APPENDIX A.

p. 14. 1.

List of chap-book romances and tales in order of reference.(1) Bevis of Southampton.—First English edition, Wynkyn de Worde (a fragment, n.d.)Chap-book:Sir Bevis of Southampton, London, n.d.(2) Guy of Warwick.—First English edition, W. Copland (1548-68).Chap-book:Guy, Earl of Warwick, n.d. (c.1750).(3) The Seven Champions of Christendom.—By Richard Johnson (1596).Chap-book: London, n.d. (c.1750).(4) Don Bellianis of Greece.—Earliest edition, 1598. Black Letter.Chap-book: The History of Don Bellianis of Greece, London, n.d. (c.1780).(5) The Famous History of Montelyon. By Emanuel Forde (1633).Chap-book: The History of Montellion, London, n.d.(6) Parismus, the Renowned Prince of Bohemia.—1598. Black Letter.Chap-book: London, n.d. (c.1760).(7) The History of Fortunatus.—Stationers’ Register (1615).Chap-book: London, n.d. (eighteenth century).(8) Valentine and Orson.—French edition, 1489. Two editions by W. Copland.(9) Friar Bacon.—Greene’s play, mentioned in Henslowe’s Diary under the years 1591-2 was based on an earlier tract. Eighteenth century chap-book: London, n.d.(10) The Historyes of Troye.—Caxton, 1477. Folio Black Letter.Chap-book:Hector, Prince of Troy, London, n.d.(11) Patient Grissel.—Chap-book: The History of the Marquis of Salus and Patient Grissel, London, n.d. (c.1750).(12) The King and the Cobbler.—Chap-book: London, n.d. (King Henry VIII).(13) The Valiant London Prentice.—“Written for the Encouragement of Youth” by John Shurley. For J. Back, B.L.Chap-book: “Printed for the Hon. Company of Walking Stationers”, London, n.d. (after 1780).(14)Tom Long the Carrier(with woodcut of Tudor pedlar), London, n.d.(15) “The Seven Sleepers of Ephesus”, a mediæval tale in Caxton’sGolden Legende.(16)The History of Laurence Lazy, London, n.d. (eighteenth century).(17)Joseph and his Brethren.—Chap-book: London, n.d.(18) The Glastonbury Thorn (Joseph of Arimathea).—Wynkyn de Worde, n.d.Chap-book: The History of Joseph of Arimathea, n.d. (c.1740).(19)The Wandering Jew, etc.Chap-book (dialogue), London, n.d.

List of chap-book romances and tales in order of reference.

(1) Bevis of Southampton.—First English edition, Wynkyn de Worde (a fragment, n.d.)

Chap-book:Sir Bevis of Southampton, London, n.d.

(2) Guy of Warwick.—First English edition, W. Copland (1548-68).

Chap-book:Guy, Earl of Warwick, n.d. (c.1750).

(3) The Seven Champions of Christendom.—By Richard Johnson (1596).

Chap-book: London, n.d. (c.1750).

(4) Don Bellianis of Greece.—Earliest edition, 1598. Black Letter.

Chap-book: The History of Don Bellianis of Greece, London, n.d. (c.1780).

(5) The Famous History of Montelyon. By Emanuel Forde (1633).

Chap-book: The History of Montellion, London, n.d.

(6) Parismus, the Renowned Prince of Bohemia.—1598. Black Letter.

Chap-book: London, n.d. (c.1760).

(7) The History of Fortunatus.—Stationers’ Register (1615).

Chap-book: London, n.d. (eighteenth century).

(8) Valentine and Orson.—French edition, 1489. Two editions by W. Copland.

(9) Friar Bacon.—Greene’s play, mentioned in Henslowe’s Diary under the years 1591-2 was based on an earlier tract. Eighteenth century chap-book: London, n.d.

(10) The Historyes of Troye.—Caxton, 1477. Folio Black Letter.

Chap-book:Hector, Prince of Troy, London, n.d.

(11) Patient Grissel.—Chap-book: The History of the Marquis of Salus and Patient Grissel, London, n.d. (c.1750).

(12) The King and the Cobbler.—Chap-book: London, n.d. (King Henry VIII).

(13) The Valiant London Prentice.—“Written for the Encouragement of Youth” by John Shurley. For J. Back, B.L.

Chap-book: “Printed for the Hon. Company of Walking Stationers”, London, n.d. (after 1780).

(14)Tom Long the Carrier(with woodcut of Tudor pedlar), London, n.d.

(15) “The Seven Sleepers of Ephesus”, a mediæval tale in Caxton’sGolden Legende.

(16)The History of Laurence Lazy, London, n.d. (eighteenth century).

(17)Joseph and his Brethren.—Chap-book: London, n.d.

(18) The Glastonbury Thorn (Joseph of Arimathea).—Wynkyn de Worde, n.d.

Chap-book: The History of Joseph of Arimathea, n.d. (c.1740).

(19)The Wandering Jew, etc.

Chap-book (dialogue), London, n.d.

p. 20. 1.

Another chap-book of this sort is The History of Dr. John Faustus (Aldermary Churchyard, n.d.).“A Ballad of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus, the Great Congerer”, was entered in the Stationers’ Register in 1588; and Marlowe produced his play in 1589.

Another chap-book of this sort is The History of Dr. John Faustus (Aldermary Churchyard, n.d.).

“A Ballad of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus, the Great Congerer”, was entered in the Stationers’ Register in 1588; and Marlowe produced his play in 1589.

p. 22. 1.

The humour of “topsy-turveydom” dates back to the fourteenth centuryLand of Cockayne, and survives to-day in nursery-rhymes and “drolls”. “The Wise Men of Gotham” was still popular in the eighteenth century. This famous nonsense-book was written byAndrew Boorde, and a Bodleian copy is dated 1630.

(a)Memoirs of the late John Kippen, “to which is added an Elegy on Peter Duthie, who was for upwards of eighty years a Flying Stationer”.(b) Mr. R. H. Cunningham, in a note prefixed to hisAmusing Prose Chap-books(1889) gives an account of a book-pedlar, Dougal Graham, who hawked books among Prince Charlie’s soldiers in the ’45, and afterwards became an author and printer of chap-books.

(a)Memoirs of the late John Kippen, “to which is added an Elegy on Peter Duthie, who was for upwards of eighty years a Flying Stationer”.

(b) Mr. R. H. Cunningham, in a note prefixed to hisAmusing Prose Chap-books(1889) gives an account of a book-pedlar, Dougal Graham, who hawked books among Prince Charlie’s soldiers in the ’45, and afterwards became an author and printer of chap-books.

p. 25. 1.

The Adventures of Philip Quarll, by Edward Dorrington (1727) was probably inspired byRobinson Crusoe. It was afterwards used to illustrate revolutionary theory. SeeChapter V.

p. 26. 1.

(a)“Chevy Chase”, praised by Sir Philip Sidney for its “trumpet note”, was included in Dryden’s Miscellanies, 1702, in the Collection of 1723 and in Percy’s Reliques, 1765.(b) The ballad of “The Two Children in the Wood” was printed in 1597 as “The Norfolk Gentleman, his Will and Testament”, etc. There is a prose chap-book of 1700, “to which is annex’d the Old Song upon the same”.The ballad is included in the collection of 1723.

(a)“Chevy Chase”, praised by Sir Philip Sidney for its “trumpet note”, was included in Dryden’s Miscellanies, 1702, in the Collection of 1723 and in Percy’s Reliques, 1765.

(b) The ballad of “The Two Children in the Wood” was printed in 1597 as “The Norfolk Gentleman, his Will and Testament”, etc. There is a prose chap-book of 1700, “to which is annex’d the Old Song upon the same”.

The ballad is included in the collection of 1723.

p. 27. 1.

“The Noble Acts of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table; with the Valiant Atchievements of Sir Launcelot du Lake. To the Tune of,Flying Fame”.The first stanza (of which Falstaff quotes the first line in Henry IV, Part 2) runs thus:“When Arthur first in Court began,And was approved King,By Force of Arms great Victories won,And conquest home did bring”.The episode is from Malory.Other ballads based on romances in the Collection of 1723 are: “St. George and the Dragon”, “The Seven Champions of Christendom”, “The London Prentice” and “Patient Grissel”.The Percy Folio includes “King Arthur and the King of Cornwall”, “Sir Lancelott of Dulake”, “The Marriage of Sir Gawaine”, “Merline”, and “King Arthur’s Death”.

“The Noble Acts of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table; with the Valiant Atchievements of Sir Launcelot du Lake. To the Tune of,Flying Fame”.

The first stanza (of which Falstaff quotes the first line in Henry IV, Part 2) runs thus:

“When Arthur first in Court began,And was approved King,By Force of Arms great Victories won,And conquest home did bring”.

“When Arthur first in Court began,

And was approved King,

By Force of Arms great Victories won,

And conquest home did bring”.

The episode is from Malory.

Other ballads based on romances in the Collection of 1723 are: “St. George and the Dragon”, “The Seven Champions of Christendom”, “The London Prentice” and “Patient Grissel”.

The Percy Folio includes “King Arthur and the King of Cornwall”, “Sir Lancelott of Dulake”, “The Marriage of Sir Gawaine”, “Merline”, and “King Arthur’s Death”.

p. 30. 1.

(a) Legendary ballads in the Collection of 1723 include: “Fair Rosamond”, “King Henry (II) and the Miller of Mansfield”, “Sir Andrew Barton’s Death”, “King Leir and his Three Daughters”, “Coventry made free by Godiva”, “The Murther of the Two Princes in the Tower”, “King John and the Abbot of Canterbury”.Many others deal with historical themes, such as “The Banishment of the Dukes of Hereford and Norfolk”, or with famous battles. “King Henry Fifth’s Conquest of France” probably belongs to the reign of George I.(b) “The Blind Beggar’s Daughter” was adapted from a favourite Elizabethan ballad, “Young Monford Riding to the Wars”.There is a prose chap-book, printed by T. Norris, London, 1715.

Many others deal with historical themes, such as “The Banishment of the Dukes of Hereford and Norfolk”, or with famous battles. “King Henry Fifth’s Conquest of France” probably belongs to the reign of George I.

(b) “The Blind Beggar’s Daughter” was adapted from a favourite Elizabethan ballad, “Young Monford Riding to the Wars”.

There is a prose chap-book, printed by T. Norris, London, 1715.

p. 31. 1.

Other sea-ballads in Child’s collection are:—“The Sweet Trinity” (or, “The Golden Vanity”).—Pepys, 1682-5; “Captain Ward and the Rainbow”,—Roxburghe and Aldermary copies; “The Mermaid” (or, “The Seamen’s Distress”).—Garland of 1765, etc.; “Sir Patrick Spens”.—Percy’sReliques, 1765, Herd’sScottish Songs, 1769, and Scott’sMinstrelsy, 1803.

p. 40. 1.

There is a list of great men given inThe Tatler(No. 67), Sept. 13, 1709; and in No. 78, one Lemuel Ledger writes to put Mr. Bickerstaff in mind of “Alderman Whittington, who began the World with a Cat and died with three hundred and fifty thousand Pounds sterling”.The Spectator(No. 5) March 6, 1711, says that “there was once a Design of casting into an Opera the Story of Whittington and his Cat, but that Mr. Rich abandoned the Idea for Fear of being overrun by Mice which the Cat could not kill.”Suspicion seems to have been cast on the cat in the second half of the century, and it is interesting to find Goldsmith (“On Education”, 1759) advocating instead of romances “the old story of Whittington,were his cat left out” as “more serviceable to the tender mind than either Tom Jones, Joseph Andrews, or a hundred others, where frugality is the only good quality the hero is not possessed of”.Mr. Wheatley in hisChap-books and Folk-lore Tracts, notes that in 1771 the Rev. Samuel Pegge brought the subject of Whittington and his Cat before the Society of Antiquaries, “but he could make nothing at all of the Cat”.

The Spectator(No. 5) March 6, 1711, says that “there was once a Design of casting into an Opera the Story of Whittington and his Cat, but that Mr. Rich abandoned the Idea for Fear of being overrun by Mice which the Cat could not kill.”

Suspicion seems to have been cast on the cat in the second half of the century, and it is interesting to find Goldsmith (“On Education”, 1759) advocating instead of romances “the old story of Whittington,were his cat left out” as “more serviceable to the tender mind than either Tom Jones, Joseph Andrews, or a hundred others, where frugality is the only good quality the hero is not possessed of”.

Mr. Wheatley in hisChap-books and Folk-lore Tracts, notes that in 1771 the Rev. Samuel Pegge brought the subject of Whittington and his Cat before the Society of Antiquaries, “but he could make nothing at all of the Cat”.

p. 48. 1.

Other early editions of the Arabian Tales: 1712 and 1724.The translation of theArabian Nightswas followed by English versions of Pétis de la Croix.The Persian Tales, or the Thousand and One Daysappeared in 1714, and was followed in the same year byThe Persian and Turkish Tales Compleat.The pseudo-translations of Gueullette were translated into English in 1725, asThe Chinese Tales, or the Wonderful Adventures of the Mandarin Fum-Hoam.

Other early editions of the Arabian Tales: 1712 and 1724.

The translation of theArabian Nightswas followed by English versions of Pétis de la Croix.

The Persian Tales, or the Thousand and One Daysappeared in 1714, and was followed in the same year byThe Persian and Turkish Tales Compleat.

The pseudo-translations of Gueullette were translated into English in 1725, asThe Chinese Tales, or the Wonderful Adventures of the Mandarin Fum-Hoam.

p. 56. 1.

Moralised ballad-stories:—(a) Robin Hood, J. Harris, London, n.d. (c.1807).(b)The Tragical History of the Children in the Wood, “containing a true Account of their unhappy Fate, with the History of their Parents and their unnatural Uncle. Interspersed with Morals for the Instruction of Children. To which is added the favourite Song of the Babes in the Wood. Embellished with Cuts.” London, n.d.(c)The Children in the Wood(Restored by Honestus). J. G. Rusher, Banbury, ½d. (c.1810).

Moralised ballad-stories:—

(a) Robin Hood, J. Harris, London, n.d. (c.1807).

(b)The Tragical History of the Children in the Wood, “containing a true Account of their unhappy Fate, with the History of their Parents and their unnatural Uncle. Interspersed with Morals for the Instruction of Children. To which is added the favourite Song of the Babes in the Wood. Embellished with Cuts.” London, n.d.

(c)The Children in the Wood(Restored by Honestus). J. G. Rusher, Banbury, ½d. (c.1810).

p. 60. 3.

“According to Act of Parliament (neatly bound and gilt) a little Pretty Pocket Book, intended for the Instruction and Amusement of little Master Tommy and pretty Miss Polly, with an agreeable Letter to read from Jack the Giant-Killer, and also a Ball and Pincushion, the Use of which will infallibly make Tommy a good Boy and Polly a good Girl”, etc.

p. 62. 1.

The Philosophy of Tops and Ballsis explained as “The Newtonian System of Philosophy adapted to the Capacities of Young Gentlemen and Ladies, and made entertaining by Objects with which they are intimately acquainted”.

The Lilliputian Magazine; or, the Young Gentleman and Lady’s Golden Library.From the preface:—“the Authors concerned in this little Book have planned out a Method of Education very different from what has hitherto been offered to the Public: and more agreeable and better adapted to the tender Capacities of Children”.

The Lilliputian Magazine; or, the Young Gentleman and Lady’s Golden Library.

From the preface:—“the Authors concerned in this little Book have planned out a Method of Education very different from what has hitherto been offered to the Public: and more agreeable and better adapted to the tender Capacities of Children”.

p. 64. 1.

In Mr. John Newbery’s list for 1762,A PrettyBook of Pictures for little Masters and Misseshas the alternative title of “Tommy Trip’s History of Beasts and Birds, with a familiar Description of each in Verse and Prose”.To this was added “The History of little Tom Trip himself, his Dog Jowler, and of Woglog the Great Giant”.This was the earliest edition known to Mr. Welsh; but an edition of 1752 was afterwards discovered and noted inThe Times Literary Supplement, Dec. 18, 1919, under “Notes on Sales”. This seems to be the first edition ofTommy Trip’s History; but an earlier account of him is given inThe Lilliputian Magazine, first advertised in 1751. Goldsmith came to London after his travels on the Continent, in 1756, so that he could not have writtenTommy Trip, although the rhyme of “Three Children”, as Mr. Welsh observed, is remarkably like the “Elegy on a Mad Dog”.

To this was added “The History of little Tom Trip himself, his Dog Jowler, and of Woglog the Great Giant”.

This was the earliest edition known to Mr. Welsh; but an edition of 1752 was afterwards discovered and noted inThe Times Literary Supplement, Dec. 18, 1919, under “Notes on Sales”. This seems to be the first edition ofTommy Trip’s History; but an earlier account of him is given inThe Lilliputian Magazine, first advertised in 1751. Goldsmith came to London after his travels on the Continent, in 1756, so that he could not have writtenTommy Trip, although the rhyme of “Three Children”, as Mr. Welsh observed, is remarkably like the “Elegy on a Mad Dog”.

Note on Novels and Plays abridged or adapted for children:—Among these werePamela; or, Virtue Rewarded, with a prefatory address “To the Parents, Guardians and Governesses of Great Britain and Ireland”. (E. Newbury’s list, 1789); andTom Jones, the Foundling(the story of his childhood only), published about 1814 by Pitts of Seven Dials, with a foreword to the “little Friends” for whom it was designed.Plays were also fashioned into children’s books. Garrick’s Masque from Dryden’sKing Arthur(1770) produced a “Lilliputian” romance closely modelled on Dryden:The Eventful History of King Arthur; or, the British Worthy. London, printed for H. Roberts & W. Nicholl. Price 6d., in Dutch paper boards. (A.S. Kensington copy is dated 1782.)Early in the 19th century, the story ofCymbelinewas published asThe Entertaining History of Palidore and Fidele, in floweredcovers, for the “amusement and instruction of youth”.

Note on Novels and Plays abridged or adapted for children:—

Among these werePamela; or, Virtue Rewarded, with a prefatory address “To the Parents, Guardians and Governesses of Great Britain and Ireland”. (E. Newbury’s list, 1789); andTom Jones, the Foundling(the story of his childhood only), published about 1814 by Pitts of Seven Dials, with a foreword to the “little Friends” for whom it was designed.

Plays were also fashioned into children’s books. Garrick’s Masque from Dryden’sKing Arthur(1770) produced a “Lilliputian” romance closely modelled on Dryden:The Eventful History of King Arthur; or, the British Worthy. London, printed for H. Roberts & W. Nicholl. Price 6d., in Dutch paper boards. (A.S. Kensington copy is dated 1782.)

Early in the 19th century, the story ofCymbelinewas published asThe Entertaining History of Palidore and Fidele, in floweredcovers, for the “amusement and instruction of youth”.

p. 65. 1.

(a)Tommy Thumb’s Pretty Song Book. Vol. II. “Sold by M. Cooper, according to Act of Parliament”.The frontispiece shows a boy playing a flute and two girls seated with a book of songs. At the foot of each page is a musical direction: “Recitatio”, “Toccato”, “Vere Subito”, etc. At the end are two cuts, one a portrait of the writer “Nurse Lovechild”, the other advertisingThe Child’s Plaything, with the date 1744, and the following rhyme:—“The Child’s PlaythingI recommend for cheatingChildren into LearningWithout any Beating.”(b) The author ofThe Little Master’s Miscellany(1743) condemns the popular song-books, and instead of these, provides children with moral dialogues, “On Lying”, “On Fishing”, “On Death”, “On Detraction”, “On the Tulip”, etc.(c) John Marchant in hisPuerilia; or, Amusements for the Young(1753) offers a better substitute for the “Ribaldry” which he complains that children are “instructed to con and get by Heart” as soon as they can read,—“to trill it with their little Voices in every Company where they are introduced”.See above.—Chapter IX.

(a)Tommy Thumb’s Pretty Song Book. Vol. II. “Sold by M. Cooper, according to Act of Parliament”.

The frontispiece shows a boy playing a flute and two girls seated with a book of songs. At the foot of each page is a musical direction: “Recitatio”, “Toccato”, “Vere Subito”, etc. At the end are two cuts, one a portrait of the writer “Nurse Lovechild”, the other advertisingThe Child’s Plaything, with the date 1744, and the following rhyme:—

“The Child’s PlaythingI recommend for cheatingChildren into LearningWithout any Beating.”

“The Child’s Plaything

I recommend for cheating

Children into Learning

Without any Beating.”

(b) The author ofThe Little Master’s Miscellany(1743) condemns the popular song-books, and instead of these, provides children with moral dialogues, “On Lying”, “On Fishing”, “On Death”, “On Detraction”, “On the Tulip”, etc.

(c) John Marchant in hisPuerilia; or, Amusements for the Young(1753) offers a better substitute for the “Ribaldry” which he complains that children are “instructed to con and get by Heart” as soon as they can read,—“to trill it with their little Voices in every Company where they are introduced”.

See above.—Chapter IX.

Mother Goose’s Melody; or, Sonnets for the Cradle, in Two Parts. “Part I.—The most celebrated Songs and Lullabies of the old British Nurses, calculated to amuse the Children and excite them to sleep; Part II.—Those of that sweet Songster and Muse of Art and Humours, Master William Shakespeare. Adorned with Cuts and illustrated with Notes and Maxims, historical, philosophical and critical.”The addition, in Part II, of Shakespeare’s songs makes a fitting sequel for older children.A facsimile of the New England edition of 1785 was printed in 1892, with the following description:—“The original Mother Goose’s Melody, as issued by John Newbery of London,circa1760; Isaiah Thomas of Worcester, Mass.,circa1785, and Munro and Francis of Boston,circa1825. Reproduced in facsimile from the first Worcester edition, with introduction and notes by William H. Whitmore. To which are added the Fairy Tales of Mother Goose, first collected by Perrault in 1696, reprinted from the original translation into English by R. Samber in 1729. Boston and London,—Griffith, Farran & Co., 1892.”(b) Another early book of rhymes isThe Top Book of all for little Masters and Misses, “Containing the choicest Stories, prettiest Poems and most diverting Riddles, all wrote by Nurse Lovechild, Mother Goose, Jacky Nory, Tommy Thumb and other eminent Authors ... also enriched with curious and lovely Pictures, done by the top Hands, and is sold only at R. Baldwin’s and S. Crowder’s, Booksellers in Pater Noster Row, London, and at Benjamin Collins’s in Salisbury for 2d. (Date, on woodcut of a shilling, 1760).”(c) A later Miscellany,Mirth without Mischiefc.1790, has similar rhymes.

The addition, in Part II, of Shakespeare’s songs makes a fitting sequel for older children.

A facsimile of the New England edition of 1785 was printed in 1892, with the following description:—

“The original Mother Goose’s Melody, as issued by John Newbery of London,circa1760; Isaiah Thomas of Worcester, Mass.,circa1785, and Munro and Francis of Boston,circa1825. Reproduced in facsimile from the first Worcester edition, with introduction and notes by William H. Whitmore. To which are added the Fairy Tales of Mother Goose, first collected by Perrault in 1696, reprinted from the original translation into English by R. Samber in 1729. Boston and London,—Griffith, Farran & Co., 1892.”

(b) Another early book of rhymes isThe Top Book of all for little Masters and Misses, “Containing the choicest Stories, prettiest Poems and most diverting Riddles, all wrote by Nurse Lovechild, Mother Goose, Jacky Nory, Tommy Thumb and other eminent Authors ... also enriched with curious and lovely Pictures, done by the top Hands, and is sold only at R. Baldwin’s and S. Crowder’s, Booksellers in Pater Noster Row, London, and at Benjamin Collins’s in Salisbury for 2d. (Date, on woodcut of a shilling, 1760).”

p. 67. 1.

A third edition ofGoody Two-Shoesappeared in 1766, in Dutch flowered boards, “printed for J. Newbery at the Bible and Sun in St. Paul’s Churchyard. Price 6d.” This was reproduced in facsimile with an introduction by Charles Welsh, by Griffith and Farran, successors to Newbery and Harris, in 1881.Later editions: 1770.—T. Carnan & F. Newbery, Jun.; 1783.—T. Carnan; 1786—Isaiah Thomas, Worcester, Mass. (First Worcestered.); 1793.—Darton & Harvey, Gracechurch St.; 1796 (with MS. note by Mr. J. Winter Jones), 32 mo.Penny chap-book edition (c.1815).—J. Pitts, Seven Dials: “The Toy and Marble Warehouse”. Many “modernised” editions were printed during the 19th century; the last recorded, in 1884; and G.T.S. was included in Charlotte Yonge’sStorehouse of Stories(1870).

Later editions: 1770.—T. Carnan & F. Newbery, Jun.; 1783.—T. Carnan; 1786—Isaiah Thomas, Worcester, Mass. (First Worcestered.); 1793.—Darton & Harvey, Gracechurch St.; 1796 (with MS. note by Mr. J. Winter Jones), 32 mo.

Penny chap-book edition (c.1815).—J. Pitts, Seven Dials: “The Toy and Marble Warehouse”. Many “modernised” editions were printed during the 19th century; the last recorded, in 1884; and G.T.S. was included in Charlotte Yonge’sStorehouse of Stories(1870).

p. 68. 1.

(a) From Carnan’s list, 1787.—“The Valentine’s Gift; or, the whole History of Valentine’s Day, containing the Way to preserve Truth, Honour and Integrity unshaken. Very necessary in a trading Nation. Price sixpence, bound.”A later edition (Kendrew, Glasgow,c.1814) in the S. Kensington collection, has significant additions:—“The Valentine Gift; or, a Plan to enable childrenof all Denominationsto behave with Honour, Integrity and Humanity. To which is added some Account of old Zigzag, and of the Horn which he used to understand the Language of Birds, Beasts, Fishes and Insects. The Lord who made thee made the Creatures also; thou shalt be merciful and kind unto them, for they are thy fellow Tenants of the Globe.—Zoroaster.”(b)The Twelfth Day Gift(advertised April 18, 1767). The title-page of the 1783 edition is as follows:—“The Twelfth Day Gift; or, the Grand Exhibition, containing a curious Collection of Pieces in Prose and Verse (many of them Originals) which were delivered to a numerous and polite Audience on the important Subjects of Religion, Morality, History, Philosophy, Polity, Prudence and Economy, at the most noble the Marquis of Setstar’s by a Society of young Gentlemen and Ladies, and registered at their request by their old Friend Mr. Newbery. With which are intermixed some occasionalReflections and a Narrative containing the Characters and Behaviour of the several Persons concerned.Example draws where Precept failsAnd Sermons are less read than Tales.London: Printed for T. Carnan, Successor to Mr. J. Newbery in St. Paul’s Church Yard. Price one shilling.”In an enveloping cautionary story, there is some account of a gigantic Twelfth Day Cake; but the book consists chiefly of “Pieces”, which include the story of “Inkle and Yarico”, taken by Addison from Ligon’sAccount of Barbados (Spectator, No. 11), “versified by a Lady”, Addison’s hymns; Pope’s Universal Prayer; “The Progress of Life”, an Eastern story from theRambler; Parnell’s “Hermit”; the character of Antiope from Fénélon’sTelemachus, translated in 1742, and the King’s speech to Westmoreland (Henry V. iv. 3), a sign of the revived interest in Shakespeare.This is almost a perfect specimen of the Lilliputian Miscellany.

A later edition (Kendrew, Glasgow,c.1814) in the S. Kensington collection, has significant additions:—

“The Valentine Gift; or, a Plan to enable childrenof all Denominationsto behave with Honour, Integrity and Humanity. To which is added some Account of old Zigzag, and of the Horn which he used to understand the Language of Birds, Beasts, Fishes and Insects. The Lord who made thee made the Creatures also; thou shalt be merciful and kind unto them, for they are thy fellow Tenants of the Globe.—Zoroaster.”

(b)The Twelfth Day Gift(advertised April 18, 1767). The title-page of the 1783 edition is as follows:—

“The Twelfth Day Gift; or, the Grand Exhibition, containing a curious Collection of Pieces in Prose and Verse (many of them Originals) which were delivered to a numerous and polite Audience on the important Subjects of Religion, Morality, History, Philosophy, Polity, Prudence and Economy, at the most noble the Marquis of Setstar’s by a Society of young Gentlemen and Ladies, and registered at their request by their old Friend Mr. Newbery. With which are intermixed some occasionalReflections and a Narrative containing the Characters and Behaviour of the several Persons concerned.

Example draws where Precept failsAnd Sermons are less read than Tales.

Example draws where Precept fails

And Sermons are less read than Tales.

London: Printed for T. Carnan, Successor to Mr. J. Newbery in St. Paul’s Church Yard. Price one shilling.”

In an enveloping cautionary story, there is some account of a gigantic Twelfth Day Cake; but the book consists chiefly of “Pieces”, which include the story of “Inkle and Yarico”, taken by Addison from Ligon’sAccount of Barbados (Spectator, No. 11), “versified by a Lady”, Addison’s hymns; Pope’s Universal Prayer; “The Progress of Life”, an Eastern story from theRambler; Parnell’s “Hermit”; the character of Antiope from Fénélon’sTelemachus, translated in 1742, and the King’s speech to Westmoreland (Henry V. iv. 3), a sign of the revived interest in Shakespeare.

This is almost a perfect specimen of the Lilliputian Miscellany.

p. 76. 1.

From Nichols’sLiterary Anecdotes(1812-16):—“It is not perhaps generally known that to Mr. Griffith Jones, and a brother of his, Mr. Giles Jones, in conjunction with Mr. John Newbery, the public are indebted for the origin of those numerous and popular little books for the amusement and instruction of children which have been ever since received with universal approbation. The Lilliputian histories of Goody Two-Shoes, Giles Ginger-bread, Tommy Trip, etc., etc., are remarkable proofs of the benevolent minds of the projectors of this plan of instruction, and respectable instances of the accommodation of superior talents to the feeble intellects of infantine felicity.”

Examples of grammatical faults inGoody Two-Shoes:—Ch. vi.—“She was in Hopes hewould have wentto the Clerk.”Ch. viii.—“Therefore she laid very still.”Part II. Ch. iii.—“Does not the Horse and the Ass carry you and your Burthens; don’t the Ox plough your Ground?”John Newbery’s private memoranda show mistakes of the same kind.

Examples of grammatical faults inGoody Two-Shoes:—

Ch. vi.—“She was in Hopes hewould have wentto the Clerk.”

Ch. viii.—“Therefore she laid very still.”

Part II. Ch. iii.—“Does not the Horse and the Ass carry you and your Burthens; don’t the Ox plough your Ground?”

John Newbery’s private memoranda show mistakes of the same kind.

(a) John Newbery died in 1767, when the business was divided into two branches, one under his son Francis, in partnership with T. Carnan, the other under Francis Newbery the nephew, whose widow Elizabeth succeeded him in 1780. T. Carnan afterwards set up on his own account.(b) In the curious “appendix” toGoody Two-Shoes, there is “an Anecdote respecting Tom Two-Shoes, communicated by a Gentleman who is now writing the History of his Life”. This is the chief incident inTommy Two-Shoes, published at the close of the century by Wilson and Spence of York.Imitations only mark the distinction of the Newbery books. Many were published by John Marshall (c.1780). These includeThe Orphan; or, the Entertaining History of Little Goody Goosecap; andThe Renowned History of Primrose Prettyface, “who, by her Sweetness of Temper and Love of Learning, was raised from being the Daughter of a poor Cottager, to great Riches and the Dignity of Lady of the Manor.... London, printed in the Year when all little Boys and Girls should be good”, etc.One copy is inscribed “Thos. Preston, March 22nd, 1788”. If this be the date of purchase, the book may be earlier; but it may be the date of the child’s birth.

(b) In the curious “appendix” toGoody Two-Shoes, there is “an Anecdote respecting Tom Two-Shoes, communicated by a Gentleman who is now writing the History of his Life”. This is the chief incident inTommy Two-Shoes, published at the close of the century by Wilson and Spence of York.

Imitations only mark the distinction of the Newbery books. Many were published by John Marshall (c.1780). These includeThe Orphan; or, the Entertaining History of Little Goody Goosecap; andThe Renowned History of Primrose Prettyface, “who, by her Sweetness of Temper and Love of Learning, was raised from being the Daughter of a poor Cottager, to great Riches and the Dignity of Lady of the Manor.... London, printed in the Year when all little Boys and Girls should be good”, etc.

One copy is inscribed “Thos. Preston, March 22nd, 1788”. If this be the date of purchase, the book may be earlier; but it may be the date of the child’s birth.

“The Lilliputian Masquerade: recommended to the Perusal of those Sons and Daughters of Folly, the Frequenters of the Pantheon, Almack’s and Cornelly’s. Embellished with Cuts, for the Instruction and Amusement of therising Generation. Price of a Subscription Ticket, not Two Guineas, but Two Pence”.—Carnan’s List for 1787.The Masquerade was “occasioned by the Conclusion of Peace between those potent Nations the Lilliputians and Tommy-thumbians”, after a quarrel “concerning an Affair of no less Importance than whether, when a Cat wagged her Tail, it was a Sign of fair or foul Weather”; and the Peace had been made by “an old Ladywhose Name was Reason”.A later edition in Dutch paper covers (probably after 1800) published by P. Norbury at Brentford, has no reference to the Pantheon, etc., but is recommended by the couplet:“Behind a Mask you’ll something findTo please and to improve the mind.”

The Masquerade was “occasioned by the Conclusion of Peace between those potent Nations the Lilliputians and Tommy-thumbians”, after a quarrel “concerning an Affair of no less Importance than whether, when a Cat wagged her Tail, it was a Sign of fair or foul Weather”; and the Peace had been made by “an old Ladywhose Name was Reason”.

A later edition in Dutch paper covers (probably after 1800) published by P. Norbury at Brentford, has no reference to the Pantheon, etc., but is recommended by the couplet:

“Behind a Mask you’ll something findTo please and to improve the mind.”

“Behind a Mask you’ll something find

To please and to improve the mind.”

p. 78. 2.

First Worcester edition:The Juvenile Biographer, “containing the Lives of little Masters and Misses. Including a Variety of Good and Bad Characters. By a little Biographer.... Worcester, Mass. Printed by Isaiah Thomas and sold at his Book Store. Sold also by E. Battelle, Boston, 1787.”

p. 81. 1.

Juvenile Correspondence; “or, Letters designed as Examples of Epistolary Style, for Children of both Sexes”. By Lucy Aikin. 2nd Edition. London, for Baldwin, Cradock & Joy, Paternoster Row, and R. Hunter, St. Paul’s Churchyard, 1816.Miss Aikin’s aim was to supply children with “juvenile equivalents of Gray, Cowper and Lady Mary Wortley Montague”; but the influence of Mrs. Barbauld adds natural touches not found in “Lilliputian” books.

Miss Aikin’s aim was to supply children with “juvenile equivalents of Gray, Cowper and Lady Mary Wortley Montague”; but the influence of Mrs. Barbauld adds natural touches not found in “Lilliputian” books.

p. 82. 1.

A Father’s Memoirs of his Child, by Benjamin Heath Malkin (1806), contains letters written by a child from his third to his seventh year (1798-1802).The little boy, Thomas Williams Malkin, bornin October, 1795, died when he was seven. His father, beginning theMemoirs, says: “It is not intended to run a parallel of his infancy with that of Addison in his assumed character of Spectator, who ‘threw away his rattle before he was two months old, and would not make use of his coral until they had taken away the bells from it’”; but the disclaimer proves that he was conscious of the parallel.On his own showing, he had made the child into a “little Philosopher” who never had so much as a rattle to throw away, whose first toy was a box of letters. The boy’s letters show a pathetic struggle between natural simplicity and the artificial system on which he was being trained. Some are more precocious and pedantic than any inJuvenile Correspondence.The tendency of parents to encourage stilted “epistolary patterns” was shown earlier in the childish letters of Mrs. Trimmer (SeeThe Life and Writings of Mrs. T.)

A Father’s Memoirs of his Child, by Benjamin Heath Malkin (1806), contains letters written by a child from his third to his seventh year (1798-1802).

The little boy, Thomas Williams Malkin, bornin October, 1795, died when he was seven. His father, beginning theMemoirs, says: “It is not intended to run a parallel of his infancy with that of Addison in his assumed character of Spectator, who ‘threw away his rattle before he was two months old, and would not make use of his coral until they had taken away the bells from it’”; but the disclaimer proves that he was conscious of the parallel.

On his own showing, he had made the child into a “little Philosopher” who never had so much as a rattle to throw away, whose first toy was a box of letters. The boy’s letters show a pathetic struggle between natural simplicity and the artificial system on which he was being trained. Some are more precocious and pedantic than any inJuvenile Correspondence.

The tendency of parents to encourage stilted “epistolary patterns” was shown earlier in the childish letters of Mrs. Trimmer (SeeThe Life and Writings of Mrs. T.)

p. 83. 2.

Canning deals with the Newbery books much as Addison does with the ballads, though Canning’s classical parallels are not serious. He begins by recommending to novel-readers, instead of “the studies which usually engross their attention”, the “instructive and entertaining Histories of Mr. Thomas Thumb, Mr. John Hickathrift and sundry other celebrated Worthies; a true and faithful account of whose adventures and atchievements may be had by the Curious and the Public in general, price two-pence gilt, at Mr. Newbery’s, St. Paul’s Churchyard, and at some other Gentleman’s whose name I do not now recollect, theBouncing B., Shoe-Lane”. (This refers to John Marshall’s sign of the “Great A and Bouncing B”.)He identifies “Tom Thumb” with Perrault’s “Little Thumb”, and draws a parallel between that hero and Ulysses; and between the Ogreand Polyphemus, comparing the incidents in a mock-heroic vein. There is no trace of the “Lilliputian” Hickathrift which he mentions.

He identifies “Tom Thumb” with Perrault’s “Little Thumb”, and draws a parallel between that hero and Ulysses; and between the Ogreand Polyphemus, comparing the incidents in a mock-heroic vein. There is no trace of the “Lilliputian” Hickathrift which he mentions.

p. 84. 1.

“Jemmy” Catnach, and “Johnny” Pitts of the “Toy and Marble Warehouse”, were rival printers of ballads and chap-books in Seven Dials.Catnach’s nursery books include rhymed versions of Perrault’s Tales,The Butterfly’s Ball,The Tragical Death of an Apple Pie(a very old alphabet rhyme) and various “gifts”. (See Charles Hindley’sHistory of the Catnach Press, 1886.)Pitts printed a penny edition ofGoody Two-Shoes(c.1815). His farthing books includeSimple Simonand other nursery rhymes.John Evans, another Seven Dials printer, also published a farthing series includingDick Whittington,Cock RobinandMother Hubbard. (See Edwin Pearson’sBanbury Chap-books, etc., 1890.)

“Jemmy” Catnach, and “Johnny” Pitts of the “Toy and Marble Warehouse”, were rival printers of ballads and chap-books in Seven Dials.

Catnach’s nursery books include rhymed versions of Perrault’s Tales,The Butterfly’s Ball,The Tragical Death of an Apple Pie(a very old alphabet rhyme) and various “gifts”. (See Charles Hindley’sHistory of the Catnach Press, 1886.)

Pitts printed a penny edition ofGoody Two-Shoes(c.1815). His farthing books includeSimple Simonand other nursery rhymes.

John Evans, another Seven Dials printer, also published a farthing series includingDick Whittington,Cock RobinandMother Hubbard. (See Edwin Pearson’sBanbury Chap-books, etc., 1890.)

p. 91. 1.

Armand Berquin was born in France in 1749. He refused an appointment as tutor to the son of Louis XVI. Towards the end of his life he was denounced as a Girondist, and driven into exile. He died in 1791.Mr. Charles Welsh gives a most interesting account of him in his introduction to the reprint ofThe Looking-Glass for the Mind, published by Griffith, Farran, Okeden and Welsh, 1885.

Mr. Charles Welsh gives a most interesting account of him in his introduction to the reprint ofThe Looking-Glass for the Mind, published by Griffith, Farran, Okeden and Welsh, 1885.

p. 100. 1.

Mrs. Pilkington, writing “on the Plan of that celebrated workLes Veillées du Château, by Madame de Genlis”, producedTales of the Cottage; or Stories Novel and Amusing for Young Persons, printed for Vernor & Hood in the Poultry, and sold by E. Newbery, 1799.She was the wife of a naval doctor, and became governess to a family of orphans, for whom she wrote. Other books published forher by E. Newbery includeBiography for Boys, 1808;Biography for Girls, 1809;Marvellous Adventures; or the Vicissitudes of a Cat, and a translation (abridged) of Marmontel’sContes Moraux.

She was the wife of a naval doctor, and became governess to a family of orphans, for whom she wrote. Other books published forher by E. Newbery includeBiography for Boys, 1808;Biography for Girls, 1809;Marvellous Adventures; or the Vicissitudes of a Cat, and a translation (abridged) of Marmontel’sContes Moraux.

p. 102. 1.

Le Théâtre d’Educationwas followed, in England, by Hannah More’sSacred Dramas(1782).Moral plays by the German Rousseauists, Engel and Weisse, were translated inThe Juvenile Dramatist(1801), andDramas for Children, imitated from the French of L. F. Jauffret, by the Editor of Tabart’sPopular Stories, was printed for M. J. Godwin, at the Juvenile Library, Skinner Street, in 1809. The table of contents includes “The Curious Girl;” “The Dangers of Gossipping”; “The Fib Found Out”; “The Little Coxcomb”.These educational dramas are no more dramatic than the average moral tale. They may be regarded as a result of Rousseau’s realism, an effort on the part of educators to use the dramatic instincts of children to impress the lesson.

Le Théâtre d’Educationwas followed, in England, by Hannah More’sSacred Dramas(1782).

Moral plays by the German Rousseauists, Engel and Weisse, were translated inThe Juvenile Dramatist(1801), andDramas for Children, imitated from the French of L. F. Jauffret, by the Editor of Tabart’sPopular Stories, was printed for M. J. Godwin, at the Juvenile Library, Skinner Street, in 1809. The table of contents includes “The Curious Girl;” “The Dangers of Gossipping”; “The Fib Found Out”; “The Little Coxcomb”.

These educational dramas are no more dramatic than the average moral tale. They may be regarded as a result of Rousseau’s realism, an effort on the part of educators to use the dramatic instincts of children to impress the lesson.

p. 106. 1.

Thomas Day (1748-1789) was educated at the Charter House and Corpus Christi College, Oxford. He was an intimate friend of Richard Lovell Edgeworth, although he had paid his addresses in turn to Honora and Elizabeth Sneyd, afterwards the second and third Mrs. Edgeworth.Day was a member of Dr. Darwin’s literary circle at Lichfield, and was the author of verses and political pamphlets. The third edition of his poem “The Dying Negro” was dedicated to Jean Jacques Rousseau.

Day was a member of Dr. Darwin’s literary circle at Lichfield, and was the author of verses and political pamphlets. The third edition of his poem “The Dying Negro” was dedicated to Jean Jacques Rousseau.

p. 113. 2.

The History of Prince Lee Boo(1789) is an early example of this interest in coloured races. Children’s books of the early nineteenth century include many stories of the Slave Trade andadventures of Negroes. Some of the most popular wereThe Adventures of Congo(1823); Mary Ann Hedge’sSamboe; or, the African Boy(1823);Radama; or, the Enlightened African(1824).

p. 114. 1.

Third edition, 1759; new version inThe Children’s Miscellany, 1787; Children’s chap-book in Dutch flowered boards,c.1789:The English Hermit; or, The Adventures of Philip Quarll, “who was lately discovered by Mr. Dorrington, a Bristol Merchant, upon an uninhabited Island, where he has lived above fifty years, without any human assistance, still continues to reside and will not come away. Adorned with cuts and a Map of the Island”. London, John Marshall. Price Six Pence bound and gilt. (Inscribed “Margaret H. Haskoll, (Au. 14th, 1789).”) Other editions: 1795, 1807, 1816.The 1807 edition, repeated in Newcastle, York and Banbury chap-books, has cuts attributed to Bewick.

The 1807 edition, repeated in Newcastle, York and Banbury chap-books, has cuts attributed to Bewick.

p. 124. 1.

The Life and Adventures of a Fly, “supposed to have been written by himself”. Price Sixpence. (E. Newbery’s list, 1789.)Another edition, with cuts by John Bewick, was printed in 1790 (Bewick Collector).

The Life and Adventures of a Fly, “supposed to have been written by himself”. Price Sixpence. (E. Newbery’s list, 1789.)

Another edition, with cuts by John Bewick, was printed in 1790 (Bewick Collector).

p. 125. 2.

The Young Misses’ Magazinewas reviewed in theCritical Review, Aug., 1757. It consists of “Dialogues of a wise Governess with her Pupils”, and was almost certainly inspired by Miss Fielding’sGoverness. The studies of Madame de Beaumont’s pupils, under the names ofLadi Sensée,Ladi Spirituelle,Ladi Tempête, etc., although they represent types, are made from life.Madame de Beaumont also wrote “Moral Tales”, designed to counteract supposed dangers in Richardson’s novels. “The whole,”she says, “is drawn from the pure source of Nature, which never fails to move the heart.”

Madame de Beaumont also wrote “Moral Tales”, designed to counteract supposed dangers in Richardson’s novels. “The whole,”she says, “is drawn from the pure source of Nature, which never fails to move the heart.”

p. 127. 1.

Other books by “M. P.” include:Anecdotes of a Boarding School,Anecdotes of a Little Family, andLetters from a Mother to her Children.See below:—“Adventures” of things, by “S. S.”

Other books by “M. P.” include:

Anecdotes of a Boarding School,Anecdotes of a Little Family, andLetters from a Mother to her Children.

See below:—“Adventures” of things, by “S. S.”

p. 131. 1.

Other stories by Elizabeth Sandham are:The Happy Family at Eason House, 1822;The History of Elizabeth Woodville, 1822;The Orphan, n.d. andThe Twin Sisters, n.d.