from,293.Catholic, Roman,seeRome, Church of.Celibacy, praised by Jerome and Augustine,112; views of Helvidius on, opposed by Jerome,113; the struggle to establish sacerdotal,183; Lingard on,183; Lea on,184; vow of,380; and Scripture teaching,381; early Fathers on,381; a modern ecclesiastic's reasons for,381; how vow of, came to be imposed,382; no special virtue in,419.Cellani, Peter, Dominic retires to house of,238;Celtic Church,seeBritain.Cenobites, meaning of term,425; origin of, in the East,57; habits of early,58; aims of,60.Chalcis, desert of,87.Chaldea, asceticism in,20.Chalippe, Father Candide, on miracles of saints,224.Channey, Maurice, on fall of the Charterhouse,302.Channing, William E., on various manifestations of the ascetic spirit,385; on exaggerations of monasticism,415.Chapter, The, defined,144; of Mats,228.Chapuys, despatches of, to Charles V.,297.Charity, of monks,348,410; true and false,348,412; Bernard, Jacob of Vitry and Lecky on abuses of,411; as a passport to Heaven,411.Charlemagne,118.Charles V., Emperor, Pole writes to,296; Chapuy's despatches to,297.Charterhouse, of London,191; execution of monks of,301,334; and the progress of England,343.SeeCarthusians.Chartreuse, Grand, monastery,189.Chastity, vow of, in Pachomian rule,61.SeeCelibacy.China, asceticism in,20.Chinese monks, Father Bury on,20.Christ,seeJesus Christ.Christian clergy, character of, in the fourth century,77.Christian ideal, tending toward fanaticism,129.Christian discipleship, nature of true,390.Christianity, asceticism and apostolic,27,28,31; conquers Roman empire,71,76; endangered by success,77; in Rome in the fourth century,79; Lord on same,80; is opposed to fanaticism,94; in ancient Britain,123,161,162; Clarke on,171; Mozoomdar on essential principle of,359; requires some sort of self-denial,390,418,419; monasticism and, compared,420; monasticism furnishes example of,422.SeeBritainandChurch.Chrysostom, becomes an ascetic,84; brief account of life of,116; monastic cause furthered by,117.Church, Christian, the triumphant, compared with church in age of persecution,109; ideal of, furthers monasticism,129; and the barbarians,149; of the thirteenth century,206; its life-ideal,369; its union with paganism,370.SeeAnglo-Saxon Church,Britain, andEngland, Church of.Cistercian Order, the monks and rule of,192; decline of,193.Citeaux, Monastery at,192.Civic duties and monasticism,399.SeeMonasticism.Clairvaux, Bernard of,seeBernard; Monastery of,193.Clara, St., Nuns of, founded,228.Clarke, William Newton, on Christianity of first and second centuries,171.Clarke, James Freeman, on Brahmin ascetics,20.Classics, Jerome's fondness for the,95; the monks and the,405.Clement XIV., Pope, dissolves the Society of Jesus,279.Clergy of the Christian Church,77.Clinton, Lord, on the work of suppression,311.Cloister,426.SeeMonastery.Cluny, Monastery at,177; the congregation of,178.Coke, Sir Edward, quoted,329.Columba, St., his church relations,162.Commissioners, The Royal, appointed to visit monasteries of England, their methods,308,333; character of,311; begin their work,313; their report,316;Parliament acts on same,319.Confession, among the Jesuits,269.Conscience, liberty of, renounced by monks,394.Constantine the Great,71.Contemplation, John Tauler on,395; Bruno on,396.Convents.SeeMonasteries.Copyright, first instance of quarrel for,170.Council, of Saragossa,122; of Trent,382; Lateran,242.Court of Augmentation,319.Crocella, Santa, chapel of,131; Romanus the monk,131.Cromwell, Richard, on Sir John Russell,326.Cromwell, Thomas, his life and aims,308; Green and Froude on,309; his religious views,309; Foxe and Gasquet on character of,310; becomes Vicegerent,310; inspires terror and hatred,324; his removal demanded,326; overcomes the Pilgrims of Grace,326; bribed for estates,329.Cross, loyalty to the, fostered by monks,414; power of the doctrine of,418.Crusades, effect of, on monastic types,373.SeeMilitary OrdersandBernard.Cyril, Bishop of Alexandria,61; and murder of Hypatia,68.
Cambridge, University of, the friars at,252,405.
Campeggio, Cardinal, the divorce proceedings of Henry VIII. and,294.
Capraria, Rutilius and Ambrose on island of,126.
Capuchins,246.
Carlyle, Thomas, on Mahomet,33; quotes Jocelin on Abbot Samson's election,145; on the twelfth century,157; on the monastic ideal,174; on Jesuitical obedience,271; views of, criticised,278.
Carmelites,246.
Carthusians, The, establishment of,188; famous monastery of,189; rules of,189; in England,191,334.SeeCharterhouse.
Cassiodorus, the literary labors of,152.
Casuistry, of the Jesuits,272;429.
Catacombs, visited by Jerome,87.
Catharine, of Aragon, Henry's divorce from,293.
Catholic, Roman,seeRome, Church of.
Celibacy, praised by Jerome and Augustine,112; views of Helvidius on, opposed by Jerome,113; the struggle to establish sacerdotal,183; Lingard on,183; Lea on,184; vow of,380; and Scripture teaching,381; early Fathers on,381; a modern ecclesiastic's reasons for,381; how vow of, came to be imposed,382; no special virtue in,419.
Cellani, Peter, Dominic retires to house of,238;
Celtic Church,seeBritain.
Cenobites, meaning of term,425; origin of, in the East,57; habits of early,58; aims of,60.
Chalcis, desert of,87.
Chaldea, asceticism in,20.
Chalippe, Father Candide, on miracles of saints,224.
Channey, Maurice, on fall of the Charterhouse,302.
Channing, William E., on various manifestations of the ascetic spirit,385; on exaggerations of monasticism,415.
Chapter, The, defined,144; of Mats,228.
Chapuys, despatches of, to Charles V.,297.
Charity, of monks,348,410; true and false,348,412; Bernard, Jacob of Vitry and Lecky on abuses of,411; as a passport to Heaven,411.
Charlemagne,118.
Charles V., Emperor, Pole writes to,296; Chapuy's despatches to,297.
Charterhouse, of London,191; execution of monks of,301,334; and the progress of England,343.SeeCarthusians.
Chartreuse, Grand, monastery,189.
Chastity, vow of, in Pachomian rule,61.SeeCelibacy.
China, asceticism in,20.
Chinese monks, Father Bury on,20.
Christ,seeJesus Christ.
Christian clergy, character of, in the fourth century,77.
Christian ideal, tending toward fanaticism,129.
Christian discipleship, nature of true,390.
Christianity, asceticism and apostolic,27,28,31; conquers Roman empire,71,76; endangered by success,77; in Rome in the fourth century,79; Lord on same,80; is opposed to fanaticism,94; in ancient Britain,123,161,162; Clarke on,171; Mozoomdar on essential principle of,359; requires some sort of self-denial,390,418,419; monasticism and, compared,420; monasticism furnishes example of,422.SeeBritainandChurch.
Chrysostom, becomes an ascetic,84; brief account of life of,116; monastic cause furthered by,117.
Church, Christian, the triumphant, compared with church in age of persecution,109; ideal of, furthers monasticism,129; and the barbarians,149; of the thirteenth century,206; its life-ideal,369; its union with paganism,370.SeeAnglo-Saxon Church,Britain, andEngland, Church of.
Cistercian Order, the monks and rule of,192; decline of,193.
Citeaux, Monastery at,192.
Civic duties and monasticism,399.SeeMonasticism.
Clairvaux, Bernard of,seeBernard; Monastery of,193.
Clara, St., Nuns of, founded,228.
Clarke, William Newton, on Christianity of first and second centuries,171.
Clarke, James Freeman, on Brahmin ascetics,20.
Classics, Jerome's fondness for the,95; the monks and the,405.
Clement XIV., Pope, dissolves the Society of Jesus,279.
Clergy of the Christian Church,77.
Clinton, Lord, on the work of suppression,311.
Cloister,426.SeeMonastery.
Cluny, Monastery at,177; the congregation of,178.
Coke, Sir Edward, quoted,329.
Columba, St., his church relations,162.
Commissioners, The Royal, appointed to visit monasteries of England, their methods,308,333; character of,311; begin their work,313; their report,316;Parliament acts on same,319.
Confession, among the Jesuits,269.
Conscience, liberty of, renounced by monks,394.
Constantine the Great,71.
Contemplation, John Tauler on,395; Bruno on,396.
Copyright, first instance of quarrel for,170.
Council, of Saragossa,122; of Trent,382; Lateran,242.
Court of Augmentation,319.
Crocella, Santa, chapel of,131; Romanus the monk,131.
Cromwell, Richard, on Sir John Russell,326.
Cromwell, Thomas, his life and aims,308; Green and Froude on,309; his religious views,309; Foxe and Gasquet on character of,310; becomes Vicegerent,310; inspires terror and hatred,324; his removal demanded,326; overcomes the Pilgrims of Grace,326; bribed for estates,329.
Cross, loyalty to the, fostered by monks,414; power of the doctrine of,418.
Crusades, effect of, on monastic types,373.SeeMilitary OrdersandBernard.
Cyril, Bishop of Alexandria,61; and murder of Hypatia,68.