The following nomenclature, collected by Mr. Stephen, comprises the terms commonly used in designating the constructional details of Tusayan houses and kivas:
The ground floor rooms forming the first terrace.
The roofed recess at the end of the first terrace.
The third terrace, used in common as a loitering place.
“The place of the flat stone;” small rooms in which “piki,” or paper-bread, is baked. “Tuma,” the piki stone, and “tcok” describing its flat position.
“Where you sit overhead;” the third story.
The second story; a doorway always opens from it upon the roof of the “kiko´li.”
“The highest place;” the fourth story.
A wall.
An outer corner.
An inside corner.
The main roof timbers.
Smaller cross poles. “Winahoya,” a small pole, and “Kwapi,” in place.
The willow covering.
The brush covering.
The grass covering.
The mud plaster of roof covering, “Balatle´lewini,” to spread.
Dry earth covering the roof. “Tcuka,” earth, “katuto,” to sit, and “at´cvewata,” one laid above another.
An entire roof.
The fireplace.
“Smoke-house,” an inside chimney-hood.
A series of bottomless jars piled above each other, and luted together as a chimney-top.
A bottomless earthen vessel serving as a chimney pot.
Any small hole in a wall, or roof, smaller than a doorway.
An opening, such as a doorway. This term is also applied to a gap in a cliff.
A door frame.
A lintel; literally, “that holds the sides in place.”
“The place step;” the door sill.
A handhold; the small pole in a doorway below the lintel.
A window; literally, “glass covered opening.”
A cover.
A door. “Apab,” inside; wina, a pole.
“Stone cover,” a stone slab.
A projection in the wall of a room suggesting a partition, such as shown inPl.LXXXV. The same term is applied to a projecting cliff in a mesa.
An entire roof. The main beams, cross poles, and roof layers have the same names as in the kiva, given later.
Projecting poles; rafters extending beyond the walls.
“Spread out;” the floor.
“Leveled with stones;” a raised level for the foundation.
“Floor ledge;” the floor of one room raised above that of an adjoining one.
“Lower place;” the floor of a lower room. Sand dunes in a valley are called “Hakolpi.”
A shelf.
A stone shelf.
A support for a shelf.
A hewn plank shelf.
A wooden peg in a wall.
A shelf hanging from the ceiling.
The cords for suspending a shelf.
A niche in the wall.
A stone mortar.
The complete mealing apparatus for grinding corn.
The trough or outer frame of stone slabs.
The metate or grinding slab.
The coarsest grinding slab.
The next finer slab; from “talaki” to parch crushed corn in a vessel at the fire.
The slab of finest texture; from “pin,” fine.
The upright partition stones separating the metates. The rubbing stones have the same names as the metates.
A stone stairway.
A stairway pecked into a cliff face.
A ladder.
Steps of wood.
The covered way.
“Opening to pass through;” a narrow passage between houses.
“Place closed with houses;” courts and spaces between house groups.
A gutter pipe inserted in the roof coping.
In kiva nomenclature the various parts of the roof have the same names as the corresponding features of the dwellings. These are described on pp.148-151.
The main roof timbers.
The smaller cross poles.
The willow covering.
The brush covering.
The grass covering.
The dry earth layer of the roof.
The layer of mud plaster on the roof.
An entire roof.
The following terms are used to specially designate various features of the kivas:
Both of these terms are used to designate the kiva hatchway beams upon which the hatchway walls rest.
The main beams in the roof, nearest to the hatchway.
The main beams next to the central ones.
The main beams next in order, and all the beams intervening between the “epeoka” and the end beams are so designated.
The beams at the ends of a kiva.
“Stone placed with hands.”
“Hard stone.”
Both of these latter terms are applied to corner foundation stones.
Moveable mat of reeds or sticks for covering hatchway opening,Fig. 29. “Kwaku,” wild hay; “utepi,” a stopper.
The raised hatchway; “the sitting place,”Fig. 95.
The walls of the hatchway.
The kiva doorway; the opening into the hatchway,Fig. 28.
Small niches in the wall. “Apap,” from “apabi,” inside, and “hoya,” small.
An archaic term. The etymology of this word is not known.
The fireplace. “Kwuhi,” coals or embers; “küaiti,” head.
Pegs for drying fuel, fixed under the hatchway. “Ko-hu,” wood;Fig. 28.
Pegs in the walls.
A ladder. This term is applied to any ladder.Figs. 45-47.
Ladder rungs; “Leta,” from “lestabi;” see above.
The platform elevation or upper level of the floor. “Tu-vwi,” a ledge;Fig. 24.
Stone ledges around the sides, for seats. The same term is used to designate any ledge, as that of a mesa, etc.
“Katcina,” house. The niche in a ledge at the end of the kiva.
The planks set into the floor, to which the lower beam of a blanket loom is fastened.
Terms applied to the main floor; they both mean “the large space.”
Hewn planks a foot wide and 6 to 8 feet long, set into the floor.
A plank.
“Stone spread out;” the flagged floor; also designates the slabs covering the hatchway.
Stones with holes pecked in the ends for holding the loom beam while the warp is being adjusted; also used as seats; seep. 132.
section of terraces
Fig. 114.Diagram showing ideal section of terraces, with Tusayan names.
The accompanying diagram is an ideal section of a Tusayan four-story house, and gives the native names for the various rooms and terraces.
The modern villages of Tusayan and Cibola differ more widely in arrangement and in the relation they bear to the surrounding topography than did their predecessors even of historic times.
Many of the older pueblos of both groups appear to have belonged to the valley types—villages of considerable size, located in open plains or on the slopes of low-lying foothills. A comparison of the plans in ChaptersIIandIIIwill illustrate these differences. In Tusayan the necessity of defense has driven the builders to inaccessible sites, so that now all the occupied villages of the province are found on mesa summits. The inhabitants of the valley pueblos of Cibola, although compelled at one time to build their houses upon the almost inaccessible summit ofTâaaiyalanamesa, occupied this site only temporarily, and soon established a large valley pueblo, the size and large population of which afforded that defensive efficiency which the Tusayan obtained only by building on mesa promontories. This has resulted in some adherence on the part of the Tusayan to the village plans of their ancestors, while at Zuni the great house clusters, forming the largest pueblo occupied in modern times, show a wide departure from the primitive types. In both provinces the architecture is distinguished from that of other portions of the pueblo region by greater irregularity ofplan and by less skillfully executed constructional details; each group, however, happens to contain a notable exception to this general carelessness.
In Cibola the pueblo of Kin-tiel, built with a continuous defensive outer wall, occupies architecturally a somewhat anomalous position, notwithstanding its traditional connection with the group, and the Fire House occupies much the same relation in reference to Tusayan. The latter, however, does not break in upon the unity of the group, since the Tusayan, to a much greater extent than the Zuñi, are made up of remnants of various bands of builders. In Cibola, however, some of the Indians state that their ancestors, before reaching Zuñi, built a number of pueblos, whose ruins are distinguished from those illustrated in the present paper by the presence of circular kivas, this form of ceremonial room being, apparently, wholly absent from the Cibolan pueblos here discussed.
The people of Cibola and of Tusayan belong to distinct linguistic stocks, but their arts are very closely related, the differences being no greater than would result from the slightly different conditions that have operated within the last few generations. Zuñi, perhaps, came more directly under early Spanish influence than Tusayan.
Churches were established, as has been seen, in both provinces, but it is doubtful whether their presence produced any lasting impression on the people. In Tusayan the sway of the Spaniards was very brief. At some of the pueblos the churches seem to have been built outside of the village proper where ample space was available within the pueblo; but such an encroachment on the original inclosed courts seems never to have been attempted. Zuñi is an apparent exception; but all the house clusters east of the church have probably been built later than the church itself, the church court of the present village being a much larger area than would be reserved for the usual pueblo court. These early churches were, as a rule, built of adobe, even when occurring in stone pueblos. The only exception noticed is at Ketchipauan, where it was built of the characteristic Indian smoothly chinked masonry. The Spaniards usually intruded their own construction, even to the composition of the bricks, which are nearly always made of straw adobe.
At Tusayan there is no evidence that a church or mission house ever formed part of the villages on the mesa summits. Their plans are complete in themselves, and probably represent closely the first pueblos built on these sites. These summits have been extensively occupied only in comparatively recent times, although one or more small clusters may have been built here at an early date as outlooks over the fields in the valleys below.
It is to be noted that some of the ruins connected traditionally and historically with Tusayan and Cibola differ in no particular from stone pueblos widely scattered over the southwestern plateaus which have been from time to time invested with a halo of romantic antiquity, andregarded as remarkable achievements in civilization by a vanished but once powerful race. These deserted stone houses, occurring in the midst of desert solitudes, appealed strongly to the imaginations of early explorers, and their stimulated fancy connected the remains with “Aztecs” and other mysterious peoples. That this early implanted bias has caused the invention of many ingenious theories concerning the origin and disappearance of the builders of the ancient pueblos, is amply attested in the conclusions reached by many of the writers on this subject.
In connection with the architectural examination of some of these remains many traditions have been obtained from the present tribes, clearly indicating that some of the village ruins, and even cliff dwellings, have been built and occupied by ancestors of the present Pueblo Indians, sometimes at a date well within the historic period.
The migrations of the Tusayan clans, as described in the legends collected by Mr. Stephen, were slow and tedious. While they pursued their wanderings and awaited the favorable omens of the gods they halted many times and planted. They speak traditionally of stopping at certain places on their routes during a certain number of “plantings,” always building the characteristic stone pueblos and then again taking up the march.
When these Indians are questioned as to whence they came, their replies are various and conflicting; but this is due to the fact that the members of one clan came, after a long series of wanderings, from the north, for instance, while those of other gentes may have come last from the east. The tribe to-day seems to be made up of a collection or a confederacy of many enfeebled remnants of independent phratries and groups once more numerous and powerful. Some clans traditionally referred to as having been important are now represented by few survivors, and bid fair soon to become extinct. So the members of each phratry have their own store of traditions, relating to the wanderings of their own ancestors, which differ from those of other clans, and refer to villages successively built and occupied by them. In the case of others of the pueblos, the occupation of cliff dwellings and cave lodges is known to have occurred within historic times.
Both architectural and traditional evidence are in accord in establishing a continuity of descent from the ancient Pueblos to those of the present day. Many of the communities are now made up of the more or less scattered but interrelated remnants of gentes which in former times occupied villages, the remains of which are to-day looked upon as the early homes of “Aztec colonies,” etc.
The adaptation, of this architecture to the peculiar environment indicates that it has long been practiced under the same conditions that now prevail. Nearly all of the ancient pueblos were built of the sandstone found in natural quarries at the bases of hundreds of cliffs throughout these table-lands. This stone readily breaks into small pieces of regularform, suitable for use in the simple masonry of the pueblos without receiving any artificial treatment. The walls themselves give an exaggerated idea of finish, owing to the care and neatness with which the component stones are placed. Some of the illustrations in the last chapter, from photographs, show clearly that the material of the walls was much ruder than the appearance of the finished masonry would suggest, and that this finish depended on the careful selection and arrangement of the fragments. This is even more noticeable in the Chaco ruins, in which the walls were wrought to a high degrees of surface finish. The core of the wall was laid up with the larger and more irregular stones, and was afterwards brought to a smooth face by carefully filling in and chinking the joints with smaller stones and fragments, sometimes not more than a quarter of an inch thick; this method is still roughly followed by both Tusayan and Cibolan builders.
Although many details of construction and arrangement display remarkable adaptation to the physical character of the country, yet the influence of such environment would not alone suffice to produce this architectural type. In order to develop the results found, another element was necessary. This element was the necessity for defense. The pueblo population was probably subjected to the more or less continuous influence of this defensive motive throughout the period of their occupation of this territory. A strong independent race of people, who had to fear no invasion by stronger foes, would necessarily have been influenced more by the physical environment and would have progressed further in the art of building, but the motive for building rectangular rooms—the initial point of departure in the development of pueblo architecture—would not have been brought into action. The crowding of many habitations upon a small cliff ledge or other restricted site, resulting in the rectangular form of rooms, was most likely due to the conditions imposed by this necessity for defense.
The general outlines of the development of this architecture wherein the ancient builders were stimulated to the best use of the exceptional materials about them, both by the difficult conditions of their semi-desert environment and by constant necessity for protection against their neighbors, can be traced in its various stages of growth from the primitive conical lodge to its culmination in the large communal village of many-storied terraced buildings which we find to have been in use at the time of the Spanish discovery, and which still survives in Zuñi, perhaps its most striking modern example. Yet the various steps have resulted from a simple and direct use of the material immediately at hand, while methods gradually improved as frequent experiments taught the builders more fully to utilize local facilities. In all cases the material was derived from the nearest available source, and often variations in the quality of the finished work are due to variations in the quality of the stone near by. The results accomplished attest the patient and persistent industry of the ancient builders, but the work does not display great skill in construction or in preparation of material.The same desert environment that furnished such an abundance of material for the ancient builders, also, from its difficult and inhospitable character and the constant variations in the water supply, compelled the frequent employment of this material. This was an important factor in bringing about the attained degree of advancement in the building art. At the present day constant local changes occur in the water sources of these arid table-lands, while the general character of the climate remains unaltered.
The distinguishing characteristics of Pueblo architecture may be regarded as the product of a defensive motive and of an arid environment that furnished an abundance of suitable building material, and at the same time the climatic conditions that compelled its frequent employment.
The decline of the defensive motive within the last few years has greatly affected the more recent architecture. Even after the long practice of the system has rendered it somewhat fixed, comparative security from attack has caused many of the Pueblo Indians to recognize the inconvenience of dwellings grouped in large clusters on sites difficult of access, while the sources of their subsistence are necessarily sparsely scattered over large areas. This is noticeable in the building of small, detached houses at a distance from the main villages, the greater convenience to crops, flocks and water outweighing the defensive motive. In Cibola particularly, a marked tendency in this direction has shown itself within a score of years; Ojo Caliente, the newest of the farming pueblos, is perhaps the most striking example within the two provinces. The greater security of the pueblos as the country comes more fully into the hands of Americans, has also resulted in the more careless construction in modern examples as compared with the ancient.
There is no doubt that, as time shall go on, the system of building many-storied clusters of rectangular rooms will gradually be abandoned by these people. In the absence of the defensive motive a more convenient system, employing scattered small houses, located near springs and fields, will gradually take its place, thus returning to a mode of building that probably prevailed in the evolution of the pueblo prior to the clustering of many rooms into large defensive villages.Pl.LXXXIIIillustrates a building of the type described located on the outskirts of Zuñi, across the river from the main pueblo.
The cultural distinctions between the Pueblo Indians and neighboring tribes gradually become less clearly defined as investigation progresses. Mr. Cushing’s study of the Zuñi social, political, and religious systems has clearly established their essential identity in grade of culture with those of other tribes. In many of the arts, too, such as weaving, ceramics, etc., these people in no degree surpass many tribes who build ruder dwellings.
In architecture, though, they have progressed far beyond their neighbors; many of the devices employed attest the essentially primitive character of the art, and demonstrate that the apparent distinction in grade of culture is mainly due to the exceptional condition of the environment.
1.This chapter is compiled by Cosmos Mindeleff from material collected by A. M. Stephen.
2.The term by which the Tusayan Indians proper designate themselves. This term does not include the inhabitants of the village of Tewa or Hano, who are called Hanomuh.
3.The term yasuna, translated here as “year,” is of rather indefinite significance; it sometimes means thirteen moons and in other instances much longer periods.
4.See Millstone for April, 1884, Indianapolis, Indiana.
5.These two names are common to the kiva in which the Snake order meets and in which the indoor ceremonies pertaining to the Snake-dance are celebrated.
6.Cont. to N.A. Ethn., vol. 4, Houses and House life, pp. 129-131.
7.Fifth Ann. Rept. Arch. Inst. Am., p. 74.
8.Contributions to N.A. Ethnology, vol. 4. House Life, etc., p. 182.
9.Given by W. W. H. Davis in El Gringo, p. 119.
10.Fifth Ann. Rept. Arch. Inst. Am., p. 92.
Adobe balls used in garden walls
Adobe bricks, in Hawikut church
Adobe mortar, in Tâaaiyalana structures
Cibola and Tusayan use of, compared
Adobe walls on stone foundation at Moenkopi
Aiyáhokwi, the descendants of the Asa at Zuñi
Altar, conformity of, to direction of kiva
Apache, inroads upon Tusayan by the
exposure of southern Cibola to the
Architecture, comparison of constructional details of Tusayan and Cibola
Art, textile and fictile, degree of Pueblo advancement in
Arts of Cibola and Tusayan closely related
Spanish mission established at
clay tubes used as roof drains at
fragments of passage wall at
Aztecs, ruined structures attributed to the
Baho, use of, in kiva consecratory ceremonies
Bandelier, A.F., description of chimney
Bat house, description of ruin of
Bátni, the first pueblo of the Snake people of Tusayan
Beams, Tusayan kivas, taken from Spanish church at Shumopavi
for supporting passageway wall
Bear people, settlement in Tusayan of the
Bear-skin-rope people, settlement in Tusayan of the
Benches or ledges of masonry, Zuñi rooms
around rooms of pueblo houses
Bins for storage in Tusayan rooms
Blankets formerly used to cover doorways
Blue Jay people, settlement in Tusayan of the
Bond stones used in pueblo walls
Boundary line, Hano and Sichumovi
Boundary mark, Shumopavi and Oraibi
Bricks of adobe modern in Zuñi
Brush, use of, in roof construction
Burial custom of K’iakima natives
Burrowing Owl people, settlement in Tusayan of the
Buttress, formerly of Halona, existing in Zuñi
support of passageway roofs by
Canyon de Chelly, proposed study of ruins of
Tusayan, tradition concerning villages of
early occupancy of, by the Bear people at Tusayan
use of whitewash in cliff houses of
finish of roofs of houses of
doorway described and figured
Casa Blanca, traces of whitewashing at
Castañeda’s account of Cibolan milling
Cattle introduced into Tusayan
Cave lodges occupied in historic times
Cave used by inhabitants of Kwaituki
Ceiling plan of Shupaulovi kiva
Ceilings, retention of original appearance of rooms through nonrenovation of
Cellars not used in Tusayan and Cibola
Ceremonial paraphernalia of Tusayan taken by the Navajo
Ceremonies connected with Tusayan house-building
Ceremonies accompanying kiva construction
Ceremonies performed at placing of Zuñi ladders
upper story partitions of, supported by beams
symmetry of arrangement of outer openings of
Chairs, lack of in Pueblo houses
Charred roof timbers of Tusayan kiva
Chimney-hoods, how constructed
Chimneys, traces of in K’iakima
Chukubi pueblo, built by the Squash people
fragments of passage wall at
Church, Shumopavi, established by Spanish monks
Churches established in Zuñi and Tusayan
Cibola, ruins and inhabited villages of
architecture of compared with that of Tusayan
Circular doorway of Kin-tiel described
Circular wall of kiva near Sikyatki
Clay tubes used as roof drains
developed from temporary shelters
Climatic conditions, effect of, upon pueblo architecture
Clustering of Tâaaiyalana ruins
Cochití claimed to be a former Tewa pueblo
Communal village, development of pueblo architecture from conical lodge to
Contours represented on plans, interval of
Cooking pits and ovens described
Cooking stones of Tusayan, flames of
Cords, used for suspending chimney
Corner stones of Tusayan kivas
Cotton cultivated by the Tusayan
Covered passages and gateways described
Coyote people, settlement in Tusayan of the
Crossbars used in fastening wooden doors
Culture of pueblo tribes, degree of
Cushing, Frank H., identifies K’iakima as scene of death of Estevanico
opinion concerning western wall of Halona
opinion concerning distribution of Tâaaiyalana ruins
on the former occupancy of Kin-tiel
Haloua identified as one of the Seven Cities of Cibola
on Zuñi tradition concerning stone-close
Dance ceremony in kiva consecration
Dance rock, Tusayan, reference to snake dance of
Débris, how indicated in plans of ruins
an indication of original height of walls
Deer horns used as pegs in Zuñi
Defense, wall for, at Bat House
a motive for selection of dwelling site
architecture relied upon for
not a factor in selection of Mashongnavi site
features of, at Tusayan and Zuñi compared
sites chosen for, inconvenient to sources of subsistence
use of Kelchipauan church for, by natives
the motive of occupation of Tâaaiyalana mesa
provisions for, in Ketchipauan church
motive for, dying out in Zuñi
not a motive in selection of site of Zuñi
adaptation of architecture to
Doors to ground floor rooms of Zuñi
Doors of various lands described
Doorway, Walpi kiva, closed with cottonwood slab
how sealed against intrusion
Drainage of roof, relations of certain roof openings to
Eagle people, migration legend of the
Earth used in pueblo roof construction
Eaves, lack of, in Tusayan houses
Entrances, uniformity of direction of, in Zuñi kivas
Environment, adaptation, of architecture to
Estevanico’s death, at K’iakima
Farming outlook, Matsaki used as
Feathers, use of, in house-building ceremonies
Feather wand or baho used in kiva-building ceremonials
Fetiches, where placed during kiva ceremonial
Fire gens, Tebugkihu constructed by the
Fire-house or Tebugkihu, Tusayan
Fire people of Tusayan, migration of the
sandstone slabs, Shupaulovi kiva
Floors in pueblo buildings, various kinds described
Folk-tale of the Zuñi, describing stone-close
Food sacrifices in Tusayan house building
Fortress houses the highest type of Pueblo construction
Frames of trap-doors, method of making
Furniture of the Pueblos described
Gardens and corrals of the Pueblos
Gateway jambs at Kin-tiel, finish of
Gateways, probable existence in Kin-tiel of
Gateways and covered passages described
Gentes of Tusayan, grouping of houses by
Girders supporting upper walls
Tusayan houses supported by piers
Glass used in modern Pueblo windows
Grass, use of, in roof construction
Graves, probable existence of, in Kin-tiel
Greasewood, the ordinary kiva fuel
Grinding stones. See Metate; Milling.
Ground plans of Zuñi and Tusayan compared
of mesa villages influenced by prevailing winds
Gyarzobi or Paroquet kiva, roof timbers of
Hairdressing among the Tusayan
remains of the nucleus of Zuñi
walls of the nucleus of modern Zuñi
“Halving” of timbers in kiva trap-frames
Hand-holds cut in faces of cliffs
Hand-holds in frames of trap-doors
Hano, Asa group occupy site of
rude transom over roof beam in
Hano people, length of time spent in Tusayan by the
trouble between the Walpi and
Hanomuh, the inhabitants of Hano
Hano traditions regarding settlement in Tusayan
Harvest time, how determined in Zuñi
Hawikuh church, durability of masonry of
Hemenway Southwestern Archeological Expedition, excavations at Halona
High-house people, a Navajo clan
Hinged sashes not in use in Zuñi
Hodge, F. Webb, on stone-close of Halona
Holmes, William H., on ruins of the San Juan
Homólobi, the early home of the Sun and Water peoples
legend of Water people concerning
Hopituh, the native name of the Tusayan
Hopituh marriage within phratries and gentes
Horn House, description of ruin of
early settlement in Tusayan of the
House-building rites of Tusayan
House clusters in Zuñi, arrangement of
Hungo Pavie, finish of roofs in
Interior arrangement of pueblos
Interior of Zuñi house described
Irrigation of gardens near Walpi
Jackson, W. H., on ruins of the San Juan
photographs of pueblo ruins by
describes fireplace of Echo Cave
Jar of large size used for storage
Jars used in chimney construction
Katchina people depart from Oraibi for eastern Tusayan villages
Katchinkihu, occurrence of, in ruined kiva near Sikyatki
Ketchipauan church built of stone
Kikoli rooms occupied in winter
occurrence of upright stone slab at
upper room of, paved with stone
Kin-tiel, finish of gateway jambs at
circular doorway at, described
openings at, of uniform height
Kisákobi, description of pueblo of
Kitdauwi—the house song of Tusayan
Kiva, study of construction of
native explanation of position of
duties of mungwi, or chief of the
significance of structural plan of
Kin-tiel and Cibola compared
Zuñi, where located during Spanish occupancy
Zuñi, stone window-frames of
Kwaituki, description of ruin of
Kwálakwai, Hano tradition related by
Kwetcap tutwi, the second pueblo of the snake people of Tusayan
Ladders, arrangement in Tusayan kiva
withdrawal of rungs to prevent use of
significance of position of, in kivas
second-story terrace of Tusayan reached principally by
Laguna, arrival of the Asanyumu at
Lalénkobáki, a female society of Tusayan
Land apportionment by gentes in Tusayan
Language of the Asa and Hano of Tusayan
Languages of Tusayan, tradition regarding difference in
Las Animas ruins, trap-door frames in
Latch strings used on Zuñi doors
Lathing or wattling of kiva walls
Ledges or benches around rooms
Light, method of introducing, in inner rooms
Lighting, method of, in crowded portions of Zuñi
Lintels of old windows embedded in masonry
Lock and key of wood, how made
Loophole-like openings in pueblo buildings
Mamzrántiki, an Oraibi society of women
Mandan ladder described and figured
Maricopa, myth of the Water people of Tusayan concerning the
Marriage of the Hopituh within phratries and gentes
Mashongnavi, origin of name of
settlement of Paroquet and Katchina peoples in
settlementof the Water people at
description of dais of kiva at
corrals of rude stonework at
Ojo Caliente carelessly constructed
Masonry of Pueblo Bonito, skill shown in
Meal, votive, used in pueblo house-building
Metates, or grinding stones, how arranged in pueblo houses
Migration, effect of, upon pueblo architecture
Migration of Tusayan Water people
Migration of the Bear people of Tusayan
Migration of the Asanynmu of Tusayan
Milling troughs of Pueblo households
Mindeleff, Cosmos, acknowledgments to
on traditional history of Tusayan
Mindeleff, Victor, paper on pueblo architecture
Mishiptonga, description of ruin of
Mission buildings of Shumopavi
Mission house at Walpi, timbers of, used in Walpi kiva
Moen-kopi surveyed and studied
Mole people, settlement in Tusayan of the
Montezuma Canyon ruins, use of large stone blocks in
Monument marking boundary of Oraibi and Shumopavi
Morgan, L.H., Mandan ladder described by
on. trap-door frames in Las Animas ruins
Mormon and Pueblo building compared
Mormons, effect of the, upon development of Moen-kopi
establishment of woolen mill at Moen-kopi by the
Mortars used in Pueblo households
Navajo, Asa of Tusayan live among
huts of, closed with blankets
method of sheep-herding compared with Pueblo
Nelson, E.W., graves unearthed by
collection of stone-closes by
Niches formed in old window openings
Nomenclature of Tusayan structural details
Nutria, compared with Kin-tiel
Nuvayauma, old Mashongnavi tradition related by
Oak mound kiva, Tusayan, decadence of membership of
Ojo Caliente, a modern village
Old Mashongnavi, tradition concerning occupation of
Openings, splayed, in Ketchipauan church
walls of Tâaaiyalana structures
Openings of Pueblo houses banded with whitewash
Oraibi, retirement of Sikyátki inhabitants to
departure of Ketchina and Paroquet peoples from
traditions regarding first settlement of
settlement of the Water people at
affray between the Walpi and
rare use of plastering on outer walls of
Oraibi, notched ladders described and figured
corral walls at, laid without mortar
Oraibi-Shumopavi boundary stone
Oven-shaped structures described and figured
Oven-surface imbedded with pottery scales
Palát Kivabi, the pristine habitat of the Squash and Sun people of Tusayan
Paneled doors in modern pueblos
Parallelogramic form of Tusayan buildings
Paroquet people, settlement in Shumopavi of the
Partitions in Ketchipauan church
Partitions of upper story supported by beams
Paving stones of kiva floor, how finished
Payupki, tradition concerning pueblo of
fragments of passage wall at
Peaches planted by the Asa people
Pegs, deer horns used as, in Zuñi
Peña Blanca formerly inhabited by the Hano
Peñasco Blanco, occurrence of upright stone slab at
method of roof construction at
Pescado compared with Kin-tiel
corral walls at, how constructed
ovens at, described and figured
fragment of stone close in steps of
Pestles or crushers used with Pueblo mortars
Petroglyph, or sun-symbol at Matsaki
legend of the Tusayan concerning
Pictograph on Oraibi-Shumopavi boundary monument
Piers of masonry for supporting girders
Pima, myth of the Water people of Tusayan concerning the
opinion of the, as to ancient stone inclosures
Pine invariably used for kiva ladders
Pink clay used in house decorations
Plan of villages, traditional mention of
Plans and descriptions, Tusayan ruins
Plan of pueblo houses not usually prearranged
Planting time, how determined in Zuñi
Plaster, frequent renewal of, at Shumopavi
Plastering, renovation of rooms by frequent
on outer walls in Ojo Caliente
Shupaulovi kiva, condition of
side hole of door for fastening
Platform in floor of Tusayan kiva
Plume stick, baho, or feather wand, used in Kiva consecratory ceremonials
Plume-stick shrines at Mashongnavi
Polaka, Hano tradition given by
Poles for suspension of blankets, etc.
Ponobi kiva of Oraibi, wall lathing of
Population, enlargement of pueblos necessitated by increase of
Posts of porch, remains of, at Hawikuh and Ketchipauan
Posts sunk in floor forming part of loom
Pots used in chimney construction
Pottery fragments, Horn House ruin
Pottery of Payupki, character of
Prayer plume, or baho, used in kiva consecratory ceremonials
Props used for fastening wooden doors
Pueblo architecture, study of, by Victor Mindeleff
symmetry of arrangement of outer openings of
Pueblo buildings, mode of additions to
Pueblo construction in Tusayan and Cibola, details of
Pueblo openings, carelessness in placing
Pueblo remains, area occupied by
Pueblos of Tusayan and Cibola compared
Pyramidal form of pueblo house rows
Rabbit-skin robes used to cover doorways
Rawhide thong used in pueblo construction to fasten lock
Rectangular kivas, antiquity of
Rectangular rooms, how developed
Rectangular type of architecture
Repair of houses infrequent in Tusayan
Reservoir site as affecting selection of dwelling site
Rites and methods of Tusayan kiva building
Rites of house-building at Tusayan
Rito de los Frijoles, chimney of, described
Roof construction, pueblo buildings
Roof-openings, pueblo buildings
Rooms, arrangement of, into rows in Tusayan
confused arrangement of, in Walpi
Tâaaiyalana ruins, arrangement of
Tusayan, smaller than in Zuñi
Rows of houses forming Shumopavi
between Horn House and Bat House
Rungs of ladders, how attached
Sacrifices of food in Tusayan house-building
Sandals of yucca found in Canyon de Chelly
Sandstone used in pueblo construction, how quarried
San Felipe, return of Payupki to
Santa Clara doubtfully identified with Kápung
Santo Domingo, settlement of the Asanyumu
Sash of rude construction in window openings
Sealing of doorways of pueblo buildings
Seats of stone in Tusayan kivas
Selenite used in pueblo windows
Semisubterranean kivas of Tusayan
Seven cities of Cibola. See Cibola.
Sheep, introduced into Tusayan
introduction of, among the Pueblos
Shumopavi, Spanish mission established at
removal of portion of Bear people from
Shumopavi-Oraibi boundary stone
Shumopavi people, removal of, to mesa site
Shupaulovi, settlement of Paroquet and Ketchina peoples in
settlement of Bear people at
settlement of the water people at
description of dais of kiva of
ground and ceiling plans of kiva of
description of chimney-hood at
Sichumovi, settled by peoples from Walpi
Sikyátki people dispute with the Walpi
Sites of pueblo buildings, why selected
Slabs of stone in pueblo architecture
Smoke escape through roof-opening and transoms
Snake dance, relation of dance-rock to
Snake people, the first occupants of the Tusayan region
construction of modern Walpi by the
Snow, use of, as water supply by the Zuñi
Spaniards, early visit of, to Tusayan
Spanish authority, effect of, upon purity of Zuñi kiva type
Spanish beams in Tusayan kivas
Spanish churches at pueblos, Hawikuk
Spanish influence in Zuñi and Tusayan
Spanish missions established in Tusayan
Spider people, settlement in Tusayan of the
Splash-stones described and figured
Splayed openings in Ketchipauan church
Squash people, settlement in Tusayan of the
Stakes used in construction of stone walls
Stephen, A. M., material on traditional history of Tusayan collected by
opinion on Walpi architectural features
on distribution of Oraibi gentes
on orientation of Tusayan kivas
discovery of ancient kiva type near Sikyatki
typical kiva measurements by
on wattling or lathing of kiva walls
on significance of structural plan of kiva
collection of primitive andirons or bosses by
Steps or foot-holes of Walpi trail
Stone, size, character, and finish of, in pueblo ruins
effect of use of, in chimney hoods
flags used to floor Tusayan kiva
inclosures in Southern Arizona
roof drains, curious forms of
shelters, possible remains of, at Payupki
slabs formerly used to close doorways
Stone wedges used in pueblo wall finish
atOraibi
Storage facilities of pueblo dwellings
Structural features of kivas similar
Subterranean character of kivas
Sullivan, Jeremiah, Payupki tradition obtained by
Sunflower stalks used in chimney construction
Supplies, how taken to Walpi mesa
Survey of Tusayan and Cibola, methods of
Tâaaiyalana, relation of K’iakima to
flight of Zuñis to, during Pueblo revolt
mesa of, temporarily occupied
Tables not used in Pueblo houses
Taos formerly partly inhabited by the Tewa
Tcosobi or Jay kiva, roof timbers of
Tebowúki, an early pueblo of the fire people of Tusayan
Tebugkihu or fire-house, description of
fragments of passage-wall at
Terraced roofs of Tusayan, names of
Terrace cooking-pits and fireplaces
Terrace rooms, half open, not seen in ancient pueblos
Oraibi, formed by natural causes
ancient pueblos, how reached
Tusayan, order of settlement of, by various peoples
Timbers for roof, kind used in kiva-building
Time for planting and harvesting, how determined in Zuñi
Topography, houses of Walpi constructed to conform to
Tradition, historical value of
regarding Hano and Tusayan languages
concerning occupancy of Old Mashongnavi
concerning early occupancy of former pueblos by existing tribes
Traditionary gentes of Tusayan, list of
Transportation to Walpi mesa, Indian method
kivas, no means of fastening
frames furnished with hand-holds
Túpkabi. See Canyon de Chelly.
ruins and inhabited villages of
Tusayan and Cibola architecture, compared by constructional details
Twigs, use of, in roof construction
Ute, conflict with, by the Tewa of Hano
Vargas, Don Diego, visit to Tusayan of
Vocabulary of Tusayan architectural terms
Walls, how indicated on plans of ruins
construction of, in Moen-kopi ruins
showing precision of workmanship
dimensions in Tâaaiyalana mesa
original height of, indicated by débris
thickness of, in modern Tusayan
paintings on, in Tusayan kiva
pueblo, mode of construction of
Walpi, settlement of Bear people at
Spanish mission established at
construction of, by the Snake people
dispute of, with the Sikyatki
abandoned by Bear, Lizard, Asa, and Badger peoples
upper story partitions of, supported by beams
use of large stone blocks in garden walls of
south passageway of, described
Walpi people, attack of Awatubi by the
affray between the Oraibi and
trouble between the Hano and
various pueblos formerly occupied by the
Warp-sticks, mode of supporting
Water, method of carrying, at Walpi
Water family, last to settle at Tusayan
Water jars used in chimney construction
Wattling or lathing of kiva walls
Whitewash on outer walls of Shumopavi
how made and applied in Zuñi
Wíksrun people, settlement in Tusayan of the
Willow wands used in roof construction
Window, doorway and chimney in one
Windows of various kinds described
Wings constructed in court of Pueblo Bonito
Women, house owners at Tusayan
work of, in Tusayan house-building
societies of, and kivas for, in Tusayan
Wood, kinds of, used in Tusayan construction
Wood rack of pueblos described
Wooden doors not found in pre-Columbian ruins
Wooden features of pueblo windows
Woolen mill established by Mormons at Moen-kopi
Workshop, use of the kiva, as a
Yeso used for interior whitewash
Yucca fiber sandals from Canyon de Chelly
portion of site of, formerly occupied by Halona
tradition as to occupancy of Kin-tiel by the
plans and descriptions of villages of