{Manne.Citees.}{Fisshe.Floodes.}{Foule.Castles.}{Beaste.Toures.}As{Orchardes.Gardeins.}{Stones.Stones.}{Trees.Artes.}{Plantes.Sciences.}{Mettals.}Any vertue maie be praised, as wisedome, rightuousnes[,]fortitude, magnanimitée, temperaunce, liberalitée, with allother.These are to be celebrated with praise.The persone, as Iulius Cesar, Octauius Augustus,Hieremie, Tullie, Cato, Demosthenes.Thynges, as rightuousnes, temperaunce.Tymes, as the Spryng tyme of the yere, Sommer, Har-uest, Winter.Places, as Hauens, Orchardes, Gardeins, Toures,Castles, Temples, Islandes.Beastes wantyng reason, as Horse, Shepe, Oxen[,] Plā-ntes, as Uines, Oliues.In the praise of vertue, this maie be saied.THe excellencies of it, the antiquitee and originalle be-ginnyng thereof, the profite that riseth to any regionby it, as no kyngdome can consiste without vertue,and to extoll the same, in makyng a comparison, with othergiftes of nature, or with other giftes of fortune, more infe-riour or base.Wherein thepraise of a ci-tie consisteth[.]Upon a citée, praise maie be recited, consideryng the good-lie situacion of it, as of Paris, Uenice, London, Yorke: con-sideryng the fertilitie of the lande, the wealthe and aboun-daunce, the noble and famousgoueruours, whiche haue go-uerned thesame. The first aucthors and builders of thesame,the politike lawes, and godlie statutes therein mainteined:The felicitée of the people, their maners, their valeaunt pro-wes and hardines. The buildyng and ornatures of thesame,with Castles, Toures, Hauens, Floodes, Temples: as if amanne would celebrate with praise. The olde, famous, andThe praise ofLondon.Brutus buil[-]ded Londō inthe .x. yeare ofhis raine.aunciente Citée of London, shewyng the auncient buildyngof thesame: the commyng of Brutus, who was the firste au-cthor and erector of thesame. As Romulus was of the migh-tie Citée Rome, what kyngs haue frō tyme to tyme, lineal-ly descended, and succeded, bearing croune and scepter there-in: the valiauntnes of the people, what terror thei haue beento all forraine nacions. What victories thei haue in battaileobteined, how diuers nacions haue sought their amitée andFraunce andScotlandevpholded byyegouernorsof this lande.league. The false Scottes, and Frenche menne truce brea-kers: many and sonderie tymes, losyng their honour in thefield, and yet thei, through the puissaunt harte of the kyngesof this lande, vpholdyd and saued, from the mighte and forceCambridge.Oxforde.of other enemies inuadyng theim. The twoo famous Uni-uersitées of this lande, from the whiche, no small nomber ofgreate learned men and famous, haue in the cōmon wealthesprong, with all other thynges to it.The praise of a Kyng, Prince, Duke, Erle, Lorde, Ba-ron, Squire, or of any other man be maie declaimed of obser[-]uing the order of this parte ofRhetorike.This parte ofRhetorikecalled praise, is either a particu-ler praise of one, as of kyng Henry the fifte, Plato, Tullie,Demosthenes, Cyrus, Darius, Alexander the greate.Or a generalle and vniuersalle praise, as the praise of allthe Britaines: or of all the citezeins of London.¶ The order to make this Oracion, is thus declared.Firste, for the enteryng of the matter, you shall place aexordium, or beginnyng.The seconde place, you shall bryng to his praise,Genuseius, that is to saie: Of what kinde he came of, whiche dooethconsiste in fower poinctes.{ Of what nacion.}{ Of what countrée.}{ Of what auncetours.}{ Of what parentes.}After that you shall declare, his educacion: the educacionis conteined in thrée poinctes.{ Institucion.}In{ Arte.}{ Lawes.}Then put there to that, whiche is the chief grounde of alpraise: his actes doen, whiche doe procede out of the giftes,and excellencies of the minde, as the fortitude of the mynde,wisedome, and magnanimitée.Of the bodie, as a beautifull face, amiable countenaunce[,]swiftnesse, the might and strength of thesame.The excellencies of fortune, as his dignitée, power, au-cthoritee, riches, substaunce, frendes.In the fifte place vse a comparison, wherein that whicheyou praise, maie be aduaunced to the vttermoste.Laste of all, vse theEpilogus, or conclusion.¶ The example of the Oracion.¶ The praise of Epaminundas.IN whom nature hath powred singuler giftes,in whom vertue, & singularitée, in famous en-terprises aboundeth: whose glorie & renoume,rooteth to the posteritée, immortall commen-dacion. In the graue, their vertues and godlieObliuion.life, tasteth not of Obliuion, whiche at the length ouerthro-weth all creatures, Citées, and regions. Thei liue onelie inall ages, whose vertues spreadeth fame and noble enterpri-Who liue inall ages.ses, by vertue rooteth immortalitée. Who so liueth, as thathis good fame after death ceaseth not, nor death with the bo-die cutteth of their memorie of life: Soche not onely in life,but also in death are moste fortunate. In death all honor, di-Good famechieflie rou-teth afterdeath.gnitée, glorie, wealthe, riches, are taken from vs: The fameand glorie of singulare life is then, chieflie takyng his holdeand roote, wise men and godlie, in life, knowen famous, af-ter death, remain moste worthie & glorious. Who knowethTullie.Demosthe-nes.Iulius Ce-sar.OctauiusAugustus.Uespasianus[.]Theodosius.Traianns.Adrianus.not of Tullie, the famous Oratour of Rome. Doeth De-mosthenes lieth hidden, that noble Oratour of Athenes. Isnot yefame of Iulius Cesar, Octauius Augustus remainyngof Uespasianus: of Theodosius, of Traianus, of Adrianus,who by praise minded, be left to the ende of al ages. Soche aone was this Epaminundas, the famous Duke of Thebe,whose vertues gaue hym honour in life, and famous enter-prises, immortalitée of fame after death. What can bee saiedmore, in the praise and commendacion, of any peere of estate,then was saied in the praise of Epaminundas, for his ver-tues were so singulare, that it was doubted, he beyng so gooda manne, and so good a Magistrate, whether he were bettermanne, or better Magistrate: whose vertues were so vnited,that vertue alwaies tempered his enterprises, his loftie stateas fortune oftentymes blindeth, did not make hym vnmind-full of his state. No doubt, but that in all common wealthes,famous gouernours haue been, but in all those, the mosteparte haue not been soche, that all so good men, and so goodmagistrates: that it is doubted, whether thei were better mē,Good man,good magi-strate, boothea good manand a goodmagistrate.or better magistrates. It is a rare thyng to be a good manne,but a more difficult matter, to bee a good Magistrate: andmoste of all, to be bothe a good man, and a good Magistrate.Honour and preeminent state, doeth sometyme induce obli-uion, whereupon thei ought the more vigilantlie to wade:in all causes, and with all moderacion, to temper their pree-The saiyngeof the Philo-sophers.minent state. The Philosophers ponderyng the brickle andslippere state of fortune, did pronounce this sentence:Diffici-lius est res aduersas pati, quam fortunam eflantem ferre, it ismore easie to beare sharpe and extreme pouertie, then to ruleand moderate fortune, because that the wisest menne of allObliuion.haue as Chronicles doe shewe, felte this obliuion, that theirmaners haue been so chaunged, as that natures molde in thēhad ben altered or nuelie framed, in the life of Epaminūdasmoderacion and vertue, so gouerned his state, that he was ahonor and renowne to his state, nothing can be more amplein his praise, then that which is lefte Chronicled of him.[¶] Of his countrie.EPaminundas was borne in Thebe a famous citie inCadmus.Amphion.Hercules.Beotia, the which Cadmus the sone of Agenor buil-ded, whiche Amphion did close & enuiron with wal-les, in the whiche the mightie and valiaunt Hercules wasborne, & manie noble Princes helde therin scepter, the whichCitie is tituled famous to the posterity by the noble gouern-ment of Epaminundas.¶ Of his auncetours.EPaminundas came not of anie highe nobilitie orblood, but his parentes were honeste and verteouswho as it semed were verie well affected to vertue,instructyng their soonne in all singulare and goodqualities, for by good and vertuous life and famous enter-prises from a meane state, manie haue bene extolled to bearescepter, or to attaine greate honour, for as there is a begyn-Nobility roseby vertue.nyng of nobilitie, so there is an ende, by vertue and famousactes towarde the common wealthe, nobilite first rose. TheCesar.Scipio.stock of Cesar and Cesars was exalted from a meaner state,by vertue onelie to nobilitie. Scipios stocke was not alwaisnoble, but his vertues graffed nobilitie to the posteritie ofhis line and ofspryng followynge. And euen so as their fa-mous enterprices excelled, nobilite in theim also increased.Catilina.Catilina wicked, was of a noble house, but he degeneratedfrom the nobilitie of his auncestours, the vertues that graf-fed nobilitie in his auncestors, were first extinguished in Ca-MarcusAntonius.iline. Marcus Antonius was a noble Emperour, a Princeindued with all wisedome and Godlie gouernmēt, who wasof a noble parētage, it what a wicked sonne succeded him, theCommodus.father was not so godlie, wise, and vertuous, as Commo-dus was wickedlie disposed and pestiferous. There was novertue or excellence, méete for suche a personage, but thatMarcus attained to. Who for wisedome was called MarcusPhilosophus, in his sonne what vice was thē that he practi-sed not, belie chier, druncknes and harlottes, was his delite,his crueltie and bluddie life was suche that he murthered allthe godlie and wise Senatours, had in price with MarcusSeuerus.his father. Seuerus in like maner, was a noble and famousEmperor, in the Senate moste graue, politike, and in hisMarcusAntoniusCaracalla.warres moste fortunate, but in his sonne Marcus Antoni-nus Caracalla, what wickednes wanted, whose beastlie lifeis rather to be put in silence, then spoken of. In the assembleof the Grecians, gathered to consulte vpon the contencion ofAiax.Ulisses.Achilles armour, Aiax gloriouslie aduaunceth hymself of hisauncestrie, from many kinges descended, whom Ulisses hisaduersarie aunswered: makyng a long and eloquente Ora-cion, before the noble péeres of Grece, concernyng Aiax hisauncetours. These are his woordes.Nam genus et proauos et que non fecimus ipsi,Vix ea nostra voco, sed enim quia retulit Aiax,esse Iouis pronepos.As for our parentage, and line of auncetours, long beforevs, and noble actes of theirs: as we our selues haue not doenthe like, how can we call, and title their actes to be ours. Letthem therefore, whiche haue descended from noble blood, andfamous auncetours: bee like affected to all nobilitée of theirauncetours, what can thei glory in the nobilitée of their aun-cetours. Well, their auncetours haue laied the foundacion,Nobilitee.and renoume of nobilitee to their ofspryng. What nobiliteeis founde in them, when thei builde nothyng, to their aunce-tours woorke of nobilitée. Euen as their auncetours, noblieendeuoured them selues, to purchase and obtain, by famousactes theirnobilitée) for, nobilitée and vertue, descendeth al-waies to the like) so thei contrary retire and giue backe, frōall the nobiliée of their auncestours, where as thei ought,A beginnyngof nobilitee.with like nobilitée to imitate them. Many haue been, whichethrough their wisedome, and famous enterprises, in the af-faires of their Prince, worthelie to honour haue been extol-led and aduaunced: who also were the firste aucthours andfounders of nobiliée, to their name and ofspring. Whose of-spring indued with like nobilitée of vertues, and noble acteshaue increased their auncestors glorie: the childrē or ofspringlineally descendyng, hauyng no part of the auncestours glo-rie, how can thei vaunte them selues of nobiliée, whiche theilacke, and dooe nothyng possesse thereof, Euen from loweGalerius aShepherdssonne Empe-ror of Rome.Probus aGardeinerssonne, Em-perour.birthe and degrée. Galerius Armentarius was aduaunced,euen from a Shepherdes sonne, to sit in the Imperiall seat ofRoome. Galerius Maximinus whom all the Easte obaied,his vertues and noble acts huffed hym to beare scepter in theEmpire of Roome. Probus a Gardiners soonne, to the likethrone and glorie ascēded, so God disposeth the state of eueryman, placyng and bestowing dignitée, where it pleaseth himas he setteth vp, so he pulleth doune, his prouidence & mightis bounde to no state, stocke, or kindred.¶ Of his educacion.EPaminūdas beyng borne of soche parentes, wasbrought vp in all excellente learnyng, for, vnderhym Philippe the kyng of the Macedonians, thesoonne of Amintas, was brought vp. This Epa-minundas, the Histories note hym to be a chief Philosopher,and a capitaine moste valiaunte. In Musike, in plaiyng, andsingyng finelie to his Instrumente, notable and famous, nokinde of learnyng, arte, or science, wanted in his breaste: Sogreate and aboundante were his vertues, that aboue all go-uernours, whiche haue been in Thebe, his name and fameis chieflie aduaunced.¶ The praise of his actes.The dutie ofgood gouer-nors.EPaminundas beyng moste valiaunte and no-ble, leauing all priuate commoditée, glory, andriches a side: sought the renoume of his coun-tree, as all rulers and gouernours ought to do.Howe a king[-]dome riseth toall felicitie.For, a kyngdome or common wealth, can notrise to any high nobilitée or Roialnesse, where gouernours,rulers, and magistrates, neclecting the vniuersall, and wholebody of the common wealthe, doe cogitate and vigilantly en-deuour them selues, to stablish to them and theirs, a priuate,peculiar, and domesticall profite, glorie, or renoume. Couei-teousnes, whiche is in all ambicious Magistrates the poison,plague, destruccion, and ruine of the beste and florishing cō-mon wealthes, of al wickednes and mischief the roote: a vice,Couetousnesa great euill.whereupon all vice is grounded, from whom all mischiefefloweth, all execrable purposes issueth. That wanted inEpaminundas, for in the ende of his life, his coffers were sothin and poore, that euen to his Funerall, money wanted tosolempnise thesame. Priuate glorie nor excesse, was huntedafter of hym, yet his vertues were of soche excellencie, thathonour, dignitée, and preeminent state, was offered and gi-uen to hym vnwillinglie. This Epaminundas was in go-uernement so famous, and so vertuouslie and politikelie ru-led thesame, that he was a glorie, renoume, honour, and fe-licitée to his kingdome, by his state. Before the time of Epa-Beotia.Thebes.minundas, the countree of Beotia was nothyng so famousin their enterprises: neither the citee of Thebe so roiall, puis-saunt or noble, the antiquitee of that tyme sheweth, that E-paminundas wantyng the power of Thebes, their glorie,strength, and felicitee fell and decaied. The learning of Epa-minundas and knowlege, was so aboundant and profoundebothe in Philosophie, and in all other artes and sciences, thatit was wounderfull. In chiualrie and in feates of warre, nopéere was more couragious and bolde, or hardie, neither inthat, whiche he enterprised, any could be of greater counsailein hedde more pollitike, of minde more sage and wittie: hisgouernement so good, that beyng so good a Magistrate, it isdoubted, whether he be better man, or better Magistrate, E-paminundas died in the defence of his countrée. The Athe-nians were enemies to the Thebanes, and many greate bat-tailes were assaied of theim and foughten: and often tymesthe Athenians felt many bitter stormes, and fortune louredof them, he beyng so valiaunt a capitain. Epaminundas be-yng dedde, the Athenians ceased to practise, any one parte ofchiualrie, their prowesse and dexteritée decaied: thei hauyngno aliaunte, and forraine enemie to moleste theim, or whomA valiant ca-pitain, to hiscountrie a pil[-]lar[,] to his ene[-]mie, a occasiōto dexteritie.thei feared. So that a famous, wise, pollitike, and valiauntecapitaine, is not onely a staie, a pillar and strong bulwarketo his countrée. But also forraine nacions, hauyng one, whōfor his valiauntnes thei dreade, doe practise and inure themselues, to all dexteritee, counsaile, wisedome, and pollicie:soche a one was Epaminundas, to his enemies and coūtrée.¶ The comparison.Hector.Achilles.Numa Pom[-]peius.Adrianus.NEither Hector of Troie, nor Achilles of Grece, mightbee compared with Epaminundas, Numa Pompili-us was not more godlie, Adriane the Emperour ofRoome, no better learned, nor Galba the Emperour morevaliaunte, Nerua no more temperate, nor Traianus morenoble, neither Cocles nor Decius, Scipio nor Marcus Regu[-]lus, did morevalianntlyin the defence of their countrie, sochea one was this Epaminundas.¶ The conclusion.OF many thynges, these fewe are recited, but if hiswhole life and vertues, wer worthely handeled: fewewould beleue, soche a rare gouernour, so vertuous aPrince, so hardie and valiaunte a capitaine, to haue remai-ned in no age.¶ The parte of Rhetorike, called dispraise.THis parte ofRhetorike, which is called dispraise, is a in-uectiue Oracion, made againste the life of any man.This part ofRhetorike, is contrary to that, whiche is be-fore set, calledlaus, that is to saie, praise: and by contrary no-tes procedeth, for the Oratour or declaimer to entreate vpō.This parte ofRhetorike, is called of the GrekesPsogos.In praise, we extoll the persone: First by his countrée.Then by his auncestours and parentes.In the third place, by his educacion and institucion.Then in the fowerth place, of his actes in life.In the fifte place vse a comparison, comparyng the per-sone with other, whiche are more inferiour.Then the conclusion.Now in dispraise, contrarily we doe procede.Firste, in the dispraise of his countrée.Of his auncetours and parentes.His educacion is dispraised.Then his actes and deedes of life.Also in your comparison with other, dispraise hym.Then in the laste place, adde the conclusion.All thynges that maie be praised, maie be dispraised.¶ The dispraise of Nero.Uertue.AS vertue meriteth commendacion and immor-tall renoume, for the nobilitée and excellenciereposed in it: so ougle vices for the deformitée ofthem, are in mynd to be abhorred and detested,and with all diligence, counsaile, and wisedomeUice.auoided. As pestiferous poison extinguisheth with his cor-rupcion and nautinesse, the good and absolute nature of allthinges: so vice for his pestiferous nature putteth out vertueand rooteth out with his force all singularitée. For, vice andvertue are so of nature contrary, as fire and water, the vio-lence of the one expelleth the other: for, in the mansion of ver-tue, vice at one tyme harboreth not, neither vertue with viceWhat is ver-tue.can be consociate or vnited, for, vertue is a singuler meane,or Mediocrite in any good enterprise or facte, with order andreason finished. Whose acte in life, doeth repugne order andreason, disseuered from all Mediocrite, soche do leaue iustice,equitée, wisedome, temperaunce, fortitude, magnanimitée,and al other vertues, bothe of minde and body: onely by ver-tues life men shewe theim selues, as chief creatures of God,with reason, as a moste principall gifte, beautified and deco-rated: In other giftes, man is farre inferiour to beastes, bothin strength of bodie, in celeritée and swiftnesse of foote, in la-bour, in industrie, in sense, nothyng to bee compared to bea-stes, with beastes as a peculier and proper thyng, wee haueour bodie of the yearth: but our minde, whiche for his diuini-tée, passeth all thynges immortall, maketh vs as gods emōgother creatures. The bodie therefore, as a aliaunt and forainenemie, beyng made of a moste base, moste vile and corrup-tible nature, repugneth the mynde. This is the cause, thatwickednesse taketh soche a hedde, and that the horrible facteand enterprise of the wicked burste out, in that, reason exiledand remoued from the minde, the ougle perturbacions of theminde, haue their regiment, power, and dominiō: and wheresoche state of gouernemente is in any one bodie, in priuateand domesticalle causes, in forraine and publike affaires, inkyngdome and cōmon wealthe. Uertue fadeth and decaieth,and vice onely beareth the swaie. Lawe is ordered by luste,and their order is will, soche was the tyme and gouernmentof this wicked Nero.¶ Of his countree.NEro was a Romaine borne, though in gouerne-ment he was wicked, yet his coūtrée was famous,and noble: for, the Romaines wer lordes and hed-des ouer all the worlde. The vttermoste Indians,the Ethiopes, the Persians, feared the maiestie and auctho-Rome.ritée of the Romaines. From Romulus, who was the firstefounder, and builder of that Citee: the Romaines bothe hadtheir name of hym, and grew afterward to marueilous pui-saunt roialnes. There was no nacion vnder the Sunne, butit dreaded their Maiestie, or felte their inuincible handes:there hath been many mightie kyngdomes, on the face of theyearth, but no kyngdome was able, with like successe and fe-licitée in their enterprise, or for like famous gouernors, andcontinuance of their state, to compare with them. This was,and is, the laste mightée Monarchie in the worlde. Roome aolde aunciente citée, inhabited firste of the Aborigines, whichCarthage.came from Troie. The prouidence of God, so disposeth thetymes and ages of the world, the state of kyngdomes, by thefall of mightier kyngdomes, meaner grewe to power andglorie. The Carthagineans, contended by prowes, and ma-gnanimitee, to be lordes ouer the Romaines. Carthage wasa greate, mightie, olde, auncient & famous citée, in the whichevaliaunte, wise, and pollitike gouernours, helde therein re-giment, long warres was susteined betwene the Romainesand Carthagineans, emong whom infinite people, and ma-ny noble péeres fell in the duste. Fortune and happie successefell to the Romaines: the people of Carthage vāquished, andprostrate to the grounde. Scipio the noble Consull, beyng atthe destruccion of it, seeyng with his iye, Carthage by firebrunte to ashes, saied:Talis exitus aliquando erit Rome: euēDestructionof Rome toashes in time.as of Carthage, like shall the destruccion of Rome bee, as forcontinuaunce of the Romaine state, of their glorie, power,and worthie successe, no nacion vnder the Sunne, can com-pare with theim: soche was the state of Rome, wherein wic-ked Nero raigned.¶ Of hisanncestours.DOmitianus Nero, the sonne of Domitius Enobar-bus, Agrippina was his mothers name: this Agrip-pina, was Empresse of Rome, wife to Claudius Ti-Agrippina.berius, the daughter of his brother Germanicus. This A-grippina, the Chronicle noteth her, to be indued with al mis-chief and crueltée: For, Tiberius her housbande, hauyng byhis firste wife children, thei were murthered by her, becauseshe might, thei beyng murthered, with more facilitée, fur-ther the Empire, to her soonnes handes, many treasons con-spired against them oftentimes, Agrippina poisoned her hus-bande, then Nero succeded.¶ Of his educacion.Seneca scholmaister toNero.SEneca the famous Poete & Philosopher, was schole-maister to Nero, who brought hym vp in all nobili-tie of learnyng, mete for his state: though that Nerowas wickedlie of nature disposed, as his beastlie gouerne-ment sheweth, yet wickednes in him, was by the seueritie ofSeneca, and his castigacion depressed: for Traianus Empe-rour of Rome, would saie, as concernyng Nero, for the spaceof fiue yeres, no Prince was like to hym, for good gouerne-ment, after fiue yeres, losely and dissolutly he gouerned.¶ Of his actes.The dreameof Agrippinamother toNero, in hisconcepcion.THis Nero, at what tyme as his mother was con-ceiued of him, she dreamed that she was conceiuedof a Uiper: for, the young Uiper alwaies killethhis dame. He was not onely a Uiper to his mo-ther whom he killed, but also to his kyngdome and commonwealthe a destroier, whiche afterward shalbe shewed, whatNero a viper[.]a tyraunte and bloodie gouernour he was. This Nero madein the Citee of Rome, the rounde seates and scaffoldes, to be-holde spectacles and sightes, and also the bathes. He subduedPontus.Colchis.Cappadocia.Armenia.Pontus a greate countrée, whiche ioineth to the sea Pontus:whiche countrée containeth these realmes, Colchis, Cappa-docia, Armenia, and many other countrées, and made it as aProuince, by the suffraunce of Polemon Regulus, by whosename it was called Pontus Polemoniacus. He ouer camethe Alpes, of the king Cotteius, Cottius the king being dedde[.]Nero vnwor[-]thie to be chron[-]icled.Seneca.The life followyng of Nero was so abhominable, that theshame of his life, will make any man a fraied, to leaue anymemorie of hym. This Domitius Nero, caused his Schole-maister Seneca to be put to death, Seneca chosing his ownedeath, his veines beyng cutte in a hotte bathe died, bicause hecorrected wicked Nero, to traine hym to vertue. He was out-ragious wicked, that he had cōsideracion, neither to his ownhonestie, nor to other, but in continuaunce, he tired hymselfas virgines doe when thei marie, callyng a Senate, the dou-rie assigned, and as the maner of that solemnitée is, many re-sortyng and frequentyng, in maidens tire and apparell. HeThe shamfullife of Nero.went beyng a man, to be maried as a woman: beside this, atother tymes he cladde hymself with the skin of a wilde beast,and beastlie did handle that, whiche Nature remoueth fromthe sight. He defiled hymself with his owne mother, whomhe killed immediatlie. He maried twoo wiues, Octauia, andSabina, otherwise called Poppea, firste murtheryng theirGalba.Caius Iu-lius.housbandes. In that tyme Galba vsurped the Empire, andCaius Iulius: as sone as Nero heard that Galba came neretowardes Rome, euen then the Senate of Rome had deter-mined, that Nero should bee whipped to death with roddes,accordyng to the old vsage of their auncestours, his necke yo-ked with a forke. This wicked Nero, seyng himself forsakenof all his friendes, at midnight he departed out of the Citée,Ephaon, and Epaphroditus waityng on hym, Neophitusand Sporus his Eunuche: whiche Sporus before tyme, hadThe death ofNero.Nero assaied to frame and fashion out of kinde. In the ende,Nero thruste himself through, with the poinct of his sworde,his wicked man Sporus, thrustyng foreward his tremblinghande: this wicked Nero before that, hauyng none to mur-ther hym, he made a exclamacion, in these woordes. Is thereneither friende nor enemie to kill me, shamefullie haue I li-ued, and with more shame shall I die, in the .xxxij. yere of hisage he died. The Persians so entirely loued hym, that afterhis death thei sente Ambassadours, desiryng licence to erecteto hym a monumente, all countrées and Prouinces, and thewhole Citée of Rome, did so moche reioyce of his death, thatthei all wearyng the Toppintant hattes, whiche bonde mendoe vse to ware, when thei bée sette at libertie, and so thei tri-umphed of his death, deliuered from so cruell a tyraunte.¶ A comparison.Nero.Caligula.Domitianus[.]Antoninus.AS for wicked gouernement, Nero doeth make Ca-ligula like to Comodus, Domitianus, AntoninusCaracalla, thei were all so wicked, that the Senateof Rome thought it méete, to obliterate their name, from allmemorie and Chronicle, because of their wickednesse.¶ The conclusion.MOche more the life and gouernement of wicked Ne-ro, might be intreated of, but this shall be sufficient:to shewe how tyrannically and beastly, he gouernedvnmete of that throne.¶ A comparison.AComparison, is a certain Oracion, shewyng by acollacion the worthines, or excellēcie of any thing:or the naughtines of thesame, compared with anyother thyng or thynges, either equalle, or more in-feriour.In a comparison good thynges, are compared with goodas one vertue with an other: as wisedome & strength, whicheof them moste auaileth in peace and warre.Euill thynges maie bee compared with good, as Iustice,with iniustice, wisedome with foolishnes.Euill thynges maie be compared, with euill thynges, aswicked Nero, compared to Domitianus, or Caligula to Cō-modus, theft to homicide, drunkenes with adulterie.Small thynges maie be compared with greate: the kingwith his subiect, the Elephant or Camell to the Flie, a Cro-codile to the Scarabe.In a comparison, where argumente is supputated onbothe the sides, worthelie to praise, or dispraise.Where a comparison is made, betwene a thyng excel-lente, and a thyng more inferiour: the comparison shall pro-cede with like facilitee.All thynges that maie bee celebrated with praise, or thatmeriteth dispraise: al soche thynges maie be in a comparison.The persone, as Cato being a wise man, maie be compa-red with Nestor, the sage péere of Grece: Pompei with Ce-sar, as Lucane compareth them, and so of all other men.Thynges maie bee compared, as golde with siluer: onemettall with an other.Tymes maie be compared, as the Spryng with Som-mer: Harueste with Winter.Places maie be compared, as London with Yorke, Ox-forde with Cambridge.Beastes without reason, as the Bée with the Ante, theOxe with the Shepe.Plantes, as the Uine, and the Oliue.First, make aproemiumor beginnyng to your cōparison[.]Then compare them of their countrée.Of their parentes.Of their auncestours.Of their educacion.Of their actes.Of their death.Then adde the conclusion.¶ A comparison betwene De-mosthenes and Tullie.TO speake moche in the praise of famous men,no argument can wante, nor plentie of matterto make of them, a copious and excellent Ora-cion. Their actes in life through nobilitée,will craue worthelie more, then the witte andpenne of the learned, can by Eloquence expresse. Who canworthelie expresse and sette foorthe, the noble PhilosopherPlato.Aristotle.Plato, or Aristotle, as matter worthelie forceth to commend,when as of them, all learnyng, and singularitée of artes hathflowen. All ages hath by their monuments of learning, par-ticipated of their wisedome. Grece hath fostered many noblewittes, from whom all light of knowlege, hath been deriuedby whose excellencie Rome in tyme florishyng, did seeke bynobilitée of learnyng, to mate the noble Grecians. So mocheItalie was adorned, and beautified with the cunnyng of theGrecians. Emong the Romaines many famous Oratoursand other noble men hath spronge vp, who for their worthi-nesse, might haue contended with any nacion: either for theirTullie.glorie of learnyng, or noble regiment. Emong whom Tul-lie by learning, aboue the rest, rose to high fame, that he wasa renoume to his countree: to learnyng a light, of all singulerEloquence a fountaine. Whom Demosthenes the famousOratour of Athenes, as a worthie mate is compared with,whom not onely the nobilitée, and renoume of their Coun-trée shall decorate, but thē selues their owne worthines & no-bilitée of fame. No age hath had twoo more famous for lear-nyng, no common wealthe hath tasted, twoo more profitableto their countrée, and common wealthe: for grauitée and coū-saile, nor the posteritée of ages, twoo more worthie celebra-Thusidides.cion. Thusidides speakyng, in the commendacion of famousmen sheweth: as concernyng the fame of noble men, whoseThe enuiousmanne.vertue farre surmounteth thē, and passeth al other. Thenui-ous man seketh to depraue, the worthinesse of fame in other,The igno-raunte.his bragging nature with fame of praise, not decorated. Theignoraunte and simple nature, accordyng to his knowlege,iudgeth all singularitée, and tempereth by his owne actes thepraise of other. But the fame of these twoo Oratours, nei-ther the enuious nature can diminishe their praise, nor theignoraunt be of them a arbitrator or iudge, so worthely hathall ages raised fame, and commendacion of their vertues.¶ Of their countree.IN Grece Demosthenes, the famous Oratour of A-thenes was borne, whose Countrée or Citee, lackethno cōmendacion: either for the nobilitée of the lande,or glorie of the people. What nacion vnder the Sunne, hathnot heard of that mightie Monarchie of Grece: of their migh-tie citees, and pollitike gouernaunce. What famous Poeteshow many noble Philosophers and Oratours, hath Grecebrede. What science and arte, hath not flowne from Grece,so that for the worthinesse of it, it maie bee called the motherof all learnyng. Roome also, in whom Tullie was broughtvp, maie contende in all nobilitée, whose power and puisantglorie, by nobilitée of actes, rose to that mightie hed. In bothesoche excellencie is founde, as that no nacion might bettercontende, of their singularitée and honour of countrée, thenGrece and Rome: yet first from the Grekes, the light of Phi-losophie, and the aboundant knowledge of all artes, sprangeto the Romaines, from the Grecians. The Godlie Lawes,wherewith the Romaine Empire was decorated and gouer-ned, was brought from the Grecians. If the citee maie bee ahonour and glorie, to these twoo Oratours, or their Citees asinguler commendacion, there wanteth in bothe, neither ho-nour, or nobilitée.¶ Of their auncestours, and parentes.BOthe Demosthenes and Tullie were borne, of ve-rie meane parentes and auncestours: yet thei tho-rowe their learnyng and vertues, became famous,ascendyng to all nobilitée. Of their vertues andlearnyng, not of their auncestours, nobilitée rose to them.¶ Of the educacion.THE singuler vertues of theim bothe, appered euenin their tender youth: wherupon thei being broughtvp, in all godlie learnyng and noble Sciences, theibecame moste noble Oratours, and by their copious Elo-quence, counsaile, and wisedom, aspired to nobilitée & honor.¶ Of their scholyng.BOthe were taught of the mouthe of the best learned,Demosthenes of Iseus, a man moste Eloquent: Ci-cero of Philo and Milo, famous in wisedome andEloquence.¶ Of their exercise.CIcero did exercise hymself verie moche, to declaime,bothe in Greke and Latine, with Marcus Piso, andwith Quintus Pampeius. Demosthenes wantednot industrie and labour, to attain to that singularitée, whi-che he had, bothe in Eloquence, and pronounciacion.¶ Of the giftes of their minde.IN bothe, integritee, humanitee, magnanimitee,and all vertue flowed: at what time as Demosthe-nes was commaunded of the Athenians, to framea accusacion, againste a certaine man, Demosthe-nes refused the acte. But when the people, and the wholemultitude, were wrothe with hym, and made a exclamacionagainst hym, as their maner was. Then Demosthenes rose,and saied: O ye men of Athenes, againste my will, you haueme a counsailer, or pleater of causes before you: but as for aaccuser, & calumniator, no, not although ye would. Of thissorte Tullie was affected, excepte it were onely in the saue-gard of hisconutrée: as against Catiline, bothe were of god-lie, and of vpright conuersacion, altogether in Mediocrite,and a newe leadyng their life.¶ Of their actes.DEmosthenes and Tullie bothe, gaue them seluesto trauail, in the causes and affaires of their com-mon wealthe, to the preseruacion of it. How ve-hemently did Demosthenes pleate, and ingeni-ouslie handle the cause of all his countrée, against Philip, forthe defence of their libertee: whereupon he gatte fame, andgreate glory. Whereby not onely, he was coumpted a greatwise counsailour: but one of a valiaunte stomacke, at whoseDarius.Philip.Demosthe-nes.wisedome, all Grece stode in admiracion. The kyng of Per-sia, laboured to enter fauour with him. Philip the king of theMacedonians, would saie often tymes, he had to doe againsta famous man, notyng Demosthenes. Tullie also by his E-loquence and wisedome, saued Roome and all partes of thatdominion, from greate daungers.¶ Of their aucthoritee.THeir aucthoritee and dignitee was equalle, in thecommon wealthe: For, at their twoo mouthes,Roome and Athenes was vpholed. Demostheneswas chief in fauour with Caretes, Diophetes, Le[-]ostines, Cicero with Pompei: Iulius Cesar, ascending to thechief seate and dignitée of the Consulship.¶ Of a like fall that happened tothem, before their death.YOu can not finde soche twoo Orators, who borneof meane & poore parentes, that attained so greatehonour, who also did obiecte themselues to tyran-tes a like, thei had losse of their children a like,bothe were out of their countree banished men, their returnewas with honour, bothe also fliyng, happened into the han-des of their enemies.¶ Of their death.Antipater.Demosthe-nes.Archias.MarcusAntonius.Tullie.BOthe a like, Demosthenes and Tully wer put todeath, Demosthenes died, Antipater gouernyngby the handes of Archias. Cicero died by the com-maundement of Marcus Antonius: by Hereniushis hedde was cutte of, and sette in Marcus Antonius halle.His handes also were cutte of, with the whiche he wrote thevehement Oracions against Marcus Antonius.¶ The conclusion.TO speake as moche as maie bee saied, in the praise oftheim: their praise would rise to a mightie volume,but this is sufficiente.¶Ethopœia.Ethopœiais a certaine Oracion made by voice, and la-mentable imitacion, vpon the state of any one.This imitacion is iniij. sortes, either it is.{Eidolopœia.}{Prosopopœia.}{Ethopœia.}That parte, whiche is calledEthopœiais that, whichehath the persone knowne: but onely it doeth faigne the ma-ners of thesame, and imitate in a Oracion thesame.Ethopœiais called of Priscianus, a certaine talkyng toof any one, or a imitaciō of talke referred to the maners, apt-ly of any certaine knowen persone.Quintilianus saieth, thatEthopœiais a imitacion of o-ther meane maners: whom the Grekes dooe calle, not onelieEthopœia, butmimesis, & this is in the maners, and the fact.This parte is as it were, a liuely expression of the manerand affeccion of any thyng, whereupon it hath his name.TheEthopœiais in three sortes.The firste, a imitacion passiue, whiche expresseth the af-fection, to whom it parteineth: whiche altogether expresseththe mocion of the mynde, as what patheticall and dolefull o-racion, Hecuba the quene made, the citee of Troie destroied,her housbande, her children slaine.The second is called a morall imitaciō, the whiche doethset forthe onely, the maners of any one.The thirde is a mixt, the whiche setteth forthe, bothe themaners and the affection, as how, and after what sorte, A-chilles spake vpon Patroclus, he beyng dedde, when for hissake, he determined to fight: the determinacion of hym she-weth the maner. The frende slaine, the affection.In the makyng ofEthopœia, lette it be plaine, and with-out any large circumstaunce.In the makyng of it, ye shall diuide it thus, to make theOracion more plaine, into three tymes.
{Manne.Citees.}{Fisshe.Floodes.}{Foule.Castles.}{Beaste.Toures.}As{Orchardes.Gardeins.}{Stones.Stones.}{Trees.Artes.}{Plantes.Sciences.}{Mettals.}
Any vertue maie be praised, as wisedome, rightuousnes[,]fortitude, magnanimitée, temperaunce, liberalitée, with allother.
These are to be celebrated with praise.
The persone, as Iulius Cesar, Octauius Augustus,Hieremie, Tullie, Cato, Demosthenes.
Thynges, as rightuousnes, temperaunce.
Tymes, as the Spryng tyme of the yere, Sommer, Har-uest, Winter.
Places, as Hauens, Orchardes, Gardeins, Toures,Castles, Temples, Islandes.
Beastes wantyng reason, as Horse, Shepe, Oxen[,] Plā-ntes, as Uines, Oliues.
In the praise of vertue, this maie be saied.
THe excellencies of it, the antiquitee and originalle be-ginnyng thereof, the profite that riseth to any regionby it, as no kyngdome can consiste without vertue,and to extoll the same, in makyng a comparison, with othergiftes of nature, or with other giftes of fortune, more infe-riour or base.
Wherein thepraise of a ci-tie consisteth[.]Upon a citée, praise maie be recited, consideryng the good-lie situacion of it, as of Paris, Uenice, London, Yorke: con-sideryng the fertilitie of the lande, the wealthe and aboun-daunce, the noble and famousgoueruours, whiche haue go-uerned thesame. The first aucthors and builders of thesame,the politike lawes, and godlie statutes therein mainteined:The felicitée of the people, their maners, their valeaunt pro-wes and hardines. The buildyng and ornatures of thesame,with Castles, Toures, Hauens, Floodes, Temples: as if amanne would celebrate with praise. The olde, famous, andThe praise ofLondon.Brutus buil[-]ded Londō inthe .x. yeare ofhis raine.aunciente Citée of London, shewyng the auncient buildyngof thesame: the commyng of Brutus, who was the firste au-cthor and erector of thesame. As Romulus was of the migh-tie Citée Rome, what kyngs haue frō tyme to tyme, lineal-ly descended, and succeded, bearing croune and scepter there-in: the valiauntnes of the people, what terror thei haue beento all forraine nacions. What victories thei haue in battaileobteined, how diuers nacions haue sought their amitée andFraunce andScotlandevpholded byyegouernorsof this lande.league. The false Scottes, and Frenche menne truce brea-kers: many and sonderie tymes, losyng their honour in thefield, and yet thei, through the puissaunt harte of the kyngesof this lande, vpholdyd and saued, from the mighte and forceCambridge.Oxforde.of other enemies inuadyng theim. The twoo famous Uni-uersitées of this lande, from the whiche, no small nomber ofgreate learned men and famous, haue in the cōmon wealthesprong, with all other thynges to it.
The praise of a Kyng, Prince, Duke, Erle, Lorde, Ba-ron, Squire, or of any other man be maie declaimed of obser[-]uing the order of this parte ofRhetorike.
This parte ofRhetorikecalled praise, is either a particu-ler praise of one, as of kyng Henry the fifte, Plato, Tullie,Demosthenes, Cyrus, Darius, Alexander the greate.
Or a generalle and vniuersalle praise, as the praise of allthe Britaines: or of all the citezeins of London.
¶ The order to make this Oracion, is thus declared.
Firste, for the enteryng of the matter, you shall place aexordium, or beginnyng.
The seconde place, you shall bryng to his praise,Genuseius, that is to saie: Of what kinde he came of, whiche dooethconsiste in fower poinctes.
{ Of what nacion.}{ Of what countrée.}{ Of what auncetours.}{ Of what parentes.}
After that you shall declare, his educacion: the educacionis conteined in thrée poinctes.
{ Institucion.}In{ Arte.}{ Lawes.}
Then put there to that, whiche is the chief grounde of alpraise: his actes doen, whiche doe procede out of the giftes,and excellencies of the minde, as the fortitude of the mynde,wisedome, and magnanimitée.
Of the bodie, as a beautifull face, amiable countenaunce[,]swiftnesse, the might and strength of thesame.
The excellencies of fortune, as his dignitée, power, au-cthoritee, riches, substaunce, frendes.
In the fifte place vse a comparison, wherein that whicheyou praise, maie be aduaunced to the vttermoste.
Laste of all, vse theEpilogus, or conclusion.
¶ The example of the Oracion.¶ The praise of Epaminundas.
IN whom nature hath powred singuler giftes,in whom vertue, & singularitée, in famous en-terprises aboundeth: whose glorie & renoume,rooteth to the posteritée, immortall commen-dacion. In the graue, their vertues and godlieObliuion.life, tasteth not of Obliuion, whiche at the length ouerthro-weth all creatures, Citées, and regions. Thei liue onelie inall ages, whose vertues spreadeth fame and noble enterpri-Who liue inall ages.ses, by vertue rooteth immortalitée. Who so liueth, as thathis good fame after death ceaseth not, nor death with the bo-die cutteth of their memorie of life: Soche not onely in life,but also in death are moste fortunate. In death all honor, di-Good famechieflie rou-teth afterdeath.gnitée, glorie, wealthe, riches, are taken from vs: The fameand glorie of singulare life is then, chieflie takyng his holdeand roote, wise men and godlie, in life, knowen famous, af-ter death, remain moste worthie & glorious. Who knowethTullie.Demosthe-nes.Iulius Ce-sar.OctauiusAugustus.Uespasianus[.]Theodosius.Traianns.Adrianus.not of Tullie, the famous Oratour of Rome. Doeth De-mosthenes lieth hidden, that noble Oratour of Athenes. Isnot yefame of Iulius Cesar, Octauius Augustus remainyngof Uespasianus: of Theodosius, of Traianus, of Adrianus,who by praise minded, be left to the ende of al ages. Soche aone was this Epaminundas, the famous Duke of Thebe,whose vertues gaue hym honour in life, and famous enter-prises, immortalitée of fame after death. What can bee saiedmore, in the praise and commendacion, of any peere of estate,then was saied in the praise of Epaminundas, for his ver-tues were so singulare, that it was doubted, he beyng so gooda manne, and so good a Magistrate, whether he were bettermanne, or better Magistrate: whose vertues were so vnited,that vertue alwaies tempered his enterprises, his loftie stateas fortune oftentymes blindeth, did not make hym vnmind-full of his state. No doubt, but that in all common wealthes,famous gouernours haue been, but in all those, the mosteparte haue not been soche, that all so good men, and so goodmagistrates: that it is doubted, whether thei were better mē,Good man,good magi-strate, boothea good manand a goodmagistrate.or better magistrates. It is a rare thyng to be a good manne,but a more difficult matter, to bee a good Magistrate: andmoste of all, to be bothe a good man, and a good Magistrate.Honour and preeminent state, doeth sometyme induce obli-uion, whereupon thei ought the more vigilantlie to wade:in all causes, and with all moderacion, to temper their pree-The saiyngeof the Philo-sophers.minent state. The Philosophers ponderyng the brickle andslippere state of fortune, did pronounce this sentence:Diffici-lius est res aduersas pati, quam fortunam eflantem ferre, it ismore easie to beare sharpe and extreme pouertie, then to ruleand moderate fortune, because that the wisest menne of allObliuion.haue as Chronicles doe shewe, felte this obliuion, that theirmaners haue been so chaunged, as that natures molde in thēhad ben altered or nuelie framed, in the life of Epaminūdasmoderacion and vertue, so gouerned his state, that he was ahonor and renowne to his state, nothing can be more amplein his praise, then that which is lefte Chronicled of him.
[¶] Of his countrie.
EPaminundas was borne in Thebe a famous citie inCadmus.Amphion.Hercules.Beotia, the which Cadmus the sone of Agenor buil-ded, whiche Amphion did close & enuiron with wal-les, in the whiche the mightie and valiaunt Hercules wasborne, & manie noble Princes helde therin scepter, the whichCitie is tituled famous to the posterity by the noble gouern-ment of Epaminundas.
¶ Of his auncetours.
EPaminundas came not of anie highe nobilitie orblood, but his parentes were honeste and verteouswho as it semed were verie well affected to vertue,instructyng their soonne in all singulare and goodqualities, for by good and vertuous life and famous enter-prises from a meane state, manie haue bene extolled to bearescepter, or to attaine greate honour, for as there is a begyn-Nobility roseby vertue.nyng of nobilitie, so there is an ende, by vertue and famousactes towarde the common wealthe, nobilite first rose. TheCesar.Scipio.stock of Cesar and Cesars was exalted from a meaner state,by vertue onelie to nobilitie. Scipios stocke was not alwaisnoble, but his vertues graffed nobilitie to the posteritie ofhis line and ofspryng followynge. And euen so as their fa-mous enterprices excelled, nobilite in theim also increased.Catilina.Catilina wicked, was of a noble house, but he degeneratedfrom the nobilitie of his auncestours, the vertues that graf-fed nobilitie in his auncestors, were first extinguished in Ca-MarcusAntonius.iline. Marcus Antonius was a noble Emperour, a Princeindued with all wisedome and Godlie gouernmēt, who wasof a noble parētage, it what a wicked sonne succeded him, theCommodus.father was not so godlie, wise, and vertuous, as Commo-dus was wickedlie disposed and pestiferous. There was novertue or excellence, méete for suche a personage, but thatMarcus attained to. Who for wisedome was called MarcusPhilosophus, in his sonne what vice was thē that he practi-sed not, belie chier, druncknes and harlottes, was his delite,his crueltie and bluddie life was suche that he murthered allthe godlie and wise Senatours, had in price with MarcusSeuerus.his father. Seuerus in like maner, was a noble and famousEmperor, in the Senate moste graue, politike, and in hisMarcusAntoniusCaracalla.warres moste fortunate, but in his sonne Marcus Antoni-nus Caracalla, what wickednes wanted, whose beastlie lifeis rather to be put in silence, then spoken of. In the assembleof the Grecians, gathered to consulte vpon the contencion ofAiax.Ulisses.Achilles armour, Aiax gloriouslie aduaunceth hymself of hisauncestrie, from many kinges descended, whom Ulisses hisaduersarie aunswered: makyng a long and eloquente Ora-cion, before the noble péeres of Grece, concernyng Aiax hisauncetours. These are his woordes.
Nam genus et proauos et que non fecimus ipsi,Vix ea nostra voco, sed enim quia retulit Aiax,esse Iouis pronepos.
As for our parentage, and line of auncetours, long beforevs, and noble actes of theirs: as we our selues haue not doenthe like, how can we call, and title their actes to be ours. Letthem therefore, whiche haue descended from noble blood, andfamous auncetours: bee like affected to all nobilitée of theirauncetours, what can thei glory in the nobilitée of their aun-cetours. Well, their auncetours haue laied the foundacion,Nobilitee.and renoume of nobilitee to their ofspryng. What nobiliteeis founde in them, when thei builde nothyng, to their aunce-tours woorke of nobilitée. Euen as their auncetours, noblieendeuoured them selues, to purchase and obtain, by famousactes theirnobilitée) for, nobilitée and vertue, descendeth al-waies to the like) so thei contrary retire and giue backe, frōall the nobiliée of their auncestours, where as thei ought,A beginnyngof nobilitee.with like nobilitée to imitate them. Many haue been, whichethrough their wisedome, and famous enterprises, in the af-faires of their Prince, worthelie to honour haue been extol-led and aduaunced: who also were the firste aucthours andfounders of nobiliée, to their name and ofspring. Whose of-spring indued with like nobilitée of vertues, and noble acteshaue increased their auncestors glorie: the childrē or ofspringlineally descendyng, hauyng no part of the auncestours glo-rie, how can thei vaunte them selues of nobiliée, whiche theilacke, and dooe nothyng possesse thereof, Euen from loweGalerius aShepherdssonne Empe-ror of Rome.Probus aGardeinerssonne, Em-perour.birthe and degrée. Galerius Armentarius was aduaunced,euen from a Shepherdes sonne, to sit in the Imperiall seat ofRoome. Galerius Maximinus whom all the Easte obaied,his vertues and noble acts huffed hym to beare scepter in theEmpire of Roome. Probus a Gardiners soonne, to the likethrone and glorie ascēded, so God disposeth the state of eueryman, placyng and bestowing dignitée, where it pleaseth himas he setteth vp, so he pulleth doune, his prouidence & mightis bounde to no state, stocke, or kindred.
¶ Of his educacion.
EPaminūdas beyng borne of soche parentes, wasbrought vp in all excellente learnyng, for, vnderhym Philippe the kyng of the Macedonians, thesoonne of Amintas, was brought vp. This Epa-minundas, the Histories note hym to be a chief Philosopher,and a capitaine moste valiaunte. In Musike, in plaiyng, andsingyng finelie to his Instrumente, notable and famous, nokinde of learnyng, arte, or science, wanted in his breaste: Sogreate and aboundante were his vertues, that aboue all go-uernours, whiche haue been in Thebe, his name and fameis chieflie aduaunced.
¶ The praise of his actes.
The dutie ofgood gouer-nors.EPaminundas beyng moste valiaunte and no-ble, leauing all priuate commoditée, glory, andriches a side: sought the renoume of his coun-tree, as all rulers and gouernours ought to do.Howe a king[-]dome riseth toall felicitie.For, a kyngdome or common wealth, can notrise to any high nobilitée or Roialnesse, where gouernours,rulers, and magistrates, neclecting the vniuersall, and wholebody of the common wealthe, doe cogitate and vigilantly en-deuour them selues, to stablish to them and theirs, a priuate,peculiar, and domesticall profite, glorie, or renoume. Couei-teousnes, whiche is in all ambicious Magistrates the poison,plague, destruccion, and ruine of the beste and florishing cō-mon wealthes, of al wickednes and mischief the roote: a vice,Couetousnesa great euill.whereupon all vice is grounded, from whom all mischiefefloweth, all execrable purposes issueth. That wanted inEpaminundas, for in the ende of his life, his coffers were sothin and poore, that euen to his Funerall, money wanted tosolempnise thesame. Priuate glorie nor excesse, was huntedafter of hym, yet his vertues were of soche excellencie, thathonour, dignitée, and preeminent state, was offered and gi-uen to hym vnwillinglie. This Epaminundas was in go-uernement so famous, and so vertuouslie and politikelie ru-led thesame, that he was a glorie, renoume, honour, and fe-licitée to his kingdome, by his state. Before the time of Epa-Beotia.Thebes.minundas, the countree of Beotia was nothyng so famousin their enterprises: neither the citee of Thebe so roiall, puis-saunt or noble, the antiquitee of that tyme sheweth, that E-paminundas wantyng the power of Thebes, their glorie,strength, and felicitee fell and decaied. The learning of Epa-minundas and knowlege, was so aboundant and profoundebothe in Philosophie, and in all other artes and sciences, thatit was wounderfull. In chiualrie and in feates of warre, nopéere was more couragious and bolde, or hardie, neither inthat, whiche he enterprised, any could be of greater counsailein hedde more pollitike, of minde more sage and wittie: hisgouernement so good, that beyng so good a Magistrate, it isdoubted, whether he be better man, or better Magistrate, E-paminundas died in the defence of his countrée. The Athe-nians were enemies to the Thebanes, and many greate bat-tailes were assaied of theim and foughten: and often tymesthe Athenians felt many bitter stormes, and fortune louredof them, he beyng so valiaunt a capitain. Epaminundas be-yng dedde, the Athenians ceased to practise, any one parte ofchiualrie, their prowesse and dexteritée decaied: thei hauyngno aliaunte, and forraine enemie to moleste theim, or whomA valiant ca-pitain, to hiscountrie a pil[-]lar[,] to his ene[-]mie, a occasiōto dexteritie.thei feared. So that a famous, wise, pollitike, and valiauntecapitaine, is not onely a staie, a pillar and strong bulwarketo his countrée. But also forraine nacions, hauyng one, whōfor his valiauntnes thei dreade, doe practise and inure themselues, to all dexteritee, counsaile, wisedome, and pollicie:soche a one was Epaminundas, to his enemies and coūtrée.
¶ The comparison.
Hector.Achilles.Numa Pom[-]peius.Adrianus.NEither Hector of Troie, nor Achilles of Grece, mightbee compared with Epaminundas, Numa Pompili-us was not more godlie, Adriane the Emperour ofRoome, no better learned, nor Galba the Emperour morevaliaunte, Nerua no more temperate, nor Traianus morenoble, neither Cocles nor Decius, Scipio nor Marcus Regu[-]lus, did morevalianntlyin the defence of their countrie, sochea one was this Epaminundas.
¶ The conclusion.
OF many thynges, these fewe are recited, but if hiswhole life and vertues, wer worthely handeled: fewewould beleue, soche a rare gouernour, so vertuous aPrince, so hardie and valiaunte a capitaine, to haue remai-ned in no age.
¶ The parte of Rhetorike, called dispraise.
THis parte ofRhetorike, which is called dispraise, is a in-uectiue Oracion, made againste the life of any man.
This part ofRhetorike, is contrary to that, whiche is be-fore set, calledlaus, that is to saie, praise: and by contrary no-tes procedeth, for the Oratour or declaimer to entreate vpō.
This parte ofRhetorike, is called of the GrekesPsogos.
In praise, we extoll the persone: First by his countrée.
Then by his auncestours and parentes.
In the third place, by his educacion and institucion.
Then in the fowerth place, of his actes in life.
In the fifte place vse a comparison, comparyng the per-sone with other, whiche are more inferiour.
Then the conclusion.
Now in dispraise, contrarily we doe procede.
Firste, in the dispraise of his countrée.
Of his auncetours and parentes.
His educacion is dispraised.
Then his actes and deedes of life.
Also in your comparison with other, dispraise hym.
Then in the laste place, adde the conclusion.
All thynges that maie be praised, maie be dispraised.
¶ The dispraise of Nero.
Uertue.AS vertue meriteth commendacion and immor-tall renoume, for the nobilitée and excellenciereposed in it: so ougle vices for the deformitée ofthem, are in mynd to be abhorred and detested,and with all diligence, counsaile, and wisedomeUice.auoided. As pestiferous poison extinguisheth with his cor-rupcion and nautinesse, the good and absolute nature of allthinges: so vice for his pestiferous nature putteth out vertueand rooteth out with his force all singularitée. For, vice andvertue are so of nature contrary, as fire and water, the vio-lence of the one expelleth the other: for, in the mansion of ver-tue, vice at one tyme harboreth not, neither vertue with viceWhat is ver-tue.can be consociate or vnited, for, vertue is a singuler meane,or Mediocrite in any good enterprise or facte, with order andreason finished. Whose acte in life, doeth repugne order andreason, disseuered from all Mediocrite, soche do leaue iustice,equitée, wisedome, temperaunce, fortitude, magnanimitée,and al other vertues, bothe of minde and body: onely by ver-tues life men shewe theim selues, as chief creatures of God,with reason, as a moste principall gifte, beautified and deco-rated: In other giftes, man is farre inferiour to beastes, bothin strength of bodie, in celeritée and swiftnesse of foote, in la-bour, in industrie, in sense, nothyng to bee compared to bea-stes, with beastes as a peculier and proper thyng, wee haueour bodie of the yearth: but our minde, whiche for his diuini-tée, passeth all thynges immortall, maketh vs as gods emōgother creatures. The bodie therefore, as a aliaunt and forainenemie, beyng made of a moste base, moste vile and corrup-tible nature, repugneth the mynde. This is the cause, thatwickednesse taketh soche a hedde, and that the horrible facteand enterprise of the wicked burste out, in that, reason exiledand remoued from the minde, the ougle perturbacions of theminde, haue their regiment, power, and dominiō: and wheresoche state of gouernemente is in any one bodie, in priuateand domesticalle causes, in forraine and publike affaires, inkyngdome and cōmon wealthe. Uertue fadeth and decaieth,and vice onely beareth the swaie. Lawe is ordered by luste,and their order is will, soche was the tyme and gouernmentof this wicked Nero.
¶ Of his countree.
NEro was a Romaine borne, though in gouerne-ment he was wicked, yet his coūtrée was famous,and noble: for, the Romaines wer lordes and hed-des ouer all the worlde. The vttermoste Indians,the Ethiopes, the Persians, feared the maiestie and auctho-Rome.ritée of the Romaines. From Romulus, who was the firstefounder, and builder of that Citee: the Romaines bothe hadtheir name of hym, and grew afterward to marueilous pui-saunt roialnes. There was no nacion vnder the Sunne, butit dreaded their Maiestie, or felte their inuincible handes:there hath been many mightie kyngdomes, on the face of theyearth, but no kyngdome was able, with like successe and fe-licitée in their enterprise, or for like famous gouernors, andcontinuance of their state, to compare with them. This was,and is, the laste mightée Monarchie in the worlde. Roome aolde aunciente citée, inhabited firste of the Aborigines, whichCarthage.came from Troie. The prouidence of God, so disposeth thetymes and ages of the world, the state of kyngdomes, by thefall of mightier kyngdomes, meaner grewe to power andglorie. The Carthagineans, contended by prowes, and ma-gnanimitee, to be lordes ouer the Romaines. Carthage wasa greate, mightie, olde, auncient & famous citée, in the whichevaliaunte, wise, and pollitike gouernours, helde therein re-giment, long warres was susteined betwene the Romainesand Carthagineans, emong whom infinite people, and ma-ny noble péeres fell in the duste. Fortune and happie successefell to the Romaines: the people of Carthage vāquished, andprostrate to the grounde. Scipio the noble Consull, beyng atthe destruccion of it, seeyng with his iye, Carthage by firebrunte to ashes, saied:Talis exitus aliquando erit Rome: euēDestructionof Rome toashes in time.as of Carthage, like shall the destruccion of Rome bee, as forcontinuaunce of the Romaine state, of their glorie, power,and worthie successe, no nacion vnder the Sunne, can com-pare with theim: soche was the state of Rome, wherein wic-ked Nero raigned.
¶ Of hisanncestours.
DOmitianus Nero, the sonne of Domitius Enobar-bus, Agrippina was his mothers name: this Agrip-pina, was Empresse of Rome, wife to Claudius Ti-Agrippina.berius, the daughter of his brother Germanicus. This A-grippina, the Chronicle noteth her, to be indued with al mis-chief and crueltée: For, Tiberius her housbande, hauyng byhis firste wife children, thei were murthered by her, becauseshe might, thei beyng murthered, with more facilitée, fur-ther the Empire, to her soonnes handes, many treasons con-spired against them oftentimes, Agrippina poisoned her hus-bande, then Nero succeded.
¶ Of his educacion.
Seneca scholmaister toNero.SEneca the famous Poete & Philosopher, was schole-maister to Nero, who brought hym vp in all nobili-tie of learnyng, mete for his state: though that Nerowas wickedlie of nature disposed, as his beastlie gouerne-ment sheweth, yet wickednes in him, was by the seueritie ofSeneca, and his castigacion depressed: for Traianus Empe-rour of Rome, would saie, as concernyng Nero, for the spaceof fiue yeres, no Prince was like to hym, for good gouerne-ment, after fiue yeres, losely and dissolutly he gouerned.
¶ Of his actes.
The dreameof Agrippinamother toNero, in hisconcepcion.THis Nero, at what tyme as his mother was con-ceiued of him, she dreamed that she was conceiuedof a Uiper: for, the young Uiper alwaies killethhis dame. He was not onely a Uiper to his mo-ther whom he killed, but also to his kyngdome and commonwealthe a destroier, whiche afterward shalbe shewed, whatNero a viper[.]a tyraunte and bloodie gouernour he was. This Nero madein the Citee of Rome, the rounde seates and scaffoldes, to be-holde spectacles and sightes, and also the bathes. He subduedPontus.Colchis.Cappadocia.Armenia.Pontus a greate countrée, whiche ioineth to the sea Pontus:whiche countrée containeth these realmes, Colchis, Cappa-docia, Armenia, and many other countrées, and made it as aProuince, by the suffraunce of Polemon Regulus, by whosename it was called Pontus Polemoniacus. He ouer camethe Alpes, of the king Cotteius, Cottius the king being dedde[.]Nero vnwor[-]thie to be chron[-]icled.Seneca.The life followyng of Nero was so abhominable, that theshame of his life, will make any man a fraied, to leaue anymemorie of hym. This Domitius Nero, caused his Schole-maister Seneca to be put to death, Seneca chosing his ownedeath, his veines beyng cutte in a hotte bathe died, bicause hecorrected wicked Nero, to traine hym to vertue. He was out-ragious wicked, that he had cōsideracion, neither to his ownhonestie, nor to other, but in continuaunce, he tired hymselfas virgines doe when thei marie, callyng a Senate, the dou-rie assigned, and as the maner of that solemnitée is, many re-sortyng and frequentyng, in maidens tire and apparell. HeThe shamfullife of Nero.went beyng a man, to be maried as a woman: beside this, atother tymes he cladde hymself with the skin of a wilde beast,and beastlie did handle that, whiche Nature remoueth fromthe sight. He defiled hymself with his owne mother, whomhe killed immediatlie. He maried twoo wiues, Octauia, andSabina, otherwise called Poppea, firste murtheryng theirGalba.Caius Iu-lius.housbandes. In that tyme Galba vsurped the Empire, andCaius Iulius: as sone as Nero heard that Galba came neretowardes Rome, euen then the Senate of Rome had deter-mined, that Nero should bee whipped to death with roddes,accordyng to the old vsage of their auncestours, his necke yo-ked with a forke. This wicked Nero, seyng himself forsakenof all his friendes, at midnight he departed out of the Citée,Ephaon, and Epaphroditus waityng on hym, Neophitusand Sporus his Eunuche: whiche Sporus before tyme, hadThe death ofNero.Nero assaied to frame and fashion out of kinde. In the ende,Nero thruste himself through, with the poinct of his sworde,his wicked man Sporus, thrustyng foreward his tremblinghande: this wicked Nero before that, hauyng none to mur-ther hym, he made a exclamacion, in these woordes. Is thereneither friende nor enemie to kill me, shamefullie haue I li-ued, and with more shame shall I die, in the .xxxij. yere of hisage he died. The Persians so entirely loued hym, that afterhis death thei sente Ambassadours, desiryng licence to erecteto hym a monumente, all countrées and Prouinces, and thewhole Citée of Rome, did so moche reioyce of his death, thatthei all wearyng the Toppintant hattes, whiche bonde mendoe vse to ware, when thei bée sette at libertie, and so thei tri-umphed of his death, deliuered from so cruell a tyraunte.
¶ A comparison.
Nero.Caligula.Domitianus[.]Antoninus.AS for wicked gouernement, Nero doeth make Ca-ligula like to Comodus, Domitianus, AntoninusCaracalla, thei were all so wicked, that the Senateof Rome thought it méete, to obliterate their name, from allmemorie and Chronicle, because of their wickednesse.
¶ The conclusion.
MOche more the life and gouernement of wicked Ne-ro, might be intreated of, but this shall be sufficient:to shewe how tyrannically and beastly, he gouernedvnmete of that throne.
¶ A comparison.
AComparison, is a certain Oracion, shewyng by acollacion the worthines, or excellēcie of any thing:or the naughtines of thesame, compared with anyother thyng or thynges, either equalle, or more in-feriour.
In a comparison good thynges, are compared with goodas one vertue with an other: as wisedome & strength, whicheof them moste auaileth in peace and warre.
Euill thynges maie bee compared with good, as Iustice,with iniustice, wisedome with foolishnes.
Euill thynges maie be compared, with euill thynges, aswicked Nero, compared to Domitianus, or Caligula to Cō-modus, theft to homicide, drunkenes with adulterie.
Small thynges maie be compared with greate: the kingwith his subiect, the Elephant or Camell to the Flie, a Cro-codile to the Scarabe.
In a comparison, where argumente is supputated onbothe the sides, worthelie to praise, or dispraise.
Where a comparison is made, betwene a thyng excel-lente, and a thyng more inferiour: the comparison shall pro-cede with like facilitee.
All thynges that maie bee celebrated with praise, or thatmeriteth dispraise: al soche thynges maie be in a comparison.
The persone, as Cato being a wise man, maie be compa-red with Nestor, the sage péere of Grece: Pompei with Ce-sar, as Lucane compareth them, and so of all other men.
Thynges maie bee compared, as golde with siluer: onemettall with an other.
Tymes maie be compared, as the Spryng with Som-mer: Harueste with Winter.
Places maie be compared, as London with Yorke, Ox-forde with Cambridge.
Beastes without reason, as the Bée with the Ante, theOxe with the Shepe.
Plantes, as the Uine, and the Oliue.
First, make aproemiumor beginnyng to your cōparison[.]
Then compare them of their countrée.
Of their parentes.
Of their auncestours.
Of their educacion.
Of their actes.
Of their death.
Then adde the conclusion.
¶ A comparison betwene De-mosthenes and Tullie.
TO speake moche in the praise of famous men,no argument can wante, nor plentie of matterto make of them, a copious and excellent Ora-cion. Their actes in life through nobilitée,will craue worthelie more, then the witte andpenne of the learned, can by Eloquence expresse. Who canworthelie expresse and sette foorthe, the noble PhilosopherPlato.Aristotle.Plato, or Aristotle, as matter worthelie forceth to commend,when as of them, all learnyng, and singularitée of artes hathflowen. All ages hath by their monuments of learning, par-ticipated of their wisedome. Grece hath fostered many noblewittes, from whom all light of knowlege, hath been deriuedby whose excellencie Rome in tyme florishyng, did seeke bynobilitée of learnyng, to mate the noble Grecians. So mocheItalie was adorned, and beautified with the cunnyng of theGrecians. Emong the Romaines many famous Oratoursand other noble men hath spronge vp, who for their worthi-nesse, might haue contended with any nacion: either for theirTullie.glorie of learnyng, or noble regiment. Emong whom Tul-lie by learning, aboue the rest, rose to high fame, that he wasa renoume to his countree: to learnyng a light, of all singulerEloquence a fountaine. Whom Demosthenes the famousOratour of Athenes, as a worthie mate is compared with,whom not onely the nobilitée, and renoume of their Coun-trée shall decorate, but thē selues their owne worthines & no-bilitée of fame. No age hath had twoo more famous for lear-nyng, no common wealthe hath tasted, twoo more profitableto their countrée, and common wealthe: for grauitée and coū-saile, nor the posteritée of ages, twoo more worthie celebra-Thusidides.cion. Thusidides speakyng, in the commendacion of famousmen sheweth: as concernyng the fame of noble men, whoseThe enuiousmanne.vertue farre surmounteth thē, and passeth al other. Thenui-ous man seketh to depraue, the worthinesse of fame in other,The igno-raunte.his bragging nature with fame of praise, not decorated. Theignoraunte and simple nature, accordyng to his knowlege,iudgeth all singularitée, and tempereth by his owne actes thepraise of other. But the fame of these twoo Oratours, nei-ther the enuious nature can diminishe their praise, nor theignoraunt be of them a arbitrator or iudge, so worthely hathall ages raised fame, and commendacion of their vertues.
¶ Of their countree.
IN Grece Demosthenes, the famous Oratour of A-thenes was borne, whose Countrée or Citee, lackethno cōmendacion: either for the nobilitée of the lande,or glorie of the people. What nacion vnder the Sunne, hathnot heard of that mightie Monarchie of Grece: of their migh-tie citees, and pollitike gouernaunce. What famous Poeteshow many noble Philosophers and Oratours, hath Grecebrede. What science and arte, hath not flowne from Grece,so that for the worthinesse of it, it maie bee called the motherof all learnyng. Roome also, in whom Tullie was broughtvp, maie contende in all nobilitée, whose power and puisantglorie, by nobilitée of actes, rose to that mightie hed. In bothesoche excellencie is founde, as that no nacion might bettercontende, of their singularitée and honour of countrée, thenGrece and Rome: yet first from the Grekes, the light of Phi-losophie, and the aboundant knowledge of all artes, sprangeto the Romaines, from the Grecians. The Godlie Lawes,wherewith the Romaine Empire was decorated and gouer-ned, was brought from the Grecians. If the citee maie bee ahonour and glorie, to these twoo Oratours, or their Citees asinguler commendacion, there wanteth in bothe, neither ho-nour, or nobilitée.
¶ Of their auncestours, and parentes.
BOthe Demosthenes and Tullie were borne, of ve-rie meane parentes and auncestours: yet thei tho-rowe their learnyng and vertues, became famous,ascendyng to all nobilitée. Of their vertues andlearnyng, not of their auncestours, nobilitée rose to them.
¶ Of the educacion.
THE singuler vertues of theim bothe, appered euenin their tender youth: wherupon thei being broughtvp, in all godlie learnyng and noble Sciences, theibecame moste noble Oratours, and by their copious Elo-quence, counsaile, and wisedom, aspired to nobilitée & honor.
¶ Of their scholyng.
BOthe were taught of the mouthe of the best learned,Demosthenes of Iseus, a man moste Eloquent: Ci-cero of Philo and Milo, famous in wisedome andEloquence.
¶ Of their exercise.
CIcero did exercise hymself verie moche, to declaime,bothe in Greke and Latine, with Marcus Piso, andwith Quintus Pampeius. Demosthenes wantednot industrie and labour, to attain to that singularitée, whi-che he had, bothe in Eloquence, and pronounciacion.
¶ Of the giftes of their minde.
IN bothe, integritee, humanitee, magnanimitee,and all vertue flowed: at what time as Demosthe-nes was commaunded of the Athenians, to framea accusacion, againste a certaine man, Demosthe-nes refused the acte. But when the people, and the wholemultitude, were wrothe with hym, and made a exclamacionagainst hym, as their maner was. Then Demosthenes rose,and saied: O ye men of Athenes, againste my will, you haueme a counsailer, or pleater of causes before you: but as for aaccuser, & calumniator, no, not although ye would. Of thissorte Tullie was affected, excepte it were onely in the saue-gard of hisconutrée: as against Catiline, bothe were of god-lie, and of vpright conuersacion, altogether in Mediocrite,and a newe leadyng their life.
¶ Of their actes.
DEmosthenes and Tullie bothe, gaue them seluesto trauail, in the causes and affaires of their com-mon wealthe, to the preseruacion of it. How ve-hemently did Demosthenes pleate, and ingeni-ouslie handle the cause of all his countrée, against Philip, forthe defence of their libertee: whereupon he gatte fame, andgreate glory. Whereby not onely, he was coumpted a greatwise counsailour: but one of a valiaunte stomacke, at whoseDarius.Philip.Demosthe-nes.wisedome, all Grece stode in admiracion. The kyng of Per-sia, laboured to enter fauour with him. Philip the king of theMacedonians, would saie often tymes, he had to doe againsta famous man, notyng Demosthenes. Tullie also by his E-loquence and wisedome, saued Roome and all partes of thatdominion, from greate daungers.
¶ Of their aucthoritee.
THeir aucthoritee and dignitee was equalle, in thecommon wealthe: For, at their twoo mouthes,Roome and Athenes was vpholed. Demostheneswas chief in fauour with Caretes, Diophetes, Le[-]ostines, Cicero with Pompei: Iulius Cesar, ascending to thechief seate and dignitée of the Consulship.
¶ Of a like fall that happened tothem, before their death.
YOu can not finde soche twoo Orators, who borneof meane & poore parentes, that attained so greatehonour, who also did obiecte themselues to tyran-tes a like, thei had losse of their children a like,bothe were out of their countree banished men, their returnewas with honour, bothe also fliyng, happened into the han-des of their enemies.
¶ Of their death.
Antipater.Demosthe-nes.Archias.MarcusAntonius.Tullie.BOthe a like, Demosthenes and Tully wer put todeath, Demosthenes died, Antipater gouernyngby the handes of Archias. Cicero died by the com-maundement of Marcus Antonius: by Hereniushis hedde was cutte of, and sette in Marcus Antonius halle.His handes also were cutte of, with the whiche he wrote thevehement Oracions against Marcus Antonius.
¶ The conclusion.
TO speake as moche as maie bee saied, in the praise oftheim: their praise would rise to a mightie volume,but this is sufficiente.
¶Ethopœia.
Ethopœiais a certaine Oracion made by voice, and la-mentable imitacion, vpon the state of any one.
That parte, whiche is calledEthopœiais that, whichehath the persone knowne: but onely it doeth faigne the ma-ners of thesame, and imitate in a Oracion thesame.
Ethopœiais called of Priscianus, a certaine talkyng toof any one, or a imitaciō of talke referred to the maners, apt-ly of any certaine knowen persone.
Quintilianus saieth, thatEthopœiais a imitacion of o-ther meane maners: whom the Grekes dooe calle, not onelieEthopœia, butmimesis, & this is in the maners, and the fact.
This parte is as it were, a liuely expression of the manerand affeccion of any thyng, whereupon it hath his name.
TheEthopœiais in three sortes.
The firste, a imitacion passiue, whiche expresseth the af-fection, to whom it parteineth: whiche altogether expresseththe mocion of the mynde, as what patheticall and dolefull o-racion, Hecuba the quene made, the citee of Troie destroied,her housbande, her children slaine.
The second is called a morall imitaciō, the whiche doethset forthe onely, the maners of any one.
The thirde is a mixt, the whiche setteth forthe, bothe themaners and the affection, as how, and after what sorte, A-chilles spake vpon Patroclus, he beyng dedde, when for hissake, he determined to fight: the determinacion of hym she-weth the maner. The frende slaine, the affection.
In the makyng ofEthopœia, lette it be plaine, and with-out any large circumstaunce.
In the makyng of it, ye shall diuide it thus, to make theOracion more plaine, into three tymes.