Chapter 8

Loggerhead Shrike, Lanius Carolinensis,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 57.Lanius ludovicianus,Bonap.Syn. p. 72.Lanius Excubitorides, American Grey Shrike,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 115.Loggerhead Shrike,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 261.Loggerhead Shrike, Lanius Ludovicianus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 300; v. v. p. 300.

Loggerhead Shrike, Lanius Carolinensis,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 57.

Lanius ludovicianus,Bonap.Syn. p. 72.

Lanius Excubitorides, American Grey Shrike,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 115.

Loggerhead Shrike,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 261.

Loggerhead Shrike, Lanius Ludovicianus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 300; v. v. p. 300.

FAMILY XX. VIREONINÃ†. GREENLETS.

Bill of moderate length, straight, rather stout, compressed toward the end; gape-line slightly arched, notches distinct, tip very small, declinate. Head rather large, ovate; neck short; body rather slender. Feet of moderate length; tarsus compressed, slender, with seven anterior scutella; toes rather small, hind toe rather stout, lateral equal. Claws moderate, arched, compressed, acute. Plumage soft and blended. Wings of moderate length, rather pointed. Tail of moderate length, even or emarginate. Roof of upper mandible concave, with a median ridge; tongue narrow, flat above, with the point slit; Å“sophagus of moderate length, without dilatation; stomach, roundish, muscular, with a dense rugous epithelium; intestine short, and rather wide; cÅ“ca very small. Trachea simple, with four pairs of inferior laryngeal muscles.

GENUS I. VIREO,Vieill.GREENLET.

Bill rather short or of moderate length, rather strong, straight, broader than high at the base, compressed toward the end; upper mandible with the dorsal line slightly convex, the ridge narrow, the sides sloping and towards the end somewhat convex, the edges straight, the notches distinct, the tip small, decurved, acute; lower mandible with the angle of moderate length and rather narrow, the dorsal line ascending and rather convex, the sides convex, the edges inclinate, the tip acute and ascending. Nostrils basal, oblong. Head rather large, ovate; neck short; body ratherstout. Tarsus rather short, slender, compressed, with seven scutella; toes small, first large, inner considerably shorter than outer, which is adnate at the base. Plumage soft and blended; bristles small. Wings rather long, with the second and third quills longest, the first not much shorter. Tail of moderate length, nearly even.

238. 1. Vireo flavifrons,Vieill.Yellow-throated Greenlet.

Plate CXIX.Male.

Upper parts light green, the rump, scapulars, and smaller wing-coverts bluish-grey; quills and coverts brownish-black; two bands of white on the wing, formed by the tips of the secondary coverts and first row of small coverts; primaries narrower, edged with yellowish-green, secondaries broadly with white; tail-feathers brownish-black, the outer edged with white; sides of the neck yellowish-green; a line over the eye, throat, and breast yellow, the rest of the lower parts white.

Male, 53/4, 91/2.

From Texas to Nova Scotia. Rare in the interior, more abundant in the middle Atlantic districts. Migratory.

Yellow-throated Flycatcher, Muscicapa sylvicola,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 117.Vireo flavifrons,Bonap.Syn. p. 70.Yellow-throated Vireo,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 302.Yellow-throated Flycatcher or Vireo, Vireo flavifrons,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 119; v. v. p. 428.

Yellow-throated Flycatcher, Muscicapa sylvicola,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 117.

Vireo flavifrons,Bonap.Syn. p. 70.

Yellow-throated Vireo,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 302.

Yellow-throated Flycatcher or Vireo, Vireo flavifrons,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 119; v. v. p. 428.

239. 2. Vireo solitarius,Vieill.Solitary Greenlet.

Plate XXVIII.Male and Female.

Upper parts light olive-green, head greyish-blue; lower white, the sides greenish-yellow; eyelids and a band of white from the bill over the eye; a dusky spot before the eye; quills and coverts brownish-black; two bands of white on the wing, formed by the tips of the secondary coverts and first row of small coverts; primaries narrowly edged with yellowish-green, secondaries broadly with white; tail-feathers brownish-black, the outer edged with white; head and sides of neck inclining to greyish-blue.

Male, 51/2, 81/2.

From Texas to Nova Scotia, rather abundant. Rare in the interior. Columbia River. Migratory.

Solitary Flycatcher, Muscicapa solitaria,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 143.Vireo solitarius,Bonap.Syn. p. 79.Solitary Vireo or Flycatcher, Vireo solitarius,Nutt.Man. v. ii. p. 305.Solitary Flycatcher or Vireo, Vireo solitarius,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 147; v. v. p. 432.

Solitary Flycatcher, Muscicapa solitaria,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 143.

Vireo solitarius,Bonap.Syn. p. 79.

Solitary Vireo or Flycatcher, Vireo solitarius,Nutt.Man. v. ii. p. 305.

Solitary Flycatcher or Vireo, Vireo solitarius,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 147; v. v. p. 432.

240. 3. Vireo Noveboracensis,Gmel.White-eyed Greenlet.

Plate LXIII. Male.

Upper parts light green, inclining to olivaceous, forehead tinged with yellow; lower parts greyish-white, the sides yellow; eyelids and a band from the bill over the eye yellow; quills and coverts brown; two bands of yellowish-white on the wing formed by the tips of the secondary coverts, and first row of small coverts; primaries narrowly margined with yellowish-green, secondaries broadly with white; tail-feathers brown, without white edgings; iris white.

Male, 5, 7.

Throughout the United States and Nova Scotia. Columbia River. Migratory, but great numbers spend the winter in the Southern States.

White-eyed Flycatcher, Muscicapa cantatrix,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 266.Vireo noveboracensis,Bonap.Syn. p. 70.White-eyed Vireo or Flycatcher, Vireo noveboracensis,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 806.White-eyed Flycatcher or Vireo, Vireo noveboracensis,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 328; v. v. p. 431, 433.

White-eyed Flycatcher, Muscicapa cantatrix,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 266.

Vireo noveboracensis,Bonap.Syn. p. 70.

White-eyed Vireo or Flycatcher, Vireo noveboracensis,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 806.

White-eyed Flycatcher or Vireo, Vireo noveboracensis,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 328; v. v. p. 431, 433.

241. 4. Vireo gilvus,Vieill.Warbling Greenlet.

Plate CXVIII.Male and Female.

Upper parts light greenish-olive, the head and hind neck greyish-brown; a white band over the eye; wings and tail brown, quills edged with green; lower parts dull yellowish-white, the sides tinged with yellow.

Male, 51/4, 81/2.

From Texas to Maine, and in the interior to Columbia River. Abundant. Migratory.

Warbling Flycatcher, Muscicapa melodia,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. v. p. 85.Vireo gilvus,Bonap.Syn. p. 70.Warbling Vireo,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 309.Warbling Flycatcher or Vireo, Vireo gilvus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 114; v. v. p. 433.

Warbling Flycatcher, Muscicapa melodia,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. v. p. 85.

Vireo gilvus,Bonap.Syn. p. 70.

Warbling Vireo,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 309.

Warbling Flycatcher or Vireo, Vireo gilvus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 114; v. v. p. 433.

242. 5. Vireo Bartrami,Swains.Bartram's Greenlet.

Plate CCCCXXXIV.Fig. 4. Male.

Wings of moderate length, with the second and third quills longest and about equal, the fourth scarcely shorter, the first considerably shorter than the fifth. Upper parts light yellowish-olive, the crown of the head deep grey, bordered on each side by a blackish line, below which is a band of yellowish-white from the nostril over the eye; loral space dusky; quills and tail-feathers brown, margined with greenish-yellow; lower parts greyish-white, the sides greenish-yellow.

Male, 47/8, 73/4.

From Texas to New York. Not met with in the interior. Rather rare. Migratory.

Vireo Bartramii, Swains. Bartram's Greenlet,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 235.Bartram's Vireo, Vireo Bartramii,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 296.

Vireo Bartramii, Swains. Bartram's Greenlet,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 235.

Bartram's Vireo, Vireo Bartramii,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 296.

243. 6. Vireo olivaceus,Linn.Red-eyed Greenlet.

Plate CL.Male.

Wings long, with the second quill longest, the third slightly shorter, the first considerably longer than the fourth, upper parts light yellowish-olive, crown of the head deep grey, bordered on each side by a blackish line, below which is a band of white; quills and tail-feathers brown, margined with greenish-yellow; lower parts greyish-white, the sides greenish-yellow; iris red.

Male, 51/2, 9.

From Texas to Nova Scotia, and through the interior. Accidental in the Fur Countries. Abundant. Migratory.

Red-eyed Flycatcher, Muscicapa olivacea,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 55.Vireo olivaceus,Bonap.Syn. p. 71.Vireo olivaceus, Red-eyed Greenlet,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 233.Red-eyed Vireo, Vireo olivaceus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 287; v. v. p. 430.

Red-eyed Flycatcher, Muscicapa olivacea,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 55.

Vireo olivaceus,Bonap.Syn. p. 71.

Vireo olivaceus, Red-eyed Greenlet,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 233.

Red-eyed Vireo, Vireo olivaceus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 287; v. v. p. 430.

FAMILY XXI. PIPRINÃ†. MANAKINS.

Bill short, stout, straight, depressed, being much broader than high at the base, with the dorsal line arched, the ridge narrow, the sides sloping, the gape-line straightish or slightly arched, the notches rather large, the tip very small and declinate. Head rather large, broadly ovate; neck short; body compact. Tarsus of moderate length, compressed, with seven anterior scutella; toes small, the hind one not much stouter, the lateral equal. Claws moderate, arched, compressed, acute. Plumage soft, full, and blended. Wings of moderate length, broad, and rounded. Tail short or of moderate length, generally rounded. Roof of upper mandible concave, with a prominent median line; tongue triangular, horny, thin-edged, rather obtuse, bristly at the end; Å“sophagus wide, without dilatation; stomach rather small, roundish, moderately muscular, with a dense rugous epithelium; intestine short, of moderate width; cÅ“ca very small.

GENUS I. ICTERIA.Vieill.CHAT.

Bill of moderate length, stout, slightly arched, broad at the base, compressed toward the end; upper mandible with the sides convex, the edges sharp, destitute of notch, the tip acute and a little declinate; lower mandible with the dorsal line nearly straight, the edge-line slightly arched and inflected. Nostrils roundish, half covered by a vaulted membrane. General form rather robust; head ovate, neck short, body moderate. Legs of moderate length, slender; tarsus compressed, anteriorly covered with eight scutella, of which the upper are blended; two lateral toes nearly equal, the hind one not much stouter. Claws moderate, arch much compressed, laterally grooved, very acute. Plumage soft and blended. Bristles very small. Wings of moderate length, rounded, third and fourth primaries longest, second little shorter, first longer than sixth. Tail rather long, rounded.

244. 1. Icteria viridis,Gmel.Yellow-breasted Chat.

Plate CXXXVII.Male and Female.

Upper parts deep olive-green; fore part of neck and breast bright yellow; abdomen and lower tail-coverts white; eyelids, a band over the eye, and a shorter one from the base of lower mandible, white; loral space black.

Male, 7, 9.

From Texas to Connecticut. Inland as far as Kentucky. Abundant. Migratory.

Yellow-breasted Chat, Pipra polyglotta,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 90.Icteria viridis,Bonap.Syn. p. 69.Yellow-breasted Chat, Icteria viridis,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 299.Yellow-breasted Chat, Icteria viridis,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 223; v. v. p. 433.

Yellow-breasted Chat, Pipra polyglotta,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 90.

Icteria viridis,Bonap.Syn. p. 69.

Yellow-breasted Chat, Icteria viridis,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 299.

Yellow-breasted Chat, Icteria viridis,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 223; v. v. p. 433.

FAMILY XXII. AMPELINÃ†. CHATTERERS.

Bill short, depressed, rather weak, triangular when viewed from above, compressed at the end, its upper outline arched, the gape-line nearly straight, the notches very small, the tip very small and declinate. Nostrils elliptical,partially concealed by reversed bristly feathers. Head ovate; neck short; body moderate or full. Feet short; tarsus short, rather stout, compressed; toes rather small. Claws rather long, arched, much compressed, acute. Plumage generally blended and glossy. Wings of moderate length, broad. Tail short or of moderate length. Roof of upper mandible rather concave, with three longitudinal ridges; tongue horny, deeply slit; Å“sophagus very wide, dilated about the middle; stomach small, elliptical, moderately muscular; intestine of moderate length and very wide; cÅ“ca very small. Trachea simple, with four pairs of very small inferior laryngeal muscles.

GENUS I. BOMBYCILLA,Briss.WAXWING.

Bill short, rather stout, straightish, broader than high at the base, compressed towards the end; upper mandible with its dorsal line convex and declinate towards the tip, which is deflected, narrow, and rather acute, its sides convex, the edges sharp and overlapping, the notches distinct; lower mandible with the angle short and wide, the dorsal line convex and ascending, the edges sharp and inflected, the tip very small, acute, ascending, with a small sinus behind; gape-line nearly straight. Nostrils oval, partially concealed by the reversed stiffish feathers. Head of ordinary size, ovate; neck short; body full. Feet rather short; tarsus short, rather stout, compressed, with six scutella; toes of moderate size, first stout, broad beneath, outer slightly adherent at the base; inner a little shorter. Claws rather long, arched, much compressed, very acute. Plumage blended, very soft, somewhat silky, but with little gloss; head tufted; no bristles. Wings rather long, broad, and pointed, the first quill longest. Tail of moderate length, even. This genus is remarkable for the oblong bright red horny appendages to the tips of the wings and tail-feathers, which, however, are not seen in all the species. Roof of upper mandibleslightly concave, with three ridges; tongue triangular, concave, horny, deep slit, with two slender points; Å“sophagus very wide, much dilated about the middle; stomach rather small, elliptical, muscular; intestine short and extremely wide; cÅ“ca very small.

245. 1. Bombycilla garrula,Vieill.Black-throated Waxwing.â€”Bohemian Chatterer.

Plate CCCLXIII.Male and Female.

General colour light greyish-brown, passing behind in ash-grey, before into brownish-orange, of which colour are the forehead, a patch on each side of the throat near the base of the bill, and the feathers under the tail; a band of deep black from the nasal membrane over the eye to the top of the head, where it is concealed by the crest; feathers at the base of the lower mandible and a narrow streak below the eye, white; upper part of throat deep black; feathers of the wings greyish-black; primary coverts largely tipped with white; primary quills with a bright yellow, secondary with a white elongated spot at the end of the outer web, and tipped with oblong wax-red appendages; tail light grey at the base, gradually shaded into deep black, with a broad band of bright yellow. Female similar to the male, but somewhat smaller. Oblong waxen appendages to the secondary quills, varying from seven to three, sometimes wanting, especially in young birds; males with the shafts of the tail-feathers very slightly enlarged at the end, and bright red. Carefully compared with European specimens.

Male, 93/4, 161/4.

From New York, eastward and northward, to the Fur Countries.

Bombycilla garrula, European Chatterer,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 237.Bombycilla garrula,Bonap.Syn. p. 438.Bombycilla garrula,Bonap.Amer. Orn. v. iii. pl. 16.European Waxen Chatterer,Nutt.Man. v. ii. p. 579.Bohemian Chatterer, Bombycilla garrula,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 462.

Bombycilla garrula, European Chatterer,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 237.

Bombycilla garrula,Bonap.Syn. p. 438.

Bombycilla garrula,Bonap.Amer. Orn. v. iii. pl. 16.

European Waxen Chatterer,Nutt.Man. v. ii. p. 579.

Bohemian Chatterer, Bombycilla garrula,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 462.

246. 2. Bombycilla Carolinensis,Briss.Cedar Waxwing.â€”Cedar Bird.

Plate XLIII.Male and Female.

General colour light greyish-brown, passing behind into ash-grey, before into pale brownish-red, of which colour is the upper part of the head; a black band on the forehead passing backwards over the eye to the occiput, and margined above and below by a narrow white band; feathers in the angle of the lower mandible black; abdomen pale yellow; lower tail-coverts white; wings and tail dull leaden-blue, darker toward the end; primaries with a very small pale yellow spotat the tip, secondaries tipped with an oblong wax-red appendage, as are the tail-feathers, of which the extremity is bright yellow. Female similar to the male but somewhat smaller. The oblong appendages to the wings vary from nine to three. Young with the upper parts of a uniform dull greenish-brown, lower parts of the same colour, the throat pale buff, abdomen and lower tail-coverts yellowish-white.

Male, 63/4, 11.

From Texas northward to the Fur Countries. Westward to the Columbia River. Extremely abundant in Louisiana during winter.

Bombycilla carolinensis,Briss.v. ii. p. 337.Cedar Bird, Ampelis americana,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 107.Bombycilla carolinensis,Bonap.Syn. p. 59.Cedar Bird or Cherry Bird,Nutt.Man. v. i.Cedar Bird, Bombycilla carolinensis,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 227; v. v. p. 494.

Bombycilla carolinensis,Briss.v. ii. p. 337.

Cedar Bird, Ampelis americana,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 107.

Bombycilla carolinensis,Bonap.Syn. p. 59.

Cedar Bird or Cherry Bird,Nutt.Man. v. i.

Cedar Bird, Bombycilla carolinensis,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 227; v. v. p. 494.

FAMILY XXIII. SITTINÃ†. NUTHATCHES.

Bill of moderate length or rather long, straight, rather slender, conico-subulate, somewhat compressed, with the tips acute, or cuneate. Head ovate; neck short; body full. Tarsi rather short, or of moderate length, slender, compressed, with seven or eight scutella; toes long, very slender; hind toe extremely long; anterior little spreading; claws long, little arched, slender, much compressed, acute. Plumage soft and full. Wings of moderate length, broad, rounded. Tail short, broad, of twelve feathers. Roof of upper mandible very narrow, slightly concave, with three ridges; tongue very slender, with the tip abrupt and bristly; Å“sophagus without dilatation; stomach roundish, moderately muscular; intestine short and wide; cÅ“ca very small. Trachea simple; with a single pair of large inferior laryngeal muscles. Allied to the Titmice on the one hand, and the Woodpeckers on the other.

GENUS I. SITTA,Linn.NUTHATCH.

Bill rather long, or of moderate length, straight, conico-subulate, a little compressed, rather obtuse; upper mandible with the dorsal outline very slightly arched, the ridge rathernarrow, the sides sloping, the edges sharp without notches, the tip rather blunt; lower mandible with the angle of moderate length and narrow, the dorsal line ascending and very slightly convex, the sides slightly convex, the tip narrow. Nostrils basal, round operculate, partially concealed by the reversed bristly feathers. Head ovate; neck short; body short. Tarsi rather short, stout, compressed, with eight scutella; toes long, much compressed; first very long, second much shorter than fourth; anterior toes adherent at the base. Claws long, arched, much compressed, laterally grooved, acute. Plumage very soft and blended. Small bristles at the base of the upper mandible. Wings rather long, first quill extremely small, third and fourth longest. Tail short, of twelve feathers broad, nearly even. Upper mandible slightly concave with three ridges; tongue slender, very thin, with the point abrupt and terminated by strong bristles; Å“sophagus without dilatation; stomach rather large, roundish, moderately muscular; intestine rather short and wide; cÅ“ca very small.

247. 1. Sitta Carolinensis,Linn.White-breasted Nuthatch.

Plate CLII.Male and Female.

Upper part of head and hind neck deep black; back light greyish-blue; quills black, edged with light greyish-blue; middle tail-feathers of the same colour, the rest black, with a broad band of white near the end; sides of the head and lower parts white; lower tail-coverts with the inner webs brownish-red. Young without black on the head.

Male, 51/4, 11.

Common from Texas to Maine. Throughout the interior to the Columbia. Resident.

White-breasted American Nuthatch, Sitta carolinensis,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 10.Sitta carolinensis,Bonap.Syn. p. 96.White-breasted American Nuthatch,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 581.White-breasted Nuthatch, Sitta carolinensis,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 299; v. v. p. 473.

White-breasted American Nuthatch, Sitta carolinensis,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 10.

Sitta carolinensis,Bonap.Syn. p. 96.

White-breasted American Nuthatch,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 581.

White-breasted Nuthatch, Sitta carolinensis,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 299; v. v. p. 473.

248. 2. Sitta Canadensis,Linn.Red-bellied Nuthatch.

Plate CV.Male and Female.

Upper parts of head and hind neck deep black; back light greyish-blue; quills brownish-black, edged with light greyish-blue; middle tail-feathers of the same colour, the rest black, the outer two with a white band near the end; lower parts yellowish-red. Female with the head paler.

Male, 41/2, 8.

From Maryland to Nova Scotia. Common. One seen in Labrador. Columbia River. Resident.

Red-bellied Nuthatch, Sitta canadensis,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 40.Sitta canadensis,Bonap.Syn. p. 96.Red-bellied Nuthatch,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 583.Red-bellied Nuthatch, Sitta canadensis,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 24; v. v. p. 474.

Red-bellied Nuthatch, Sitta canadensis,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 40.

Sitta canadensis,Bonap.Syn. p. 96.

Red-bellied Nuthatch,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 583.

Red-bellied Nuthatch, Sitta canadensis,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 24; v. v. p. 474.

249. 3. Sitta pusilla,Lath.Brown-headed Nuthatch.

Plate CXXV.Male and Female.

Upper part of head and hind neck light reddish-brown, the latter with a white spot; back light greyish-blue; quills brownish-black, edged with light greyish-blue; middle tail-feathers of the same colours, the rest black, the outer three with a broad band of white near the end; lower parts yellowish-white, the sides greyish-blue.

Male, 4, 8.

From Texas to Maryland. In the interior to Mississippi. Extremely abundant. Louisiana, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, and the Carolinas. Resident.

Brown-headed Nuthatch, Sitta pusilla,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 105.Sitta pusilla,Bonap.Syn. p. 97.Brown-headed Nuthatch,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 584.Brown-headed Nuthatch, Sitta pusilla,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 151.

Brown-headed Nuthatch, Sitta pusilla,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 105.

Sitta pusilla,Bonap.Syn. p. 97.

Brown-headed Nuthatch,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 584.

Brown-headed Nuthatch, Sitta pusilla,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 151.

250. 4. Sitta pygmÃ¦a,Vigors. Californian Nuthatch.

Plate CCCCXV.Figs. 3, 4. Adult.

Upper part of head and hind neck dull greyish-brown; back dull leaden-grey; quills and tail-feathers dusky, margined with light grey, the lateral two feathers on each side with a white band toward the base; lower parts brownish-white.

Adult, 310/12, wing, 35/12.

California.

Californian Nuthatch, Sitta pygmÃ¦a,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 163.

FAMILY XXIV. TROCHILINÃ†. HUMMINGBIRDS.

Bill long, very slender, straight or arched, somewhat depressed at the base, subcylindrical, flexible, acute. Headrather large; neck of moderate length; body moderately robust. Feet very short, rather stout; tarsus extremely short; toes of moderate size; the anterior coherent at the base, and nearly of equal length, the hind toe articulated high on the tarsus; claws rather long, arched, much compressed, very acute. Plumage compact above, soft and blended beneath, often with metallic lustre; wings very long, extremely narrow, falciform, with the first quill longest, the other primaries rapidly diminishing; secondaries extremely short. Tail various, of ten feathers. Tongue very long, slender, with two flat, thin-edged terminal filaments, and extensile by means of the elongation of the hyoid bones, which curve over the head to the fore part of the forehead, and with their muscles slide in a groove, like those of the Woodpeckers. Å’sophagus narrow, considerably enlarged about the middle; stomach extremely small, roundish, moderately muscular, its epithelium dense and longitudinally rugous; intestine very short and of moderate width; no cÅ“ca; cloaca globular. Trachea simple, but divided very high up on the neck, so that the bronchi are of excessive length, with a large pair of inferior laryngeal muscles.

GENUS I. TROCHILUS,Linn.HUMMINGBIRD.

Bill long, subulate, depressed at the base, cylindrical, straight, or slightly arched, flexible; upper mandible with the ridge narrow at the base, convex in the rest of its extent, the sides sloping, the edges soft; lower mandible with the angle extremely acute and elongated, the sides erect, the tip acute. Nostrils linear, with a membranous flap above. Head small; neck short; body moderately stout. Feet very short; middle toe scarcely longer than the rest. Plumage rather blended and glossy above. Wings very long, extremely narrow; tail rather long, broad, nearly even. The other characters as above.

251. 1. Trochilus Mango,Linn.Mango Hummingbird.

Plate CLXXXIV.Male and Female.

Male with the head, hind neck, and back green, splendent with bronze and golden reflections; wings dusky, changing to purplish-brown; middle tail-feathers black, glossed with green and blue, the rest deep crimson-purple, tipped and partially margined with steel-blue; fore part of neck, and middle of breast velvet-black, margined on each side with emerald-green, the sides yellowish-green, with a tuft of white downy feathers; lower tail-coverts dark purple. Female with the upper parts similar, the tail-feathers more broadly and extensively margined with blue, and tipped with white; fore neck and centre of the breast white, with a central longitudinal band of black, and an emerald-green margin along the sides of the neck and body; lower tail-coverts green.

Male, 43/4, 8.

Florida Keys. Rare. Migratory.

Trochilus Mango,Linn.Syst. Nat. v. i. p. 191.Mango Humming Bird, Trochilus Mango,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 480.

Trochilus Mango,Linn.Syst. Nat. v. i. p. 191.

Mango Humming Bird, Trochilus Mango,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 480.

252. 2. Trochilus Anna,Less.Anna Hummingbird.

Plate CCCCXXV.Male and Female.

Bill almost straight, acuminate; tail of moderate length, emarginate and rounded. Head, cheeks, and throat blood-red, changing to gold, and having a tinge of blue; upper parts light gold-green; quills and tail-feathers dusky brown; lower parts brownish-white. Female with merely a patch of red on the throat, upper part of head and cheeks greenish-grey; upper parts glossy green as in the male; wings dusky, middle tail-feathers green, the rest greenish-grey at the base, black toward the end, with the tips white; lower parts dull grey, sides tinged with brown.

Male, 310/12, wing, 21/12.

Rocky Mountains towards California. Common. Migratory.

Oiseau-mouche Anna, Ornismya Anna,Less.Traite d'Ornith. p. 281.Anna Humming Bird, Trochilus Anna,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 238.

Oiseau-mouche Anna, Ornismya Anna,Less.Traite d'Ornith. p. 281.

Anna Humming Bird, Trochilus Anna,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 238.

253. 3. Trochilus Colubris,Linn.Ruby-throated Hummingbird.

Plate XLVII.Male, Female, and Young.

Bill straight, acute; tail of moderate length, even. Upper parts light green with golden reflections; quills and tail purplish-brown, the two middle feathers like the back; throat, sides of the head, and fore neck carmine-purple, spotted with black, varying to crimson, orange, and deep black; sides light green, the rest of the lower partsgreyish-white mixed with green. Female differs in wanting the brilliant patch on the throat, which is white, as are the lower parts generally, and having the three lateral tail-feathers tipped with the same colour. Young with the lower parts brownish-white, the tail tipped with white, the upper parts light green.

Male, 31/4, 41/2.

In summer, from Texas to Lat. 57Â°, and in all intermediate districts, east of the Rocky Mountains. Common. Migratory.

Humming Bird, Trochilus Colubris,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 26.Trochilus Colubris,Bonap.Syn. p. 98.Trochilus Colubris, Northern Humming Bird,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 323.Ruby-throated Humming Bird,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 588.Ruby-throated Humming Bird, Trochilus colubris,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 248; v. v. p. 544.

Humming Bird, Trochilus Colubris,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 26.

Trochilus Colubris,Bonap.Syn. p. 98.

Trochilus Colubris, Northern Humming Bird,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 323.

Ruby-throated Humming Bird,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 588.

Ruby-throated Humming Bird, Trochilus colubris,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 248; v. v. p. 544.

GENUS II. SELASPHORUS,Swains.RUFFED-HUMMINGBIRD.

Bill long, straight, subulate, extremely slender, somewhat depressed at the base, acute; upper mandible with the dorsal line straight, the ridge narrow at the base, broad and convex toward the end, the sides convex, the edges overlapping, the tip acuminate; lower mandible with the angle very long and extremely narrow, the dorsal line straightish, the edges erect, the tip acuminate. Nostrils basal, linear. Head of ordinary size, oblong; neck short; body short and ovate. Feet very small; tarsus very short, feathered more than half-way; toes small, the lateral equal, the third not much longer, the first a little shorter than the lateral; claws rather long, arched, compressed, very acute. Plumage soft and blended; elongated feathers on the sides of the neck in the males. Wings rather short, falcate, pointed, the second primary longest. Tail rather long, broad, graduated.

254. 1. Selasphorus rufus,Gmel.Rufous Ruffed-Hummingbird.â€”Nootka Hummingbird.

Plate CCCLXXIX.Male and Female.

Male with the upper parts bright cinnamon or reddish-orange, the head bronzed green, the wings dusky purple, their coverts glossed with green; each of the tail-feathers with a narrow, longitudinal, lanceolate, median streak toward the end; loral space, a narrow band overthe eye, another beneath it, and auricular, orange-red; scale-like feathers of the throat and sides of the neck splendent, fire-red, changing to purplish-red, yellowish-red, greenish-yellow, or yellowish-green; behind them on the fore neck a broad band of reddish-white; the rest of the lower parts like the upper, the abdomen inclining to white. Female with the upper parts gold-green, the head inclining to brown; wings as in the male; tail-feathers orange-red at the base, brownish-black toward the end, the tip white; lower parts white, tinged with rufous, especially the sides; throat with roundish spots of metallic greenish-red.

Male, 37/12, wing, 17Â¼/12.

From California along the north-west coast to Nootka Sound. Abundant. Migratory.

Trochilus rufus,Gmel.Syst. Nat. v. i. p. 497.Trochilus (Selasphorus) rufus, Cinnamon or Nootka Humming Bird,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 324.Ruffed-necked Humming Bird, Trochilus rufus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 555.

Trochilus rufus,Gmel.Syst. Nat. v. i. p. 497.

Trochilus (Selasphorus) rufus, Cinnamon or Nootka Humming Bird,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 324.

Ruffed-necked Humming Bird, Trochilus rufus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 555.

FAMILY XXV. ALCEDINÃ†. KINGFISHERS.

Bill long, straight, stout, broader than high at the base, much compressed, tapering to a rather acute point, and gape-line commencing beneath the middle of the eyes. Head large, ovato-oblong; neck short; body stout. Tarsus extremely short; anteriorly scaly; anterior toes united for more than half their length, outer longer than inner, hind toe small. Claws stout, compressed, arched, very acute. Plumage rather compact. Wings rather long, pointed. Tail various, of twelve feathers. Tongue very short, fleshy, with the sides parallel, the tip tapering to a bluntish point. Roof of upper mandible moderately concave, with a median ridge and oblique lateral grooves. Å’sophagus very wide, without crop; stomach very large, round, with its muscular coat very thin; the epithelium dense, very thin, with tortuous rugÃ¦; intestine very long, extremely slender; no cÅ“ca; cloaca very large, globular. Trachea with three pairs of inferior laryngeal muscles.

GENUS I. ALCEDO,Linn.KINGFISHER.

Bill long, straight, rather stout, broader than high at thebase, but suddenly much compressed, and tapering to an acute point; upper mandible with the dorsal line almost straight, the ridge distinct, but somewhat flattened, the edges nearly straight, without notch, the tip acute; lower mandible with the angle of moderate length and narrow, the dorsal line ascending and nearly straight; gape-line commencing beneath the middle of the eye; nostrils basal, near the ridge, linear, obliquely ascending, half closed by a bare membrane. Head large, oblong; neck short; body robust. Feet very short; tarsus extremely short, roundish, anteriorly faintly scaly; anterior toes cohered for a great part of the length, outer longer than inner, first small. Claws rather short, stout, arched, acute. Plumage rather compact, more blended above. Wings long, pointed, with the second and third quills longest. Tail short, even, of twelve rounded feathers.

255. 1. Alcedo Alcyon,Linn.Belted Kingfisher.

Plate LXXVII.Male and Female.

Crested, with the upper parts, cheeks, and a broad belt across the fore part of the breast, light blue, the shaft of each feather darker; lower parts, with a small spot before the eye, and another on the lower eyelid, white; many of the feathers on the sides light blue, banded with white; quills black; the primaries barred with white at the base, and having the inner web of that colour for half its length; the secondaries broadly edged with light blue, dotted and tipped with white, and having the inner web barred with the same; tail-feathers dusky, edged with blue, barred and tipped with white. Female similar to the male, with the tints duller, and the sides with a band across the middle of the breast light red.

Male, 121/2, 20.

Breeds from Texas all over the United States, to the Fur Countries, Missouri, Rocky Mountains, and Columbia River. Common. Resident.

Belted Kingfisher, Alcedo Alcyon,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 59.Alcedo Alcyon,Bonap.Syn. p. 48.Alcedo Alcyon, Belted Kingfisher,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 339.Belted Kingfisher,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 594.Belted Kingfisher, Alcedo Alcyon,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 394; v. v. p. 548.

Belted Kingfisher, Alcedo Alcyon,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 59.

Alcedo Alcyon,Bonap.Syn. p. 48.

Alcedo Alcyon, Belted Kingfisher,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 339.

Belted Kingfisher,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 594.

Belted Kingfisher, Alcedo Alcyon,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 394; v. v. p. 548.

FAMILY XXVI. PICINÃ†. WOODPECKERS.

Bill long or of moderate length, straight, stout, angulate, tapering, compressed toward the tip, which is generally wedge-shaped and abrupt; mandibles nearly equal, outline of the upper slightly convex, the ridge narrow, sides sloping, with a lateral ridge, edges straight; lower with the angle short and narrow, the dorsal line nearly straight, the ridge narrow, the sides with a faint ridge. Nostrils basal, elliptical or oblong, concealed by reversed bristly feathers. Head of moderate size, oblong; neck of moderate length; body stout. Legs short; tarsus short, moderately stout, anteriorly scutellate, scaly behind; toes usually four, first short, rudimentary, or sometimes wanting, fourth very long and reversed, equalling or exceeding the third. Claws large, strong, much curved, much compressed, very acute. Plumage soft, blended, rather compact on the back; wings of moderate length or long; with the first quill very small, the third, fourth, and fifth longest. Tail of moderate length, much rounded or cuneate, of twelve feathers, of which the lateral are extremely small, and placed above the next, the rest, but especially the three middle pairs, with the shafts exceedingly large and strong, the webs narrowed toward the end, with their filaments deflected and stiff, the tip pointed or emarginate from being worn. Tongue slender, with the tip horny and furnished with reversed prickles or bristles, capable of being protruded to a great length by the elongation of the hyoid bones, which curve over the head to between the right eye and nostril, or even extend round a great part of that eye. Å’sophagus of uniform width; proventriculus extremely large; stomach of moderate size, or rather small, broadly elliptical or roundish, moderately muscular; epithelium thin, dense, and longitudinally rugous; intestine of moderate length, rather wide; no cÅ“ca; cloaca very large, globular, or elliptical. Trachea simple, with a single pair of inferior laryngealmuscles. Nest a cavity dug in a tree; eggs from four to six, elliptical, white.

The groups present characters which are so undecided, and exhibit such gradual approximations, that I think it better here to consider all our Woodpeckers as of one genus.

GENUS I. PICUS,Linn.WOODPECKER.

Character as above.

* Bill straight, with the angles prominent.

256. 1. Picus imperialis,Gould. Imperial Woodpecker.

Not figured.

Glossy greenish-black; the elongated occipital crest scarlet; a triangular spot on the fore part of the back; the secondary quills, and the inner webs of most of the primaries, white; bill yellowish-white. Female similar, but without red on the head.Gould.

Male, 24, wing 12.

Rocky Mountains and North California.

Picus imperialis,Gould. Proceed. of Com. Sc. and Corresp. of Zool. Soc. of Lond. part ii. p. 140.Imperial Woodpecker, Picus Imperialis,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 313.

Picus imperialis,Gould. Proceed. of Com. Sc. and Corresp. of Zool. Soc. of Lond. part ii. p. 140.

Imperial Woodpecker, Picus Imperialis,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 313.

257. 2. Picus principalis,Linn.Ivory-billed Woodpecker.

Plate LXVI.Male and Female.

Toes very long, fourth longer than third. An occipital crest of elongated linear feathers; general colour glossy black, with blue reflections on the upper, green on the lower parts; crest rich carmine; bristly feathers covering the nostrils, and a short band at the base of the upper mandible, a band on each side of the neck, from the cheek to the end of the scapulars, secondary quills, their bases excepted, and terminal portion of four inner secondaries, with the axillars and lower wing-coverts, white; bill yellowish-white. Female similar, but with the crest black, and the lateral tail-feathers, with two patches of white at the tip.

Male, 21, 30.Female, 191/2, wing 10.

Common in Texas, Louisiana, and along the Mississippi, to the Ohio. Rare on the latter, to Henderson. From Florida to North Carolina. Resident.

Ivory-billed Woodpecker, Picus principalis,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. 20.Picus principalis,Bonap.Syn. p. 44.Ivory-billed Woodpecker, Picus principalis,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 564.Ivory-billed Woodpecker, Picus principalis,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 341; v. v. p. 525.

Ivory-billed Woodpecker, Picus principalis,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. 20.

Picus principalis,Bonap.Syn. p. 44.

Ivory-billed Woodpecker, Picus principalis,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 564.

Ivory-billed Woodpecker, Picus principalis,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 341; v. v. p. 525.

258. 3. Picus pileatus,Linn.Pileated Woodpecker.â€”Log-cock.

Plate XIII.Male and Female.

Fourth toe longer, considerably shorter than third; an occipital crest of elongated linear feathers; general colour black glossed with blue, upper part of head, and a band from the lower mandible, deep carmine; loral space and a broad band from the eye to the occiput, greyish-black; a narrow band from the eye margining the red of the crest, a band from the base of the upper mandible, down to the side of the neck, the throat, axillars, lower wing-coverts, and bases of the quills, white. Female similar, with the fore part of the head dusky, and the red on the cheek substituted by blackish-brown.

Male, 18, 28.

From Texas to the Columbia River, and along the Atlantic coast, as well as in the interior, to the Fur Countries. More abundant in the south. Resident everywhere.

Pileated Woodpecker, Picus pileatus,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. 27.Picus pileatus,Bonap.Syn. p. 44.Picus (Dryotomus) pileatus, Pileated Woodpecker,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 304.Pileated Woodpecker or Log-cock,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 567.Pileated Woodpecker, Picus pileatus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 74; v. v. p. 533.

Pileated Woodpecker, Picus pileatus,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. 27.

Picus pileatus,Bonap.Syn. p. 44.

Picus (Dryotomus) pileatus, Pileated Woodpecker,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 304.

Pileated Woodpecker or Log-cock,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 567.

Pileated Woodpecker, Picus pileatus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 74; v. v. p. 533.

259. 4. Picus lineatus,Linn.Lineated Woodpecker.

Not figured.

Third and fourth toes about equal, hind toe very small; an occipital crest of elongated near feathers; upper part of the head carmine, inclining to scarlet; a narrow dusky line from the nostril to the eye; a patch, including the eyelids and ear-coverts, leaden-grey; a narrow band down the hind part of the neck, gradually enlarging, the back, wings, and tail, deep black; a band from the nostrils descending obliquely over the side of the head, passing backwards and behind the ear, then much enlarged, and running down the side of the neck to the shoulders, a large oblique patch at the commencement of the wing, including the outer scapulars, the small feathers on the edge of the wing under the alula, the lower wing-coverts, and the inner webs of the quills for about half the length, pure white; an elongated crimson patch at the base of the lower jaw; chin yellowish-white, longitudinally streaked with dusky; the rest of the fore neck and part of the breast black; the lower parts and sides brownish-white, transversely barred with black.

Male, 15, wing, 72/12.

Columbia River.

Picus lineatus,Linn.Syst. Nat v. i. p. 174.Lineated Woodpecker, Picus lineatus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 315.

Picus lineatus,Linn.Syst. Nat v. i. p. 174.

Lineated Woodpecker, Picus lineatus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 315.

260. 5. Picus Canadensis,Gmel.Canadian Woodpecker.

Plate CCCCXVII.Fig. 7. Male.

Fourth toe considerably longer than third; fourth quill longest, fifth longer than second; bristly feathers over the nostrils dull yellow; upper part of head and hind neck glossy black; over the eye a band of white, continuous with a transverse band of scarlet on the occiput, usually interrupted in the middle; a black band from near the bill to the eye, continued behind it over the auriculars, and joining the back of the hind neck; beneath this a white band from the angle of the mouth, curving backwards below the middle of the neck, so as to meet the other behind; then a narrow band of black from the base of the lower mandible and continuous with the black of the shoulders; upper part of the body, wings, and tail, black, feathers along the middle of the back tipped with white; wing-coverts, the anterior excepted, and quills spotted with the same, there being on the four longest primaries seven spots on the outer, and five on the inner webs, on most of the secondaries five on each web, but on the outer quill only one patch on each web, and on the second three spots on the outer, and four on the inner web; four middle tail-feathers glossy black, the rest black towards the base, that colour gradually diminishing, so that the outermost is almost entirely white; lower parts white.

Extremely similar to Picus villosus, but always much larger.

Male, 101/2, 173/4.

From the northern parts of New York to the Fur Countries. Common. Migratory in winter to New York.

Picus canadensis,Gmel.Syst. Nat. v. i. p. 437.Picus (Dendrocopus) villosus, Hairy Woodpecker,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 305.Canadian Woodpecker, Picus canadensis,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 188.

Picus canadensis,Gmel.Syst. Nat. v. i. p. 437.

Picus (Dendrocopus) villosus, Hairy Woodpecker,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 305.

Canadian Woodpecker, Picus canadensis,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 188.

261. 6. Picus Phillipsii,Aud.Phillips's Woodpecker.

Plate CCCCXVII.Figs. 5, 6. Male.

Fourth toe a little longer than third; fourth quill longest; bristly feathers over the nostrils yellowish-white; fore part of the head, to a little beyond the top, orange-yellow; occiput and hind neck glossy black; over the eye a band of white passing to behind the auriculars; a black band from above the angle of the mouth to the eye, and behind it, including the auriculars; below this a white band from the angle of the mouth joining that over the eye; then a narrower black band from the lower mandible; upper parts black, tinged with brown behind; feathers along the middle of the back tipped with white; some of the wing-coverts also tipped with white, and the quills spotted with the same, there being on the four largest primaries seven spots on the outer, and five on the inner web; the four middle tail-feathers glossy black, the rest black at the base, that colour graduallydiminishing, so that the outermost is entirely white; lower parts white.

Male, 101/2; wing, 5.

Massachusetts. Very rare.

Phillips's Woodpecker, Picus Phillipsii,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 186.

262. 7. Picus MartinÃ¦,Aud.Maria's Woodpecker.

Plate CCCCXVII.Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female.

Fourth toe slightly longer than third; fourth quill longest, third longer than fifth; tufts of bristly feathers over the nostrils dull yellow; upper part of head scarlet; forehead and occiput black; a band of white over the eye; a black band from the bill to the eye, continued behind it over the auriculars, and joining the black of the hind neck; beneath this a band of white from the angle of the mouth, curving backwards below the middle of the neck, so as almost to meet its fellow behind; then a band of black from the base of the lower mandible, and continuous with the black of the shoulders; upper parts black; feathers along the middle of the back tipped with white; wing-coverts and quills spotted with the same, there being on the four longest primaries seven spots on the outer, and four on the inner web, on most of the secondaries five on each web, but on the outer quill only one patch on each web, and on the second four spots on the outer, and three on the inner web; four middle tail-feathers glossy black, the next black on the inner web, and on the greater part of the outer toward the base, the rest black only at the base, the two outer being almost entirely white; lower parts white, tinged with grey, and a little red, the sides faintly mottled with dusky grey.

Male, 92/12; wing, 410Â½/12.

A pair found at Toronto, Upper Canada.

Maria's Woodpecker, Picus MartinÃ¦,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 181.

263. 8. Picus Harrisii,Aud.Harris's Woodpecker.

Plate CCCCXVII.Fig. 8. Male. Fig. 9. Female.

Fourth toe considerably longer than third; fourth quill longest, fifth longer than second; bristly feathers over the nostrils dull yellow, with the tips black; upper part of the head and hind neck glossy black; over the eye a band of white, continuous with a transverse scarlet band on the occiput; a black band in the loral space continued behind the eye over the auriculars, and joining the black of the hind neck; beneath is a band of white, from the angle of the mouth, curving backward below the middle of the neck, but without meeting the other; then a band of black from the base of the lower mandible, and continuous with the black of the hind neck and shoulders; upper partsblack, the quills tinged with brown; feather along the middle of the back largely tipped with white; quills, excepting the inner three, marked with small roundish spots, of which there are five on the outer and four on the inner web of the four longest quills, while on the outer there is only an elongated spot on the inner web, and on the next one spot on the outer and three on the inner; four middle tail-feathers black, the next black, with a small part of the inner web, and a large portion of the outer toward the end, white; the rest white, with the base black; the outermost small feathers almost entirely white; lower parts brownish-white. Female wants the red occipital band. This species is distinguishable from all the other spotted species, by having no white spots on the wing-coverts.

Male, 9; wing, 52/12.

Columbia River. Rare.

Harris's Woodpecker, Picus Harrisii,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 191.

264. 9. Picus villosus,Linn.Hairy Woodpecker.

Plate CCCCXVI.Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female.

Bill as long as the head; fourth toe considerably longer than third; fourth and fifth quills longest and equal; bristly feathers over the nostrils dull yellow, tipped with black; upper part of head and hind neck glossy black; over the eye a band of white, continuous with a transverse band of scarlet on the occiput, usually divided in the middle; a black band from the bill to the eye, continued behind it over the auriculars, and joining the black of the hind neck; beneath this, a band of white from the angle of the mouth, curving backwards below the middle of the neck, so as to meet its fellow behind; then a black band from the base of the lower mandible; upper parts black, tinged with brown behind; feathers along the middle of the back, tipped with white; wing-coverts, the anterior excepted, and quills spotted with white, there being on the four longest primaries seven on the outer and five on the inner web, on most of the secondaries five on each web, but on the outer quill only one patch on each web, and on the second, two spots on the outer and three on the inner; four middle tail-feathers glossy black, the rest black only towards the base; lower parts white, tinged with dull green on the fore neck and breast, the sides with blackish-grey. Female without red on the head.

Male, 83/4, 141/2.Female, 81/2, 15.

Breeds from Texas to New Hampshire, Kentucky, and Valley of the Mississippi. Common. Resident.

Hairy Woodpecker, Picus villosus,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 150.Picus villosus,Bonap.Syn. p. 46.Hairy Woodpecker,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 575.Hairy Woodpecker, Picus villosus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 164.

Hairy Woodpecker, Picus villosus,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 150.

Picus villosus,Bonap.Syn. p. 46.

Hairy Woodpecker,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 575.

Hairy Woodpecker, Picus villosus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 164.

265. 10. Picus pubescens,Linn.Downy Woodpecker.

Plate CXII.Male and Female.

Bill much shorter than the head, slender; fourth toe considerably longer than third; fourth quill longest; upper bristles over the nostrils yellowish, tipped with black; upper part of the head glossy black; a band of white over the eye ending in a scarlet occipital band; then a band of black from the eye to the hind neck, succeeded by one of white from the angle of the mouth, curving so as nearly to meet its fellow on the hind neck, and a black band from the lower mandible down the side of the neck. Upper parts black; feathers along the middle of the back tipped with white; coverts and quills spotted with white, there being six spots on the outer, and five on the inner webs of the four longest primaries, the outermost quill with one patch of white on the inner web, and the next with four spots on each web; outer small tail-feathers white, with a single black spot, next two white, with two terminal black bands, the rest variegated, except the two middle, which are black. Female without red.

Male, 63/4, 12.

Breeds from Texas to Labrador, and northward to Lat. 58Â°. Common throughout the interior to the eastern bases of the Rocky Mountains. In every district, a constant resident.

Downy Woodpecker, Picus pubescens,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 153.Picus pubescens,Bonap.Syn. p. 46.Picus (Dendrocopus) pubescens, Downy Woodpecker,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 307.Downy Woodpecker,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 576.Downy Woodpecker, Picus pubescens,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 81; v. v. p. 539.

Downy Woodpecker, Picus pubescens,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 153.

Picus pubescens,Bonap.Syn. p. 46.

Picus (Dendrocopus) pubescens, Downy Woodpecker,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 307.

Downy Woodpecker,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 576.

Downy Woodpecker, Picus pubescens,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 81; v. v. p. 539.

266. 11. Picus Gairdnerii,Aud.Gairdner's Woodpecker.

Not figured.

Bill shorter than the head, slender; fourth toe considerably longer than third, fifth quill longest; black above, with a scarlet occipital band, brownish-white beneath; spotted with white, and in all respects as to colour like the last species, only the spots on the wings are much smaller, and the patch of red brocade; the toes and bill larger.

Length, 68/12; wing, 310/12.

Columbia River.

Gairdner's Woodpecker, Picus Gairdnerii,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 317.

267. 12. Picus querulus,Wils.Red-cockaded Woodpecker.

Plate CCCLXXXIX.

Upper part of the head, hind neck, and a band on each side of the neck, glossy black; a large patch on the side of the head and neck white; back black, barred with white; wings brownish-black, spottedwith white, there being eight spots on the outer, and six on the inner webs of the longest quills; middle tail-feathers black, outer four on each side white, with black bars; lower parts white, sides of the neck and body with oblong black spots. Male with a small carmine line behind the eye.

Male, 81/2, 141/2.Female, 73/8, 131/4.

From Texas to New Jersey, along the Atlantic districts. Common. In the interior to Lower Mississippi. Resident.

Red-cockaded Woodpecker, Picus querulus,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 103.Picus querulus,Bonap.Syn. p. 46.Red-cockaded Woodpecker,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 577.Red-cockaded Woodpecker, Picus querulus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 12.

Red-cockaded Woodpecker, Picus querulus,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 103.

Picus querulus,Bonap.Syn. p. 46.

Red-cockaded Woodpecker,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 577.

Red-cockaded Woodpecker, Picus querulus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 12.

268. 13. Picus Auduboni,Trudeau. Audubon's Woodpecker.

Plate CCCCXVII.Adult.

Bill about the length of the head, with the outlines considerably arched, the tips acute, and not laterally worn; upper parts black, lower white, with a tinge of brown, the sides very faintly barred with dusky; tufts covering the nostrils white; on the anterior part of the top of the head some feathers largely tipped with yellow; a band of white over the eye; loral space and a broad band behind the eye black; feathers along the middle of the back tipped with white; wings spotted with white; six spots on the outer, and four on the inner webs of the longer primaries; four middle tail-feathers black, the next with the tip obliquely white, that colour enlarging on the rest, so as to include almost the whole of the outer feathers.

Adult, 7, 131/2.

Louisiana.

Picus Auduboni, Audubon's Woodpecker,Trudeau, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 404.Audubon's Woodpecker, Picus Auduboni,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 194.

Picus Auduboni, Audubon's Woodpecker,Trudeau, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 404.

Audubon's Woodpecker, Picus Auduboni,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 194.

269. 14. Picus ruber.Gmel.Red-breasted Woodpecker.

Plate CCCCXVI.Fig. 9. Male. Fig. 10. Female.

Head, neck, and fore part of breast, deep carmine; upper parts black, variegated with white, lower pale yellow, with the sides undulated with dusky; middle tail-feathers with the inner web white, obliquely banded with black.

Male, 8, 14.Female, 8; wing, 52/12.

Upper California. Columbia River. Nootka. Common. Migratory.

Red-breasted Woodpecker, Picus ruber,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 179.

270. 15. Picus varius,Linn.Yellow-bellied Woodpecker.

Male with the crown of the head and throat bright carmine; a semicircular patch of black on the lower fore neck, and a semilunar band on the occiput; upper parts bluish-black, variegated with white and yellow, lower yellow, with the sides undulated with dusky; middle tail-feathers with the inner web white, obliquely banded with black. Female similar, but with the throat white, and the yellow of the lower parts less pure. Young without red on the head or throat, the former dusky, streaked with faint brown, the latter greyish-white, the upper parts as in the adult, but duller, the tail variegated with white, the lower parts dull yellowish-grey, undulated with dusky, the abdomen dull yellowish.

Male, 81/2, 15.

Breeds from Maryland northward to the Saskatchewan. Rather rare in the interior in summer. Many spend the winter in the Southern and Western Districts.

Yellow-bellied Woodpecker, Picus varius,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 147.Picus varius,Bonap.Syn. p. 45.Picus (Dendrocopus) varius, Yellow-bellied Woodpecker,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 309.Yellow-bellied Woodpecker,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 574.Yellow-bellied Woodpecker, Picus varius.Aud.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 519; v. v. p. 537.

Yellow-bellied Woodpecker, Picus varius,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 147.

Picus varius,Bonap.Syn. p. 45.

Picus (Dendrocopus) varius, Yellow-bellied Woodpecker,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 309.

Yellow-bellied Woodpecker,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 574.

Yellow-bellied Woodpecker, Picus varius.Aud.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 519; v. v. p. 537.

** Hind toe wanting. GenusApternusof authors.

271. 16. Picus arcticus,Swains.Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker.

Plate CXXXII.Male and Female.

Three-toed, with the upper parts glossy bluish-black, the lower white, the sides and lower wing-coverts transversely barred with black; tufts of bristly feathers black; crown of the head saffron-yellow; a white line from behind the eye, a band of the same from the base of the upper mandible to beneath the ear-coverts, succeeded by a black band; inner webs of all the quills and outer webs of the primaries spotted with white, there being seven spots on the outer, and five on the inner webs of the three longest; four middle tail-feathers black, the next with an oblique band of white, the rest black only at the base, except the outermost, of which nearly all the inner web is of that colour. Female without yellow on the head.

Male, 101/2, 16.

From the northern parts of New York to the Fur Countries, as well as along the eastern declivities of the Rocky Mountains. Rather common. Partially migratory.

Picus tridactylus,Bonap.Syn. p. 46.Northern Three-toed Woodpecker, Picus tridactylus,Bonap.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 14.

Picus tridactylus,Bonap.Syn. p. 46.

Northern Three-toed Woodpecker, Picus tridactylus,Bonap.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 14.

Picus (apternus) arcticus, Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 313.Northern Three-toed Woodpecker,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 578.Three-toed Woodpecker, Picus tridactylus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 198.

Picus (apternus) arcticus, Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 313.

Northern Three-toed Woodpecker,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 578.

Three-toed Woodpecker, Picus tridactylus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 198.

272. 17. Picus hirsutus,Vieill.Banded Three-toed Woodpecker.

Plate CCCCXVII.Fig. 3. Male. Fig. 4. Female.

Three-toed, with the upper parts deep glossy-black, the head with blue reflections, the back and wings tinged with brown; tufts over nostrils dull yellow; anterior part of head pale yellow, spotted with white; a band of white, with small dusky lines, from the angle of the mouth to the occiput; the back transversely banded with white; inner webs of all the quills and outer webs of the primaries spotted with white, there being seven spots on the outer, and five on the inner, webs of the three longest quills; four middle tail-feathers black, the next white at the end, the rest white, unless at the base, but the outermost banded with black. Female with the head black, streaked with white.

Male, 9; wing, 45/12.

From Lake Superior to the Arctic Sea. Abundant. Resident.

Picus hirsutus,Vieill.Ois. de l'Amer. v. ii. p. 124.Picus (Apternus) tridactylus, Common Three-toed Woodpecker,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 311.Common Three-toed Woodpecker, Picus hirsutus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 184.

Picus hirsutus,Vieill.Ois. de l'Amer. v. ii. p. 124.

Picus (Apternus) tridactylus, Common Three-toed Woodpecker,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 311.

Common Three-toed Woodpecker, Picus hirsutus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 184.

*** Bill straight, with the angles obsolete, and the upper outline somewhat arched.

273. 18. Picus Carolinus,Linn.Red-bellied Woodpecker.

Plate CCCCXV.Fig. 3. Male. Fig. 4. Female.

Male with the upper part of the head and hind neck bright carmine; the back and scapulars transversely banded with black and white; the rump and tail-coverts with the white predominating; primaries black, with a band of white; tail black, with the inner webs of the middle, and both webs of the outer barred with white; lower parts yellowish-white, abdomen red; lower wing and tail-coverts white, spotted with dusky. Female similar, but with the top of the head ash-grey and with less red on the abdomen.

Male, 73/4, 153/4.Female, 8, 141/2.

Breeds from Kentucky in the West, and from Maryland to Nova Scotia and Canada. Abundant in winter in all the Southern States, from Carolina to Texas, and especially in the Floridas.

Red-bellied Woodpecker, Picus carolinus,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 113.Picus carolinus,Bonap.Syn. p. 45.Red-bellied Woodpecker,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 572.Red-bellied Woodpecker, Picus carolinus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 169.

Red-bellied Woodpecker, Picus carolinus,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 113.

Picus carolinus,Bonap.Syn. p. 45.

Red-bellied Woodpecker,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 572.

Red-bellied Woodpecker, Picus carolinus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 169.

274. 19. Picus erythrocephalus,Linn.Red-headed Woodpecker.

Plate XXVII.Male and Female.

Head and neck bright crimson, that colour descending on the fore neck, and margined with a semilunar band of black; back wings and tail glossy bluish-black; inner secondaries, rump, and lower parts, pure white. Young with the head and neck brownish-grey, streaked with dusky; feathers of back and wing-coverts dusky, edged with grey; secondary quills yellowish-white barred with black; lower parts greyish-white, the sides streaked with dusky.

Male, 9, 17.Female, 81/2.

Breeds from Texas to Nova Scotia, and throughout the interior to the head waters of the Missouri; thence to Lake Huron. Extremely common. Great numbers spend the winter in Louisiana.

Red-headed Woodpecker, Picus erythrocephalus,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 142.Picus erythrocephalus,Bonap.Syn. p. 45.Melanerpes erythrocephalus, Red-headed Woodpecker,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 316.Red-headed Woodpecker, Picus erythrocephalus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 141; v. v. p. 536.

Red-headed Woodpecker, Picus erythrocephalus,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 142.

Picus erythrocephalus,Bonap.Syn. p. 45.

Melanerpes erythrocephalus, Red-headed Woodpecker,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 316.

Red-headed Woodpecker, Picus erythrocephalus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 141; v. v. p. 536.

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