Jamaica, conquest of,572James I., King of Great Britain (seeJames VI., king of Scotland), becomes king of England,481;imprisons Raleigh,ib.;attacks the Puritans at Hampton Court,482;quarrels with his first House of Commons,ib.;obtains a legal decision in the case of thePost-nati,483;his government of Ireland,484;his financial difficulties,ib.;makes Somerset his favourite,486;offers to bargain with the Addled Parliament,487;negotiates a Spanish marriage for his son,488;makes Buckingham a favourite,ib.;sends Raleigh to execution,489;watches the development of the Thirty Years' War, and summons Parliament to vote supplies,490;his views on the prerogative,492;sells peerages,494;improvement of the finances of,ib.;revokes monopolies,495;sends Digby to Germany and dissolves Parliament,496;raises a benevolence,497;his last Parliament,500;seeks to marry his son to a French princess,501;death of,ib.James II., as Duke of York, declares himself a Roman Catholic,600;his conversion known,607;resigns the Admiralty,ib.;marriages of,608;attempt to exclude from the throne,617;his cruelty to the Scottish covenanters,620;is present at his brother's death,627;accession of,634;first acts of the reign of,635;marches against Monmouth,637;violates the Test Act and prorogues Parliament,638;claims the dispensing power and establishes an ecclesiastical commission,639;his government of Scotland and Ireland,640;issues a declaration of indulgence,ib.;expels the Fellows of Magdalen and tries to pack a Parliament,641;issues a second declaration of indulgence,642;hears of the acquittal of the seven Bishops,643;birth of a son of,644;makes concessions on hearing of William's approach,ib.;attempts to escape,645;embarks for France,646;alleged virtual abdication of,ib.James (the old Pretender), birth of,644James IV., King of Scotland, killed at Flodden,364James V., King of Scotland, policy of,404;death of,405James VI., King of Scotland, birth and accession of,439;assisted by Elizabeth,450;becomes the tool of Lennox,454;is captured by Protestant lords,455;becomes king of England,481;seeJames I., King of Great BritainJane Seymour marries Henry VIII.,395;death of,397Jaureguy tries to murder William of Orange,454Jeffreys enforces the surrender of charters,625;sends Baxter to prison,635;is made Chief Justice,ib.;conducts the Bloody Assizes,637;becomes Chancellor,638Jesuits, the, origin of,436;land in England,453;Act of Parliament against,456Jones, Inigo, buildings by,632Jones, Michael, commands in Dublin,562Joyce, Cornet, carries off Charles I. from Holmby,555Julius II., papacy of,363;character of,375Kent, rising in, suppressed by Fairfax,557Keroualle, Louise de,seePortsmouth, Duchess ofKet's rebellion,415Kildare, Earl of, imprisonment of,402Kilkenny, meeting of the Confederate Catholics at,541Kilsyth, battle of,549Kimbolton, Lord,seeManchester, Earl ofKinsale, Spanish expedition to,478Knighthood fines,515;prohibited,531Knox, John, opinions of,418;urges on the Lords of the Congregation,432;writesThe Monstrous Regimen of Women,ib.;organises the Presbyterian Church,434;his treatment of Mary,438Lambert burnt as a heretic,399Lambert, Major-General, defeats Booth at Winnington Bridge,575Langport, battle of,548Langside, defeat of Mary at,440Lansdown, battle of,538Latimer made Bishop of Worcester,390;driven from his see,400;sermons preached at Court by,417;burnt,425Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury, character and opinions of,516;becomes Archbishop of Canterbury, and advises the republication of theDeclaration of Sports,517;wishes that the communion table shall stand at the East end,ib.;conducts a metropolitical visitation,520;unpopularity of,521;imprisonment of,530;execution of,546Lauderdale, John Maitland, Earl of, strengthens the king's authority in Scotland,602;his management of Scotland,619League, the, formed against Henry of Navarre,456Leicester, Robert Dudley, Earl of, favoured by Elizabeth,435;made Earl of Leicester,438;commands an army in the Netherlands,457Leighton punished by the Star Chamber,514Leith, surrender of the French garrison of,433Lely, Sir Peter, portraits by,631Lennox, Esmè Stuart, Duke of, favourite of James VI.,455Lennox, Matthew Stuart, Earl of, Regent of Scotland,443Lenthall, Speaker of the Long Parliament,536Leo X., Pope, character of,375Leopold I., Emperor, marries the daughter of Philip IV. of Spain,592Leslie, David, overthrows Montrose,549;is defeated at Dunbar,563Levellers, the,561Leven, Alexander Leslie, Earl of, as Alexander Leslie, commands the Scots on Dunse Law,526;becomes Earl of Leven, and invades England,542Leyden, relief of,449;congregation of English Separatists at,489Linacre, promotes the study of Greek at Oxford,367Lincoln, stormed by Manchester,542Lindsey, Robert Bertie, Earl of, fails to relieve Rochelle,510Lisle, Alice, execution of,637Litany, the English, composed by Cranmer,409Loch Leven Castle, Mary imprisoned in,410London, Lady Jane Grey unpopular in,420;provides ships instead of money for the ship-money fleet,523;welcomes Charles I. on his return from Scotland,534,535;declares against Charles I.,536;sends out trained bands to Gloucester,539;attaches itself to the Presbyterian party,555;influences the Whigs in,622;Tory elections in,623;forfeiture of the charter of,624;growth of,629;condition of the streets of,631;restoration of the charter of,644Lords, House of, results of the disappearance of the abbots from,400;a bill thrown out for removing the bishops from,533;bishops excluded from,536;refuses to join in constituting a High Court of Justice,557;dissolution of,561;imprisons Shaftesbury,612;discusses the abdication of James II.,646Lords of the Congregation, rise against Mary of Guise,432;are helped by Elizabeth,433Louis XII., King of France, Italian wars of,363;marriage and death of,364Louis XIII., King of France, negotiates for his sister's marriage,501;resistance of Rochelle to,504;besieges Rochelle,506Louis XIV., King of France, buys Dunkirk from Charles II,587;gives a slight support to the Dutch against England,591;his designs on the Spanish inheritance,592;signs the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle,599;obtains the treaty of Dover from Charles II.,600;invades the Dutch territory,605;pensions Charles II.,611;is successful in the Netherlands,613;sends money to Charles II. to prevent the summoning of a parliament,627;offers financial help to James II.,635;revokes the Edict of Nantes,638;offers to send his fleet to help James II.,644Lowestoft, battle off,590Loyola, Ignatius, founds the Jesuit Society,437Ludlow, Edmund, in Ireland,563Lunsford, Thomas, Lieutenant of the Tower,535Luther, Martin, opposes the Papacy,377;has a controversy with Henry VIII.,379Lutheranism, character of,376,377;its influence in England,396Lutter, Christian IV. defeated at,506Madrid, journey of Prince Charles to,497Magdalen College, Oxford, expulsion of the Fellows of,641;restoration of the Fellows of,644Maitland of Lethington, William, opposes the Presbyterian clergy,434Major-generals, the,571Manchester, Edward Montague, Earl of, impeached, as Lord Kimbolton,535;brought back to Westminster,536;becomes Earl of Manchester and is placed in command of the Eastern Association,542;attacked by Cromwell,544;resigns his command,545Mansfeld, Count, failure of his expedition,501Manwaring, Roger, impeached,511;receives a good living from Charles I.,512Margaret, daughter of Henry VII., excluded from the succession,411Margaret Theresa, daughter of Philip IV., marries Leopold I., and renounces the Spanish succession,592Maria, the Infanta, proposal to marry her to Prince Charles,488;shrinks from marrying a heretic,497;is courted by Charles,498Maria Theresa, daughter of Philip IV., marries Louis XIV., and renounces the Spanish succession,592Marignano, battle of,366Marlborough, John Churchill, Duke of, as Lord Churchill, deserts James II.,645Marprelate Tracts, the,470Marston Moor, battle of,543Mary I., daughter of Henry VIII., as princess, successively engaged to Francis I. and his second son,374;her place in the succession acknowledged by statute,411;protected by Charles V.,414;popularity of,420;is proclaimed queen,421;her feelings and opinions,ib.;wishes to restore the Church lands,422;is married to Philip II.,423;obtains the reconciliation of England to the Roman see,424;supports the persecution of Protestants,ib.;resolves to put Cranmer to death,425;deserted by her husband,426;declares war with France,427;death of,ib.Mary II., birth of,608;her hand offered to William of Orange,609;marriage of,613;finds fault with Danby,646;the crown offered to,647Mary, daughter of Henry VII., marriages of,364;her place in the succession acknowledged in exclusion of her sister Margaret,411Mary of Guise, Regent of Scotland, her contests with the Protestants,432;death of,433Mary of Modena marries the Duke of York,608Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, birth of,405;taken to France and married to the Dauphin,413;assumes the style of Queen of England,433;returns to Scotland,434,435;character of,437;marries Lord Darnley,438;being charged with the murder of Darnley, marries Bothwell,439;imprisoned in Loch Leven Castle,440;escapes to England,ib.;is retained as a prisoner,441;marriage with the Duke of Norfolk, proposed for,ib.;Ridolfi's plot on behalf of,445;trial of,457;execution of,458Massey, Roman Catholic Dean of Christchurch,639Matthias, the Emperor, resistance of the Bohemians to,490Maximilian I., Emperor, Italian wars of,363;death of,369Mayflower, the, voyage of,490Maynard, Sergeant, his answer to William III.,646Mayne, Cuthbert, execution of,453Maynooth taken by Skeffington,402Mazarin, Cardinal, makes an alliance with Cromwell,572Medina Sidonia, Duke of, commands the Spanish Armada,460;is received by Philip II. after his defeat,462Medway, the, the Dutch in,593Melville, Andrew, insults James VI.,525Mendoza sent out of England by Elizabeth,456Metropolitical Visitation, the,520Middlesex, Lionel Cranfield, Earl of, improves the finances of James I.,494;impeachment of,500Milan, struggle between Charles V. and Francis I. for,371Militia, the, struggle for the command of,536;the Scots urge Charles I. to abandon,552Millenary Petition, the,482Milton writesComus,519;writesAreopagitica,546;writes a sonnet on the Vaudois,572;publishesParadise Lost,596Mompesson, Sir Giles, flies from the kingdom,495Monasteries, dissolution of the smaller,394;surrender of some of the greater,397;completion of the suppression of,400Monk,seeAlbemarle, Duke ofMonmouth, Duke of, proposed as heir to the crown,618;defeats the Covenanters at Bothwell Bridge,620;refuses to take part in acts of violence,624;implicated in a Whig plot,625;rebellion and execution of,637Monopolies, the, Elizabeth recalls some of,478;attacked by Parliament in the reign of James I.,494;revocation of,495;Act of,500Monro, Major-General Robert, holds Carrickfergus,541Montague, Chief Justice, becomes Lord Treasurer,494Montague, Ralph, accuses Danby,616Montague, Richard, impeached,511;made a bishop,512Montrose, James Graham, Marquis of, his campaign in the Highlands,547,549;execution of,563More, Sir Thomas, writesUtopia,367;in favour with Henry VIII.,368;is Speaker of the House of Commons,371;becomes Chancellor,387;his displeasure with the Protestants,388;resigns the chancellorship,ib.;is sent to the Tower,392;execution of,394Morley, Bishop, sermons of,548Mountjoy, Charles Blount, Lord, conquers Ireland,478Mountnorris, Francis Annesley, Lord, court martial on,528Munster, attempt to colonise,475Münster, the Bishop of, overruns two Dutch provinces,591Murray, Earl of, is driven into England,438;returns to Scotland,439;becomes Regent,440;produces the Casket letters,ib.;assassinated,441Nantwich, battle of,542Naseby, battle of,548Navarre conquered by Ferdinand of Aragon,364Navigation Act, the, passing of,565;re-enactment of,589Navy, the English, defeats the Spanish Armada,460-464;equipped by means of ship-money,523;desertion of part of, to the Prince of Wales,557;Blake in command of,565;its contests with the Dutch,591;deterioration in the discipline of,605Netherlands, the, inherited by Philip II.,426;Alva's government of,443;beginning of the Dutch Republic in,449;division into two parts,450;seeNetherlands, theSpanish, andDutchRepublicNetherlands, the Spanish, Alexander of Parma in,450New Amsterdam captured by the English,589New England, colonisation of,489New Model Army,seeArmy, the New ModelNew York, named after the Duke of York,589;secured to England,593Newark surrenders to the Scots,551Newburn, rout of,529Newbury, first battle of,539;second battle of,544Newcastle, Charles I. at,551Newcastle, William Cavendish, Earl, afterwards Marquis of, commands a Royalist army in Yorkshire, and defeats the Fairfaxes at Adwalton Moor,538;is created Marquis, and besieges Hull,542;besieged in York,ib.;defeated at Marston Moor,543Newport, the treaty of,557Newton, Sir Isaac,632No Addresses, vote of,556Non-resistance Bill, the,611Norfolk, resistance to the Amicable Loan in,372;Ket's rebellion in,415Norfolk, Thomas Howard, second Duke of, defeats the Scots, as Earl of Surrey, at Flodden,364Norfolk, Thomas Howard, third Duke of, opposes Wolsey,383;charges Cromwell with treason,401;wastes the Scottish Borders,405;condemned to death,411Norfolk, Thomas Howard, fourth Duke of, sent to the Tower,441;is liberated and proposes to marry Mary Stuart,444;arrested,445;executed,446Norris, Sir John, joins Drake in sacking Corunna,464North Foreland, battle off,591Northumberland, John Dudley, Duke of, as Earl of Warwick, overpowers Ket's rebellion,416;leads the government after Somerset's fall,ib.;becomes Duke of Northumberland,418;supports Lady Jane Grey,420;execution of,421Northumberland, Thomas Percy, Earl of, takes part in the rising of the North,441Nottingham, Charles I. sets up his standard at,537Nymwegen, peace of,615Oates, Titus, tells the story of the Popish Plot,615O'Donnell, Rory, flight of,484O'Neill, Hugh, defeats Bagenal at the Blackwater,475;submission of,478;flight of,484O'Neill, Shan, defeat of,452Orleans, Henrietta, Duchess of, negotiates the Treaty of Dover,600Ormond, Thomas Butler, Marquis of, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland,542;abandons Ireland to Parliament,562;returns to Ireland,ib.Overbury, Sir Thomas, poisoned,488Oxford, study of Greek in the University of,367;Parliament adjourned to,502;headquarters of Charles I. at,537;Parliament held at, during the Plague,590;the third Short Parliament meets at,621;Roman Catholic propaganda of James II. in,639Painting, mainly in the hands of foreigners, during the Stuart period,631Palatinate, the, Spinola's invasion of,490;Imperialist invasion of,496;loss of,497;failure of the negotiation to induce the king of Spain to obtain the restitution of,500;attempt to send Mansfeld to recover,501Papacy, the, immorality of,375;legislation against the payment of annates and Peter's pence to,388,390Papal jurisdiction in England, abolition of,389,391Paradise Lost, publication of,596Paris submits to Henry IV.,464Parker, Matthew, becomes Archbishop of Canterbury,429;character and position of,430Parker, Samuel, Bishop of Oxford, a secret Roman Catholic,639;intrusive President of Magdalen College,641Parliament, relations of Henry VIII. with,385;relations of Elizabeth with,444;the Addled,485;the Short,528;the Long,529;formation of parties in,532;struggles with Charles I. for the militia,536;raises forces against the king,537;tries to disband the army,553;its speakers take refuge with the army,555;dissolution of, by Cromwell,566;the Barebone's,ib.;the first, of the Protectorate,570;the second, of the Protectorate,572;Richard Cromwell's,574;restoration of the Long,575;final dissolution of the Long,576;the first convention,577-584;the Cavalier,585;supports the Church more than the king,586;rejects the declaration of Charles II. in favour of toleration,587;Albemarle resists the dissolution of,599;opposes James II.,638;James II. attempts to pack,641Parma, Alexander Farnese, Prince of, governor of the Spanish Netherlands,450;gains ground in the Netherlands,454-456;takes Antwerp,456;takes Zutphen,457;hopes to transport an army to England,459;blockaded by the Dutch,462;sent to aid the League,464Parris, Van, burnt,419Parsons, Robert, lands in England,453;escapes,454Parsons, Sir William, one of the Lords Justices in Ireland,533Parties, Parliamentary, formation of,532;development of,610,628Paulet, Sir Amias, refuses to put Mary Stuart to death,457Pavia, battle of,372Penn and Venables, expedition of, to the West Indies,571Pennsylvania, colonisation of,629Penruddock captures the judges at Salisbury,571Penry, John, hanged,472Pepys pities dissenters,588Perth, the five articles of,525Peter Martyr teaches in England,416Peter's Pence, abolition of,391Petition of Right, the,508Petitioners, party name of,620Philip II., King of Spain, marries Mary,423;abdication of Charles V. in favour of,426;deserts Mary,ib.;induces Mary to declare war against France,427;makes peace with France,431;proposes to marry Elizabeth,432;persecutes the Protestants in the Netherlands,443;annexes Portugal, and shares in a plot for the invasion of England and the murder of Elizabeth,454;undertakes the invasion of England,456;claims the English crown,458;appoints a commander for the Armada,460;supports the League in France,464Philip III., King of Spain, James I. seeks an alliance with,488Philip IV., King of Spain, receives Prince Charles, and negotiates with the Pope about his sister's marriage,497;consults theologians,498;informs Charles of his terms,500;death of,592Philiphaugh, battle of,549Philip's Norton, Monmouth at,637Pilgrim Father, the,489Pilgrim's Progress, publication of,596Pilgrimage of Grace, the,396,397Pinkie Cleugh, battle of,413Pius V., Pope, excommunicates Elizabeth,441Plague, the, devastations of,590Plymouth held by a Parliamentary garrison,538Pole, Reginald, opposes Henry VIII. and becomes a cardinal,399;as Papal legate reconciles England to the see of Rome,424;becomes archbishop of Canterbury,426;death of,427Ponet made Bishop of Winchester,416Popish Plot, the,615Portland, Richard Weston, Earl of, as Lord Weston, becomes Lord Treasurer,514;made Earl of Portland and dies,521Portsmouth, Louise de Keroualle, Duchess of, betrays the secrets of Charles II.,602;extravagance of,603Portugal subdued by Philip II.,454Post-nati, the,483Powick Bridge, skirmish at,537Poyntz, Major-General, defeats Charles I. at Rowton Heath,549Prayer Book, the,seeCommon Prayer, Book ofPrayer Book, the Scottish, introduced by Charles I.,525Prerogative, the, opinion of James I. about,492Presbyterian clergy, the, prepared to accept a modified episcopacy,583;expelled from their livings,585;proposal of Charles II. to obtain comprehension for,599Presbyterian party, the, in a majority in the House of Commons,546;attempts to disband the army,553;negotiates with the Scots for a fresh invasion of England,554;generally accepts the Prayer Book,586Presbyterianism emanates from Geneva,430;its organisation completed in France,431;adopted in Scotland,434;attempts to establish, in England,470;feeling in the Long Parliament about,532;adopted by the Assembly of Divines,543;Charles I. urged to establish in England,551Preston, Cromwell's victory at,557Prichard, Lord Mayor,624Pride's Purge,557Privilege of Parliament, Strickland's case of,445;Eliot's vindication of the,512Privy Council, the, Temple's scheme for reforming,617Prophesyings, the,450Protectorate, establishment of the,568Protestants, the English, feeling of Henry VIII. and More towards,388;parties amongst,413;the Marian persecution of,424;local distribution of,426;their position at Elizabeth's accession,428;influence of Calvinism on,430Prynne, character and writings of,519;his sentence in the Star Chamber,ib.;second sentence on,521Pularoon, refusal of the Dutch to surrender,589;abandoned by the English,593Puritans, the, aims of,444;gain influence in the House of Commons,445,468;the Court of High Commission directed against,470;opinions of, at the Hampton Court Conference,482;unpopular after the restoration,586Purveyance, abolition of,582Pym differs from Eliot on the method of dealing with the question of Tonnage and Poundage,512;addresses the Short Parliament on grievances,529;proposes in the Long Parliament the impeachment of Strafford,ib.;his view of Strafford's case,530;discloses the army plot,531;is one of the leaders of the party of the Grand Remonstrance,534;accused as one of the five members,535;urges the House of Commons to resist Charles I.,540;death of,542
Jamaica, conquest of,572James I., King of Great Britain (seeJames VI., king of Scotland), becomes king of England,481;imprisons Raleigh,ib.;attacks the Puritans at Hampton Court,482;quarrels with his first House of Commons,ib.;obtains a legal decision in the case of thePost-nati,483;his government of Ireland,484;his financial difficulties,ib.;makes Somerset his favourite,486;offers to bargain with the Addled Parliament,487;negotiates a Spanish marriage for his son,488;makes Buckingham a favourite,ib.;sends Raleigh to execution,489;watches the development of the Thirty Years' War, and summons Parliament to vote supplies,490;his views on the prerogative,492;sells peerages,494;improvement of the finances of,ib.;revokes monopolies,495;sends Digby to Germany and dissolves Parliament,496;raises a benevolence,497;his last Parliament,500;seeks to marry his son to a French princess,501;death of,ib.James II., as Duke of York, declares himself a Roman Catholic,600;his conversion known,607;resigns the Admiralty,ib.;marriages of,608;attempt to exclude from the throne,617;his cruelty to the Scottish covenanters,620;is present at his brother's death,627;accession of,634;first acts of the reign of,635;marches against Monmouth,637;violates the Test Act and prorogues Parliament,638;claims the dispensing power and establishes an ecclesiastical commission,639;his government of Scotland and Ireland,640;issues a declaration of indulgence,ib.;expels the Fellows of Magdalen and tries to pack a Parliament,641;issues a second declaration of indulgence,642;hears of the acquittal of the seven Bishops,643;birth of a son of,644;makes concessions on hearing of William's approach,ib.;attempts to escape,645;embarks for France,646;alleged virtual abdication of,ib.James (the old Pretender), birth of,644James IV., King of Scotland, killed at Flodden,364James V., King of Scotland, policy of,404;death of,405James VI., King of Scotland, birth and accession of,439;assisted by Elizabeth,450;becomes the tool of Lennox,454;is captured by Protestant lords,455;becomes king of England,481;seeJames I., King of Great BritainJane Seymour marries Henry VIII.,395;death of,397Jaureguy tries to murder William of Orange,454Jeffreys enforces the surrender of charters,625;sends Baxter to prison,635;is made Chief Justice,ib.;conducts the Bloody Assizes,637;becomes Chancellor,638Jesuits, the, origin of,436;land in England,453;Act of Parliament against,456Jones, Inigo, buildings by,632Jones, Michael, commands in Dublin,562Joyce, Cornet, carries off Charles I. from Holmby,555Julius II., papacy of,363;character of,375
Kent, rising in, suppressed by Fairfax,557Keroualle, Louise de,seePortsmouth, Duchess ofKet's rebellion,415Kildare, Earl of, imprisonment of,402Kilkenny, meeting of the Confederate Catholics at,541Kilsyth, battle of,549Kimbolton, Lord,seeManchester, Earl ofKinsale, Spanish expedition to,478Knighthood fines,515;prohibited,531Knox, John, opinions of,418;urges on the Lords of the Congregation,432;writesThe Monstrous Regimen of Women,ib.;organises the Presbyterian Church,434;his treatment of Mary,438
Lambert burnt as a heretic,399Lambert, Major-General, defeats Booth at Winnington Bridge,575Langport, battle of,548Langside, defeat of Mary at,440Lansdown, battle of,538Latimer made Bishop of Worcester,390;driven from his see,400;sermons preached at Court by,417;burnt,425Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury, character and opinions of,516;becomes Archbishop of Canterbury, and advises the republication of theDeclaration of Sports,517;wishes that the communion table shall stand at the East end,ib.;conducts a metropolitical visitation,520;unpopularity of,521;imprisonment of,530;execution of,546Lauderdale, John Maitland, Earl of, strengthens the king's authority in Scotland,602;his management of Scotland,619League, the, formed against Henry of Navarre,456Leicester, Robert Dudley, Earl of, favoured by Elizabeth,435;made Earl of Leicester,438;commands an army in the Netherlands,457Leighton punished by the Star Chamber,514Leith, surrender of the French garrison of,433Lely, Sir Peter, portraits by,631Lennox, Esmè Stuart, Duke of, favourite of James VI.,455Lennox, Matthew Stuart, Earl of, Regent of Scotland,443Lenthall, Speaker of the Long Parliament,536Leo X., Pope, character of,375Leopold I., Emperor, marries the daughter of Philip IV. of Spain,592Leslie, David, overthrows Montrose,549;is defeated at Dunbar,563Levellers, the,561Leven, Alexander Leslie, Earl of, as Alexander Leslie, commands the Scots on Dunse Law,526;becomes Earl of Leven, and invades England,542Leyden, relief of,449;congregation of English Separatists at,489Linacre, promotes the study of Greek at Oxford,367Lincoln, stormed by Manchester,542Lindsey, Robert Bertie, Earl of, fails to relieve Rochelle,510Lisle, Alice, execution of,637Litany, the English, composed by Cranmer,409Loch Leven Castle, Mary imprisoned in,410London, Lady Jane Grey unpopular in,420;provides ships instead of money for the ship-money fleet,523;welcomes Charles I. on his return from Scotland,534,535;declares against Charles I.,536;sends out trained bands to Gloucester,539;attaches itself to the Presbyterian party,555;influences the Whigs in,622;Tory elections in,623;forfeiture of the charter of,624;growth of,629;condition of the streets of,631;restoration of the charter of,644Lords, House of, results of the disappearance of the abbots from,400;a bill thrown out for removing the bishops from,533;bishops excluded from,536;refuses to join in constituting a High Court of Justice,557;dissolution of,561;imprisons Shaftesbury,612;discusses the abdication of James II.,646Lords of the Congregation, rise against Mary of Guise,432;are helped by Elizabeth,433Louis XII., King of France, Italian wars of,363;marriage and death of,364Louis XIII., King of France, negotiates for his sister's marriage,501;resistance of Rochelle to,504;besieges Rochelle,506Louis XIV., King of France, buys Dunkirk from Charles II,587;gives a slight support to the Dutch against England,591;his designs on the Spanish inheritance,592;signs the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle,599;obtains the treaty of Dover from Charles II.,600;invades the Dutch territory,605;pensions Charles II.,611;is successful in the Netherlands,613;sends money to Charles II. to prevent the summoning of a parliament,627;offers financial help to James II.,635;revokes the Edict of Nantes,638;offers to send his fleet to help James II.,644Lowestoft, battle off,590Loyola, Ignatius, founds the Jesuit Society,437Ludlow, Edmund, in Ireland,563Lunsford, Thomas, Lieutenant of the Tower,535Luther, Martin, opposes the Papacy,377;has a controversy with Henry VIII.,379Lutheranism, character of,376,377;its influence in England,396Lutter, Christian IV. defeated at,506
Madrid, journey of Prince Charles to,497Magdalen College, Oxford, expulsion of the Fellows of,641;restoration of the Fellows of,644Maitland of Lethington, William, opposes the Presbyterian clergy,434Major-generals, the,571Manchester, Edward Montague, Earl of, impeached, as Lord Kimbolton,535;brought back to Westminster,536;becomes Earl of Manchester and is placed in command of the Eastern Association,542;attacked by Cromwell,544;resigns his command,545Mansfeld, Count, failure of his expedition,501Manwaring, Roger, impeached,511;receives a good living from Charles I.,512Margaret, daughter of Henry VII., excluded from the succession,411Margaret Theresa, daughter of Philip IV., marries Leopold I., and renounces the Spanish succession,592Maria, the Infanta, proposal to marry her to Prince Charles,488;shrinks from marrying a heretic,497;is courted by Charles,498Maria Theresa, daughter of Philip IV., marries Louis XIV., and renounces the Spanish succession,592Marignano, battle of,366Marlborough, John Churchill, Duke of, as Lord Churchill, deserts James II.,645Marprelate Tracts, the,470Marston Moor, battle of,543Mary I., daughter of Henry VIII., as princess, successively engaged to Francis I. and his second son,374;her place in the succession acknowledged by statute,411;protected by Charles V.,414;popularity of,420;is proclaimed queen,421;her feelings and opinions,ib.;wishes to restore the Church lands,422;is married to Philip II.,423;obtains the reconciliation of England to the Roman see,424;supports the persecution of Protestants,ib.;resolves to put Cranmer to death,425;deserted by her husband,426;declares war with France,427;death of,ib.Mary II., birth of,608;her hand offered to William of Orange,609;marriage of,613;finds fault with Danby,646;the crown offered to,647Mary, daughter of Henry VII., marriages of,364;her place in the succession acknowledged in exclusion of her sister Margaret,411Mary of Guise, Regent of Scotland, her contests with the Protestants,432;death of,433Mary of Modena marries the Duke of York,608Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, birth of,405;taken to France and married to the Dauphin,413;assumes the style of Queen of England,433;returns to Scotland,434,435;character of,437;marries Lord Darnley,438;being charged with the murder of Darnley, marries Bothwell,439;imprisoned in Loch Leven Castle,440;escapes to England,ib.;is retained as a prisoner,441;marriage with the Duke of Norfolk, proposed for,ib.;Ridolfi's plot on behalf of,445;trial of,457;execution of,458Massey, Roman Catholic Dean of Christchurch,639Matthias, the Emperor, resistance of the Bohemians to,490Maximilian I., Emperor, Italian wars of,363;death of,369Mayflower, the, voyage of,490Maynard, Sergeant, his answer to William III.,646Mayne, Cuthbert, execution of,453Maynooth taken by Skeffington,402Mazarin, Cardinal, makes an alliance with Cromwell,572Medina Sidonia, Duke of, commands the Spanish Armada,460;is received by Philip II. after his defeat,462Medway, the, the Dutch in,593Melville, Andrew, insults James VI.,525Mendoza sent out of England by Elizabeth,456Metropolitical Visitation, the,520Middlesex, Lionel Cranfield, Earl of, improves the finances of James I.,494;impeachment of,500Milan, struggle between Charles V. and Francis I. for,371Militia, the, struggle for the command of,536;the Scots urge Charles I. to abandon,552Millenary Petition, the,482Milton writesComus,519;writesAreopagitica,546;writes a sonnet on the Vaudois,572;publishesParadise Lost,596Mompesson, Sir Giles, flies from the kingdom,495Monasteries, dissolution of the smaller,394;surrender of some of the greater,397;completion of the suppression of,400Monk,seeAlbemarle, Duke ofMonmouth, Duke of, proposed as heir to the crown,618;defeats the Covenanters at Bothwell Bridge,620;refuses to take part in acts of violence,624;implicated in a Whig plot,625;rebellion and execution of,637Monopolies, the, Elizabeth recalls some of,478;attacked by Parliament in the reign of James I.,494;revocation of,495;Act of,500Monro, Major-General Robert, holds Carrickfergus,541Montague, Chief Justice, becomes Lord Treasurer,494Montague, Ralph, accuses Danby,616Montague, Richard, impeached,511;made a bishop,512Montrose, James Graham, Marquis of, his campaign in the Highlands,547,549;execution of,563More, Sir Thomas, writesUtopia,367;in favour with Henry VIII.,368;is Speaker of the House of Commons,371;becomes Chancellor,387;his displeasure with the Protestants,388;resigns the chancellorship,ib.;is sent to the Tower,392;execution of,394Morley, Bishop, sermons of,548Mountjoy, Charles Blount, Lord, conquers Ireland,478Mountnorris, Francis Annesley, Lord, court martial on,528Munster, attempt to colonise,475Münster, the Bishop of, overruns two Dutch provinces,591Murray, Earl of, is driven into England,438;returns to Scotland,439;becomes Regent,440;produces the Casket letters,ib.;assassinated,441
Nantwich, battle of,542Naseby, battle of,548Navarre conquered by Ferdinand of Aragon,364Navigation Act, the, passing of,565;re-enactment of,589Navy, the English, defeats the Spanish Armada,460-464;equipped by means of ship-money,523;desertion of part of, to the Prince of Wales,557;Blake in command of,565;its contests with the Dutch,591;deterioration in the discipline of,605Netherlands, the, inherited by Philip II.,426;Alva's government of,443;beginning of the Dutch Republic in,449;division into two parts,450;seeNetherlands, theSpanish, andDutchRepublicNetherlands, the Spanish, Alexander of Parma in,450New Amsterdam captured by the English,589New England, colonisation of,489New Model Army,seeArmy, the New ModelNew York, named after the Duke of York,589;secured to England,593Newark surrenders to the Scots,551Newburn, rout of,529Newbury, first battle of,539;second battle of,544Newcastle, Charles I. at,551Newcastle, William Cavendish, Earl, afterwards Marquis of, commands a Royalist army in Yorkshire, and defeats the Fairfaxes at Adwalton Moor,538;is created Marquis, and besieges Hull,542;besieged in York,ib.;defeated at Marston Moor,543Newport, the treaty of,557Newton, Sir Isaac,632No Addresses, vote of,556Non-resistance Bill, the,611Norfolk, resistance to the Amicable Loan in,372;Ket's rebellion in,415Norfolk, Thomas Howard, second Duke of, defeats the Scots, as Earl of Surrey, at Flodden,364Norfolk, Thomas Howard, third Duke of, opposes Wolsey,383;charges Cromwell with treason,401;wastes the Scottish Borders,405;condemned to death,411Norfolk, Thomas Howard, fourth Duke of, sent to the Tower,441;is liberated and proposes to marry Mary Stuart,444;arrested,445;executed,446Norris, Sir John, joins Drake in sacking Corunna,464North Foreland, battle off,591Northumberland, John Dudley, Duke of, as Earl of Warwick, overpowers Ket's rebellion,416;leads the government after Somerset's fall,ib.;becomes Duke of Northumberland,418;supports Lady Jane Grey,420;execution of,421Northumberland, Thomas Percy, Earl of, takes part in the rising of the North,441Nottingham, Charles I. sets up his standard at,537Nymwegen, peace of,615
Oates, Titus, tells the story of the Popish Plot,615O'Donnell, Rory, flight of,484O'Neill, Hugh, defeats Bagenal at the Blackwater,475;submission of,478;flight of,484O'Neill, Shan, defeat of,452Orleans, Henrietta, Duchess of, negotiates the Treaty of Dover,600Ormond, Thomas Butler, Marquis of, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland,542;abandons Ireland to Parliament,562;returns to Ireland,ib.Overbury, Sir Thomas, poisoned,488Oxford, study of Greek in the University of,367;Parliament adjourned to,502;headquarters of Charles I. at,537;Parliament held at, during the Plague,590;the third Short Parliament meets at,621;Roman Catholic propaganda of James II. in,639
Painting, mainly in the hands of foreigners, during the Stuart period,631Palatinate, the, Spinola's invasion of,490;Imperialist invasion of,496;loss of,497;failure of the negotiation to induce the king of Spain to obtain the restitution of,500;attempt to send Mansfeld to recover,501Papacy, the, immorality of,375;legislation against the payment of annates and Peter's pence to,388,390Papal jurisdiction in England, abolition of,389,391Paradise Lost, publication of,596Paris submits to Henry IV.,464Parker, Matthew, becomes Archbishop of Canterbury,429;character and position of,430Parker, Samuel, Bishop of Oxford, a secret Roman Catholic,639;intrusive President of Magdalen College,641Parliament, relations of Henry VIII. with,385;relations of Elizabeth with,444;the Addled,485;the Short,528;the Long,529;formation of parties in,532;struggles with Charles I. for the militia,536;raises forces against the king,537;tries to disband the army,553;its speakers take refuge with the army,555;dissolution of, by Cromwell,566;the Barebone's,ib.;the first, of the Protectorate,570;the second, of the Protectorate,572;Richard Cromwell's,574;restoration of the Long,575;final dissolution of the Long,576;the first convention,577-584;the Cavalier,585;supports the Church more than the king,586;rejects the declaration of Charles II. in favour of toleration,587;Albemarle resists the dissolution of,599;opposes James II.,638;James II. attempts to pack,641Parma, Alexander Farnese, Prince of, governor of the Spanish Netherlands,450;gains ground in the Netherlands,454-456;takes Antwerp,456;takes Zutphen,457;hopes to transport an army to England,459;blockaded by the Dutch,462;sent to aid the League,464Parris, Van, burnt,419Parsons, Robert, lands in England,453;escapes,454Parsons, Sir William, one of the Lords Justices in Ireland,533Parties, Parliamentary, formation of,532;development of,610,628Paulet, Sir Amias, refuses to put Mary Stuart to death,457Pavia, battle of,372Penn and Venables, expedition of, to the West Indies,571Pennsylvania, colonisation of,629Penruddock captures the judges at Salisbury,571Penry, John, hanged,472Pepys pities dissenters,588Perth, the five articles of,525Peter Martyr teaches in England,416Peter's Pence, abolition of,391Petition of Right, the,508Petitioners, party name of,620Philip II., King of Spain, marries Mary,423;abdication of Charles V. in favour of,426;deserts Mary,ib.;induces Mary to declare war against France,427;makes peace with France,431;proposes to marry Elizabeth,432;persecutes the Protestants in the Netherlands,443;annexes Portugal, and shares in a plot for the invasion of England and the murder of Elizabeth,454;undertakes the invasion of England,456;claims the English crown,458;appoints a commander for the Armada,460;supports the League in France,464Philip III., King of Spain, James I. seeks an alliance with,488Philip IV., King of Spain, receives Prince Charles, and negotiates with the Pope about his sister's marriage,497;consults theologians,498;informs Charles of his terms,500;death of,592Philiphaugh, battle of,549Philip's Norton, Monmouth at,637Pilgrim Father, the,489Pilgrim's Progress, publication of,596Pilgrimage of Grace, the,396,397Pinkie Cleugh, battle of,413Pius V., Pope, excommunicates Elizabeth,441Plague, the, devastations of,590Plymouth held by a Parliamentary garrison,538Pole, Reginald, opposes Henry VIII. and becomes a cardinal,399;as Papal legate reconciles England to the see of Rome,424;becomes archbishop of Canterbury,426;death of,427Ponet made Bishop of Winchester,416Popish Plot, the,615Portland, Richard Weston, Earl of, as Lord Weston, becomes Lord Treasurer,514;made Earl of Portland and dies,521Portsmouth, Louise de Keroualle, Duchess of, betrays the secrets of Charles II.,602;extravagance of,603Portugal subdued by Philip II.,454Post-nati, the,483Powick Bridge, skirmish at,537Poyntz, Major-General, defeats Charles I. at Rowton Heath,549Prayer Book, the,seeCommon Prayer, Book ofPrayer Book, the Scottish, introduced by Charles I.,525Prerogative, the, opinion of James I. about,492Presbyterian clergy, the, prepared to accept a modified episcopacy,583;expelled from their livings,585;proposal of Charles II. to obtain comprehension for,599Presbyterian party, the, in a majority in the House of Commons,546;attempts to disband the army,553;negotiates with the Scots for a fresh invasion of England,554;generally accepts the Prayer Book,586Presbyterianism emanates from Geneva,430;its organisation completed in France,431;adopted in Scotland,434;attempts to establish, in England,470;feeling in the Long Parliament about,532;adopted by the Assembly of Divines,543;Charles I. urged to establish in England,551Preston, Cromwell's victory at,557Prichard, Lord Mayor,624Pride's Purge,557Privilege of Parliament, Strickland's case of,445;Eliot's vindication of the,512Privy Council, the, Temple's scheme for reforming,617Prophesyings, the,450Protectorate, establishment of the,568Protestants, the English, feeling of Henry VIII. and More towards,388;parties amongst,413;the Marian persecution of,424;local distribution of,426;their position at Elizabeth's accession,428;influence of Calvinism on,430Prynne, character and writings of,519;his sentence in the Star Chamber,ib.;second sentence on,521Pularoon, refusal of the Dutch to surrender,589;abandoned by the English,593Puritans, the, aims of,444;gain influence in the House of Commons,445,468;the Court of High Commission directed against,470;opinions of, at the Hampton Court Conference,482;unpopular after the restoration,586Purveyance, abolition of,582Pym differs from Eliot on the method of dealing with the question of Tonnage and Poundage,512;addresses the Short Parliament on grievances,529;proposes in the Long Parliament the impeachment of Strafford,ib.;his view of Strafford's case,530;discloses the army plot,531;is one of the leaders of the party of the Grand Remonstrance,534;accused as one of the five members,535;urges the House of Commons to resist Charles I.,540;death of,542