Chapter 19

Cultri (From Tombstone of a Cultrarius.)

CULTER (μάχαιρα,κοπίς, orσφαγίς), a knife with only one edge, which formed a straight line. The blade was pointed, and its back curved. It was used for a variety of purposes, but chiefly for killing animals either in the slaughter-house, or in hunting, or at the altars of the gods. The priest who conducted a sacrifice never killed the victim himself; but one of his ministri, appointed for that purpose, who was called either by the general nameminister, or the more specificpopaorcultrarius.

CULTRĀRĬUS. [Culter.]

CŬNĔUS was the name applied to a body of foot soldiers, drawn up in the form of a wedge, for the purpose of breaking through an enemy’s line. The common soldiers called it acaput porcinum, or pig’s head. The namecuneuswas also applied to the compartments of seats in circular or semi-circular theatres, which were so arranged as to converge to the centre of the theatre, and diverge towards the external walls of the building, with passages between each compartment.

CŬNĪCŬLUS (ὑπόνομος), a mine or passage underground, was so called from its resemblance to the burrowing of a rabbit. Fidenae and Veii are said to have been taken by mines, which opened, one of them into the citadel, the other into the temple of Juno.

CŪPA, a wine-vat, a vessel very much like thedolium, and used for the same purpose, namely, to receive the fresh must, and to contain it during the process of fermentation. The inferior wines were drawn for drinking from thecupa, without being bottled inamphorae, and hence the termvinum de cupa. Thecupawas either made of earthenware, like thedolium, or of wood, and covered with pitch. It was also used for fruits and corn, forming rafts, and containing combustibles in war, and even for a sarcophagus.

CŪRĀTOR. Till a Roman youth attained the age of puberty, which was generally fixed at fourteen years of age, he was incapable of any legal act, and was under the authority of atutoror guardian; but with the attainment of the age of puberty, he became capable of performing every legal act, and was freed from the control of histutor. As, however, a person of that tender age was liable to be imposed upon, the lex Plaetoria enacted that every person between the time of puberty and twenty-five years of age should be under the protection of acurator. The date of this lex is not known, though it is certain that the law existed when Plautus wrote (aboutB.C.200), who speaks of it as thelex quina vicemaria. This law established a distinction of age, which was of great practical importance, by forming the citizens intotwo classes, those above and those below twenty-five years of age (minores viginti quinque annis). A person under the last-mentioned age was sometimes simply calledminor. The object of the lex was to protect persons under twenty-five years of age against all fraud (dolus). A person who wasted his property (prodigus), and a person of unsound mind (furiosus, demens), were also placed under the care of acurator.

CŪRĀTŌRES were public officers of various kinds under the Roman empire, such as thecuratores annonae, thecuratores ludorum, thecuratores regionum, &c.

CŪRĬA, signifies both a division of the Roman people and the place of assembly for such a division. Each of the three ancient Romulian tribes, the Ramnes, Tities, and Luceres, was subdivided into 10 curiae, so that the whole body of the populus or the patricians was divided into 30 curiae. The plebeians had no connection whatever with the curiae. All the members of the different gentes belonging to one curia were called, in respect of one another,curiales. The division into curiae was of great political importance in the earliest times of Rome, for the curiae alone contained the citizens, and their assembly alone was the legitimate representative of the whole people. [Comitia curiata.] Each curia as a corporation had its peculiar sacra, and besides the gods of the state, they worshipped other divinities and with peculiar rites and ceremonies. For such religious purposes each curia had its own place of worship, called curia, in which the curiales assembled for the purpose of discussing political, financial, religious and other matters. The religious affairs of each curia were taken care of by a priest,Curio, who was assisted by another called curialis Flamen. As there were 30 curiae, there were likewise 30 curiones, who formed a college of priests, presided over by one of them, calledCurio Maximus. The 30 curiae had each its distinct name, which are said to have been derived from the names of the Sabine women who had been carried off by the Romans, though it is evident that some derived their names from certain districts or from ancient eponymous heroes. Curia is also used to designate the place in which the senate held its meetings, such as curia Hostilia, curia Julia, curia Pompeii, and from this there gradually arose the custom of calling the senate itself in the Italian towns curia, but never the senate of Rome. The official residence of the Salii, which was dedicated to Mars, was likewise styled curia.

CŪRIĀTA CŎMĬTĬA. [Comitia.]

CŪRĬO. [Curia.]

CŪRĬUS (κύριος), signified generally at Athens the person responsible for the welfare of such members of a family as the law presumed to be incapable of protecting themselves; as, for instance, minors and slaves, and women of all ages.

Currus. (Ancient Chariot preserved in the Vatican.)

CURRUS (ἅρμα), a chariot, a car. These terms appear to have denoted those two-wheeled vehicles for the carriage of persons, which were open overhead, thus differing from thecarpentum, and closed in front, in which they differed from thecisium. The most essential articles in the construction ofthe currus were, 1. The rim (ἄντυξ) [Antyx]. 2. The axle (ἄξων,axis). 3. The wheels (κύκλα, τροχοί,rotae), which revolved upon the axle, and were prevented from coming off by the insertion of pins (ἔμβολοι) into the extremities of the axles. The parts of the wheel were:—(a) The nave (πλήμνη,modiolus). (b) The spokes (κνῆμαι, literally, thelegs, radii.) (c) The felly (ἴτυς). (d) The tire (ἐπίσωτρον,canthus). 4. The pole (ῥυμός,temo). All the parts above mentioned are seen in the preceding cut of an ancient chariot. The Greeks and Romans appear never to have used more than one pole and one yoke, and the currus thus constructed was commonly drawn by two horses, which were attached to it by their necks, and therefore calledδίζυγες ἵπποι,συνωρίς,gemini jugales,equi bijuges, &c. If a third horse was added, as was not unfrequently the case, it was fastened by traces. The horse so attached was calledπαρήορος,παράσειρος,σειραφόρος, in Latin,funalis, and is opposed to theζυγῖταιorζύγιοι, the yoke-horses. Theἵππος παρήοροςis placed on the right of the two yoke-horses. (See woodcut.) The Latin name for a chariot and pair wasbiga, generallybigae. When a third horse was added, it was calledtriga.

Triga. (From a Painting on a Vase.)

Quadrigae. (From Paintings on a Vase and a Terra-cotta.)

A chariot and four was calledquadriga, generallyquadrigae; in Greek,τετραορίαorτέθριππος. The horses were commonly harnessed in a quadriga after the manner already represented, the two strongest horses being placed under the yoke, and the two others fastened on each side by means of ropes. This is clearly seen in the two quadrigae figured below, especially in the one on the right hand. It represents a chariot overthrown in passing the goal at the circus. The charioteer having fallen backwards, the pole and yoke are thrown upwards into the air; the two trace-horses have fallen on their knees, and the two yoke-horses are prancing on their hind legs.—The currus was adapted to carry two persons, and on this account was called in Greekδίφρος. One of the two was of course the driver. He was calledἡνίοχος, because he held the reins, and his companionπαραβάτης, from going by his side or near him. In the Homeric ages, chariots were commonly employed on the field of battle. The men of rank all took their chariots withthem, and in an engagement placed themselves in front. Chariots were not much used by the Romans. The most splendid kind were the quadrigae, in which the Roman generals and emperors rode when they triumphed. The body of the triumphal car was cylindrical, as we often see it represented on medals. It was enriched with gold and ivory. The utmost skill of the painter and the sculptor was employed to enhance its beauty and splendour. The triumphal car had in general no pole, the horses being led by men who were stationed at their heads.

Marble Chariot in the Vatican.

CURSŌRES, slaves whose duty it was to run before the carriage of their masters. They first came into fashion in the first century of the Christian aera. The wordcursoreswas also applied to all slaves whom their masters employed in carrying letters, messages, &c.

CURSUS. [Circus.]

CŬRŪLIS SELLA. [Sella Curulis.]

CUSTŌDES. [Comitia.]

CUSTŌDES, CUSTŌDĬAE. [Castra.]

CUSTOS URBIS. [Praefectus Urbi.]

Cyathi. (Museo Borbonico, vol. iv. pl. 12.)

CỸĂTHUS (κύαθος), a Greek and Roman liquid measure, containing one-twelfth of the sextarius, or ·0825 of a pint English. The form of the cyathus used at banquets was that of a small ladle, by means of which the wine was conveyed into the drinking-cups from the large vessel (crater) in which it was mixed. Two of these cyathi are represented in the preceding woodcut. The cyathus was also the name given to a cup holding the same quantity as the measure. Hence Horace says (Carm.iii. 8. 13):

“Sume, Maecenas, cyathos amiciSospitis centum.”

“Sume, Maecenas, cyathos amici

Sospitis centum.”

CYCLAS (κυκλάς), a circular robe worn by women, to the bottom of which a border was affixed, inlaid with gold. It appears to have been usually made of some thin material.

CȲMA (κῦμα), in architecture, anogee, a wave-shaped moulding, consisting of two curves, the one concave and the other convex. There were two forms, thecyma recta, which was concave above, and convex below, thus,, and thecyma reversa, which was convex above and concave below, thus. The diminutivecymatiumorcumatium(κυμάτιον) is also used, and is indeed the more common name.

CYMBA (κύμβη) is derived fromκύμβος, a hollow, and is employed to signify any small kind of boat used on lakes, rivers, &c. It appears to have been much the same as theacatiumandscapha.

Cymbala. (From a Bas-relief in the Vatican.)

CYMBĂLUM (κύμβαλον), a musical instrument, in the shape of two half globes, which were held one in each hand by the performer,and played by being struck against each other. The word is derived fromκύμβος, a hollow. The cymbal was a very ancient instrument, being used in the worship of Cybelé, Bacchus, Juno, and all the earlier deities of the Grecian and Roman mythology. It probably came from the East. The crotalum (κρόταλον) was a kind of cymbal. It appears to have been a split reed or cane, which clattered when shaken with the hand. Women who played on the crotalum were termedcrotalistriae. Such was Virgil’s Copa:

“Crispum sub crotalo docta movere latus.”

The line alludes to the dance with crotala (similar to castanets).—Forsistrum, which some have referred to the class ofcymbala, seeSistrum.

Crotala. (Borghese Vase now in the Louvre.)

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