part of Greco-Syria,31;fights for its faith,33;fights for independence,45;under Roman suzerainty,95;under procurators,119,123,153;war with Rome,157,168;a theocracy,119.Judith, Book of,59,60.Julian, Roman Emperor, plans to rebuild the Temple for the Jews,245;note on,249.Jussuf, Arabian proselyte,296.Justinian, laws of, discriminate against Jews,282.Justice and Honesty, Talmudic sayings about,266,267.Kindness, Talmudic sayings on,267,268."King, Strength of,"55;title, of,78;note,84,85.Koran,note,311.Law, The, Judaism as,19-21;study of,260;abrogated by the Church,133;Greek vs. Jewish,note,146;Josephus on,178;three vital principles of,214.Law and equity,note,116.Logos,note,145.Magi, religion of,235.Maccabees, campaigns of,37.Maccabees, I and II, books of,64,65.Maccabeus, Judas, see Judas Maccabeus.Mair, R., Tanna,217-219;maxims,217;his wife Beruria,218,219.Mariamne,102.Mar Samuel, see Samuel.Martyrdom, under Antiochus (Greek-Syrian),35,36;under Hadrian (Roman),214-216.Masora, The,note,210.Massada fortress fails,170.Mattathias, the patriot, resists Antiochus Epiphanes,36.Mazdak, the Persian, persecutes the Jews,236.Menelaus, a traitor,33,34.Messiah, development of the doctrine of,127-129;Jesus regarded as,130;two views of,131.Metibta, Babylonian school,236.Middle Ages, Jewish,281.Midrash,142,143.Minor Festivals, so termed,40.Mishna, The,222;its 60 subdivisions,222,223;canon of Jewish law,221;quotations from,224-226;spirit of,227.Missionaries, Jewish,137,138;Christian,139.Mohammed,299;early dreams,299;Jews his chief teachers,300;founds a new creed,301;Hegira to Medina,301;conquers Mecca ("the Conquest")302;political and religious head of Arabia,303;conquers Arabian Jews and slays 700,306,307;Arabia's "Prophet,"305.Mohammedanism, supersedes Arabian idolatry,300;articles of Creed,302;compromise with paganism,305,306;early form of, patterned after Judaism,304;and Christianity similar in their attitude towards Judaism,241,305,306;"Koran or the sword,"306;rapid spread of,307,308;later attitude towards Jews,308-310;reaches the Spanish Peninsula,310.Nasi, office of,190.Nazarites,82.Nehemiah's service,18.Nerva, Emperor, removes injunctions against proselytes,202;coin concerning Jewish tax,205."New Moon," Feast of, how regulated, see Calendar."Nicanor day,"47.Noachian laws,note,205.Olympian games,33,107.Onias, High Priest, and Alexander,28.Onias of Alexandria, builds a Temple,69,70;justification for,70;note,71.Onias, Prayer of,92.Oral Law, The,80.Ostragoths rule Italy, tolerant to Jews,284."Pairs," The, teachings of,83.Pantheon, decline of,245.Patience, Talmudic sayings on,270,271.Palestine, Academies of,190;map of, front of book;taken by the Greeks,28;Romans,93;Persians,282;again by Byzantines,283;finally by the Moslems,308.Parents and Children, Talmudic sayings on,261,262.Paul, Apostle,93;abrogates the Law,133;note,152.Patriotism and Judaism,234;note,238."Peace Party," The,157.Persia, Jews under Persian sway,17;political silence vs. religious activity,18-22;Persian influence,note,24;conquered by Greece,18,19;conflict with Byzantium,282,283;history of,230;religion of,235,236.Pharisees, The,80;contrasted with Sadducees,80,81;seven classes of, note,83;slandered,81.Philip, tetrarch of Batanea and Gaulonitus,117.Philo,141;on Pilate,124,125;on proselytes,138;as expounder of Scripture,141,142;as philosopher,142-144;theory of the Logos,143,144;ethics of,144-145;pleads to emperor for Jews,148.Pilate, the Procurator,123;slaughters the Samaritans,125;condemns Jesus of Nazareth to death,127.Pompey takes Jerusalem,93.Pool of Siloam, illustration,90.Popes, dangerous power of,285.Post-exilic literature,22.Prayer of Manasses,64;of Onias,92.Prayer, supersedes sacrifice as sole mode of worship,184,185;Talmudic sayings on,258;vs. sacrifice,64.Prayer Book, The,194,195;note,196.Priest, and Synagogue,21;High P., functions and power of,21.Procurators, first group,123;last group,153;their treatment of the Jews,119,122-124;their place in the Roman system,147;Albinus,156;Felix,154;Festus,155;Florus,156,157;Pilate,123.Proselytes, Greek,137,138;Roman,126,137,201,202;Queen Helen of Adiabene,139;Aquila,202;Jussuf, King of Yemen,296;by compulsion78,85;note,205.Providence, Talmudic sayings on,258,259.Ptolemies, the,68;Philadelphus,68;Philometer70,71.Pumbeditha, Babylonian Academy,237.Rab (Abba Areka), Babylonian Amora,232;establishes Sora Academy,233;moralist,233.Rabbi, title of,194.Rabba, classified Halachoth,237.Religion as law,19-21.Repentance, Talmudic sayings on,273,274.Resh Galutha, office of,231;under Moslem sway,309.Resh Lakish, expounder,220.Righteousness, Talmudic sayings on,259.Ritual of Prayer,194-196.Rome, history from 146B. C. E.to establishment of the Empire,95,96;policy of,93;Pompey takes Jerusalem,92;suzerainty over Judea,96;Judea under,77;appoints procurators over Judea,119;Judea's wars with,57,168;regime of, after Judea's overthrow,201;revolt against Trajan,202-204;suppresses the Bar Cochba revolt,213;decline of the empire,239;division of the Empire,245;influx of barbarians,246;western half of Empire succumbs to northern tribes,247;successors,283-285.Rome, Emperors of, that came in relations with the Jews: Antoninus Pius,217;Augustus,120,126;Caligula,147,148;Claudius,149,150;Domitian,139;Julian,245;Hadrian,204,205,209,213;Nero,159;Nerva,202;Alexander Severus,239;Tiberius,125;Titus,161;Trajan,202,203;Vespasian,159,161,162,165,173,184.Sabbatic year,46.Saboräim, 3d group of law expounders,253,254.Sacrifice ceases with fall of Jerusalem Temple,184-185.Sacrificial worship,note,188.Sadduccees,79;contrasted with Pharisees,80,81.Salome, Alexandra, reign of,87;coin of her time,87.Samuel, Babylonian Amora,233;rationalist and jurist,233,234;"land's law is ours,"234;patriot,234;astronomer and physician,234,235;maxims,235.Samuel, Arabian Jewish hero,296,297;Sheik and poet,296,297.Samaritans,125.Sanhedrin,123,127,151;shorn of power,108.Scribes, The19,20.Seleucidan regime,28;era,28.Semicha (ordination),194,215.Septuagint, The,68,69,71.Severus, Alexander respects Judaism,239.Severus, Julius, defeats Bar Cochba,212,213.Shammai, contrasted with Hillel,112,115;school of,115;against proselytism,115.Sicarii, The,154,155.Simlai, R., enumerates 365 negative and 248 affirmative precepts,220.Simon b. Giora, Zealot leader,165,170.Simon, the Just, High Priest,29,30;Ben Sirach's description of,29.Simon the Hasmonean, independent Prince of Judea,50,77,78;makes treaty with Rome,77;coins,50,51.Simon ben Shetach,88,89;establishes schools,89.Sin, Talmudic sayings about,271,272.Slave trade and the Jews,286.Slavery, a medieval institution,286.Sibylline Oracles, Judaism expressed in,137."Song of the Three Holy Children,"64.Sora, Babylonian Academy,233.Spanish Peninsula,288;status of Jews before 6th century in,289;their position in 7th century in,290,291;conquered by the Moslems,292,310."Susanna, History of,"644.Synagogue, establishment of,21;ritual,19; "Men of the Great,"22.Syria (Roman) Judea province of,119.Syrian governors, Vitellius, well disposed toward Jews,147;Petronius risks life for Jews,148;Cestius Gallus put to rout by Jews,158.Talmud, The,250;stories from256,264;codifying commenced, by R. Ashi,251;Babylonian,251;Palestinian,252;the Gemara,251;Halacha and Agada,252,253;literature on,253;language of,note,254;influenced by Roman law,note,255.Tannäim, the first order of expounders,186.Targum,145.Tax, Jewish,170.Teachers, value of, sayings about,221.Temple, The, as a religious centre,21;desecrated by Antiochus,34;re-dedicated by the Maccabees,45;invaded by Pompey,93;rebuilt by Herod,107;besieged by Rome,168;destroyed by Rome,170;heathen temple built on site,171;religious consequence of its overthrow:Jewish,183-185;Christian,198;Fast,note,196;as reconstructed by Chipiez,74;ground plan of Temple area,75;of Onias,70;justification for a temple outside of Jerusalem,70,71."Testaments, Old and New," significance of the title,198,199.Tetrarch,120.Theocracy, defined,119;Roman rule antagonistic to,119.Theudas, a Messiah, executed,153.Tiberius, Roman emperor,125.Titus conducts war against Judea,161,166,170;Arch of, illustration,180;portrait,164;Coin of the reign of,166.Tobit, Book of,57,58;Prayer of,58,59.Traders, why Jews became,286.Trajan, revolt against,202,203.Truth, strength of,56,57;Talmudic sayings about,266.Vespasian, sent by Nero to quell Judean rebellion,159;conquers Galilean plain,161;conquers northern fortresses,165;crowned Roman emperor,173;grants permission to J. b. Zakkai to establish an Academy at Jamnia,184;brass coin indicating Judea's overthrow,189.Vulgate, The, Latin translation of the Scriptures,249.Water Bottles, Goat-skin, illustration,66.Water Festival (Sh'mini Atzereth,)89."Wine, Strength of,"54.Wisdom literature,60."Wisdom of Solomon,"62;quotations from,62,63.Wit and Humor of Rabbis,275,276.Woman, Jewish estimate of,262;Talmudic sayings on,263;strength of,55,56.Wood Festival, Ab 15th,89.Work, Talmudic sayings on,264,265.Zealots, The,124,153,154,165.Zoroastrism, religion of Persia,235,236.