see end of textThe tytle of thys worcke straunge.IDoubt not but that the title of this treatise all straunge vnto our Englyshe eares, wil cause some men at the fyrst syghte to maruayle what the matter of it should meane: yea, and peraduenture if they be rashe of iudgement, to cal it some newe fangle, and so casting it hastily from thẽ, wil not once vouchsafe to reade it: and if they do, yet perceiuynge nothing to be therin that pleaseth their phansy, wyl count it but a tryfle, & atale of Robynhoode. But of thys sorte as I doubte not to fynde manye, so perhaps there wyll be other, whiche moued with the noueltye thereof, wyll thynke it worthye to be looked vpon, and se what is contained therin.Sheme and Trope.These words,SchemeandTrope, are not vsed in our Englishe tongue, neither bene they Englyshe wordes.Vse maketh straũge thinges familier.No more be manye whiche nowe in oure tyme be made by continual vse, very familier to most men, and come so often in speakyng, that aswel is knowen amongest vs the meanyng of them, as if they had bene of oure owne natiue broode. Who hath not in hys mouthe nowe thys worde Paraphrasis, homelies, vsurped, abolyshed, wyth manye otherlyke? And what maruail is it if these words haue not bene vsed heretofore, seynge there was no suche thynge in oure Englishe tõgue where vnto they shuld be applyed? Good cause haue we therefore to gyue thankes vnto certayne godlye and well learned men, whych by their greate studye enrychynge our tongue both wyth matter and wordes, haue endeuoured to make it so copyous and plentyfull that therein it maye compare wyth anye other whiche so euer is the best.Oure language falsely accused of barbarousnes.It is not vnknowen that oure language for the barbarousnes and lacke of eloquence hathe bene complayned of, and yet not trewely, for anye defaut in the toungue it selfe, butrather for slackenes of our coũtrimen, whiche haue alwayes set lyght by searchyng out the elegance and proper speaches that be ful many in it: as plainly doth appere not only by the most excellent monumentes of our aũciẽt forewriters,Gower. Chawcer. Lidgate.Gower, Chawcer and Lydgate, but also by the famous workes of many other later:Syr Thomas Elyot.inespeciall of yeryght worshipful knyght syr Thomas Eliot, which first in hys dictionarye as it were generallye searchinge oute the copye of oure language in all kynde of wordes and phrases, after that setting abrode goodlye monumentes of hys wytte, lernynge and industrye, aswell in historycall knowledge, as of eyther the Philosophies,hathe herebi declared the plentyfulnes of our mother toũge, loue toward hys country, hys tyme not spent in vanitye and tryfles. What shuld I speake of that ornamente Syr Thomas Wyat? which beside most excellente gyftes bothe of fortune and bodye, so flouryshed in the eloquence of hys natiue tongue, that as he passed therin those wyth whome he lyued, so was he lykelye to haue bene equal wyth anye other before hym, had not enuious death to hastely beriued vs of thys iewel: teachyng al men verely, no filicitie in thys worlde to be so suer and stable, but that quicklye it may be ouerthrowen and broughte to the grounde. Manye other there be yet lyuyngewhose excellente wrytynges do testifye wyth vs to be wordes apte and mete elogantly to declare oure myndes in al kindes of Sciences: and that, what sentence soeuer we conceiue, the same to haue Englyshe oracion natural, and holpẽ by art, wherby it may most eloquẽtly be vttered.The occasion of thystreatise.Of the whych thynge as I fortuned to talke wyth you, Master Brooke, among other matters this present argument of Schemes and Tropes came in place, and offered it selfe, demed to be bothe profitable and pleasaunte if they were gathered together, and handsomelye set in a playne ordre, and wyth theire descriptions hansomely put into our Englishe tongue.And bicause longe ago, I was well acquaynted with them, when I red them to other in yeLatin, and that they holpe me verye muche in the exposicion of goode authores, I was so muche the more ready to make them speak English, partli to renew the pleasure of mine old studies, and partelye to satysfy your request.Rodulphus Agricola.¶ Beside this, I was moued also wyth the authorytye of that famous clarke Rodulphus Agricola, whyche in a certeine epistle wryten vnto a frynde of hys, exhorteth mẽ what soeuer they reade in straunge tongues, diligently to translate the same into their owne language: because that in it wesonarperceiue if therebe any faute in our speaking, and howe euerye thynge eyther rightly hangeth together or is darkely, ruggishly, and superfluously wryttẽ. No lerned nacion hath there bene but yelearned in it haue written of schemes & fygures, which thei wold not haue don, except thei had perceyued the valewe.¶ Wherefore after theyr example obtaynyng a lytle lesure, I red ouer sundrye treatises, as wel of those which wrot long ago, as of other now in our daies: fyndynge amonge them some to haue wrytten ouer brieflye, some confuselye, and falselye some.Mosellain.Mosellane hathe in hys tables shewed a fewe fygures of grammer, and so hathe confoũded them together, that hissecond order called of Loquucion pertayneth rather to the rhetoricians then to hys purpose.Quintilian.Quintilian briefly hathe wrytten bothe of the Gramatical and rhetorical Shemes, but so that you may soone perceyue he did it by the waye, as muche as serued hys purpose.Cicero.Cicero in hys boke of an oratour with hys incompetable eloquence hathe so hid the preceptes, that scarselye they may be tryed oute by theyr names, or by theyr exãples.Erasmus.Erasmus in hys double copye of words and thynges, hath made as yetytle declareth but a comentarye of them bothe, and as it wer a litle bil of remembraũce.Wherefore to make these thinges more playne to yestudentsthat lyst to reade them in oure tongue, I haue taken a lytle payne, more thorowelye to try the definicions, to apply the examples more aptly, & to make thingsdefusedmore plaine, as in dede it shal ryght wel apere to the dylygente. I haue not translated them orderly out of anye one author, but runninge as I sayde thorowe many, and vsyng myne owne iudgement, haue broughte them into this body as you se, and set them in so playne an order, that redelye maye be founde the figure, and the vse wherevnto it serueth.Thoughe vnto greate wittes occupyed with weightye matters, they do not greatelye pertayne, yet to such as perchaũce shal not haue perfecte instructoures,they may be commodious to helpe them selues for yebetter vnderstandynge of such good authors as they reade. ¶ For thys darre I saye, no eloquente wryter maye be perceiued as he shulde be, wythoute the knowledge of them: for asmuche as al togethers they belonge to Eloquucion, whyche is the thyrde and pryncipall parte of rhetorique. The common scholemasters be wont in readynge, to saye vnto their scholers:Hic est figura: and sometyme to axe them,Per quam figuram?But what profit is herein if they go no further? In speakynge and wrytynge nothyng is more folyshe than to affecte or fondly to laboure to speake darkelye for the nonce, sithe theproper vse of speach is to vtter the meaning of our mynd with as playne wordes as maye be.A figure not to be vsed but for a cause.But syth it so chaunseth ytsomtyme ether of necessitie, or to set out the matter more plaĩly we be compelled to speake otherwyse then after common facion, onles we wil be ignorante in the sence or meaninge of the mater that excellente authors do wryghte of, we muste nedes runne to the helpe of schemes & fygures: which verely come no sildomer in the writing and speaking of eloquente english men, then either of Grecians or Latins. Many thinges might I brynge in to proue not onely a great profyt to be in them but that they are to be learned euen of necessitie, for as mucheas not only prophane authors wythout them may not be wel vnderstand, but that also they greatelye profit vs in the readinge of holye scripture, where if you be ignoraunte in the fyguratiue speches and Tropes, you are lyke in manye greate doubtes to make but a slender solucion:Westimerusas ryght wyll do testefyCastelio VestimerusandAugustinusytnoble doctor saint Augustine. I confesse I haue not made the matter here so perfecte as my wyll and desyer is it shoulde haue ben, and that I haue but brieflye touched, and as it were with my litle fynger poynted to these thinges, which require a lẽger declaracion. For what can be hasted, and absolute to?But if God spare me lyfe, Itruste hereafter to make it an introducciõ, wherbi our youth not onlye shall saue that moste precious Iewell, Time, whyle they wander by them selues, readynge at all aduentures sundry and varyous authors: but that also thei shalbe able better to vnderstande and iudge of the goodlye gyftes and ornamentes in mooste famous and eloquente oratoures.Andapte similitude.For as lyke plesure is not to him whiche gooeth into a goodlye garden garnyshed wyth dyuers kindes of herbes and flowers, and that there doeth no more but beholde them, of whome it maye be sayde that he wente in for nothynge but that he wold come out, and to hym which besyde the corporall eie pleasure,knoeth of eueri one the name & propertye: so verelye much difference is there in readynge good authors, and in sundrye sortes of menne that do it: and muche more pleasure, and profit hathe he whiche vseth arte and iudgement, then the other, whiche wyth greate studye in dede turneth them ouer but for lacke of the knowledge of preceptes wanteth also the fruite and delectacyon that he more amplye myghte obtayne. The lyuynge God from whome all good giftes do procede, gyue vs grace so to order all oure words and speache, that it may be to his honour and glory for euer and euer. Amen.¶ Geuen at London the.xiii. day of Decembre.Anno .M.D.L.see end of textEloquucionELoquucion, which the Greekes call Phrase, whereof also the name of eloquence dothe ryse, as of al partes it is the goodlyest, so also is it the most profitable and hardeste: in the whyche is seene that diuine myghte and vertue of an oratoure, whych as Cicero in hys oratorie particions defineth, is nothyng else but wisedom speakyng eloquently. For vnto the maruelous greate inuencion of all thynges, bothe it addeth a fulnes, and varietie: it setteth oute & garnysheth wyth lyghtes of eloquent speche, the thinges that be spoken of and also wyth very graue sentences, choyse wordes, proper, aptly translated, and wel soundyng, it bryngeth that greate fludde of eloquence vnto a certein kynd of stileand indyghtyng. And oute of thys greate streame of eloquucion, not only must we chose apte, and mete wordes, but also take hede of placinge, and settinge them in order.For the myghte and power of eloquucion consisteth in wordes considered by them selues, and when they be ioyned together. Apt wordes by searchyng muste be founde oute, and after by diligence conueniently coupled. For there is a garnyshynge, euen when they be pure and fyne by them selues, and an other, whẽ they be ioyned together.To chose thẽ oute finely, and handsomlye to bestow them in their places, after the mynde of Cicero and Quintilian, is no easy thynge. So Marcus Antonius was wonte to say, that he had knowen many wel spoken men, but none eloquente. ¶ Tullye and Quintilian thoughte that inuencion and disposiciõ were the partes of a wytty and prudent man, but eloquence of an oratour.For howe to finde out matter, and set it in order, may be comen to all men, whyche eyther make abridgementesof the excellent workes of aunciente wryters, and put histories in remẽbraunce, or that speake of anye matter them selues: but to vtter the mynde aptely, distinctly, and ornately, is a gyft geuen to very fewe. And because we haue deuided eloquucion into two partes, that is,wordes symple, or considered by them selues, andcompoundor ioyned together in speache, accordyng to thys we saye, that euerye eloquente oracion must haue in it thre poyntes: euidence, which belongeth to the fyrst parte of eloquucion, composicion & dignitie, which belongeth to the other.Of Euidence and plainenes.Of these thynges that we put in eloquucion, lette thys be the fyrste care, to speake euidentlye after the dignitye and nature of thynges, and to vtter suche wordes, whych as Cicero sayth in hys oratour, no man may iustely reprehende. The playne and euident speche is learned of Gramarians, and it keepeth the oracion pure, and without all faute, and maketh that eueryethyng may seme to be spoken purelye apertlye, and clerelye. Euerye speche standeth by vsuall wordes that be in vse of daylye talke, and proper wordes that belonge to the thinge, of the which we shal speke.Neyther be properties to be referred onely to the name of the thing, but much more to the strength and power of the significacion: & must be considered not by hearyng, but by vnderstandyng. So translacion in the whych comonly is the greatest vse of eloquuciõ, applieth wordes nottheselfe proper thinges.But yet an vnvsed worde or poetical, hath also somtyme in the oracion hys dignitie, and beyng put in place (as Cicero sayeth) oftentymes the oracion may seme greater, and of more antiquitie, for that Poetes do speake in a maner as it were in another tonge, it is righte sone perceiued. Finally two fautes are cõmitted in euerye language, whereby it is not pure: Barbarisme, and Solecisme. Of the whych, that on is committed, when anye worde is fautely spoken or writen:that other, when in many wordes ioyned together, the worde that foloweth is not wel applyed to that that goeth before. Of composicion and dygnitye, we wyll speake here after, when we come to the figures of rethoryque.Of the three kyndes of style or endyghtynge.Before we come to the precepts of garnishing an oraciõ, we thinke good, bryeflye, to shewe you of the thre kyndes of stile or endyghting, in the whych all the eloquucion of an oratoure is occupied. For that there be thre sundry kyndes, called of the Grekes characters, of vs figures, I trowe there is no man, though he be meanlye learned, but he knoweth, namely when we se so manye wryters of sciences, bothe Greke and latine, whych haue ben before tyme, to haue folowed for the mooste parte sundrye sortes of wrytyng, the one vnlyke to the other. And there hath bene marked inespecially thre kyndes of endightynge: The greate, the small, the meane.The greate kynde.The greate, the noble, the mightye, and the full kynde of endyghtynge, wyth an incredible, & a certen diuine power of oracion, is vsed in wayghty causes: for it hathe wyth an ample maiestye verye garnyshed wordes, proper, translated, & graue sentences, whych ar handled in amplificacion, and commiseracion, and it hathe exornations bothe of woordes and sentences, wherunto in oracions they ascribe verye great strength and grauitie.And they that vse thys kynde, bee vehement, various, copious, graue, appoynted and readye thorowlye to moue and turne mens myndes.Thys kynd dyd Cicero vse in the oracion for Aulus Cluencius, for Sylla, for Titus Annius Milo, for Caius Rabirius: agaynste Catiline, agaynste Verres, agaynste Piso. But they that can not skyll of it oftentimes fall into fautes, when vnto them that seemeth a graue oracion, whych swelleth, and is puffed vp, whych vseth straunge wordes hardelye translated, or toolde, and that be nowe longe sythens lefte of from vse of daylye talke, or more graue then the thing requyreth.The small kynde.The small kynde of indighting, is in a subtile, pressed, and fyled oracion, meete for causes that be a lytel sharper then are in the comon vse of speakynge. For it is a kynde of oracion that is lette downe euen to the mooste vsed custume of pure and clere speakyng. It hathe fyne sentences, subtile, sharpe, teachyng all thynges, and makynge them more playne, not more ample. ¶ And in the same kynde (as Cicero sayeth in hys oratoure) some bee craftye, but vnpolyshed, and of purpose lyke the rude and vnskylfull:Other in that leaues are trymme, that is somwhat floryshynge also and garnyshed. Cicero vsed thys kynde in hys philosophicall disputacions, in the oraciõ for Quincius for Roscius yeComedy plaier, & Terẽce, & Plautus in their Comedies.Such as cã not hãdsomly vse themselues in that mery conceyted slendernes of wordes, fall into a drye and feble kynde of oracion.The meane kynde.The mean and temperate kynd of indyghting standeth of the lower, and yet not of the loweste, and moste comen wordes and sentẽces.And it is ryghtyly called the temperate kynde of speakyng, because it is very nygh vnto the small, and to the greate kynde, folowyng a moderacion and temper betwyxt thẽ.And it foloweth as we saye in one tenour, distinguyshyng all the oracion wyth small ornamentes both of wordes, and sentences. Cicero vseth thys for the lawe of Manilius, for Aulus Cecinna, for Marcus Marcellus, and moste of all in hys bookes of offices. In this it is fautye to come to the kynd that is nye vnto it, whyche is called dissolute, because it waueth hyther and thyther, as it were wythout senowes and ioyntes, standyng surely in no poynte. And suche an oracion can not cause the hearer to take anye heede, when it goeth so in and out,and comprehendeth not any thyng wyth perfecte wordes.Of Schemes and Tropes.SchemeScheme is a Greke worde, and signifyeth properlye the maner of gesture that daunsers vse to make, whẽ they haue won the best game, but by translacion is taken for the fourme, fashion, and shape of anye thynge expressed in wrytynge or payntinge: and is taken here now of vs for the fashion of a word, sayynge, or sentence, otherwyse wrytten or spoken then after the vulgar and comen vsage, and that thre sũdry waies: by figure, faute, vertue.Figure.Fygure, of Scheme yefyrst part, is a behaueoure, maner, or fashion eyther of sentence, oracion, or wordes after some new wyse, other thẽ men do commenlye vse to wryte or speake: and is of two sortes. Dianoias, that is of sentence, andLexeosof worde.Figure ofDianoias, or sentence, because it properlye belongeth to oratoures, we wyll speake of it hereafter in place conuenient,now wyll we entrete of the figure Lexeos, or of worde, as it perteyneth to the Gramarians.Figure of worde.Figure Lexeos, or ofworde, is when in speakyng or wrytyng any thynge touchynge the wordes is made newe or straunge, otherwyse then after yecomen custume: & is of.ii.kyndes; diccion, & construccion.Figure of Diccion.Figure of diccion is the transformacion of one word, either written or pronoũced: & hath these partes.Prosthesis.Appositio, apposiciõ, the putting to, eyther of letter or sillable at the begynnyng of a worde, as: He all to bewretched hym.ApheresisAblatio, the takynge awaye of a letter or sillable from the begynnynge of a worde, of a letter, when we say: The pẽthesis of thys house is to low, for the epenthesis. Wher note this yeword pẽthesis is a greke worde, & yet is vsed as an englishe, as many mo be, and is called a pentis by these figures, Sincope and Apheresis, the whole word beynge as is before, epenthesis, so called becauseit is betwyxt yelyght & vs, as in al occupiers shops cõmenli it is.Epenthesis.Interpositio, when a letter is added betwene the fyrste sillable of a word and the laste, as: Relligiõ for religion, relliques for reliques.Syncope.Consicio, contrary to Epenthesis, is when somewhat is cutte of from the myddeste of the worde, as: Idolatry forIdololatry.Proparalepsis.Preassumpcio, when a sillable is added to a word, the significacion of the worde therby nothyng altered, as: He vseth to slacken his matters, for to slacke his matters.Apocope.Absissio, yecuttyng away of a letter or sillable frõ the end of a word, as: She is a wel fayr may, for maid.Ectasis.Extensio, the making lõg of a sillable whych by nature is short, as: This was ordeined by acte, for ordined.Systole.Contractio, the makynge short of a sillable which bi nature is lõg, as He is a man of good perseueraũce: wher some men cõmit .ii. fautes at once, one ytthey take perseueraũce for knoweledge, which signifiethalwais cõtinuance, an other ytthey make this sillable (ue) short, where it is euer longe: and so do they erre in thys worde, adherentes, also, makyng (he) short, when it is alwayes longe, as when they saye: I defye hym, and all his adherentes.Synolephe.Delecio, puttynge oute, when .ii. vowels comyng together, the first is as it were put out: as thone and thother, for the one and the other.Antisthecon.Littera pro littera.One letter for an other, as akecorne for okecorne.Transposicio.Transposing of letters in wrytynge, as chambre, for chamber.Figure of construccion.Figure of construccion is when the order of construccion is otherwyse then after the comen maner.And the kyndes be these.Prolepsis.Presumpcio, a takynge before, or generall speakynge of those thynges whych afterwardes be declared more perticulerlye: as, in the meane seasõ that kyng Henry rode royally to Calais on a sumpteouscourser, Lewes in a gorgeous chariot was caried to Boloygne.Zeugma.Iunctio, ioynyng, as Linacer sayeth, is when in lyke sentences a certen comen thyng that is put in the one, and not chaunged in the other is not expressed, but lefte out: as in Vyrgyll. Before I forget Cesar, eyther the Parthian shall drynke of the flud Araris, or Germany of Tigris: here is left out, shall drynke.Or to define it more playnelye. ¶Iniunctio, is when the verbe in diuerse lyke sentences is referred to one: and that thre maner of waies.Presozeugma.Fyrste when it is set before, and is calledpreiunctio, as: There dyd ouercome in hym, lechery, his chastitie, saucines his feare, madnesse hys reason.Mesozeugma.Secondlye when it is set in the middes, & is called,Media iunctio, as bewtye, eyther by age decaieth, or by syckenes.Hypozeugma.Thyrdly whẽ it is put in the end and is calledPostiunctio, as bewtie by syckenes, by sorowe, or by age decayeth.Diazeugma.Disiunctio, disiunccion, when of those thynges of whych we speake, eyther both, or eche one of them is concluded with their certen verbe, thus: The people of Rome destroyed Numance, ouerthrew Cartage, cast downe Corinth, and raced Fregels. Couetousnes hurteth the bodye, and corrupteth the mynd.Silepsis.Concepcio, when in vnlike clauses a certeyn cõmon thynge that is put in one of thẽ, can not agre with the other, excepte it be chaunged.But thys is more playne in the latine because of the concordes, albeit in englyshe for the verbe we may vse this example. The Nobles and the Kynge was taken. Hys head and hys handes were cutte of: In the whyche sentences the verbe agreeth wyth the nexte.Epergesis.Appositio, when two substãtiues are put together immediatly withoute any verbe betwyxt, the one to declare the other, as in Vyrgyll. ¶ Coridõ loued faire Alexis his masters darlynge.HyperbatonTransgressio, when the ryghteorder of wordes is troubled, & hath these kyndes.Anastrophe.Reuersio, a preposterous order of the woordes contrarye to the good order of speakyng, as: He fell from of the wall, for he fel of from the walle.Hysterologia.Prepostera loquutio, when ytthat is done afterwardes, is set in speaking in the former place, as: plucke of my bootes and spurres.TmesisDissectio, a cutting, when the ioynyng of a compound worde is losed by putting somewhat betwixt, as: Hys saying was true, as here shal appere after, for hereafter. He shal by punyshed what man so euer offẽdeth, for whatsoeuer man.ParenthesisInterpositio, Interposicion, is a dissoluciõ of the order of the words by putting a sentence betwixt, as: The man (I speke it for no harme) wyl somtime haue his owne wyll.Eclipsis.Defectus, when somewhat lacketh in speakyng, but cõmenlye vsed to be vnderstand, as: Good morowe, good nyght.Antiptosis.Casus pro casu, when one case isputte for another, as me thynke it is so.Faute.Of Scheme, the second parte is in speach as it were a faute, which though it be pardoned in Poetes, yet in prose it is not to be suffered.The kyndes bee these: obscure, inordinate, barbarous.Obscure and hys partes.Obscure is, when ther is a darknes thorow faut, eyther of the wordes, or of the settynge of them, and these ben the partes.Acyrologia.Improprietas, when a worde nothynge at all in hys proper significacion is broughte into a sentence as a cloude: as you shall haue syxe strypes you longe for.Pleonasmus.Superabundancia, when yesentence is laden with superfluous wordes, as, he spake it wyth his mouthe, he sawe it wyth hys eyes.Perissologia.Sermo superfluus, when a sentẽce is added, yematter therby made neuer the waightyer, as yeEmbassadours obteining no peace, returned backe home, frõ whẽce they came.Tautologia.Inutilis repeticio eiusdem, is a vayne repeting agayn of one word or moe in all one sentence, whyche faute by takyng lytle heede, Cicero also fell into, as in the oracion for Aulus Cluencius. Therefore that iudgemẽt was not lyke a iudgemẽt O Iudges.Homiologia.Sermo ubique sui similis, a greater faute then the other, is when the whole matter is all alyke, and hath no varietie to auoyde tediousnes, as: He came thither to yebath, yet he saide afterwardes. Here one seruaunt bet me. Afterwardes he sayde vnto hym: I wyll consider.Afterwardes he chyd wyth hym, & cryed more and more when manye were presente. Suche a folyshe tellyng of a tale shall you heare in many simple & halfe folyshe persons.Amphibologia.Ambiguitas, when thorow faute of ioynyng the wordes, it is doutefull to whych the verbe belongeth, as: Hys father loueth hym better then hys mother.Periergia.Sedulitas superflua, when ther is in speakyng to much diligence andcuriositye, and the sentence ouerladen with superfluous wordes, whiche faute is the same, or verye lyke to that,Macrologiathat is calledMacrologia, whych is when the sentence vpon desyre to seme fyne and eloquent, is longer then it shulde be.Inordinate and his partes.Inordinate is, when eyther order or dignitie lacketh in the wordes: and the kyndes ben these:Tapinosis.Humiliatio, when the dygnitye of the thyng is diminyshed by basenes of the worde: as if we shuld say to a greate prynce or a kynge: If it please your mastershyp.Aschrologia.Turpis loquutio, when the words be spoken, or ioyned together, that they may be wronge into a fylthye sence. Of thys it nedeth not to put any example, when lewde wanton persons wyl soone fynde inowe.Cacozelia.Mala affectatio, euyll affectaciõ or leude folowyng, when the wytte lacketh iudgement, and fondlye folowyng a good maner of speaking, runne into a faute, as when affectyng copy, we fall into a vaine bablynge,or laboryng to be brief, wax bare & drye. Also if we shuld saye: a phrase of building, or an audiẽce of shepe, as a certẽ homely felow dyd.AschematistõMale figuratum, when the oracion is all playne and symple, & lacketh his figures, wherby as it wer wyth starres it might shyne: which faute is counted of wryters, not amonge the leaste.Cacosintheton.Male collocatum, when wordes be naughtelye ioyned together, or set in a place wher thei shuld not be.Soraismus.Cumulatio, a mynglyng and heapyng together of wordes of diuerse languages into one speche: as of Frenche, welche, spanyshe, into englyshe: and an vsynge of wordes be they pure or barbarous. And although great authors somtyme in long workes vse some of these fautes, yet must not their examples be folowed, nor brought into a cõmon vsage of speakyng.Barbarie and hys partes.Barbarie is a faute, whych turneth the speche frõ his purenes, and maketh it foule and rude, and the partes be these.Barbarismus.Barbarismus is, when a worde is either naughtely wrytten or pronoũced cõtrary to the ryght law & maner of speakynge. And it is done by addicion, detracciõ, chaunging, transposynge, eyther of a letter, a syllable, tyme, accent or aspiraciõ.Hereof we haue shewed exampels partly wher they be called figures, and partly, doute ye not, but both the speakynge and wrytyng of barbarouse men wyll gyue you inow.Hytherto be referred the fautes of euil pronouncing certein letters, & of to much gapyng, or contrarye of speakyng in the mouth.Solecismus.Inconueniens structura, is an vnmete and vnconuenient ioynynge together the partes of spech in construccion, whych is marked by all thynges that belong to the partes of speche: as when one parte is put for another, when gender for gender, case for case, tyme for tyme, mode for mode, number for number, aduerbe for aduerbe, preposicion for preposiciõ, whych because it is vsed of famous authores, instede of fautes, be called figures.Vertue.Vertue, or as we saye, a grace & dygnitye in speakynge, the thyrde kynde of Scheme, is when the sentence is bewtyfied and lyfte vp aboue the comen maner of speaking of the people. Of it be two kyndes: Proprietie and garnyshyng.Proprietie and his partes.Proprietie is when in wryting and pronunciacion ther be no fautes committed, but thynges done as they shulde be. The partes bee proposicion, and accenting.Analogia.Proportio, proporcion is, whereby the maner of true wrytynge is conserued. By thys the barbarous tonge is seperated from the verye true and naturall speche, as be the fyne metals from the grosser. To speke is no faute, but an obseruacion or markyng, not leanyng vpõ cause, but vpon example. For in eloquence, the iudgement of excellẽt men standeth for reason, as saythe Quintilian in hys fyrst boke.Tasis.Extensio, is that wherby a swete and pleasaunt modulacion or tunablenesof wordes is kepte, because some are spoken wyth a sharpe tenure or accent, some wyth a flatte, some strayned out. This grace specially perteineth to a turnyng of yevoyce in pleasaunte pronunciation.Garnyshyng and his kyndes.Garnishyng as the word it selfe declareth, is whẽ the oraciõ is gaylye set oute and floryshed wtdiuerse goodly figures, causyng much pleasauntnes and delectaciõ to the hearer: and hath two kyndes, composicion, and exornacion.Sinthesis.Composicionis an apte settinge together of wordes, whych causeth all the partes of an oracion to bee trymmed al alyke. And in it muste be considered that we so order our wordes, that the sentence decrease not by puttynge a weaker word after a stronger, but that it styl go vpwarde and increase. There is also a naturall order, as to saye: men & women, daye and nyght, easte, and weste, rather then backewardes.In thys muste be auoyded also to often comyng together of vowels, which make the oracion wyde andgapyng. To muche repetyng of all one letter in the beginning of wordes, to much repeting of one word, and that they ende not to much all alyke, that the sentence be not held on to longe, which werieth the hearer, and the speaker: nor that manye consonãtes run not to harshely together, wyth many other, which Cicero speaketh of in hys thyrde booke of hys oratour, and Quintilian in hys nynth, wherof here to put examples were to longe.Exornacionis a fyne polyshinge of wordes and sentences by disseueryng thẽ wtdiuerse goodly colours and tropes or chaũgings of speach.Tropes.Emonge authors manye tymes vnder the name of figures, Tropes also be comprehended: Neuerthelesse ther is a notable difference betwixt thẽ. In figure is no alteracion in the wordes frõ their proper significacions, but only is the oracion & sẽtence made by thẽ more plesaũt, sharpe & vehemẽt, after yeaffecciõ of him that speketh or writeth: to yewhich vse although tropes also do serue, yet properlye be they socalled, because in them for necessitye or garnyshynge, there is a mouynge and chaungynge of a worde and sentence, from theyr owne significaciõ into another, whych may agre wyth it by a similitude. The former partes ben these.Metaphora.Translatio, translacion, that is a worde translated from the thynge that it properlye signifieth, vnto another whych may agre with it by a similitude. And amonge all vertues of speche, this is the chyefe. ¶ None perswadeth more effecteouslye, none sheweth the thyng before oure eyes more euidently, none moueth more mightily the affeccions, none maketh the oraciõ more goodlye, pleasaunt, nor copious.Translacions be diuerse.i.Some frõ the body to the mynd, as: I haue but lately tasted the Hebrue tonge, for newely begunne it.Also I smell where aboute you go, for I perceyue.ii.From the reasonable to the vnresonable, as Vyrgyll in hys Georgexe applyed the counselles and fashion of warres belongynge tomen; to bees.iii.From the vnreasonable to the resonable. What whinest thou, what chatterest thou? That one taken of a wolfe, that other of a pye.iiii.From the liuinge to the not liuyng. The mouthe of the well, the fatnes of the earth. The lande wyl spewe them oute.v.From the not lyuynge to the liuyng. Cicero florisheth in eloquẽce.vi.From the liuyng, to the liuynge. The iews winched against Moses.vii.From the not liuinge to the not liuynge. The wordes flewe oute of hys mouth. He is good for a greue wounde.Catachresis.Abusio, when for a certeyne and proper worde, we abuse a lyke, or that is nie vnto it, as when we say: longe counsel, lytle talke, smal matter. Here maye we soone perceyue that by abusion wee take wordes that be somwhat nye, whych property do belong to vnlyke thinges.Metalepsis.Transsumptio, Transsũpcion, is when by degrees we go to ytthat is shewed as: he hyd hym selfe in the blacke dennes. By blacke is vnderstandful of darkenes & consequently stepe downe and verye depe.Metonomia.Metonomya, Transnominacion, when a worde that hathe a proper significacion of hys owne, beynge referred to another thing, hath another: & this is done diuerse waies.i.When the chiefe master or doar of a thyng is put for yething it self, as: Put vpon you the Lorde Iesus Christ. Also: you play Iudas wtme.ii.When the place, or that that cõteineth, is put for the thyng that is in it, as: All the round earthe prayseth God. Oxforth (some say) hath not forsaken all popery, for the studentes therin.iii.When that that is conteyned is put for that that doth conteine, as: The fryer Austens is goodly buylded, for yehouse wher yefryers wer.iiii.When the doer is put for that ytis done, as: God brought the Israelites out of Egypte wyth a stretched out arme, and stronge hande. Also: Is gods hand drawen in? for power and strength.v.When ytis done is put for yedoer.Synecdoche.Intellectio, Intelleccion whẽ onethyng is vnderstand by another ytis of the same maner and kynd, and this is done many wayes.i.When of the whole is vnderstãd a parte, as: Abraham set a calfe before them, for calues fleshe.ii.By a parte the whole, as: He receyued the straũgers vnder the succour of hys house rofe, for into hys house.iii.By one many, as: The Frenchemã in yebatail had the ouerthrow.iiii.By a kynd yegeneral, as: If thou se thyne enemies Asse fal vnder his burden, for cattell.v.By the general the kynd: Eue the mother of al liuing things, for of al mẽ: Preach to al creaturs, to al mẽvi.By that goeth before, the thynge that foloweth, as: He set hys spurres to hys horse, for he rode a pace, or fled faste awaye.vii.By that ytfoloweth, the thinge wente before, as: I got it wyth the swete of my face, for wtmy labour.viii.By the matter, yethynge that is made of it, as: Fleshe and bloude shewed the not it.ix.¶ By the signe, yethyng ytis signifiedas: Lo, naw the toppe of the chymneyes in the villages smoke a farre of: wherby Vyrgyl signifieth night to be at hande.Pronominacio.Antonomasiais, whych for yeproper name putteth some other word: As: the Archebyshop confuted the errour, for Cranmer. The Philosopher lyed that the worlde was eternall, for Aristotle. The Apostle sayeth wee be iustified by faythe, for Paule.Periphrasis.Circuicio, is a larger descripcion eyther to garnyshe it, or if it bee foule to hyde it, or if it be bryefe to make it more playn: by etimology, by sygnes, by definicion.¶ Example of the fyrste: The prouidẽce of Scipio ouerthrew yemight of Carthage. Here saue onlye for garnyshyng sake he myghte haue sayde playnlye: Scipio ouerthrew Carthage. Of the nexte: When Saule was doyng his busines, Dauid might haue killed hym. Doyng hys busines, ye wot what it meaneth. Of yethyrd, you haue the larger exposicions vpon the Gospels called by the name of thys figure.ByEtymologieor shewyng the reasõ of the name. Well maye he be called a parasite, for a parasite is ytloueth other because of his meat.Bysygnes, as when by certeine notes, we describe anye thynge, as if a man vnderstãdyng anger wyll saye that it is the boylynge of the mynde, or color whych bryngeth in palenes into the coũtenaũce, fiersenes of the eies, and trẽblyng in the members.By destincion. The arte of well indyghting, for Rethorique.The second parte of Trope.Allegoria, the seconde parte of Trope is an inuersion of wordes, where it is one in wordes, and another in sentence or meanynge.Aenigma.Sermo obscurus, a riddle or darke allegorie, as: The halfe is more thẽ the hole.Paremia.Adagium, a sayinge muche vsed and notable for some noueltye, as: The wolfe is in our tale.Ironia.Dissimulatio, is a mockyng whiche is not perceiued by the wordes but eyther by the pronũciacion, orby the behaueour of the person or by the nature of the thyng, as You are an honest man in deede.Sarcasmus.Amara irrisio, is a bitter sporting & mocke of our enemye, of a maner of iestyng or scoffinge bytynglye, a nyppyng tawnte, as: The Iewes saide to Christ, he saued other, but he could not saue hym selfe.Astysmus.Festiua urbanitas, is a certen mery conceyted speakyng, as on a tyme a mery felow metynge wtone that had a very whyte head, axed him if he had lyen in the snowe al nyght.Mycterismus.Subsannatio, a skornyng by some iesture of the face, as by wrythinge the nose, putting out the tonge, pottyng, or suche lyke.Antiphrasis.Dictio cõtrariũ significans, when the mock is in a worde by a contrarye sence, as when we call a fustilugges, a minion.Charientismus.Graciosa nugatio, when wordes roughly spokẽ be molified by pleasaunt wordes: as when we saye to hym that threatneth vs: I praye you be good master to me.The fyrst order of thefigures Rethoricall.EpanaphoraRepeticio, repeticion, when in lyke and diuerse thynges, we take our begynnyng cõtinually at one & the selfe same word, thus: To you this thyng is to be ascribed, to you thanke is to be geuen, to you thys thynge shal be honour. In this exornacion is much plesantnes, grauitie, and sharpnes, & it is much vsed of al oratours, & notably setteth oute, and garnysheth the oracion.Antistrophe.Conuersio, conuersion is whych taketh not hys begynnynges at al one and the same worde, but wtall one worde styll closeth vp the sentence, & it is contrary to that other before, as: Sence the time yecõcord was takẽ awaye from the citie, lyberty was takẽ awai: fidelity was takẽ away: frẽship was takẽ away.Symploce.Cõplexio, complexion cõpriseth both two exornacions, both this, & that whych we declared before, ytboth all one fyrste worde shulde be oftẽ repeted, & we shuld turne often to all one laste word, as: Who toke Sedechias prisoner, & put out bothhys eyes? Nabuchodonozer. Who put Daniell and hys felowes into the burnyng furnace? Nabuchodonozer. Who was transformed frõ a man into a beast, & eate haye wyth oxen? Nabuchodonozer.Anadiplosis.Reduplicatio, is a continent rehearsyng agayne of all one worde, or wordes, for the more vehemence, and some affect of the mynde. Cicero agaynst Catiline. Yet he liueth, liueth: yea commeth also into the counsel house. It is thou, it is thou that troublest all the houshold. ¶ Also, dareste thou nowe come into our syght, yetraitour of thy cõtrei? Thou traitour I say of thy contrei, darest thou come into oure syght?Epanodus.Traduccio, Traduccion is, whyche maketh that whẽ all one word is oftentymes vsed, that yet it doth not onlye not displease the mynde, but also make yeoracion more trim in this wyse: Suffer ryches to belonge to riche men, but prefer thou vertue before ryches. For if yuwylt compare ryches wyth vertue, thou shalte scarse thynke them meete to be called ryches, whych ar but hãdmaydensto vertue. Also, we are vnto God the swete sauour of Christ. To the one part are we the sauour of death vnto deathe, and vnto the other part are we the sauour of lyfe vnto lyfe .ii.Cor.ii.SinonimiaNominis cõmunio, cõmunion of the word, when we renewe not the selfe same worde by rehearsyng agayn, but chaunge that that is put wyth an other word of the same valewe, thus: Thou hast ouerthrowen the comon wealth euen from the foundacion, and cast downe the citye, euen from the roote. The iuste man shall floryshe as the palme tre, and shall be multiplyed as the Ceder tre. Cicero for.Q.Ligarius. ¶ Whose syde wolde that poynte of thy swerd haue pricked? what meaned thy weapons? what was thy mynde? what meante thyne eyes? handes, that burning of thy mynd? what desiredst yu? what wyshedste thou? Lytle differeth thys figure from the other before, only because the wordes be chaũged, the sentẽce remayning.Sinathrismus.Frequentacio, frequentacion is, when the thynges that be dispersed thorowout all the cause, are gathered together into one place that yeoracion shulde be the wayghtier, & rebukefuller, thus: What faute is he without? why shuld you O Iudges be mynded to deliuer hym? He is an harlot of hys owne bodye, he lyeth in wayte for others, gredy, intemperate, wanton, proud, vnnatural to his parentes, vnkynd to hys frindes, troubleous to hys kynsefolke, stubborn to hys betters, dysdaynful to his equals, cruel to hys inferiours, finally, intollerable to all men.Epiphonesis.Exclamacio, exclamaciõ is, whiche sheweth the signification of sorowe, or of anger, by callyng vpon eyther a man, a place, or a thynge?Cicero in hys oratour: O deceitful hope of men, and frayle fortune: & our vayne contencions, whych oftẽ tymes are broken in the myd way, rushe downe, and in the fal ar quite ouerthrowen before they can se the hauen. Hereunto belõgeth expectaciõ, obtestaciõ, wishyng, rebuking.Areia.Execracio, execracion: O fye vpon Idolatry, that taketh away the honoure due vnto God alone, and geueth it to synfull creatures, and Images made by mans hand.Deesis.Obtestacio, obtestacion, whẽ for God, or for mannes sake we vehemently desyre to haue any thynge.As Cicero for Publius Sestius: O I praye you, & for the Gods sakes most herteli besech you, ytas it was your wylles to saue me, so you wyl vouchsaf to saue thẽ thorew whose helpe you receiued me agayne.Euche.Votum, wyshynge: O wolde God that the adulterer had bene drowned in the ragyng sea, whan wyth hys nauye of shyppes he sayled to Lacedemonia.EpiplexisIncrepacio, Cicero agaynst Catiline: Thynkest thou that thy counselles are not knowen? and that we knowe not what thou dyddest the laste nyghte? and what the nyghte before?Erotesis.Interrogacio, Euerye interrogaciõ is not of grauity, neither yet a Scheme, but thys whyche whenthose thinges be rehearsed vp whiche hurte oure aduersaryes cause, strengthneth that thynge that is gone before, thus seynge then that he spake all these wordes, and dyd all these thynges, whether dyd he put away our felowes myndes frõ the cõmon wealthe or not?Erotema.Raciocinatio, raciocinacion is, by the whych we our selues axe a reason of oure selfe, wherefore euerye thynge shulde be spoken, & that oftentymes we demaund of our selues a declaracion of euery proposicion after thys maner: Thys was well ordeined of oure elders to depryue no kynge of hys lyfe whome they had taken in batayl. Why so? for the power whyche fortune had geuen vs, it to consume in the punyshement of them whom the same fortune a lytle before had set in hyeste degree, were agaynste reason.Yea but he brought a greate army agaynst you? I wyl not remember it. Why so? For it is the poynte of a valiaunte man, suche as contend for the vyctorye, them to count enemyes: suche as be ouercome, thoseto count mẽ: so that fortitude maye diminishe war, humanitie increase peace. But he if he had ouercome, wolde he haue done so? Verelye he wolde not haue bene so wyse. Why shulde ye spare hym then? because such foly I am wont to despise, not to folowe.Prosapodosis.Subiectio, when we axe of oure selfe what can be saide agaynst vs, and answere to our selues thus: ¶ Shall we tary in synne? God forbyd. Or compell our aduersarye to answer thus: O Iewes, what can you say for denyall of Christe. Wyl you saye that you haue not youre Messias? but your prophets say the contrarye. Your Types are confoũded. Whom wyl you be iudged by? by Hystories? Oures declare that you be out of the way, & shall come agayne to Christ.Antiphora.Tacite obiectioni responsio.whẽ we make answere to a thynge that myght priuely be obiected agaynst vs, as in the fyrst epystle of Ouide, Penelope wylling her husband Vlysses to come home hymselfe, and wryte nothyng vnto her. Wher hemyght haue layed for hys tarying the warres, she priuely toke away ytexcuse, saying: Troy is destroied.Aporia.Dubitatio, Dubitacion; when wee doute of two thynges, or of many, which we shuld inespecially speke of. Much hurted the cõmonwealth at that tyme, whether I shuld saye the folyshenesse of the consolles, or the malyce, or bothe, I can not tell.Apophasis.Expeditio, expedicion, when many reasons rehearsed vp, wherby a thynge myghte be done or not, the other are taken away, and one left that we entende, thus: It muste needes bee that thys controuersie touching the sacrament must stand eyther vpon the much pressyng and rigour of the wordes; or vpon the meanynge and vnderstandynge of them. The wordes as they stande, brynge wyth them greate inconuenience, to wytte, to expositoures, and the other textes. The meaning doth not so but auoydeth al these incõueniences, & satisfieth reason, expositours, & texts of the scripture, wherfore wyt, expositour, & scripture thinketh it better to take the sentence, then the worde.Epilogus.Conclusio, conclusiõ is, which by a brief argumẽtacion of these thinges that be spoken before or done, inferreth that thynge that necessarilye shulde folowe, thus: And if a reuelacion wer geuen to the Troianes, ytTroy myght not be taken without yearowes of Philectetes, and thei did nothing else but strike Alexander to kyl him that in dede was Troy to be taken.Epitrope.Permissio, permission, when we shew ytwe geue & graũt any thyng altogether to a mans wyll, thus: ¶ Because al thynges takẽ away, only is left vnto me my body & mynd, these thynges, whych only ar lefte vnto me of many, I graunte thẽtoyou and to your power.Anacinosis.Cõmunicacio, cõmunicacion is, when we leaue sumwhat to yeIudges to be estemed, thus: I leaue vnto you o iudges to be thought what hurt yecõmõ welth shal take hereofDiuisio,Dialisis.diuision is which diuiding one thyng frõ another, endeth thẽ both by shewing a reasõ, thus: why shuld I lay ani thing to thi charge? if yubee good, yuhaste not deseruedit, if thou be naught, thou carest not for it. Also, what shuld I speake of myne owne good turnes towarde the. If thou do remember them, I shuld but trouble you: If you haue forgotten them, when by deede I haue profited nothyng, what good can I do in wordes?Antitheton.Contentio, contencion, when the reason stãdeth by contrary wordes or contraries be rehearsed by cõparison, thus: Flattery hath pleasaũt begynnynges, but the same hathe verye bytter endynges. Cicero agaynst Catiline: when they coulde not lyue honestlye, they had rather dye shamefully. They that be after the fleshe, care for these thynges ytbe of the fleshe. They that be after the spirite, care for the thynges of the spirite.Antithesis.Contrarium, contrary is, that of two diuerse thynges confirmeth yeone bryefely and easelye, thus: For he that alwayes wyll be an enemy to hys owne rekenyngs, how shuld a man trust that he wold be a frind to other mens matters? He that in familiare cõmunicacion and companyof hys friendes wyl neuer say truth, thinkest thẽ ythe wil absteine from a lye in a cõmon audience.Colon.Membrum oracionis, a mẽber of the reasõ is so called when a thinge is shewed perfitely in fewe wordes the whole sentence not shewed, but receyued agayne wtan other parte, thus: Thou dyddest bothe profite thyne enemie, and hurte thy frynd.Thys exornacion may be made of two partes only, but the perfiteste is made of thre, thus: Thou diddest profite thine enemy, hurt thi frind, and dydst no good to thy selfe.Dialyton.Articulus, article is, when eche word is set asunder by cutting the oracion thus. By sharpnes, voyce, countenaunce, thou madeste thyne enemyes afrayd. Thou destroyedst thyne enemyes wyth enuye, wronges, power, falsehead.Isocolon.Compar, euen or equall, is when the oracion hath in it the partes of the whyche we spake before, & that they be made of euen number of sillables: but thys equalitie must not stand by numbrynge of them, but by perceyuyng of it in yemynd. Christeafore the Iudge was led, & on hys head a croune of thorne was putte, in token that in dede, the kynge of Iews he was borne. Here be some mo wordes in on mẽber then in an other, yet sound they to the eare of lyke lengthe.HomioptotõSimiliter cadens, fallyng al alike is, when in the same construccion of wordes ther be two wordes or mo which be spoken alyke in the selfe same cases, thus: Thou praysest a man nedye of vertue, plenteful of money. Cicero for Flaccus: There is in thẽ no varietie of opinion, none of wyll, none of talke.Homotelẽto.*Similiter desinens, endynge al alyke, when words or sentẽces haue alyke endyng, as: Thou dareste do fylthely, and studiest to speke baudely. Content thy selfe wtthy state, in thy herte do no man hate, be not the cause of stryfe and bate.Climax.Gradacio, is, when we rehearse again the word ytgoth next before, & descẽd to other thinges by degrees thus: To Affrican industry gat vertue, vertue glory, glory hatered.Orismus.Definicio, definiciõ, wher by yepropereffect of any thynge is declared briefely & absolutely in this wyse: This is not diligẽce but couetousnes, because ytdiligẽce is a nedy sauing of thine own: couetousnes is a wrongful desyre of other mens.Metabasis.¶Transicio, transiciõ is, wherby briefly we monyshe what hath ben spoken, & what may folowe, as: What he hath ben to hys contrey I haue told, now ye shal hear how he hath shewed him self to hys parẽtes. Also Cicero for the law of Manilius: Because we haue spoken of yekind of the warre, now wyll we shewe a fewe thynges of the greatnes of it.Paralepsis.¶Occupatia, occupacion is, when we make as though we do not knowe, or wyl not know of yethyng ytwee speke of most of al, in this wyse: I wyl not say that yutokest money of our felowes, I wyl not stand much in thys that yurobbedst kingdoms, cityes, and al mens houses: I passe ouer thy theftes, & al thy rauyns.Asindeton.¶Dissolutio, when the oracion lacketh coniũccions, thus: Obey thy parẽtes, be ruled by thi kinsfolke, folow thy fryndes, obey the lawes.Apostrophe.Auersio, auersion, when we turne our speche from them to whom we dyd speake to another personne, eyther present or absent, or to a thing to the whych we fayne a person, as a precher, speaking of priestes, that feede not the flocke, may fytly turn hys speche vnto Peter, sayinge: O Peter, I wold thou liuedst, & sawest what thy brethren do, howe far they be gone frõ that thou prescribedst them to do. Againe: O world, howe pleasant be the thynges that thou dost promyse, how bytter ben they that thou geuest.Anangeon.Necessum, necessitie, when we cõfesse the thynge to be done, but excuse it by necessitye, eyther of yeperson or tyme, thus: I confesse that thys I dyd. But the woman that thou gauest me, dyd deceyue me.Also, somtyme I was in that opinion, but the tyme so required.Anaclasis.Refractio, that is the turninge backe agayne of a worde into a cõtrary significacion, thus: I knowe kynge Ezechias that all thys lyfe is but bitternes, but I praye thee, gyue me suche bytternes.Bomphiologia.Verborum bombus, when small & triflyng thynges are set out wyth great gasyng wordes. Example of this haue you in Terrence of the boasting souldiar, & creping smel feast.Miosis.Diminutio, when greate matters are made lyghte of by wordes, as when he was wel beatẽ bi a knaue, that knaue wyll saye he dyd but a lytle stryke hym.Liptote.Extenuatio, the makyng lesse of a thynge to auoyde arrogance, thus: If I haue any wit O Iudges, if any exercyse of endyghtyng, al may I thanke Archias the Poete of. ¶ Cicero for Archias.Diasirmus.Eleuacio, when we make lyghte of, and dyspyse great argumentes brought agaynst vs, whych to aunswer vnto it is labour, and we saye they perteyne not to the purpose, or that they are vnworthy to be answered vnto, or that we kepe them tyll another tyme: Of thys ther nedeth none example.
see end of text
The tytle of thys worcke straunge.IDoubt not but that the title of this treatise all straunge vnto our Englyshe eares, wil cause some men at the fyrst syghte to maruayle what the matter of it should meane: yea, and peraduenture if they be rashe of iudgement, to cal it some newe fangle, and so casting it hastily from thẽ, wil not once vouchsafe to reade it: and if they do, yet perceiuynge nothing to be therin that pleaseth their phansy, wyl count it but a tryfle, & atale of Robynhoode. But of thys sorte as I doubte not to fynde manye, so perhaps there wyll be other, whiche moued with the noueltye thereof, wyll thynke it worthye to be looked vpon, and se what is contained therin.Sheme and Trope.These words,SchemeandTrope, are not vsed in our Englishe tongue, neither bene they Englyshe wordes.Vse maketh straũge thinges familier.No more be manye whiche nowe in oure tyme be made by continual vse, very familier to most men, and come so often in speakyng, that aswel is knowen amongest vs the meanyng of them, as if they had bene of oure owne natiue broode. Who hath not in hys mouthe nowe thys worde Paraphrasis, homelies, vsurped, abolyshed, wyth manye otherlyke? And what maruail is it if these words haue not bene vsed heretofore, seynge there was no suche thynge in oure Englishe tõgue where vnto they shuld be applyed? Good cause haue we therefore to gyue thankes vnto certayne godlye and well learned men, whych by their greate studye enrychynge our tongue both wyth matter and wordes, haue endeuoured to make it so copyous and plentyfull that therein it maye compare wyth anye other whiche so euer is the best.Oure language falsely accused of barbarousnes.It is not vnknowen that oure language for the barbarousnes and lacke of eloquence hathe bene complayned of, and yet not trewely, for anye defaut in the toungue it selfe, butrather for slackenes of our coũtrimen, whiche haue alwayes set lyght by searchyng out the elegance and proper speaches that be ful many in it: as plainly doth appere not only by the most excellent monumentes of our aũciẽt forewriters,Gower. Chawcer. Lidgate.Gower, Chawcer and Lydgate, but also by the famous workes of many other later:Syr Thomas Elyot.inespeciall of yeryght worshipful knyght syr Thomas Eliot, which first in hys dictionarye as it were generallye searchinge oute the copye of oure language in all kynde of wordes and phrases, after that setting abrode goodlye monumentes of hys wytte, lernynge and industrye, aswell in historycall knowledge, as of eyther the Philosophies,hathe herebi declared the plentyfulnes of our mother toũge, loue toward hys country, hys tyme not spent in vanitye and tryfles. What shuld I speake of that ornamente Syr Thomas Wyat? which beside most excellente gyftes bothe of fortune and bodye, so flouryshed in the eloquence of hys natiue tongue, that as he passed therin those wyth whome he lyued, so was he lykelye to haue bene equal wyth anye other before hym, had not enuious death to hastely beriued vs of thys iewel: teachyng al men verely, no filicitie in thys worlde to be so suer and stable, but that quicklye it may be ouerthrowen and broughte to the grounde. Manye other there be yet lyuyngewhose excellente wrytynges do testifye wyth vs to be wordes apte and mete elogantly to declare oure myndes in al kindes of Sciences: and that, what sentence soeuer we conceiue, the same to haue Englyshe oracion natural, and holpẽ by art, wherby it may most eloquẽtly be vttered.The occasion of thystreatise.Of the whych thynge as I fortuned to talke wyth you, Master Brooke, among other matters this present argument of Schemes and Tropes came in place, and offered it selfe, demed to be bothe profitable and pleasaunte if they were gathered together, and handsomelye set in a playne ordre, and wyth theire descriptions hansomely put into our Englishe tongue.And bicause longe ago, I was well acquaynted with them, when I red them to other in yeLatin, and that they holpe me verye muche in the exposicion of goode authores, I was so muche the more ready to make them speak English, partli to renew the pleasure of mine old studies, and partelye to satysfy your request.Rodulphus Agricola.¶ Beside this, I was moued also wyth the authorytye of that famous clarke Rodulphus Agricola, whyche in a certeine epistle wryten vnto a frynde of hys, exhorteth mẽ what soeuer they reade in straunge tongues, diligently to translate the same into their owne language: because that in it wesonarperceiue if therebe any faute in our speaking, and howe euerye thynge eyther rightly hangeth together or is darkely, ruggishly, and superfluously wryttẽ. No lerned nacion hath there bene but yelearned in it haue written of schemes & fygures, which thei wold not haue don, except thei had perceyued the valewe.¶ Wherefore after theyr example obtaynyng a lytle lesure, I red ouer sundrye treatises, as wel of those which wrot long ago, as of other now in our daies: fyndynge amonge them some to haue wrytten ouer brieflye, some confuselye, and falselye some.Mosellain.Mosellane hathe in hys tables shewed a fewe fygures of grammer, and so hathe confoũded them together, that hissecond order called of Loquucion pertayneth rather to the rhetoricians then to hys purpose.Quintilian.Quintilian briefly hathe wrytten bothe of the Gramatical and rhetorical Shemes, but so that you may soone perceyue he did it by the waye, as muche as serued hys purpose.Cicero.Cicero in hys boke of an oratour with hys incompetable eloquence hathe so hid the preceptes, that scarselye they may be tryed oute by theyr names, or by theyr exãples.Erasmus.Erasmus in hys double copye of words and thynges, hath made as yetytle declareth but a comentarye of them bothe, and as it wer a litle bil of remembraũce.Wherefore to make these thinges more playne to yestudentsthat lyst to reade them in oure tongue, I haue taken a lytle payne, more thorowelye to try the definicions, to apply the examples more aptly, & to make thingsdefusedmore plaine, as in dede it shal ryght wel apere to the dylygente. I haue not translated them orderly out of anye one author, but runninge as I sayde thorowe many, and vsyng myne owne iudgement, haue broughte them into this body as you se, and set them in so playne an order, that redelye maye be founde the figure, and the vse wherevnto it serueth.Thoughe vnto greate wittes occupyed with weightye matters, they do not greatelye pertayne, yet to such as perchaũce shal not haue perfecte instructoures,they may be commodious to helpe them selues for yebetter vnderstandynge of such good authors as they reade. ¶ For thys darre I saye, no eloquente wryter maye be perceiued as he shulde be, wythoute the knowledge of them: for asmuche as al togethers they belonge to Eloquucion, whyche is the thyrde and pryncipall parte of rhetorique. The common scholemasters be wont in readynge, to saye vnto their scholers:Hic est figura: and sometyme to axe them,Per quam figuram?But what profit is herein if they go no further? In speakynge and wrytynge nothyng is more folyshe than to affecte or fondly to laboure to speake darkelye for the nonce, sithe theproper vse of speach is to vtter the meaning of our mynd with as playne wordes as maye be.A figure not to be vsed but for a cause.But syth it so chaunseth ytsomtyme ether of necessitie, or to set out the matter more plaĩly we be compelled to speake otherwyse then after common facion, onles we wil be ignorante in the sence or meaninge of the mater that excellente authors do wryghte of, we muste nedes runne to the helpe of schemes & fygures: which verely come no sildomer in the writing and speaking of eloquente english men, then either of Grecians or Latins. Many thinges might I brynge in to proue not onely a great profyt to be in them but that they are to be learned euen of necessitie, for as mucheas not only prophane authors wythout them may not be wel vnderstand, but that also they greatelye profit vs in the readinge of holye scripture, where if you be ignoraunte in the fyguratiue speches and Tropes, you are lyke in manye greate doubtes to make but a slender solucion:Westimerusas ryght wyll do testefyCastelio VestimerusandAugustinusytnoble doctor saint Augustine. I confesse I haue not made the matter here so perfecte as my wyll and desyer is it shoulde haue ben, and that I haue but brieflye touched, and as it were with my litle fynger poynted to these thinges, which require a lẽger declaracion. For what can be hasted, and absolute to?But if God spare me lyfe, Itruste hereafter to make it an introducciõ, wherbi our youth not onlye shall saue that moste precious Iewell, Time, whyle they wander by them selues, readynge at all aduentures sundry and varyous authors: but that also thei shalbe able better to vnderstande and iudge of the goodlye gyftes and ornamentes in mooste famous and eloquente oratoures.Andapte similitude.For as lyke plesure is not to him whiche gooeth into a goodlye garden garnyshed wyth dyuers kindes of herbes and flowers, and that there doeth no more but beholde them, of whome it maye be sayde that he wente in for nothynge but that he wold come out, and to hym which besyde the corporall eie pleasure,knoeth of eueri one the name & propertye: so verelye much difference is there in readynge good authors, and in sundrye sortes of menne that do it: and muche more pleasure, and profit hathe he whiche vseth arte and iudgement, then the other, whiche wyth greate studye in dede turneth them ouer but for lacke of the knowledge of preceptes wanteth also the fruite and delectacyon that he more amplye myghte obtayne. The lyuynge God from whome all good giftes do procede, gyue vs grace so to order all oure words and speache, that it may be to his honour and glory for euer and euer. Amen.
The tytle of thys worcke straunge.IDoubt not but that the title of this treatise all straunge vnto our Englyshe eares, wil cause some men at the fyrst syghte to maruayle what the matter of it should meane: yea, and peraduenture if they be rashe of iudgement, to cal it some newe fangle, and so casting it hastily from thẽ, wil not once vouchsafe to reade it: and if they do, yet perceiuynge nothing to be therin that pleaseth their phansy, wyl count it but a tryfle, & atale of Robynhoode. But of thys sorte as I doubte not to fynde manye, so perhaps there wyll be other, whiche moued with the noueltye thereof, wyll thynke it worthye to be looked vpon, and se what is contained therin.Sheme and Trope.These words,SchemeandTrope, are not vsed in our Englishe tongue, neither bene they Englyshe wordes.Vse maketh straũge thinges familier.No more be manye whiche nowe in oure tyme be made by continual vse, very familier to most men, and come so often in speakyng, that aswel is knowen amongest vs the meanyng of them, as if they had bene of oure owne natiue broode. Who hath not in hys mouthe nowe thys worde Paraphrasis, homelies, vsurped, abolyshed, wyth manye otherlyke? And what maruail is it if these words haue not bene vsed heretofore, seynge there was no suche thynge in oure Englishe tõgue where vnto they shuld be applyed? Good cause haue we therefore to gyue thankes vnto certayne godlye and well learned men, whych by their greate studye enrychynge our tongue both wyth matter and wordes, haue endeuoured to make it so copyous and plentyfull that therein it maye compare wyth anye other whiche so euer is the best.Oure language falsely accused of barbarousnes.It is not vnknowen that oure language for the barbarousnes and lacke of eloquence hathe bene complayned of, and yet not trewely, for anye defaut in the toungue it selfe, butrather for slackenes of our coũtrimen, whiche haue alwayes set lyght by searchyng out the elegance and proper speaches that be ful many in it: as plainly doth appere not only by the most excellent monumentes of our aũciẽt forewriters,Gower. Chawcer. Lidgate.Gower, Chawcer and Lydgate, but also by the famous workes of many other later:Syr Thomas Elyot.inespeciall of yeryght worshipful knyght syr Thomas Eliot, which first in hys dictionarye as it were generallye searchinge oute the copye of oure language in all kynde of wordes and phrases, after that setting abrode goodlye monumentes of hys wytte, lernynge and industrye, aswell in historycall knowledge, as of eyther the Philosophies,hathe herebi declared the plentyfulnes of our mother toũge, loue toward hys country, hys tyme not spent in vanitye and tryfles. What shuld I speake of that ornamente Syr Thomas Wyat? which beside most excellente gyftes bothe of fortune and bodye, so flouryshed in the eloquence of hys natiue tongue, that as he passed therin those wyth whome he lyued, so was he lykelye to haue bene equal wyth anye other before hym, had not enuious death to hastely beriued vs of thys iewel: teachyng al men verely, no filicitie in thys worlde to be so suer and stable, but that quicklye it may be ouerthrowen and broughte to the grounde. Manye other there be yet lyuyngewhose excellente wrytynges do testifye wyth vs to be wordes apte and mete elogantly to declare oure myndes in al kindes of Sciences: and that, what sentence soeuer we conceiue, the same to haue Englyshe oracion natural, and holpẽ by art, wherby it may most eloquẽtly be vttered.The occasion of thystreatise.Of the whych thynge as I fortuned to talke wyth you, Master Brooke, among other matters this present argument of Schemes and Tropes came in place, and offered it selfe, demed to be bothe profitable and pleasaunte if they were gathered together, and handsomelye set in a playne ordre, and wyth theire descriptions hansomely put into our Englishe tongue.And bicause longe ago, I was well acquaynted with them, when I red them to other in yeLatin, and that they holpe me verye muche in the exposicion of goode authores, I was so muche the more ready to make them speak English, partli to renew the pleasure of mine old studies, and partelye to satysfy your request.Rodulphus Agricola.¶ Beside this, I was moued also wyth the authorytye of that famous clarke Rodulphus Agricola, whyche in a certeine epistle wryten vnto a frynde of hys, exhorteth mẽ what soeuer they reade in straunge tongues, diligently to translate the same into their owne language: because that in it wesonarperceiue if therebe any faute in our speaking, and howe euerye thynge eyther rightly hangeth together or is darkely, ruggishly, and superfluously wryttẽ. No lerned nacion hath there bene but yelearned in it haue written of schemes & fygures, which thei wold not haue don, except thei had perceyued the valewe.¶ Wherefore after theyr example obtaynyng a lytle lesure, I red ouer sundrye treatises, as wel of those which wrot long ago, as of other now in our daies: fyndynge amonge them some to haue wrytten ouer brieflye, some confuselye, and falselye some.Mosellain.Mosellane hathe in hys tables shewed a fewe fygures of grammer, and so hathe confoũded them together, that hissecond order called of Loquucion pertayneth rather to the rhetoricians then to hys purpose.Quintilian.Quintilian briefly hathe wrytten bothe of the Gramatical and rhetorical Shemes, but so that you may soone perceyue he did it by the waye, as muche as serued hys purpose.Cicero.Cicero in hys boke of an oratour with hys incompetable eloquence hathe so hid the preceptes, that scarselye they may be tryed oute by theyr names, or by theyr exãples.Erasmus.Erasmus in hys double copye of words and thynges, hath made as yetytle declareth but a comentarye of them bothe, and as it wer a litle bil of remembraũce.Wherefore to make these thinges more playne to yestudentsthat lyst to reade them in oure tongue, I haue taken a lytle payne, more thorowelye to try the definicions, to apply the examples more aptly, & to make thingsdefusedmore plaine, as in dede it shal ryght wel apere to the dylygente. I haue not translated them orderly out of anye one author, but runninge as I sayde thorowe many, and vsyng myne owne iudgement, haue broughte them into this body as you se, and set them in so playne an order, that redelye maye be founde the figure, and the vse wherevnto it serueth.Thoughe vnto greate wittes occupyed with weightye matters, they do not greatelye pertayne, yet to such as perchaũce shal not haue perfecte instructoures,they may be commodious to helpe them selues for yebetter vnderstandynge of such good authors as they reade. ¶ For thys darre I saye, no eloquente wryter maye be perceiued as he shulde be, wythoute the knowledge of them: for asmuche as al togethers they belonge to Eloquucion, whyche is the thyrde and pryncipall parte of rhetorique. The common scholemasters be wont in readynge, to saye vnto their scholers:Hic est figura: and sometyme to axe them,Per quam figuram?But what profit is herein if they go no further? In speakynge and wrytynge nothyng is more folyshe than to affecte or fondly to laboure to speake darkelye for the nonce, sithe theproper vse of speach is to vtter the meaning of our mynd with as playne wordes as maye be.A figure not to be vsed but for a cause.But syth it so chaunseth ytsomtyme ether of necessitie, or to set out the matter more plaĩly we be compelled to speake otherwyse then after common facion, onles we wil be ignorante in the sence or meaninge of the mater that excellente authors do wryghte of, we muste nedes runne to the helpe of schemes & fygures: which verely come no sildomer in the writing and speaking of eloquente english men, then either of Grecians or Latins. Many thinges might I brynge in to proue not onely a great profyt to be in them but that they are to be learned euen of necessitie, for as mucheas not only prophane authors wythout them may not be wel vnderstand, but that also they greatelye profit vs in the readinge of holye scripture, where if you be ignoraunte in the fyguratiue speches and Tropes, you are lyke in manye greate doubtes to make but a slender solucion:Westimerusas ryght wyll do testefyCastelio VestimerusandAugustinusytnoble doctor saint Augustine. I confesse I haue not made the matter here so perfecte as my wyll and desyer is it shoulde haue ben, and that I haue but brieflye touched, and as it were with my litle fynger poynted to these thinges, which require a lẽger declaracion. For what can be hasted, and absolute to?But if God spare me lyfe, Itruste hereafter to make it an introducciõ, wherbi our youth not onlye shall saue that moste precious Iewell, Time, whyle they wander by them selues, readynge at all aduentures sundry and varyous authors: but that also thei shalbe able better to vnderstande and iudge of the goodlye gyftes and ornamentes in mooste famous and eloquente oratoures.Andapte similitude.For as lyke plesure is not to him whiche gooeth into a goodlye garden garnyshed wyth dyuers kindes of herbes and flowers, and that there doeth no more but beholde them, of whome it maye be sayde that he wente in for nothynge but that he wold come out, and to hym which besyde the corporall eie pleasure,knoeth of eueri one the name & propertye: so verelye much difference is there in readynge good authors, and in sundrye sortes of menne that do it: and muche more pleasure, and profit hathe he whiche vseth arte and iudgement, then the other, whiche wyth greate studye in dede turneth them ouer but for lacke of the knowledge of preceptes wanteth also the fruite and delectacyon that he more amplye myghte obtayne. The lyuynge God from whome all good giftes do procede, gyue vs grace so to order all oure words and speache, that it may be to his honour and glory for euer and euer. Amen.
¶ Geuen at London the.xiii. day of Decembre.Anno .M.D.L.
see end of text
EloquucionELoquucion, which the Greekes call Phrase, whereof also the name of eloquence dothe ryse, as of al partes it is the goodlyest, so also is it the most profitable and hardeste: in the whyche is seene that diuine myghte and vertue of an oratoure, whych as Cicero in hys oratorie particions defineth, is nothyng else but wisedom speakyng eloquently. For vnto the maruelous greate inuencion of all thynges, bothe it addeth a fulnes, and varietie: it setteth oute & garnysheth wyth lyghtes of eloquent speche, the thinges that be spoken of and also wyth very graue sentences, choyse wordes, proper, aptly translated, and wel soundyng, it bryngeth that greate fludde of eloquence vnto a certein kynd of stileand indyghtyng. And oute of thys greate streame of eloquucion, not only must we chose apte, and mete wordes, but also take hede of placinge, and settinge them in order.For the myghte and power of eloquucion consisteth in wordes considered by them selues, and when they be ioyned together. Apt wordes by searchyng muste be founde oute, and after by diligence conueniently coupled. For there is a garnyshynge, euen when they be pure and fyne by them selues, and an other, whẽ they be ioyned together.To chose thẽ oute finely, and handsomlye to bestow them in their places, after the mynde of Cicero and Quintilian, is no easy thynge. So Marcus Antonius was wonte to say, that he had knowen many wel spoken men, but none eloquente. ¶ Tullye and Quintilian thoughte that inuencion and disposiciõ were the partes of a wytty and prudent man, but eloquence of an oratour.For howe to finde out matter, and set it in order, may be comen to all men, whyche eyther make abridgementesof the excellent workes of aunciente wryters, and put histories in remẽbraunce, or that speake of anye matter them selues: but to vtter the mynde aptely, distinctly, and ornately, is a gyft geuen to very fewe. And because we haue deuided eloquucion into two partes, that is,wordes symple, or considered by them selues, andcompoundor ioyned together in speache, accordyng to thys we saye, that euerye eloquente oracion must haue in it thre poyntes: euidence, which belongeth to the fyrst parte of eloquucion, composicion & dignitie, which belongeth to the other.
Of these thynges that we put in eloquucion, lette thys be the fyrste care, to speake euidentlye after the dignitye and nature of thynges, and to vtter suche wordes, whych as Cicero sayth in hys oratour, no man may iustely reprehende. The playne and euident speche is learned of Gramarians, and it keepeth the oracion pure, and without all faute, and maketh that eueryethyng may seme to be spoken purelye apertlye, and clerelye. Euerye speche standeth by vsuall wordes that be in vse of daylye talke, and proper wordes that belonge to the thinge, of the which we shal speke.Neyther be properties to be referred onely to the name of the thing, but much more to the strength and power of the significacion: & must be considered not by hearyng, but by vnderstandyng. So translacion in the whych comonly is the greatest vse of eloquuciõ, applieth wordes nottheselfe proper thinges.But yet an vnvsed worde or poetical, hath also somtyme in the oracion hys dignitie, and beyng put in place (as Cicero sayeth) oftentymes the oracion may seme greater, and of more antiquitie, for that Poetes do speake in a maner as it were in another tonge, it is righte sone perceiued. Finally two fautes are cõmitted in euerye language, whereby it is not pure: Barbarisme, and Solecisme. Of the whych, that on is committed, when anye worde is fautely spoken or writen:that other, when in many wordes ioyned together, the worde that foloweth is not wel applyed to that that goeth before. Of composicion and dygnitye, we wyll speake here after, when we come to the figures of rethoryque.
Before we come to the precepts of garnishing an oraciõ, we thinke good, bryeflye, to shewe you of the thre kyndes of stile or endyghting, in the whych all the eloquucion of an oratoure is occupied. For that there be thre sundry kyndes, called of the Grekes characters, of vs figures, I trowe there is no man, though he be meanlye learned, but he knoweth, namely when we se so manye wryters of sciences, bothe Greke and latine, whych haue ben before tyme, to haue folowed for the mooste parte sundrye sortes of wrytyng, the one vnlyke to the other. And there hath bene marked inespecially thre kyndes of endightynge: The greate, the small, the meane.
The greate, the noble, the mightye, and the full kynde of endyghtynge, wyth an incredible, & a certen diuine power of oracion, is vsed in wayghty causes: for it hathe wyth an ample maiestye verye garnyshed wordes, proper, translated, & graue sentences, whych ar handled in amplificacion, and commiseracion, and it hathe exornations bothe of woordes and sentences, wherunto in oracions they ascribe verye great strength and grauitie.And they that vse thys kynde, bee vehement, various, copious, graue, appoynted and readye thorowlye to moue and turne mens myndes.Thys kynd dyd Cicero vse in the oracion for Aulus Cluencius, for Sylla, for Titus Annius Milo, for Caius Rabirius: agaynste Catiline, agaynste Verres, agaynste Piso. But they that can not skyll of it oftentimes fall into fautes, when vnto them that seemeth a graue oracion, whych swelleth, and is puffed vp, whych vseth straunge wordes hardelye translated, or toolde, and that be nowe longe sythens lefte of from vse of daylye talke, or more graue then the thing requyreth.
The small kynde of indighting, is in a subtile, pressed, and fyled oracion, meete for causes that be a lytel sharper then are in the comon vse of speakynge. For it is a kynde of oracion that is lette downe euen to the mooste vsed custume of pure and clere speakyng. It hathe fyne sentences, subtile, sharpe, teachyng all thynges, and makynge them more playne, not more ample. ¶ And in the same kynde (as Cicero sayeth in hys oratoure) some bee craftye, but vnpolyshed, and of purpose lyke the rude and vnskylfull:Other in that leaues are trymme, that is somwhat floryshynge also and garnyshed. Cicero vsed thys kynde in hys philosophicall disputacions, in the oraciõ for Quincius for Roscius yeComedy plaier, & Terẽce, & Plautus in their Comedies.Such as cã not hãdsomly vse themselues in that mery conceyted slendernes of wordes, fall into a drye and feble kynde of oracion.
The mean and temperate kynd of indyghting standeth of the lower, and yet not of the loweste, and moste comen wordes and sentẽces.And it is ryghtyly called the temperate kynde of speakyng, because it is very nygh vnto the small, and to the greate kynde, folowyng a moderacion and temper betwyxt thẽ.And it foloweth as we saye in one tenour, distinguyshyng all the oracion wyth small ornamentes both of wordes, and sentences. Cicero vseth thys for the lawe of Manilius, for Aulus Cecinna, for Marcus Marcellus, and moste of all in hys bookes of offices. In this it is fautye to come to the kynd that is nye vnto it, whyche is called dissolute, because it waueth hyther and thyther, as it were wythout senowes and ioyntes, standyng surely in no poynte. And suche an oracion can not cause the hearer to take anye heede, when it goeth so in and out,and comprehendeth not any thyng wyth perfecte wordes.
SchemeScheme is a Greke worde, and signifyeth properlye the maner of gesture that daunsers vse to make, whẽ they haue won the best game, but by translacion is taken for the fourme, fashion, and shape of anye thynge expressed in wrytynge or payntinge: and is taken here now of vs for the fashion of a word, sayynge, or sentence, otherwyse wrytten or spoken then after the vulgar and comen vsage, and that thre sũdry waies: by figure, faute, vertue.
Fygure, of Scheme yefyrst part, is a behaueoure, maner, or fashion eyther of sentence, oracion, or wordes after some new wyse, other thẽ men do commenlye vse to wryte or speake: and is of two sortes. Dianoias, that is of sentence, andLexeosof worde.
Figure ofDianoias, or sentence, because it properlye belongeth to oratoures, we wyll speake of it hereafter in place conuenient,now wyll we entrete of the figure Lexeos, or of worde, as it perteyneth to the Gramarians.
Figure Lexeos, or ofworde, is when in speakyng or wrytyng any thynge touchynge the wordes is made newe or straunge, otherwyse then after yecomen custume: & is of.ii.kyndes; diccion, & construccion.
Figure of diccion is the transformacion of one word, either written or pronoũced: & hath these partes.
Prosthesis.Appositio, apposiciõ, the putting to, eyther of letter or sillable at the begynnyng of a worde, as: He all to bewretched hym.
ApheresisAblatio, the takynge awaye of a letter or sillable from the begynnynge of a worde, of a letter, when we say: The pẽthesis of thys house is to low, for the epenthesis. Wher note this yeword pẽthesis is a greke worde, & yet is vsed as an englishe, as many mo be, and is called a pentis by these figures, Sincope and Apheresis, the whole word beynge as is before, epenthesis, so called becauseit is betwyxt yelyght & vs, as in al occupiers shops cõmenli it is.
Epenthesis.Interpositio, when a letter is added betwene the fyrste sillable of a word and the laste, as: Relligiõ for religion, relliques for reliques.
Syncope.Consicio, contrary to Epenthesis, is when somewhat is cutte of from the myddeste of the worde, as: Idolatry forIdololatry.
Proparalepsis.Preassumpcio, when a sillable is added to a word, the significacion of the worde therby nothyng altered, as: He vseth to slacken his matters, for to slacke his matters.
Apocope.Absissio, yecuttyng away of a letter or sillable frõ the end of a word, as: She is a wel fayr may, for maid.
Ectasis.Extensio, the making lõg of a sillable whych by nature is short, as: This was ordeined by acte, for ordined.
Systole.Contractio, the makynge short of a sillable which bi nature is lõg, as He is a man of good perseueraũce: wher some men cõmit .ii. fautes at once, one ytthey take perseueraũce for knoweledge, which signifiethalwais cõtinuance, an other ytthey make this sillable (ue) short, where it is euer longe: and so do they erre in thys worde, adherentes, also, makyng (he) short, when it is alwayes longe, as when they saye: I defye hym, and all his adherentes.
Synolephe.Delecio, puttynge oute, when .ii. vowels comyng together, the first is as it were put out: as thone and thother, for the one and the other.
Antisthecon.Littera pro littera.One letter for an other, as akecorne for okecorne.
Transposicio.Transposing of letters in wrytynge, as chambre, for chamber.
Figure of construccion is when the order of construccion is otherwyse then after the comen maner.And the kyndes be these.
Prolepsis.Presumpcio, a takynge before, or generall speakynge of those thynges whych afterwardes be declared more perticulerlye: as, in the meane seasõ that kyng Henry rode royally to Calais on a sumpteouscourser, Lewes in a gorgeous chariot was caried to Boloygne.
Zeugma.Iunctio, ioynyng, as Linacer sayeth, is when in lyke sentences a certen comen thyng that is put in the one, and not chaunged in the other is not expressed, but lefte out: as in Vyrgyll. Before I forget Cesar, eyther the Parthian shall drynke of the flud Araris, or Germany of Tigris: here is left out, shall drynke.Or to define it more playnelye. ¶Iniunctio, is when the verbe in diuerse lyke sentences is referred to one: and that thre maner of waies.
Presozeugma.Fyrste when it is set before, and is calledpreiunctio, as: There dyd ouercome in hym, lechery, his chastitie, saucines his feare, madnesse hys reason.
Mesozeugma.Secondlye when it is set in the middes, & is called,Media iunctio, as bewtye, eyther by age decaieth, or by syckenes.
Hypozeugma.Thyrdly whẽ it is put in the end and is calledPostiunctio, as bewtie by syckenes, by sorowe, or by age decayeth.
Diazeugma.Disiunctio, disiunccion, when of those thynges of whych we speake, eyther both, or eche one of them is concluded with their certen verbe, thus: The people of Rome destroyed Numance, ouerthrew Cartage, cast downe Corinth, and raced Fregels. Couetousnes hurteth the bodye, and corrupteth the mynd.
Silepsis.Concepcio, when in vnlike clauses a certeyn cõmon thynge that is put in one of thẽ, can not agre with the other, excepte it be chaunged.But thys is more playne in the latine because of the concordes, albeit in englyshe for the verbe we may vse this example. The Nobles and the Kynge was taken. Hys head and hys handes were cutte of: In the whyche sentences the verbe agreeth wyth the nexte.
Epergesis.Appositio, when two substãtiues are put together immediatly withoute any verbe betwyxt, the one to declare the other, as in Vyrgyll. ¶ Coridõ loued faire Alexis his masters darlynge.
HyperbatonTransgressio, when the ryghteorder of wordes is troubled, & hath these kyndes.
Anastrophe.Reuersio, a preposterous order of the woordes contrarye to the good order of speakyng, as: He fell from of the wall, for he fel of from the walle.
Hysterologia.Prepostera loquutio, when ytthat is done afterwardes, is set in speaking in the former place, as: plucke of my bootes and spurres.
TmesisDissectio, a cutting, when the ioynyng of a compound worde is losed by putting somewhat betwixt, as: Hys saying was true, as here shal appere after, for hereafter. He shal by punyshed what man so euer offẽdeth, for whatsoeuer man.
ParenthesisInterpositio, Interposicion, is a dissoluciõ of the order of the words by putting a sentence betwixt, as: The man (I speke it for no harme) wyl somtime haue his owne wyll.
Eclipsis.Defectus, when somewhat lacketh in speakyng, but cõmenlye vsed to be vnderstand, as: Good morowe, good nyght.
Antiptosis.Casus pro casu, when one case isputte for another, as me thynke it is so.
Of Scheme, the second parte is in speach as it were a faute, which though it be pardoned in Poetes, yet in prose it is not to be suffered.The kyndes bee these: obscure, inordinate, barbarous.
Obscure is, when ther is a darknes thorow faut, eyther of the wordes, or of the settynge of them, and these ben the partes.
Acyrologia.Improprietas, when a worde nothynge at all in hys proper significacion is broughte into a sentence as a cloude: as you shall haue syxe strypes you longe for.
Pleonasmus.Superabundancia, when yesentence is laden with superfluous wordes, as, he spake it wyth his mouthe, he sawe it wyth hys eyes.
Perissologia.Sermo superfluus, when a sentẽce is added, yematter therby made neuer the waightyer, as yeEmbassadours obteining no peace, returned backe home, frõ whẽce they came.
Tautologia.Inutilis repeticio eiusdem, is a vayne repeting agayn of one word or moe in all one sentence, whyche faute by takyng lytle heede, Cicero also fell into, as in the oracion for Aulus Cluencius. Therefore that iudgemẽt was not lyke a iudgemẽt O Iudges.
Homiologia.Sermo ubique sui similis, a greater faute then the other, is when the whole matter is all alyke, and hath no varietie to auoyde tediousnes, as: He came thither to yebath, yet he saide afterwardes. Here one seruaunt bet me. Afterwardes he sayde vnto hym: I wyll consider.Afterwardes he chyd wyth hym, & cryed more and more when manye were presente. Suche a folyshe tellyng of a tale shall you heare in many simple & halfe folyshe persons.
Amphibologia.Ambiguitas, when thorow faute of ioynyng the wordes, it is doutefull to whych the verbe belongeth, as: Hys father loueth hym better then hys mother.
Periergia.Sedulitas superflua, when ther is in speakyng to much diligence andcuriositye, and the sentence ouerladen with superfluous wordes, whiche faute is the same, or verye lyke to that,Macrologiathat is calledMacrologia, whych is when the sentence vpon desyre to seme fyne and eloquent, is longer then it shulde be.
Inordinate is, when eyther order or dignitie lacketh in the wordes: and the kyndes ben these:
Tapinosis.Humiliatio, when the dygnitye of the thyng is diminyshed by basenes of the worde: as if we shuld say to a greate prynce or a kynge: If it please your mastershyp.
Aschrologia.Turpis loquutio, when the words be spoken, or ioyned together, that they may be wronge into a fylthye sence. Of thys it nedeth not to put any example, when lewde wanton persons wyl soone fynde inowe.
Cacozelia.Mala affectatio, euyll affectaciõ or leude folowyng, when the wytte lacketh iudgement, and fondlye folowyng a good maner of speaking, runne into a faute, as when affectyng copy, we fall into a vaine bablynge,or laboryng to be brief, wax bare & drye. Also if we shuld saye: a phrase of building, or an audiẽce of shepe, as a certẽ homely felow dyd.
AschematistõMale figuratum, when the oracion is all playne and symple, & lacketh his figures, wherby as it wer wyth starres it might shyne: which faute is counted of wryters, not amonge the leaste.
Cacosintheton.Male collocatum, when wordes be naughtelye ioyned together, or set in a place wher thei shuld not be.
Soraismus.Cumulatio, a mynglyng and heapyng together of wordes of diuerse languages into one speche: as of Frenche, welche, spanyshe, into englyshe: and an vsynge of wordes be they pure or barbarous. And although great authors somtyme in long workes vse some of these fautes, yet must not their examples be folowed, nor brought into a cõmon vsage of speakyng.
Barbarie is a faute, whych turneth the speche frõ his purenes, and maketh it foule and rude, and the partes be these.
Barbarismus.Barbarismus is, when a worde is either naughtely wrytten or pronoũced cõtrary to the ryght law & maner of speakynge. And it is done by addicion, detracciõ, chaunging, transposynge, eyther of a letter, a syllable, tyme, accent or aspiraciõ.Hereof we haue shewed exampels partly wher they be called figures, and partly, doute ye not, but both the speakynge and wrytyng of barbarouse men wyll gyue you inow.Hytherto be referred the fautes of euil pronouncing certein letters, & of to much gapyng, or contrarye of speakyng in the mouth.
Solecismus.Inconueniens structura, is an vnmete and vnconuenient ioynynge together the partes of spech in construccion, whych is marked by all thynges that belong to the partes of speche: as when one parte is put for another, when gender for gender, case for case, tyme for tyme, mode for mode, number for number, aduerbe for aduerbe, preposicion for preposiciõ, whych because it is vsed of famous authores, instede of fautes, be called figures.
Vertue, or as we saye, a grace & dygnitye in speakynge, the thyrde kynde of Scheme, is when the sentence is bewtyfied and lyfte vp aboue the comen maner of speaking of the people. Of it be two kyndes: Proprietie and garnyshyng.
Proprietie is when in wryting and pronunciacion ther be no fautes committed, but thynges done as they shulde be. The partes bee proposicion, and accenting.
Analogia.Proportio, proporcion is, whereby the maner of true wrytynge is conserued. By thys the barbarous tonge is seperated from the verye true and naturall speche, as be the fyne metals from the grosser. To speke is no faute, but an obseruacion or markyng, not leanyng vpõ cause, but vpon example. For in eloquence, the iudgement of excellẽt men standeth for reason, as saythe Quintilian in hys fyrst boke.
Tasis.Extensio, is that wherby a swete and pleasaunt modulacion or tunablenesof wordes is kepte, because some are spoken wyth a sharpe tenure or accent, some wyth a flatte, some strayned out. This grace specially perteineth to a turnyng of yevoyce in pleasaunte pronunciation.
Garnishyng as the word it selfe declareth, is whẽ the oraciõ is gaylye set oute and floryshed wtdiuerse goodly figures, causyng much pleasauntnes and delectaciõ to the hearer: and hath two kyndes, composicion, and exornacion.
Sinthesis.Composicionis an apte settinge together of wordes, whych causeth all the partes of an oracion to bee trymmed al alyke. And in it muste be considered that we so order our wordes, that the sentence decrease not by puttynge a weaker word after a stronger, but that it styl go vpwarde and increase. There is also a naturall order, as to saye: men & women, daye and nyght, easte, and weste, rather then backewardes.In thys muste be auoyded also to often comyng together of vowels, which make the oracion wyde andgapyng. To muche repetyng of all one letter in the beginning of wordes, to much repeting of one word, and that they ende not to much all alyke, that the sentence be not held on to longe, which werieth the hearer, and the speaker: nor that manye consonãtes run not to harshely together, wyth many other, which Cicero speaketh of in hys thyrde booke of hys oratour, and Quintilian in hys nynth, wherof here to put examples were to longe.
Exornacionis a fyne polyshinge of wordes and sentences by disseueryng thẽ wtdiuerse goodly colours and tropes or chaũgings of speach.
Emonge authors manye tymes vnder the name of figures, Tropes also be comprehended: Neuerthelesse ther is a notable difference betwixt thẽ. In figure is no alteracion in the wordes frõ their proper significacions, but only is the oracion & sẽtence made by thẽ more plesaũt, sharpe & vehemẽt, after yeaffecciõ of him that speketh or writeth: to yewhich vse although tropes also do serue, yet properlye be they socalled, because in them for necessitye or garnyshynge, there is a mouynge and chaungynge of a worde and sentence, from theyr owne significaciõ into another, whych may agre wyth it by a similitude. The former partes ben these.
Metaphora.Translatio, translacion, that is a worde translated from the thynge that it properlye signifieth, vnto another whych may agre with it by a similitude. And amonge all vertues of speche, this is the chyefe. ¶ None perswadeth more effecteouslye, none sheweth the thyng before oure eyes more euidently, none moueth more mightily the affeccions, none maketh the oraciõ more goodlye, pleasaunt, nor copious.
i.Some frõ the body to the mynd, as: I haue but lately tasted the Hebrue tonge, for newely begunne it.Also I smell where aboute you go, for I perceyue.
ii.From the reasonable to the vnresonable, as Vyrgyll in hys Georgexe applyed the counselles and fashion of warres belongynge tomen; to bees.
iii.From the vnreasonable to the resonable. What whinest thou, what chatterest thou? That one taken of a wolfe, that other of a pye.
iiii.From the liuinge to the not liuyng. The mouthe of the well, the fatnes of the earth. The lande wyl spewe them oute.
v.From the not lyuynge to the liuyng. Cicero florisheth in eloquẽce.
vi.From the liuyng, to the liuynge. The iews winched against Moses.
vii.From the not liuinge to the not liuynge. The wordes flewe oute of hys mouth. He is good for a greue wounde.
Catachresis.Abusio, when for a certeyne and proper worde, we abuse a lyke, or that is nie vnto it, as when we say: longe counsel, lytle talke, smal matter. Here maye we soone perceyue that by abusion wee take wordes that be somwhat nye, whych property do belong to vnlyke thinges.
Metalepsis.Transsumptio, Transsũpcion, is when by degrees we go to ytthat is shewed as: he hyd hym selfe in the blacke dennes. By blacke is vnderstandful of darkenes & consequently stepe downe and verye depe.
Metonomia.Metonomya, Transnominacion, when a worde that hathe a proper significacion of hys owne, beynge referred to another thing, hath another: & this is done diuerse waies.
i.When the chiefe master or doar of a thyng is put for yething it self, as: Put vpon you the Lorde Iesus Christ. Also: you play Iudas wtme.
ii.When the place, or that that cõteineth, is put for the thyng that is in it, as: All the round earthe prayseth God. Oxforth (some say) hath not forsaken all popery, for the studentes therin.
iii.When that that is conteyned is put for that that doth conteine, as: The fryer Austens is goodly buylded, for yehouse wher yefryers wer.
iiii.When the doer is put for that ytis done, as: God brought the Israelites out of Egypte wyth a stretched out arme, and stronge hande. Also: Is gods hand drawen in? for power and strength.
v.When ytis done is put for yedoer.
Synecdoche.Intellectio, Intelleccion whẽ onethyng is vnderstand by another ytis of the same maner and kynd, and this is done many wayes.
i.When of the whole is vnderstãd a parte, as: Abraham set a calfe before them, for calues fleshe.
ii.By a parte the whole, as: He receyued the straũgers vnder the succour of hys house rofe, for into hys house.
iii.By one many, as: The Frenchemã in yebatail had the ouerthrow.
iiii.By a kynd yegeneral, as: If thou se thyne enemies Asse fal vnder his burden, for cattell.
v.By the general the kynd: Eue the mother of al liuing things, for of al mẽ: Preach to al creaturs, to al mẽ
vi.By that goeth before, the thynge that foloweth, as: He set hys spurres to hys horse, for he rode a pace, or fled faste awaye.
vii.By that ytfoloweth, the thinge wente before, as: I got it wyth the swete of my face, for wtmy labour.
viii.By the matter, yethynge that is made of it, as: Fleshe and bloude shewed the not it.ix.¶ By the signe, yethyng ytis signifiedas: Lo, naw the toppe of the chymneyes in the villages smoke a farre of: wherby Vyrgyl signifieth night to be at hande.
Pronominacio.Antonomasiais, whych for yeproper name putteth some other word: As: the Archebyshop confuted the errour, for Cranmer. The Philosopher lyed that the worlde was eternall, for Aristotle. The Apostle sayeth wee be iustified by faythe, for Paule.
Periphrasis.Circuicio, is a larger descripcion eyther to garnyshe it, or if it bee foule to hyde it, or if it be bryefe to make it more playn: by etimology, by sygnes, by definicion.¶ Example of the fyrste: The prouidẽce of Scipio ouerthrew yemight of Carthage. Here saue onlye for garnyshyng sake he myghte haue sayde playnlye: Scipio ouerthrew Carthage. Of the nexte: When Saule was doyng his busines, Dauid might haue killed hym. Doyng hys busines, ye wot what it meaneth. Of yethyrd, you haue the larger exposicions vpon the Gospels called by the name of thys figure.
ByEtymologieor shewyng the reasõ of the name. Well maye he be called a parasite, for a parasite is ytloueth other because of his meat.
Bysygnes, as when by certeine notes, we describe anye thynge, as if a man vnderstãdyng anger wyll saye that it is the boylynge of the mynde, or color whych bryngeth in palenes into the coũtenaũce, fiersenes of the eies, and trẽblyng in the members.
By destincion. The arte of well indyghting, for Rethorique.
Allegoria, the seconde parte of Trope is an inuersion of wordes, where it is one in wordes, and another in sentence or meanynge.
Aenigma.Sermo obscurus, a riddle or darke allegorie, as: The halfe is more thẽ the hole.
Paremia.Adagium, a sayinge muche vsed and notable for some noueltye, as: The wolfe is in our tale.
Ironia.Dissimulatio, is a mockyng whiche is not perceiued by the wordes but eyther by the pronũciacion, orby the behaueour of the person or by the nature of the thyng, as You are an honest man in deede.
Sarcasmus.Amara irrisio, is a bitter sporting & mocke of our enemye, of a maner of iestyng or scoffinge bytynglye, a nyppyng tawnte, as: The Iewes saide to Christ, he saued other, but he could not saue hym selfe.
Astysmus.Festiua urbanitas, is a certen mery conceyted speakyng, as on a tyme a mery felow metynge wtone that had a very whyte head, axed him if he had lyen in the snowe al nyght.
Mycterismus.Subsannatio, a skornyng by some iesture of the face, as by wrythinge the nose, putting out the tonge, pottyng, or suche lyke.
Antiphrasis.Dictio cõtrariũ significans, when the mock is in a worde by a contrarye sence, as when we call a fustilugges, a minion.
Charientismus.Graciosa nugatio, when wordes roughly spokẽ be molified by pleasaunt wordes: as when we saye to hym that threatneth vs: I praye you be good master to me.
EpanaphoraRepeticio, repeticion, when in lyke and diuerse thynges, we take our begynnyng cõtinually at one & the selfe same word, thus: To you this thyng is to be ascribed, to you thanke is to be geuen, to you thys thynge shal be honour. In this exornacion is much plesantnes, grauitie, and sharpnes, & it is much vsed of al oratours, & notably setteth oute, and garnysheth the oracion.
Antistrophe.Conuersio, conuersion is whych taketh not hys begynnynges at al one and the same worde, but wtall one worde styll closeth vp the sentence, & it is contrary to that other before, as: Sence the time yecõcord was takẽ awaye from the citie, lyberty was takẽ awai: fidelity was takẽ away: frẽship was takẽ away.
Symploce.Cõplexio, complexion cõpriseth both two exornacions, both this, & that whych we declared before, ytboth all one fyrste worde shulde be oftẽ repeted, & we shuld turne often to all one laste word, as: Who toke Sedechias prisoner, & put out bothhys eyes? Nabuchodonozer. Who put Daniell and hys felowes into the burnyng furnace? Nabuchodonozer. Who was transformed frõ a man into a beast, & eate haye wyth oxen? Nabuchodonozer.
Anadiplosis.Reduplicatio, is a continent rehearsyng agayne of all one worde, or wordes, for the more vehemence, and some affect of the mynde. Cicero agaynst Catiline. Yet he liueth, liueth: yea commeth also into the counsel house. It is thou, it is thou that troublest all the houshold. ¶ Also, dareste thou nowe come into our syght, yetraitour of thy cõtrei? Thou traitour I say of thy contrei, darest thou come into oure syght?
Epanodus.Traduccio, Traduccion is, whyche maketh that whẽ all one word is oftentymes vsed, that yet it doth not onlye not displease the mynde, but also make yeoracion more trim in this wyse: Suffer ryches to belonge to riche men, but prefer thou vertue before ryches. For if yuwylt compare ryches wyth vertue, thou shalte scarse thynke them meete to be called ryches, whych ar but hãdmaydensto vertue. Also, we are vnto God the swete sauour of Christ. To the one part are we the sauour of death vnto deathe, and vnto the other part are we the sauour of lyfe vnto lyfe .ii.Cor.ii.
SinonimiaNominis cõmunio, cõmunion of the word, when we renewe not the selfe same worde by rehearsyng agayn, but chaunge that that is put wyth an other word of the same valewe, thus: Thou hast ouerthrowen the comon wealth euen from the foundacion, and cast downe the citye, euen from the roote. The iuste man shall floryshe as the palme tre, and shall be multiplyed as the Ceder tre. Cicero for.Q.Ligarius. ¶ Whose syde wolde that poynte of thy swerd haue pricked? what meaned thy weapons? what was thy mynde? what meante thyne eyes? handes, that burning of thy mynd? what desiredst yu? what wyshedste thou? Lytle differeth thys figure from the other before, only because the wordes be chaũged, the sentẽce remayning.
Sinathrismus.Frequentacio, frequentacion is, when the thynges that be dispersed thorowout all the cause, are gathered together into one place that yeoracion shulde be the wayghtier, & rebukefuller, thus: What faute is he without? why shuld you O Iudges be mynded to deliuer hym? He is an harlot of hys owne bodye, he lyeth in wayte for others, gredy, intemperate, wanton, proud, vnnatural to his parentes, vnkynd to hys frindes, troubleous to hys kynsefolke, stubborn to hys betters, dysdaynful to his equals, cruel to hys inferiours, finally, intollerable to all men.
Epiphonesis.Exclamacio, exclamaciõ is, whiche sheweth the signification of sorowe, or of anger, by callyng vpon eyther a man, a place, or a thynge?Cicero in hys oratour: O deceitful hope of men, and frayle fortune: & our vayne contencions, whych oftẽ tymes are broken in the myd way, rushe downe, and in the fal ar quite ouerthrowen before they can se the hauen. Hereunto belõgeth expectaciõ, obtestaciõ, wishyng, rebuking.
Areia.Execracio, execracion: O fye vpon Idolatry, that taketh away the honoure due vnto God alone, and geueth it to synfull creatures, and Images made by mans hand.
Deesis.Obtestacio, obtestacion, whẽ for God, or for mannes sake we vehemently desyre to haue any thynge.As Cicero for Publius Sestius: O I praye you, & for the Gods sakes most herteli besech you, ytas it was your wylles to saue me, so you wyl vouchsaf to saue thẽ thorew whose helpe you receiued me agayne.
Euche.Votum, wyshynge: O wolde God that the adulterer had bene drowned in the ragyng sea, whan wyth hys nauye of shyppes he sayled to Lacedemonia.
EpiplexisIncrepacio, Cicero agaynst Catiline: Thynkest thou that thy counselles are not knowen? and that we knowe not what thou dyddest the laste nyghte? and what the nyghte before?
Erotesis.Interrogacio, Euerye interrogaciõ is not of grauity, neither yet a Scheme, but thys whyche whenthose thinges be rehearsed vp whiche hurte oure aduersaryes cause, strengthneth that thynge that is gone before, thus seynge then that he spake all these wordes, and dyd all these thynges, whether dyd he put away our felowes myndes frõ the cõmon wealthe or not?
Erotema.Raciocinatio, raciocinacion is, by the whych we our selues axe a reason of oure selfe, wherefore euerye thynge shulde be spoken, & that oftentymes we demaund of our selues a declaracion of euery proposicion after thys maner: Thys was well ordeined of oure elders to depryue no kynge of hys lyfe whome they had taken in batayl. Why so? for the power whyche fortune had geuen vs, it to consume in the punyshement of them whom the same fortune a lytle before had set in hyeste degree, were agaynste reason.Yea but he brought a greate army agaynst you? I wyl not remember it. Why so? For it is the poynte of a valiaunte man, suche as contend for the vyctorye, them to count enemyes: suche as be ouercome, thoseto count mẽ: so that fortitude maye diminishe war, humanitie increase peace. But he if he had ouercome, wolde he haue done so? Verelye he wolde not haue bene so wyse. Why shulde ye spare hym then? because such foly I am wont to despise, not to folowe.
Prosapodosis.Subiectio, when we axe of oure selfe what can be saide agaynst vs, and answere to our selues thus: ¶ Shall we tary in synne? God forbyd. Or compell our aduersarye to answer thus: O Iewes, what can you say for denyall of Christe. Wyl you saye that you haue not youre Messias? but your prophets say the contrarye. Your Types are confoũded. Whom wyl you be iudged by? by Hystories? Oures declare that you be out of the way, & shall come agayne to Christ.
Antiphora.Tacite obiectioni responsio.whẽ we make answere to a thynge that myght priuely be obiected agaynst vs, as in the fyrst epystle of Ouide, Penelope wylling her husband Vlysses to come home hymselfe, and wryte nothyng vnto her. Wher hemyght haue layed for hys tarying the warres, she priuely toke away ytexcuse, saying: Troy is destroied.
Aporia.Dubitatio, Dubitacion; when wee doute of two thynges, or of many, which we shuld inespecially speke of. Much hurted the cõmonwealth at that tyme, whether I shuld saye the folyshenesse of the consolles, or the malyce, or bothe, I can not tell.
Apophasis.Expeditio, expedicion, when many reasons rehearsed vp, wherby a thynge myghte be done or not, the other are taken away, and one left that we entende, thus: It muste needes bee that thys controuersie touching the sacrament must stand eyther vpon the much pressyng and rigour of the wordes; or vpon the meanynge and vnderstandynge of them. The wordes as they stande, brynge wyth them greate inconuenience, to wytte, to expositoures, and the other textes. The meaning doth not so but auoydeth al these incõueniences, & satisfieth reason, expositours, & texts of the scripture, wherfore wyt, expositour, & scripture thinketh it better to take the sentence, then the worde.
Epilogus.Conclusio, conclusiõ is, which by a brief argumẽtacion of these thinges that be spoken before or done, inferreth that thynge that necessarilye shulde folowe, thus: And if a reuelacion wer geuen to the Troianes, ytTroy myght not be taken without yearowes of Philectetes, and thei did nothing else but strike Alexander to kyl him that in dede was Troy to be taken.
Epitrope.Permissio, permission, when we shew ytwe geue & graũt any thyng altogether to a mans wyll, thus: ¶ Because al thynges takẽ away, only is left vnto me my body & mynd, these thynges, whych only ar lefte vnto me of many, I graunte thẽtoyou and to your power.
Anacinosis.Cõmunicacio, cõmunicacion is, when we leaue sumwhat to yeIudges to be estemed, thus: I leaue vnto you o iudges to be thought what hurt yecõmõ welth shal take hereofDiuisio,Dialisis.diuision is which diuiding one thyng frõ another, endeth thẽ both by shewing a reasõ, thus: why shuld I lay ani thing to thi charge? if yubee good, yuhaste not deseruedit, if thou be naught, thou carest not for it. Also, what shuld I speake of myne owne good turnes towarde the. If thou do remember them, I shuld but trouble you: If you haue forgotten them, when by deede I haue profited nothyng, what good can I do in wordes?
Antitheton.Contentio, contencion, when the reason stãdeth by contrary wordes or contraries be rehearsed by cõparison, thus: Flattery hath pleasaũt begynnynges, but the same hathe verye bytter endynges. Cicero agaynst Catiline: when they coulde not lyue honestlye, they had rather dye shamefully. They that be after the fleshe, care for these thynges ytbe of the fleshe. They that be after the spirite, care for the thynges of the spirite.
Antithesis.Contrarium, contrary is, that of two diuerse thynges confirmeth yeone bryefely and easelye, thus: For he that alwayes wyll be an enemy to hys owne rekenyngs, how shuld a man trust that he wold be a frind to other mens matters? He that in familiare cõmunicacion and companyof hys friendes wyl neuer say truth, thinkest thẽ ythe wil absteine from a lye in a cõmon audience.
Colon.Membrum oracionis, a mẽber of the reasõ is so called when a thinge is shewed perfitely in fewe wordes the whole sentence not shewed, but receyued agayne wtan other parte, thus: Thou dyddest bothe profite thyne enemie, and hurte thy frynd.Thys exornacion may be made of two partes only, but the perfiteste is made of thre, thus: Thou diddest profite thine enemy, hurt thi frind, and dydst no good to thy selfe.
Dialyton.Articulus, article is, when eche word is set asunder by cutting the oracion thus. By sharpnes, voyce, countenaunce, thou madeste thyne enemyes afrayd. Thou destroyedst thyne enemyes wyth enuye, wronges, power, falsehead.
Isocolon.Compar, euen or equall, is when the oracion hath in it the partes of the whyche we spake before, & that they be made of euen number of sillables: but thys equalitie must not stand by numbrynge of them, but by perceyuyng of it in yemynd. Christeafore the Iudge was led, & on hys head a croune of thorne was putte, in token that in dede, the kynge of Iews he was borne. Here be some mo wordes in on mẽber then in an other, yet sound they to the eare of lyke lengthe.
HomioptotõSimiliter cadens, fallyng al alike is, when in the same construccion of wordes ther be two wordes or mo which be spoken alyke in the selfe same cases, thus: Thou praysest a man nedye of vertue, plenteful of money. Cicero for Flaccus: There is in thẽ no varietie of opinion, none of wyll, none of talke.
Homotelẽto.*Similiter desinens, endynge al alyke, when words or sentẽces haue alyke endyng, as: Thou dareste do fylthely, and studiest to speke baudely. Content thy selfe wtthy state, in thy herte do no man hate, be not the cause of stryfe and bate.
Climax.Gradacio, is, when we rehearse again the word ytgoth next before, & descẽd to other thinges by degrees thus: To Affrican industry gat vertue, vertue glory, glory hatered.Orismus.Definicio, definiciõ, wher by yepropereffect of any thynge is declared briefely & absolutely in this wyse: This is not diligẽce but couetousnes, because ytdiligẽce is a nedy sauing of thine own: couetousnes is a wrongful desyre of other mens.Metabasis.¶Transicio, transiciõ is, wherby briefly we monyshe what hath ben spoken, & what may folowe, as: What he hath ben to hys contrey I haue told, now ye shal hear how he hath shewed him self to hys parẽtes. Also Cicero for the law of Manilius: Because we haue spoken of yekind of the warre, now wyll we shewe a fewe thynges of the greatnes of it.Paralepsis.¶Occupatia, occupacion is, when we make as though we do not knowe, or wyl not know of yethyng ytwee speke of most of al, in this wyse: I wyl not say that yutokest money of our felowes, I wyl not stand much in thys that yurobbedst kingdoms, cityes, and al mens houses: I passe ouer thy theftes, & al thy rauyns.Asindeton.¶Dissolutio, when the oracion lacketh coniũccions, thus: Obey thy parẽtes, be ruled by thi kinsfolke, folow thy fryndes, obey the lawes.
Apostrophe.Auersio, auersion, when we turne our speche from them to whom we dyd speake to another personne, eyther present or absent, or to a thing to the whych we fayne a person, as a precher, speaking of priestes, that feede not the flocke, may fytly turn hys speche vnto Peter, sayinge: O Peter, I wold thou liuedst, & sawest what thy brethren do, howe far they be gone frõ that thou prescribedst them to do. Againe: O world, howe pleasant be the thynges that thou dost promyse, how bytter ben they that thou geuest.
Anangeon.Necessum, necessitie, when we cõfesse the thynge to be done, but excuse it by necessitye, eyther of yeperson or tyme, thus: I confesse that thys I dyd. But the woman that thou gauest me, dyd deceyue me.Also, somtyme I was in that opinion, but the tyme so required.
Anaclasis.Refractio, that is the turninge backe agayne of a worde into a cõtrary significacion, thus: I knowe kynge Ezechias that all thys lyfe is but bitternes, but I praye thee, gyue me suche bytternes.
Bomphiologia.Verborum bombus, when small & triflyng thynges are set out wyth great gasyng wordes. Example of this haue you in Terrence of the boasting souldiar, & creping smel feast.
Miosis.Diminutio, when greate matters are made lyghte of by wordes, as when he was wel beatẽ bi a knaue, that knaue wyll saye he dyd but a lytle stryke hym.
Liptote.Extenuatio, the makyng lesse of a thynge to auoyde arrogance, thus: If I haue any wit O Iudges, if any exercyse of endyghtyng, al may I thanke Archias the Poete of. ¶ Cicero for Archias.
Diasirmus.Eleuacio, when we make lyghte of, and dyspyse great argumentes brought agaynst vs, whych to aunswer vnto it is labour, and we saye they perteyne not to the purpose, or that they are vnworthy to be answered vnto, or that we kepe them tyll another tyme: Of thys ther nedeth none example.