Chapter 6

Male with the head, neck all round, and a portion of the breast black; the rest of the lower parts white, excepting the sides, which are tinged with brown; fore part of back reddish-brown, rump dull grey; quills dusky, the primaries edged with grey, the secondaries with reddish-brown; tail dusky, with the outer two feathers on each side white. Female with the head and neck blackish-grey, the back and wing-coverts dull brownish-red, the other parts as in the male.

Male, 61/4; wing, 31/12.

Columbia River. Common. Migratory.

Fringilla oregona, Oregon Snow-Finch,Towns.Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 188.Oregon Snow-Finch, Fringilla oregona,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 68.

Fringilla oregona, Oregon Snow-Finch,Towns.Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 188.

Oregon Snow-Finch, Fringilla oregona,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 68.

GENUS IV. SPIZA,Bonap.PAINTED-BUNTING.

Bill short, moderately stout, conical, acute; upper mandible rather narrower, with the dorsal line somewhat convex, the ridge narrow, the sides sloping and a little convex, the edges inclining upwards for a third of their length, then direct, with a slight notch close to the narrow declinate tip; lower mandible with the angle short and rounded, the dorsal line very slightly convex, the sides rounded, the edges involute, the tip acute. Nostrils basal, roundish, partly concealed by the feathers. Head broadly ovate; neck short; body rather full. Feet of moderate length;tarsus much compressed, with seven scutella; toes of moderate size, hind toe large, lateral equal. Claws slender, compressed, well arched, acute. Plumage full, soft, and blended. Wings of moderate length, the second and third quills longest, the first about equal to the fourth. Tail of moderate length, emarginate. Palate anteriorly with their narrow ridges, forming a large oblong hard knob at their base; tongue higher than broad, deeply grooved above, pointed; œsophagus dilated into a crop; stomach elliptical, muscular; intestine of moderate length; cœca very small.

169. 1. Spiza Ciris,Wils.Blue-headed Painted-Bunting.—Painted-Bunting. Painted-Finch.

Plate LIII.Male and Female.

Male with the head and hind neck ultramarine-blue, eyelids vermilion; fore part of back and scapulars yellowish-green; rump purplish-red; smaller wing-coverts purplish-blue, secondary coverts green; quills and tail-feathers dusky; lower parts bright vermilion. Female yellowish-green above, greenish-yellow beneath. Young like the female. In the second year, the male with the upper parts olive-green, the lower dull orange, paler behind, head as in the adult; in the third year, with the back mottled with yellow and light green, the secondary coverts green, the rest as in the adult.

Male, 51/4, 71/2.

From Texas to North Carolina, and up the Mississippi to Natchez. Abundant. Migratory.

Painted Bunting, Emberiza Ciris,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 68.Fringilla Ciris,Bonap.Syn. p. 107.Painted Bunting,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 477.Painted Finch, Fringilla Ciris,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 279; v. v. p. 517.

Painted Bunting, Emberiza Ciris,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 68.

Fringilla Ciris,Bonap.Syn. p. 107.

Painted Bunting,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 477.

Painted Finch, Fringilla Ciris,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 279; v. v. p. 517.

170. 2. Spiza cyanea,Wils.Indigo Painted-Bunting.—Indigo Bird.

Plate LXXIV.Male and Female.

Male blue, tinged with verdigris-green, on the head approaching to ultramarine; quills and tail-feathers dusky, edged with greenish-blue. Female yellowish-brown above, paler beneath. Young like the female. Male, in the first autumn, of a lighter and duller blue than in the adult, the feathers of the upper parts tipped with brown, of the lower with yellowish, in the second year nearly as in the adult, but with the smaller coverts dull brown.

Male, 51/4, 71/2.

Distributed throughout the United States during summer. Abundant. Migratory.

Indigo Bird, Fringilla cyanea,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 100.Fringilla cyanea,Bonap.Syn. p. 107.Indigo Bird,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 473.Indigo Bird, Fringilla cyanea,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 377; v. v. p. 503.

Indigo Bird, Fringilla cyanea,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 100.

Fringilla cyanea,Bonap.Syn. p. 107.

Indigo Bird,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 473.

Indigo Bird, Fringilla cyanea,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 377; v. v. p. 503.

171. 3. Spiza amœna,Say. Lazuli Painted-Bunting.—Lazuli Finch.

Plate CCCXCVIII.Fig. 1. Male.Plate CCCCXXIV.Fig. 1. Female.

Male with the head, neck, and upper parts, light greenish-blue, the fore part of the back duller; loral space black; wings and tail dusky, the feathers margined with blue; two white bands on the wing; on the fore part of the breast a broad band of yellowish-red, the rest of the lower parts white. Female with the upper parts light yellowish-brown, the rump greenish-blue; fore parts pale yellowish-red, fading behind into white.

Male, 51/2; wing, 31/12.

From the Arkansas to the Columbia River. Never seen near the Atlantic coast. Plentiful. Migratory.

Emberiza amœna,Say, Long's Exped.Lazuli Finch, Fringilla amœna,Bonap.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 61.Fringilla amœna,Bonap.Syn. p. 106.Lazuli Finch,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 478.Lazuli Finch, Fringilla amœna,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 64, and p. 230.

Emberiza amœna,Say, Long's Exped.

Lazuli Finch, Fringilla amœna,Bonap.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 61.

Fringilla amœna,Bonap.Syn. p. 106.

Lazuli Finch,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 478.

Lazuli Finch, Fringilla amœna,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 64, and p. 230.

GENUS V. AMMODRAMUS,Swains.SHORE-FINCH.

Bill rather long, being little shorter than the head, rather slender, straight, considerably compressed, acute; upper mandible with the dorsal line considerably convex, the ridge narrow, the sides convex, the edges inflected, with a slight festoon about the middle, and a faint notch, close to the tip, which is deflected and acute; lower mandible with the angle short and rounded, the dorsal line ascending and straight, the ridge rounded, the sides convex, the edges involute, the tip acute. Nostrils small, elliptical, basal, partially concealed by the plumage. Head ovate; neck short; body slender. Tarsus rather short, stoutish, compressed, with seven scutella; toes rather long, hind toe large, outer shorter than inner, and adherent at the base. Claws long, slender, little arched, much compressed, laterally grooved,tapering to a fine point. Plumage soft and blended, with the filaments stiffish and disunited. No bristles. Wings short, convex, rounded, the second, third, and fourth quills longest, the first considerably shorter. Tail of moderate length, graduated, slender, of twelve narrow, acuminate feathers. No difference in the colours of the sexes.

172. 1. Ammodramus maritimus,Wils.Grey Shore-Finch.—Sea-side Finch.

Plate XCIII.Male and Female.

Third and fourth quills longest, first and eighth equal; tail graduated; upper parts brownish-grey, tinged with olivaceous, two faint longitudinal bands of darker on the head; the feathers on the fore part of the back brown in the centre; margin of the wing at the flexure light yellow, smaller wing-coverts and outer webs of secondary coverts dull reddish-brown; quills and tail-feathers dusky brown, edged with pale brownish-grey; a yellow band from the base of the upper mandible over the eye, fainter behind; throat greyish-white, with a longitudinal bluish-grey band on each side; lower part of neck, fore part of breast, and sides, light bluish-grey, streaked with light olivaceous-brown; middle of breast pale grey, abdomen white, lower tail-coverts pale yellowish-brown, with a central dusky streak.

Male, 8, 11.

From Texas to Massachusetts along the shores of the Atlantic. Resident in the Southern States. Abundant.

Sea-side Finch, Fringilla maritima,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. 68.Fringilla maritima,Bonap.Syn. p. 110.Sea-side Finch, Fringilla maritima,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 505.Sea-side Finch, Fringilla maritima,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 471.

Sea-side Finch, Fringilla maritima,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. 68.

Fringilla maritima,Bonap.Syn. p. 110.

Sea-side Finch, Fringilla maritima,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 505.

Sea-side Finch, Fringilla maritima,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 471.

173. 2. Ammodramus Macgillivrayi,Aud.Macgillvray's Shore-Finch.

Plate CCCLV.Male and Female.

Second, third, and fourth quills longest, first and seventh equal; tail rounded. Upper parts dull olivaceous-grey, streaked with blackish-brown, the central parts of all the feathers being of the latter colour; margin of the wing at the flexure yellowish-white; all the feathers of the wings dusky brown, margined with pale olivaceous; tail-feathers blackish-brown, margined with olivaceous; a yellowish-brown streak from the base of the upper mandible over the eye; throat and fore neck greyish-white, with an indistinct dusky streak on each side; breast and sides pale dull yellowish-grey marked with brownish-blackstreaks; middle of the breast and abdomen greyish-white, tinged with yellowish-brown; lower tail-coverts pale yellowish-brown, with a central dusky streak.

Male, 51/2, 73/4.

Abundant in Texas and along the Gulf of Mexico. Rather rare in South Carolina, from which it migrates in autumn.

Macgillivray's Finch,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 285; v. iv. p. 394; v. v. p. 499.

174. 3. Ammodramus caudacutus,Lath.Buff-breasted Shore-Finch.—Sharp-tailed Finch.

Plate CXLIX.Male and Female.

Second, third, and fourth quills longest, first and fifth equal; tail graduated. Upper part of the head with a central bluish-grey streak, deep brown at the sides with the feathers black in the centre; hind neck dull grey, tinged with brown; back brown, tinged with grey, some of the feathers marked with black and edged with greyish-white; quills dusky brown, edged with reddish-brown, the secondary and smaller coverts with their outer webs chiefly of the latter colour; tail-feathers dusky brown, margined with greyish-olive; a broad band of light yellowish-red from the base of the upper mandible over the eye, and extending beyond the middle of the neck, where it is broader; ear-coverts grey; a broad band of yellowish-red from the lower mandible down the neck; throat whitish, with a line of dusky streaks on each side; the lower part of the neck, a portion of the breast, the lower tail-coverts, and the sides, pale yellowish-red, streaked with dusky; the rest of the lower parts white.

Male, 5, 71/4.

Breeds from Texas along the coast to Massachusetts. Never in the interior. Resident in the Southern States. Very abundant.

Sharp-tailed Finch, Fringilla caudacuta,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. 70.Fringilla caudacuta,Bonap.Syn. p. 110.Shore Finch, Fringilla littoralis,Nutt.Man, v. i. p. 504.Sharp-tailed Finch, Fringilla caudacuta,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 281; v. v. p. 499.

Sharp-tailed Finch, Fringilla caudacuta,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. 70.

Fringilla caudacuta,Bonap.Syn. p. 110.

Shore Finch, Fringilla littoralis,Nutt.Man, v. i. p. 504.

Sharp-tailed Finch, Fringilla caudacuta,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 281; v. v. p. 499.

175. 4. Ammodramus palustris,Wils.Marsh Shore-Finch. Swamp Sparrow.

Plate LXIV.Male.

Bill shorter than in the other species; tail-feathers less acuminate; upper part of head deep chestnut-red, streaked with black; hind part and sides of the neck light bluish-grey, cheeks dusky brown; a greyish-yellow streak over the eye; upper parts of body yellowish-brown, streaked with brownish-black; wing-coverts and secondaries broadly edged with yellowish-red, primaries with duller red; tail similar; throat greyish-white, with two small dusky streaks, the rest of the foreneck and part of the breast pale bluish-grey, the abdomen whitish, the sides yellowish-brown, streaked with dusky.

Male, 51/2, 71/2.

From Texas to North Carolina in winter. Spreads in spring and summer to the Missouri westward, and to Labrador eastward. Abundant.

Swamp Swallow, Fringilla palustris,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 49.Fringilla palustris,Bonap.Syn. p. 110.Swamp Sparrow, Fringilla Georgiana,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 502.Swamp Sparrow, Fringilla palustris,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 331; v. v. p. 508.

Swamp Swallow, Fringilla palustris,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 49.

Fringilla palustris,Bonap.Syn. p. 110.

Swamp Sparrow, Fringilla Georgiana,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 502.

Swamp Sparrow, Fringilla palustris,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 331; v. v. p. 508.

GENUS VI. PEUCÆA,Aud.PINEWOOD-FINCH.

Bill of moderate length, rather stout, straight, considerably compressed, acute; upper mandible with the dorsal line somewhat convex, the ridge rather narrow, the sides convex, the edges inflected, with the notches obsolete, the tip acute; lower mandible with the angle short and rounded, the dorsal line ascending and slightly convex, the ridge rounded, the sides convex, the edges involute, the tip acute. Nostrils small, roundish, partially concealed by the plumage. Head ovate; neck short; body moderately stout. Tarsus rather short, compressed, with seven scutella; toes moderate, very slender, hind toe rather large, lateral toes about equal, outer adherent at the base. Claws of moderate length, very slender, extremely compressed, arched, tapering to a fine point. Plumage very soft, blended. Wings very short, convex, rounded, the third and fourth quills longest, the first and seventh about equal. Tail rather long, graduated, of twelve narrow rounded feathers. No difference in the colours of the sexes. Name from [Greek: Peuchê], a pine.

176. 1. Peucæa Bachmanii,Aud.Bachman's Pinewood-Finch.

Plate CLXV.Male.

Feathers of the upper parts brownish-red margined with bluish-grey, those on the fore part of the back darker; quills dusky brown, primaries margined with yellowish-grey, secondaries with brownish-red; tail-feathers dusky brown margined with grey; a band of ochre-yellow from the base of the upper mandible over the eye; throat paleyellowish-grey, with a short dusky streak on each side; lower parts light yellowish-grey, the fore part of the breast and the sides tinged with brown.

Male, 6, 71/2.

Georgia and South Carolina. Rather rare. Migratory.

Bachman's Finch, Fringilla Bachmanii,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 366.

177. 2. Peucæa Lincolnii,Aud.Lincoln's Pinewood-Finch.

Plate CXCIII.Male and Female.

Bill shorter and more slender. Upper parts yellowish, streaked with brownish-black: on the head a thin greyish-blue longitudinal band; quills dusky brown, margined with yellowish-brown; tail-feathers broadly margined with yellowish-brown; cheeks greyish-brown, with an inferior band of ochreous; throat white, streaked with dusky, and having a line of dusky spots on each side; fore part of breast and sides pale greyish-yellow, streaked with dusky; the rest of the lower parts greyish-white.

Male, 53/4, 82/12.

New York and Labrador. Rather rare. Migratory.

Lincoln's Finch, Fringilla Lincolnii,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 539.

GENUS VII. LINARIA,Ray. LINNET.

Bill short, conical, moderately stout, higher than broad at the base, compressed toward the end, acuminate; upper mandible with the dorsal line straight, the nasal sinus very short and broad, the ridge distinct and narrow, the sides convex, the edges ascending at first, afterwards direct, the tip very narrow, without notches; lower mandible with the angle short and semicircular, the dorsal line straight or very slightly concave, the sides convex, the tip acuminate. Nostrils basal, roundish, concealed by the feathers. Head of moderate size, roundish; neck short; body moderate. Feet of moderate length; tarsus short, compressed, with seven scutella; toes rather stout, the first large. Claws long, moderately arched, much compressed, very acute. Plumage soft and blended. Wings rather long, the first three quills nearly equal, the second generally longest, the first longer than the third. Tail rather long, deeply emarginateor forked, with the feathers pointed. Roof of upper mandible concave, with two ridges; tongue deeper than broad, concave above toward the point, which is acute; œsophagus enlarged about the middle; stomach roundish, muscular; intestine of moderate length, slender; cœca very small.

178. 1. Linaria borealis,Temm.Mealy Redpoll Linnet.

Plate CCCC.Fig. 2. Male.

Male with the upper part of the head crimson, the cheeks, sides of the body, and hind part of the rump pale carmine; a band edging the forehead, the loral space, and the throat black; upper parts dusky, streaked with brownish-white, the fore part of the rump nearly white; feathers of the wings and tail dusky, margined with greyish-white, of which there are two transverse bands on the wings, formed by the tips of the secondary coverts and first row of small coverts; lower parts greyish-white, the sides streaked with dusky. Female somewhat less, with the black on the forehead and throat tinged with brown, the crimson patch on the head of less extent, the sides and rump destitute of red.

Male, 51/4, 9.

Accidental in New Jersey and New York. More common from Maine northward. Labrador and Fur Countries. Columbia River.

Grosbec boreal, Fringilla borealis,Temm.Man. d'Orn. v. iii. p. 264.Mealy Redpoll, Fringilla borealis,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 87.

Grosbec boreal, Fringilla borealis,Temm.Man. d'Orn. v. iii. p. 264.

Mealy Redpoll, Fringilla borealis,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 87.

179. 2. Linaria minor,Ray. Lesser Redpoll Linnet.

Plate CCCLXXV.Male and Female.

Male with the upper part of the head crimson; the sides of the neck, its fore part, the breast, and flanks, rich carmine; a band edging the forehead, the loral space, and the throat, brownish-black; the hind part of the head, the neck, the fore part of the back, and the scapulars deep-brown, streaked with pale yellowish-brown; the feathers on the rump margined with whitish, and tipped with carmine; feathers of the wings and tail brown, edged with yellowish-brown, of which there are two bands on the wings formed by the tips of the secondary coverts and first row of small coverts; middle of the breast, abdomen, and lower tail-coverts white, tinged with rose-colours; the sides longitudinally streaked with dusky. Female somewhat less, with the back of the forehead and throat more brown, less red on the head, and little or none on the rump or lower parts, which are white, the breast and flanks streaked with dusky. Young with the feathers of the upper parts blackish-brown, edged with yellowish-brown, the rump yellowish-grey,the lower parts dull white, streaked with blackish-brown; no red on any part.

Male, 5, 83/4.

From Pennsylvania and New Jersey to Maine, in winter; inland, to Kentucky. Breeds in Maine, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Labrador, and the Fur Countries. Abundant. Migratory.

Lesser Redpoll, Fringilla linaria,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. 42.Fringilla linaria,Bonap.Syn. p. 112.Linaria minor, Lesser Redpoll,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. i. p. 267.Lesser Redpoll,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 512.Lesser Redpoll, Fringilla Linaria,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 533.

Lesser Redpoll, Fringilla linaria,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. 42.

Fringilla linaria,Bonap.Syn. p. 112.

Linaria minor, Lesser Redpoll,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. i. p. 267.

Lesser Redpoll,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 512.

Lesser Redpoll, Fringilla Linaria,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 533.

180. 3. Linaria pinus,Wils.Pine Linnet.

Plate CLXXX.Male and Female.

Upper parts yellowish-grey, streaked with dark brown; feathers of the wings dusky, the primaries margined with yellow, of which there is a patch formed by the bases of all the quills, except the outer three, and a few of the inner; tips of first row of small coverts, secondary coverts and outer edges of secondary quills dull white; tail-feathers dusky, their bases and outer edges yellow; lower parts greyish-white, streaked with brown, the fore neck tinged with reddish.

Male, 49/12, 81/2.

Wanders during winter to South Carolina, Louisiana, and Kentucky. Breeds north of the United States, in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Labrador. Columbia River. Plentiful.

Pine Finch, Fringilla pinus,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 133.Fringilla pinus,Bonap.Syn. p. 111.Pine Finch, Fringilla pinus,Nutt.Man. v.i. p. 511.Pine Finch, Fringilla pinus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 455; v. v. p. 509.

Pine Finch, Fringilla pinus,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 133.

Fringilla pinus,Bonap.Syn. p. 111.

Pine Finch, Fringilla pinus,Nutt.Man. v.i. p. 511.

Pine Finch, Fringilla pinus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 455; v. v. p. 509.

GENUS VIII. CARDUELIS,Cuv.GOLDFINCH.

Bill short, or of moderate length, conical, very stout at the base, compressed toward the end, and tapering to a fine point; upper mandible a little broader, with the nasal sinus very broad, the dorsal outline very slightly convex, the ridge narrowed toward the end, the sides convex, the edges a little inflected and overlapping, the edges slightly ascending at the base, the notches obsolete, the tip very acute; lower mandible with the angle short and rounded, the dorsal line straight, the sides convex, the tip very acute. Nostrils basal, roundish, concealed by the feathers. Head roundish-ovate; neck short; body rather full. Legs rather short;tarsus short, compressed, slender, with seven scutella; toes moderate, the first large, the lateral nearly equal. Claws long, compressed, moderately curved, very acute. Plumage very soft and blended. Wings rather long, pointed, the first, second, and third quills about equal and longest. Tail rather short, deeply emarginate. Roof of upper mandible deeply concave; tongue grooved above, pointed; œsophagus dilated about the middle; stomach small, broadly elliptical, moderately muscular; intestine short; cœca very small.

181. 1. Carduelis tristis,Linn.American Goldfinch.

PlateXXXIII. Male and Female.

Bill rather slender, second and third quills longest. Male rich lemon-yellow, fading behind into yellowish-white; upper part of head, wings, and tail black; smaller coverts yellow, quills margined, and secondary coverts tipped with yellowish-white; inner webs of tail-feathers in their terminal half white. Female brownish-olive above, without black on the head; fore neck and breast greyish-yellow, the rest of the lower parts greyish-white. Young like the female, as is the male in winter.

Male, 41/2, 8.

Abundant in the Middle and Western Districts, during summer. Accidental in the Southern States during winter. Columbia River and Fur Countries. Abundant. Migratory.

American Goldfinch, Fringilla tristis,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 20.Fringilla tristis,Bonap.Syn. p. 111.Carduelis Americana (Edwards), American Goldfinch,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 268.Yellow Bird or American Goldfinch,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 507.American Goldfinch, Fringilla tristis,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 172; v. v. p. 510.

American Goldfinch, Fringilla tristis,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 20.

Fringilla tristis,Bonap.Syn. p. 111.

Carduelis Americana (Edwards), American Goldfinch,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 268.

Yellow Bird or American Goldfinch,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 507.

American Goldfinch, Fringilla tristis,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 172; v. v. p. 510.

182. 2. Carduelis magellanicus,Vieill.Black-headed Goldfinch.

PlateCCCXCIV. Fig. 2. Male.

Bill moderately stout; first and second quills equal and longest. Male with the head and throat black, back yellowish-green, rump and lower parts greenish-yellow; wings black, with two bands of yellowish-green, terminating the first row of small coverts, and the secondary coverts; a conspicuous band of yellow on the basal portion of all the quills, most of which are margined with the same toward the end; tail yellow, with the terminal half black.

Male, 43/4, wing 210/12.

Five seen in winter at Henderson in Kentucky, of which I procured two.

Black-headed Siskin, Fringilla magellanica,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 46.

183. 3. Carduelis psaltria,Say. Arkansaw Goldfinch.

Plate CCCC.Fig. 1. Male.

Bill moderately stout; second quill longest, third scarcely shorter. Male with the upper part of the head black; hind neck, back, and scapulars yellowish-green, spotted with greenish-brown; rump greenish-yellow; upper tail-coverts dusky, margined with yellow, as on the smaller wing-coverts; the other coverts and quills black; secondary coverts broadly tipped with pale yellow, forming a conspicuous band; quills margined with yellowish-white, all except the outer three and the inner secondaries, white toward the base; tail-feathers brownish-black, narrowly edged with whitish, and all, except the middle and lateral with a whitish space at the base, running out along the outer margin so as to form a conspicuous patch. Female similar, but without the black on the head.

Male, 41/2, 8.

Eastern bases of Rocky Mountains, and Western Plains. Accidental in Lower Louisiana. Common. Migratory.

Arkansaw Siskin, Fringilla psaltria,Say, Long's Exped. v. ii. p. 40.Fringilla psaltria,Bonap.Syn. p. 111.Arkansas Siskin,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 510.Arkansaw Siskin, Fringilla psaltria,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 85.

Arkansaw Siskin, Fringilla psaltria,Say, Long's Exped. v. ii. p. 40.

Fringilla psaltria,Bonap.Syn. p. 111.

Arkansas Siskin,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 510.

Arkansaw Siskin, Fringilla psaltria,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 85.

184. 4. Carduelis Yarrellii,Aud.Yarrell's Goldfinch.

Plate CCCCXXXIII.Fig. 4. Male. Fig. 5. Female.

Bill very thick; second quill longest, third slightly longer than first. Male with the upper part of the head black, the back and scapulars yellowish-green, the hind neck and rump yellow; the wings and tail brownish-black; the former, when extended, crossed by two bands, one greenish-yellow, tipping the first row of small coverts, the other bright yellow and broad, on the base of the primary and secondary quills; tail also yellow in its basal half; lower parts bright yellow. Female with the upper parts yellowish-green, the lower dull greenish-yellow. This species, which has the bill thicker than any other here described, although it is otherwise inferior in size, not having been found by me any where noticed, I propose to honour with the name of my excellent friend Mr Yarrell. In my ornithological biography it is described as the Mexican Goldfinch, but that species has the back black, and the bases of the quills and tail-feathers white.

Male, 4, wing, 21/2.

Upper California.

Mexican Goldfinch, Fringilla Mexicana,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 282.

185. 5. Carduelis Stanleyi,Aud.Stanley Goldfinch.

Not figured.

Bill thick; second and third quills equal, first little shorter. Male with the upper part of the head black, the back and scapulars yellowish-green, faintly streaked with dusky, the rump inclining to greenish-yellow; the wings and tail black; the former, when extended, crossed by two bands, one greenish-yellow, tipping the first row of small coverts, the other bright yellow and broad at the base of the primary and secondary quills; tail also yellow in its basal third, except on the middle feather; lower parts greenish-yellow, feeding into white on the abdomen; feathers on the throat black at the base; lower tail-coverts yellow, tipped with white, and having a central dusky streak. Female dull yellowish-green above, faintly streaked with dusky, paler beneath.

In this species, which I have named in honour of the illustrious Earl of Derby, the bill is so thick and short as to approach in form to that of the European Greenfinch.

Male, 49/12, wing, 210/12.

Upper California.

GENUS IX. FRINGILLA,Linn.FINCH.

Bill short, stout, conical, somewhat compressed, pointed; upper mandible of the same breadth as the lower, with its dorsal line straight, the ridge indistinct, the sides rounded, the edges ascending at the base, the notches obsolete, the tip scarcely deflected; lower mandible with the angle very short and rounded, the dorsal line straight, the sides convex, the edges inflected, the tip acute. Nostrils basal, roundish, concealed by the feathers. Head rather large, ovate; neck short; body compact. Legs of moderate length; tarsus rather short, compressed, with seven scutella; toes moderate; hind toe stout, lateral equal. Claws rather long, arched, compressed, acute. Plumage rather compact, but blended. Wings of moderate length, with the second, third, and fourth quills longest. Tail of moderate length, slightly emarginate. Roof of upper mandible moderately concave, with three longitudinal ridges; tongue compressed, channelled above, horny, rather obtuse and concave at the end; œsophagusdilated about the middle; stomach roundish, muscular; intestine rather short; cœca small.

* Wings rather short, claws long, little arched.

186. 1. Fringilla iliaca,Merrem.Fox-coloured Finch.

Plate CVIII.Male and Female.

Upper parts light red, claws long, hind toe and its claws of equal length, tail lighter, the head and neck intermixed with light bluish-grey; inner webs of quills brown, secondary coverts slightly tipped with whitish; lower parts white, and, except the abdomen, spotted with light red, the spots on the breast smaller and inclining to black; a patch of dusky on its fore part, produced by the inner webs of several of the feathers.

Male, 71/2, 101/2.Female, 71/2.

Dispersed in winter throughout the Southern and Western Districts. Breeds from Nova Scotia to Labrador and the Fur Countries. Rather common.

Fox-coloured Sparrow, Fringilla rufa,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 53.Fringilla iliaca,Bonap.Syn. p. 112.Fringilla (Zonotrichia) iliaca,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 257.Ferruginous Finch, Fringilla iliaca,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 514.Fox-coloured Sparrow, Fringilla iliaca,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 58; v. v. p. 512.

Fox-coloured Sparrow, Fringilla rufa,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 53.

Fringilla iliaca,Bonap.Syn. p. 112.

Fringilla (Zonotrichia) iliaca,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 257.

Ferruginous Finch, Fringilla iliaca,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 514.

Fox-coloured Sparrow, Fringilla iliaca,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 58; v. v. p. 512.

187. 2. Fringilla Townsendi,Aud.Townsend's Finch.

Plate CCCCXXIV.Fig. 7. Female.

Claws very long, hind toe much shorter than its claw; upper parts very dark olivaceous-brown, with a slight tinge of red, which is more conspicuous on the rump and outer webs of the tail-feathers, and margins of the wings and quills; sides of the neck and body and feathers of legs similar, the rest white with dark brown triangular spots, lower tail-coverts brown, broadly margined with pale dull yellow.

Female, 7, 101/2.

Colorado of the West. Rocky Mountains.

Townsend's Finch, Fringilla Townsendi,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 236.

188. 3. Fringilla cinerea,Gmel.Brown Finch.

Plate CCCXC.Fig. 4. Male.

Hind claw and toe of equal length; upper parts brownish-grey tinged with olivaceous, streaked with dark reddish-brown; three longitudinal bands of bluish-grey on the head; secondaries and their coverts broadly margined with dull chestnut; tail-feathers with a fainter tint of the same; on the cheek a whitish line, and beneath it a dusky brown band; throat and fore part of the neck white, with longitudinal darkreddish-brown streaks; the middle of the breast yellowish-white, the sides dark yellowish-brown, streaked with dark reddish-brown; lower tail-coverts brown, broadly margined with pale yellowish-grey.

Male, 6, 8.

Platte River, North California, and Columbia River. Common. Migratory.

Fringilla cinerea,Gmel.Syst. Nat. v. i. p. 922.Cinereous Finch, Arct. Zool. v. ii. N. 260.Brown Song Sparrow, Fringilla cinerea,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 22.

Fringilla cinerea,Gmel.Syst. Nat. v. i. p. 922.

Cinereous Finch, Arct. Zool. v. ii. N. 260.

Brown Song Sparrow, Fringilla cinerea,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 22.

189. 4. Fringilla melodia,Wils.Song Finch.

Plate XXV.Male and Female.

Hind toe and claw of equal length; upper parts yellowish-grey, streaked with brownish-black and brownish-red; on the head three greyish-blue longitudinal bands; quills dusky brown, margined with brownish-red, tail-feathers dull light brown, edged with lighter; sides of the head yellowish-grey, with two bands of dusky brown; throat white, with a broad band of dusky brown on each side; lower parts white, the fore neck and sides tinged with reddish, and streaked with dusky brown. Bill stouter than in the preceding species.

Male, 6, 81/2.

Breeds from Texas to Nova Scotia. Not observed in Kentucky. Winter resident in the Southern States. Very abundant.

Fringilla melodia,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 125.Fringilla melodia,Bonap.Syn. p. 108.Common Song Sparrow, Fringilla melodia,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 486.Song Sparrow, Fringilla melodia,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 126; v. v. p. 507.

Fringilla melodia,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 125.

Fringilla melodia,Bonap.Syn. p. 108.

Common Song Sparrow, Fringilla melodia,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 486.

Song Sparrow, Fringilla melodia,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 126; v. v. p. 507.

190. 5. Fringilla Mortoni,Aud.Morton's Finch.

Not figured.

Wings of moderate length, the first quill two-twelfths of an inch shorter than the second, which is almost equal to the third; tail of moderate length, nearly even; bill dusky; feet and claws yellowish-brown; upper part of head ash-grey, with a longitudinal band of black on each side, externally of which is a greyish-white band; loral space, cheek-feathers, and auriculars dusky, the feathers under the eye tipped with white; throat white, surrounded with a black band; a light chestnut-red band surrounding the neck unless for a short space in front; fore-part of back and scapulars light dull yellowish-red, streaked with brownish-black, the hind part, rump, and upper tail-coverts yellowish-grey; the smaller wing-coverts yellowish-grey, the first row brownish-black toward the end with the tip white, the secondary coverts and inner secondary quills brownish-black, broadly margined with light yellowish-red, the former tipped with white, the rest of the quills dusky brown, edged with yellowish-red fading on the outerwhitish; tail-feathers blackish-brown, narrowly edged with pale yellowish-grey, the lateral of a lighter tint; lower parts dull brownish-white, sides light greyish-brown, lower wing-coverts yellowish-white.

Male, 51/2, wing, 211/12.

North California.

Morton's Finch, Fringilla Mortoni,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 312.

* Claws shorter and more curved.

191. 6. Fringilla Pennsylvanica,Lath.White-throated Finch.

Plate VIII.Male and Female.

Male with the bill dusky; the upper part of the head black, with a central white band; a bright yellow band from the nostril to the eye continued into a white band passing over and behind it, and margined beneath with black; fore part of back bright bay, streaked with dusky and reddish-yellow; rump yellowish-grey; edge of wing light yellow; quills brownish-black, primaries edged with yellowish-grey, secondaries and their coverts with light red; two narrow bands of white on the wings, formed by the tips of the secondary coverts and first row of small coverts; tail-feathers brown, edged with rufous; throat white; cheeks, sides, and fore part of neck, and a portion of breast, ash-grey, the rest of the lower parts greyish-white, the sides tinged with yellowish-grey. Female similar, but with the colours duller.

Male, 61/2, 9.Female, 61/4, 81/2.

Winter resident from Louisiana to Maryland, and inland as far as Kentucky. Breeds from Maine to the Fur Countries. Abundant.

White-throated Sparrow, Fringilla albicollis,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 51.Fringilla Pennsylvanica,Bonap.Syn. p. 108.Fringilla (Zonotrichia) Pennsylvanica, White-throated Finch,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 256.White-throated Sparrow, Fringilla Pennsylvanica,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 481.White-throated Sparrow, Fringilla Pennsylvanica,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 42; v. v. p. 497.

White-throated Sparrow, Fringilla albicollis,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 51.

Fringilla Pennsylvanica,Bonap.Syn. p. 108.

Fringilla (Zonotrichia) Pennsylvanica, White-throated Finch,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 256.

White-throated Sparrow, Fringilla Pennsylvanica,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 481.

White-throated Sparrow, Fringilla Pennsylvanica,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 42; v. v. p. 497.

192. 7. Fringilla leucophrys,Gmel.White-crowned Finch.—White-crowned Sparrow.

Plate CXIV.Adult Male and Female in second plumage.

Male with the bill yellowish-red, tipped with brown; upper part of the head with four longitudinal black, and three white bands; fore part of the back streaked with reddish-brown and yellowish-grey; rump light yellowish-brown; quills dark brown, primaries edged with yellowish-grey, secondaries and their coverts with yellowish-red; edge of wing whitish; two bands of white on the wing, formed by the tips of the secondary coverts and first row of small coverts; tail-feathersbrown, edged with yellowish-brown; throat greyish-white; cheeks, sides, and fore part of the neck, and a portion of the breast, ash-grey; abdomen white, sides, and lower tail-coverts yellowish-brown. Female similar to the male. Young in first plumage with the back, wings, and tail as in the adult, but duller, and the bands inconspicuous; on the head three greyish-white bands, streaked with dusky, and four dull greyish-brown bands similarly streaked; cheeks, sides, and fore part of the neck, with a portion of the breast dull greyish-white, streaked with dusky, the rest of the lower parts dull yellowish-white. At the second moult the colours approximate to those of the old bird, but the central band on the head is dull yellowish-brown, the lateral bands brownish-red; while the lower parts are of much duller tints.

Male, 71/2, 101/2.

Breeds from Newfoundland and Labrador northward. Abundant. Migratory. Passes southward in autumn beyond the Texas.

White-crowned Bunting, Emberiza leucophrys,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. 49.Fringilla leucophrys,Bonap.Syn. p. 479.Fringilla (Zonotrichia) leucophrys, White-crowned Finch,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 255.White-crowned Bunting or Finch,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 479.White-crowned Sparrow, Fringilla leucophrys,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 88; v. v. p. 515.

White-crowned Bunting, Emberiza leucophrys,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. 49.

Fringilla leucophrys,Bonap.Syn. p. 479.

Fringilla (Zonotrichia) leucophrys, White-crowned Finch,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 255.

White-crowned Bunting or Finch,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 479.

White-crowned Sparrow, Fringilla leucophrys,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 88; v. v. p. 515.

193. 8. Fringilla atricapilla,Gmel.Black-and-yellow-crowned Finch.

Plate CCCXCIV.Fig. 3. Male.

Bill dusky above, reddish-brown beneath; upper part of head black, with a median longitudinal band of yellow, changing behind to grey; upper parts yellowish-brown, tinged with grey; the feathers of the fore part of the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts, with a central dusky spot; quills and larger coverts dark brown, bordered with reddish-brown, paler on the primaries; the tips of the secondary coverts and first row of small coverts white, forming two bands across the wing; tail-feathers brown, edged with yellowish-grey; sides of the head, throat, fore part and sides of the neck, and breast, light grey, the sides and lower tail-coverts pale yellowish-brown, the abdomen brownish-white. Young with the upper parts dull yellowish-grey, streaked with dusky; wings and tail dusky brown, the primaries and tail-feathers edged with yellowish-green; the lower parts greyish-white, streaked with dusky, the throat white, with a dusky band on each side, the sides and lower tail-coverts tinged with light yellowish-brown.

Male, 8, wing 35/12.

Rocky Mountains and Columbia River. Rare. Migratory.

Emberiza atricapilla,Gmel.Syst. Nat. v. i. p. 875.Black-and-yellow-crowned Finch, Emberiza atricapilla,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 47.

Emberiza atricapilla,Gmel.Syst. Nat. v. i. p. 875.

Black-and-yellow-crowned Finch, Emberiza atricapilla,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 47.

GENUS X. PIPILO,Vieill.GROUND-FINCH.

Bill short, stout, narrower than the head, conical, somewhat compressed, acute; upper mandible with the dorsal line slightly convex, the ridge narrow and distinct, the sides convex, the edges somewhat inflected, ascending for more than a third, then direct, with a slight festoon; notches very slight, tip declinate, narrow; lower mandible with the angle very short and broad, the dorsal line slightly convex, the sides rounded, the edges involute, the point acute. Nostrils basal, roundish, partially concealed by the feathers. Tarsus of moderate length, compressed, with seven scutella; toes rather large, scutellate above, the first stronger, the lateral nearly equal. Claws rather long, moderately arched, slender, compressed, laterally grooved, acute. Small bristles at the base of the upper mandible. Plumage full, soft, and blended. Wings of ordinary length, much rounded, the fourth quill longest; tail long, rounded. Roof of upper mandible rather flat, with a narrow median and two broad lateral flattened ridges, tongue compressed, convex above, with a median groove, horny at the end, and pointed; œsophagus slightly dilated about the middle; stomach a strong muscular gizzard; intestine short; cœca small.

194. 1. Pipilo arcticus,Swains.Arctic Ground-Finch.

Plate CCCXCIV.Fig. 4. Male. Fig. 5. Female.

Head, neck all round, a part of the breast, and upper parts in general, black; sides and lower tail-coverts orange-red, the latter paler; central part of the breast and abdomen white; feathers of the tibia dusky, margined with whitish; an elongated patch on the outer web of all the scapulars, a small terminal spot on the first row of small coverts, and on the secondary coverts, and a large patch at the end of the inner web of the outer three tail-feathers on each side, white. Female smaller, differing only in having the parts which are black in the male dull brownish-black.

Male, 81/2; wing, 31/2.Female, 8; wing, 31/4.

Columbia River, and northward to the Fur Countries. Abundant. Migratory.

Pyrgita (Pipilo) arctica, Arctic Ground-Finch,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 260.Arctic Ground-Finch,Nutt.Man. v. ii. p. 589.Arctic Ground-Finch, Fringilla arctica,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 49.

Pyrgita (Pipilo) arctica, Arctic Ground-Finch,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 260.

Arctic Ground-Finch,Nutt.Man. v. ii. p. 589.

Arctic Ground-Finch, Fringilla arctica,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 49.

195. 2. Pipilo erythrophthalmus,Linn.Towhe Ground-Finch.—Towhe Bunting. Ground Robin. Swamp Robin.

Plate XXIX.Male and Female.

Head, neck all round, a portion of the breast, and upper parts in general, black; sides and lower tail-coverts orange-red, the latter paler; central part of the breast and abdomen white; feathers of the tibia dusky, margined with whitish (no white spots on the scapulars or wing-coverts); a white patch on the wing, formed by the bases of the outer webs of six or seven of the primaries; outer three tail-feathers with a white patch toward the end on their inner webs chiefly (much more extended than in the last species). Female smaller, differing from the male only in having the parts which in him are deep black, dusky reddish-brown. Young in first plumage with the upper parts dull reddish-brown, streaked with brownish-black; the wings and tail as in the adult, the lower parts pale yellowish-grey, marked with short longitudinal streaks of dusky.

Male, 81/2, 12.

Breeds from Texas along the Atlantic districts, as well as in the interior, northward to Labrador. Abundant. Migratory.

Towhe Bunting, Emberiza erythrophthalma,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 35.Fringilla erythrophthalma,Bonap.Syn. p. 112.Ground Robin or Towhe Finch, Fringilla erythrophthalma,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 515.Towhe Bunting, Fringilla erythrophthalma,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 151; v. v. p. 511.

Towhe Bunting, Emberiza erythrophthalma,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 35.

Fringilla erythrophthalma,Bonap.Syn. p. 112.

Ground Robin or Towhe Finch, Fringilla erythrophthalma,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 515.

Towhe Bunting, Fringilla erythrophthalma,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 151; v. v. p. 511.

GENUS XI. ERYTHROSPIZA,Bonap.PURPLE-FINCH.

Bill rather short, robust, bulging, conical, pointed; upper mandible a little broader, with the nasal sinus very short and broad, the dorsal line a little convex, the ridge indistinct, the sides rounded, the edges a little inflected, ascending at the base, afterwards direct, the notches faint, the tip slightly deflected, rather acute; lower mandible with the angle short and rounded, the dorsal line ascending, straight, the back and sides rounded, the edges involute, the tip acute. Nostrils roundish, partially concealed by the shortreflexed bristly feathers. Head large, roundish-ovate; neck short, body moderate. Tarsus short, slender, compressed, with seven scutella; toes rather small, first stout, lateral nearly equal. Claws slender, much compressed, well arched, acute. Plumage soft and rather blended; feathers of the hind head somewhat elongated and pointed. Wings of moderate length, rather pointed, the outer four quills longest. Tail of moderate length, deeply emarginate. Upper mandible concave beneath, with two prominent lines, of which the lateral are much larger; tongue higher than broad, channelled above, the tip somewhat rounded and concave; œsophagus dilated about the middle; stomach roundish, muscular; intestine short; cœca very small.

196. 1. Erythrospiza purpurea,Gmel.Crested Purple-Finch.—Purple Finch.

Plate IV.Male and Female.

Second quill longest, first shorter than third. Male with the head, neck, breast, back, and upper tail-coverts, crimson, paler behind; fore part of the back spotted with brown; quills, larger coverts, and tail, deep brown, margined with dull red. Female with the upper parts yellowish-olive, streaked with brown; a whitish band over the eye; lower parts greyish-white, streaked with brown. Young like the female.

Male, 6, 9.

During winter, from Texas to the Carolinas, and northward to Kentucky. In summer, from St Louis to the Columbia, and in the Fur Countries. Abundant.

Purple Finch, Fringilla purpurea,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 119.Purple Finch,Bonap.Syn. p. 114.Fringilla purpurea Wilson, Crested Purple Finch,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 264.Purple Finch, Fringilla purpurea,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 24; v. v. p. 200.

Purple Finch, Fringilla purpurea,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 119.

Purple Finch,Bonap.Syn. p. 114.

Fringilla purpurea Wilson, Crested Purple Finch,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 264.

Purple Finch, Fringilla purpurea,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 24; v. v. p. 200.

197. 2. Erythrospiza frontalis,Say. Crimson-fronted Purple-Finch.

Plate CCCCXXIV.Fig. 2. Male.

Third quill longest, second and fourth equal; tail long, slightly emarginate, and a little rounded. Male with the forehead and a band over the eye, proceeding down the neck, crimson; throat, fore part of breast and sides, with the rump, rich carmine, the latter paler; upper parts greyish-brown, the head, hind neck, and fore part of back,tinged with crimson; feathers of wings and tail dusky, edged with brownish-grey; hind part of breast, abdomen, and lower tail-coverts yellowish-white, streaked with dusky. Female with the feathers of the upper parts brown, edged with brownish-white; the lower parts brownish-white, streaked with brown.

Male, 61/4, wing, 31/2.

Bases of Rocky Mountains. Rare. Migratory.

Fringilla frontalis,Say, Long's Exped. v. ii. p. 40.Crimson-necked Bullfinch, Pyrrhula frontalis,Bonap.Amer. Orn. v. i. pl. 1.Crimson-fronted Bullfinch, Pyrrhula frontalis,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 534.Crimson-necked Finch, Fringilla frontalis,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 230.

Fringilla frontalis,Say, Long's Exped. v. ii. p. 40.

Crimson-necked Bullfinch, Pyrrhula frontalis,Bonap.Amer. Orn. v. i. pl. 1.

Crimson-fronted Bullfinch, Pyrrhula frontalis,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 534.

Crimson-necked Finch, Fringilla frontalis,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 230.

198. 3. Erythrospiza tephrocotis,Swains.Grey-crowned Purple-Finch.

Plate CCCCXXIV.Fig. 3. Male.

Male dark umber-brown; upper part of head ash-grey, anteriorly spotted with black; first row of small wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts broadly edged and tipped with rose-red, as are the feathers of the sides, and the lower tail-coverts, feathers of wings and tail dusky brown, margined with brownish-white, the secondary coverts with dull red.

Male, 6; wing, 4.

Saskatchewan River. Very rare. Migratory.

Linaria (Leucosticte) tephrocotis, Swainson's Grey-crowned Linnet,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 265.Grey-crowned Linnet, Fringilla tephrocotis,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 232.

Linaria (Leucosticte) tephrocotis, Swainson's Grey-crowned Linnet,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 265.

Grey-crowned Linnet, Fringilla tephrocotis,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 232.

GENUS XII. CORYTHUS,Cuv.PINE-FINCH.

Bill short, robust, bulging at the base, conical, acute; upper mandible of the same breadth as the lower, with its dorsal line very convex, the nasal sinus semicircular, the sides convex, the edges sharp, overlapping, gently ascending at the base, then arched, with a slight festoon, the notches obsolete, the tip declinate, acute; lower mandible with the angle semicircular, the dorsal line slightly convex, the back rounded at the base, the sides convex, the edges somewhat inflected, the tip obtuse. Nostrils basal, round, concealed by bristly feathers. Head large, roundish-ovate; neck short; body moderately stout; feet short; tarsus short, compressed, with seven scutella; toes stout, the first proportionally large, the lateral nearly equal, the outer adherentat the base. Claws long, moderately arched, compressed, acute, that of the third toe longer than that of the first. Plumage soft, full, rather blended; two tufts of bristly feathers at the base of the upper mandible directed forwards. Wings of moderate length, pointed, the first, second, and third, nearly equal. Tail rather long, deeply emarginate. Roof of the mouth concave, with five prominent ridges; tongue deeper than broad, in its distal half oblong, concave, obtuse, and horny; œsophagus dilated about the middle; stomach large, muscular, with the lateral muscles distinct, and the epithelium rugous, intestine long, and rather slender; cœca very small; cloaca oblong.

199. 1. Corythus Enucleator,Linn.Common Pine-finch.—Pine Grosbeak.

Plate CCCLVIII.Male, Female, and Young.

Male bright carmine, tinged with vermilion; the feathers on the fore part of the back and the scapulars greyish-brown in the centre; bristly feathers at the base of the bill blackish-brown; middle of the breast, abdomen, and lower tail-coverts, light grey, the latter with a central dusky streak; wings blackish-brown; primaries edged with reddish-white, secondaries more broadly with white; secondary coverts and first row of small coverts tipped with reddish-white; smaller coverts edged with red. Female with the upper part of the head and hind neck yellowish-brown, the rump brownish-yellow, the rest of the upper parts light brownish-grey, wings and tail as in the male, but the white edgings and tips tinged with grey; cheeks and throat greyish-white, or yellowish; lower parts ash-grey, anteriorly tinged with brownish-yellow. The young resemble the female. Young males yellow and red, like those of Loxia curvirostra.

Male, 81/2, 14.Female, 81/4, 131/2.

From Pennsylvania and New Jersey, in winter, eastward to Newfoundland. Breeds from Maine northward. Common. Migratory.

Pine Grosbeak, Loxia Enucleator,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 80.Pyrrhula Enucleator,Bonap.Syn. p. 119.Pyrrhula (Corythus) Enucleator, Pine Bullfinch,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 262.Pine Grosbeak or Bullfinch,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 535.Pine Grosbeak, Pyrrhula Enucleator,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 414.

Pine Grosbeak, Loxia Enucleator,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 80.

Pyrrhula Enucleator,Bonap.Syn. p. 119.

Pyrrhula (Corythus) Enucleator, Pine Bullfinch,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 262.

Pine Grosbeak or Bullfinch,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 535.

Pine Grosbeak, Pyrrhula Enucleator,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 414.

GENUS XIII. LOXIA,Linn.CROSSBILL.

Bill rather long, stout at the base, where it is muchhigher than broad, extremely compressed toward the end, the mandibles towards their extremity deflected to opposite sides, so as to cross each other; upper mandible with the dorsal line convex and deflected, the sides slightly convex, the edges sharp, and towards the end united, the tip excessively compressed and decurved; lower mandible with its angle semicircular, the dorsal line ascending and convex, the edges sharp, inflected, and approximated at the tip, which is extremely acute. Nostrils small, basal, round, covered by the short bristly feathers. Head large, broadly ovate; neck short; body compact. Feet rather short and strong; tarsus short, compressed, with seven scutella; toes of moderate size, the first strong, the lateral nearly equal. Claws long, arched, very slender, much compressed, tapering to a fine point, that of the middle toe nearly as long as that of the first. Plumage soft, full, and blended. Two tufts of bristly feathers at the base of the upper mandible directed forwards. Wings of moderate length, pointed, the outer three primaries longest, the first generally exceeding the rest. Tail short, distinctly emarginate. Roof of the mouth concave, with three ridges, of which the median is much smaller; tongue deeper than broad, at the end oblong, obtuse, concave above, and horny; œsophagus dilated into a very large crop; stomach roundish, muscular, with the epithelium rugous; intestine of moderate length; cœca very small.

200. 1. Loxia curvirostra,Linn.Common Crossbill.

Plate CXCVII.Male, Female, and Young.

Male dull light red, inclining to vermilion; the wings and tail blackish-brown, the feathers narrowly margined with dull red. Female with the upper parts greyish-brown, tinged with green, the rump dull greenish-yellow, the sides of the head and neck of the same colour as the back, the lower parts pale greyish-yellow, brighter on the fore part of the breast, wings and tail as in the male, but the feathers edged with dull yellowish. Young with the central part of the feathers greyish-brown, the edges yellowish-grey, the upper parts thus appearing spotted, the lower streaked with dusky. Young males varyin the tints of the plumage from yellowish-green to orange and vermilion.

Male, 7, 10.

From Maryland eastward and northward, to lat. 52. Breeds in Pennsylvania, New York, and the north-eastern States to Nova Scotia. Common. Migratory.

American Crossbill, Curvirostra americana,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. 44.Loxia curvirostra,Bonap.Syn. p. 117.Common Crossbill,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 583.Common Crossbill, Loxia curvirostra,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 559; v. v. p. 511.

American Crossbill, Curvirostra americana,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. 44.

Loxia curvirostra,Bonap.Syn. p. 117.

Common Crossbill,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 583.

Common Crossbill, Loxia curvirostra,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 559; v. v. p. 511.

201. 2. Loxia leucoptera,Gmel.White-winged Crossbill.

Plate CCCLXIV.Male, Female, and Young.

Bill excessively compressed, with the mandibles less curved. Male rich carmine, inclining to crimson; the feathers on the fore part and middle of the back dusky, excepting the tips; the scapulars, wings, upper tail-coverts, and tail black; two broad bands of white on the wings, the anterior formed by the first row of small coverts, and several of those adjoining, the other by the secondary coverts, of which the basal half only is black. Female with the feathers of the upper parts dusky, edged with greyish-yellow, the rump wax-yellow; the wings and tail as in the male, but with the white bands of less breadth; lower parts yellowish-grey, streaked with dusky, the fore part of the breast wax-yellow. Young similar to the female, but with the lower parts dull yellowish-grey, spotted and streaked with dark brown.

Male, 61/2, 105/8.Female, 61/4, 10.

During winter, as far south as Maryland. Not uncommon in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, where a few breed. Common in Maine, Nova Scotia, Labrador, and the Fur Countries. Migratory.

White-winged Crossbill, Loxia leucoptera,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. 48.Loxia leucoptera,Bonap.Syn. p. 117.White-winged Crossbill, Loxia leucoptera,Bonap.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p.Loxia leucoptera, White-winged Crossbill,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 263.White-winged Crossbill, Loxia leucoptera,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 540.White-winged Crossbill, Loxia leucoptera,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 467.

White-winged Crossbill, Loxia leucoptera,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. 48.

Loxia leucoptera,Bonap.Syn. p. 117.

White-winged Crossbill, Loxia leucoptera,Bonap.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p.

Loxia leucoptera, White-winged Crossbill,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 263.

White-winged Crossbill, Loxia leucoptera,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 540.

White-winged Crossbill, Loxia leucoptera,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 467.

GENUS XIV. CORYDALINA,Aud.LARK-FINCH.

Bill of the same form as in the Guiraca, but smaller, and approaching to that of Dolichonyx, being short, robust, conical, a little compressed; upper mandible a little narrower, with the dorsal line very slightly convex, the ridge indistinct, the nasal sinus very broad and short, the sides convex, the edges ascending for a third of their length, then direct,the notches almost obsolete, the tip narrow; lower mandible with the angle short and very broad, the dorsal line ascending and slightly convex, the back broad, the sides rounded, the edges inflected, the tip pointed. Nostrils basal, roundish. Head large, ovate; neck short; body full. Feet of moderate length, stout; tarsus of ordinary length, compressed, with seven scutella; toes rather large, the first stouter, the lateral equal, the third very long. Claws rather long, arched, much compressed, laterally grooved, tapering to a very acute point. Plumage soft and blended. Bristles at the base of upper mandible feeble. Wings of moderate length, the outer three quills nearly equal, the second longest, the fourth slightly shorter than the third; outer secondaries broadly rounded and emarginate; inner tapering to a rounded point, one of them, when the wing is closed, little shorter than the outer primaries. Tail of moderate length, a little rounded. Name from [Greek: Korydalos], a lark.

202. 1. Corydalina bicolor,Towns.Prairie Lark-Finch.

Plate CCCXC.Fig. 2. Male. Fig. 3. Female.

Male black, slightly tinged with grey; a large patch of white on the wing, including some of the smaller coverts, the tips of the first row, and their secondary coverts; primaries and outer secondaries narrowly, inner secondaries broadly margined with white; tail-feathers narrowly edged with white, and having a narrow speck of the same at the end of the inner web. Female smaller, with the upper parts greyish-brown, streaked with dusky brown; the lower white, with oblong spots of brownish-black, the abdomen nearly pure white, their sides tinged with reddish-brown; quills dark brown, edged and tipped with reddish-white; the patch on the wing of the same tint; tail-feathers dark brown, the outer externally edged, and all tipped with white on the inner web.

Male, 7, wing 35/12.

Plains of the Platte River. Plentiful. Migratory.

Fringilla bicolor, Prairie Finch,Towns.Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 189.Prairie Finch, Fringilla bicolor,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 19.

Fringilla bicolor, Prairie Finch,Towns.Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 189.

Prairie Finch, Fringilla bicolor,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 19.

GENUS XV. PITYLUS,Cuvier. CARDINAL GROSBEAK.

Bill rather short, very robust, much higher than broad, tapering to a point; upper mandible considerably smaller than the lower, with the dorsal line convex, the ridge indistinct, the nasal sinus very wide, the sides convex, the edges ascending rapidly for a third of their length, then direct, with a slight festoon, slightly inflected, the notches faint, the tip a little deflected and narrow; lower mandible with the angle semicircular, the dorsal line straight, the sides at the base inflected, toward the end convex, the edges involute, the tip acute. Nostrils basal, round, concealed by the feathers. Plumage soft and blended, feathers of the head elongated and erectile; distinct bristles at the base of the upper mandible. Wings of moderate length, much rounded, the fourth and fifth quills longest, the first and eighth about equal. Tail long, rounded. Tarsus short, compressed, with seven scutella; toes moderate, hind toe stout, broad beneath, outer toe slightly longer than inner, and adherent at the base. Claws moderate, arched, compressed, acute. Upper mandible concave beneath, with three longitudinal ridges; tongue as high as broad, convex above, tapering to a point. Œsophagus nearly uniform, stomach pretty large, roundish, its lateral muscles strong.

203. 1. Pitylus Cardinalis,Linn.Common Cardinal Grosbeak.—Cardinal Bird. Red Bird. Virginian Nightingale.

Plate CLIX.Male and Female.

Male with the bill coral-red; plumage vermilion, duller on the upper parts; anterior part of forehead, lores, and throat black, inner webs of quills brown. Female with the bill paler, the upper parts yellowish-grey, the lower greyish-yellow, capistrum dusky; some of the crest-feathers, the wings and tail, as in the male, but of a fainter tint.

Male, 81/2, 111/2.

Breeds abundantly from Texas to New York. Very rare in Massachusetts.Valleys of the Mississippi and Missouri, Kentucky and Ohio. Resident from Maryland southward.

Cardinal Grosbeak, Loxia cardinalis,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 38.Fringilla cardinalis,Bonap.Syn. p. 113.Cardinal Grosbeak or Red Bird, Fringilla cardinalis,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 519.Cardinal Grosbeak, Fringilla cardinalis,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 336; v. v. p. 514.

Cardinal Grosbeak, Loxia cardinalis,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 38.

Fringilla cardinalis,Bonap.Syn. p. 113.

Cardinal Grosbeak or Red Bird, Fringilla cardinalis,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 519.

Cardinal Grosbeak, Fringilla cardinalis,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 336; v. v. p. 514.

GENUS XVI. COCCOBORUS,Swains.SONG-GROSBEAK.

Bill rather short, extremely robust, almost as broad as the head and somewhat compressed, tapering to a point; upper mandible considerably smaller than the lower, with the dorsal line convex, the ridge indistinct, the nasal sinus very wide, the sides convex, the edges ascending for a third of their length, then direct, with a slight festoon, and inflected, the notches faint, the tip a little deflected, and narrow; lower mandible with the angle short and semicircular, the dorsal line straight, the sides at the base inflected, toward the end convex, the edges involute, the tip acute. Nostrils basal, round. Plumage somewhat compact, blended; distinct bristles at the base of the upper mandible. Wings of moderate length, pointed, the outer three quills nearly equal, the second longest. Tail of moderate length, slightly emarginate. Tarsus short, compressed, with seven scutella; toes moderate, hind toe stout, broad beneath, outer toe slightly longer than inner, and adherent at the base. Claws moderate, arched, compressed, acute. Upper mandible concave beneath, with three longitudinal ridges; tongue as high as broad, convex above, tapering to a point; œsophagus rather wide, dilated about the middle; stomach rather small, roundish, compressed, with its muscles distinct and of moderate thickness, the epithelium longitudinally rugous; intestine short, and of moderate width; cœca very small.

204. 1. Coccoborus cœruleus,Linn.Blue Song-Grosbeak.

Plate CXXII.Male, Female, and Young.

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