CHAMBERED. When the cavity of a shell is not continuous, but is divided by shelly diaphragms or septa, it is said to be chambered. This is the case with the shells of the Polythalamous Cephalopoda, as in the Nautilus (see Introduction). The character is not confined to these, as it occurs in some species of Spondyli, and in several turrited univalves.CHAMOSTRÆA. De Roissy.Cleidothærus.Stutch.CHARYBS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.CHELIBS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.CHELINOTUS. Sw. A genus of "Haliotidæ," Sw. including Velutina, Lam. a species of Sigaretus from Tonga, and Coriocella, Bl. Thus described, "Animal cheloniform, broad; depressed; the mantle larger than the shell, lobed in front; tentacula two, short, obtuse; eyes basal; mouth circular; shell ear-shaped, thin, fragile, imperforate; pillar none."CHELONOBIA. Leach.CoronulaTestudinaria, Auct. Fig. 15.CHERSINA. Humph.Achatina, Lam.CHICOREUS. Montf. A generic division of the genusMurex, consisting of such species as have three ramified varices.Ex.M. inflatus, fig. 395.CHILINA. Gray.Fam.Auriculacea, Bl. Colimacea, Lam.—Descr.Oval, thin, covered with an olive green epidermis; spire rather short, consisting of few whorls; aperture large, oval, rounded anteriorly; outer lip thin, joining the inner lip without a sinus; inner lip spread over part of the body whorl, terminating in a thick columella with one or two folds.—Obs.These shells differ from the true Auriculæ in the thinness of the outer lip. C. Dombeyana (Auricula Dombeyana, Auct.) Fig. 300. The illustrated catalogue published by the author (Sow. Conch. illustr. parts 135, 136) contains 13 species. Rivers of South America.CHILOTREMA. Leach. A sub-genus ofHelix, containing Helix lapicida, Auct. Gray, Turton, p. 140.CHIMOTREMA. ——? Belongs toHelix.CHIONE. Megerle.Cytheræamaculosa, (fig. 117, c.) sulcata, circinata, &c. Auct. and other similar species.CHIRONA. Gray. A genus of Balanidæ, the shells consisting of six parietal valves and two opercular valves; the upper edges of the parietal valves are sloped and the structure is not tubular.CHISMOBRANCHIATA. Bl. The second order of the first section of Paracephalophora Monoica, Bl. Those Mollusca belonging to this order which have shells, have them either internal or external, but always scutiform, with depressed spires and wide, haliotoid, oblique apertures, without a columellar lip properly so called. This order partly answers to the familyMacrostomata, in the system of Lamarck. It contains the genera Coriocella, Sigaretus, Cryptostoma, Oxinoe, Stomatella and Velutina.CHITON. Auct. (χιτον, an integument.)Fam.Phyllidiana, Lam.Class, Polyplaniphora, Bl.—Descr.Oval, consisting of eight arched valves arranged in a series across the body of the animal and fixed in the skin which forms a rim around them, sometimes scaly, spinose, or rugose, sometimes smooth.—Obs.The genus Chiton, commonly called "Coat of Mail," from its resemblance to jointed armour, remains to the present day in exactly the same state with regard to its boundaries as that in which Linnæus found it, and in which he left it. That illustrious Naturalist placed it among the multivalves in his purely Conchological system, although the animal is totally different from the Cirripedes. The shells are prettily marked, and are found attached to the rocks in all seas of Tropical and Southern climates, but fossil species are almost unknown. Fig. 227, C. Spinosus. The genus is divided by Guilding into Chiton, Canthopleura, Phakellopleura, Chitonellus and Cryptoconchus. Zool. Journ.XVII.p. 27. The author of this manual has lately attempted a revision of this interesting but neglected genus, and has given a catalogue of all the species hitherto known, as far as they could be identified among the confused mass of synonyms and descriptions to be found in the works of various Conchological writers. This catalogue is to be found in his Conchological Illustrations, and refers to figures of 102 species, 92 of which are contained in parts 38 to 45, and 159 to 176.CHITONELLUS. Lam. (FromChiton) Separated by Lamarck from Chiton, on account of the valves being placed at a greater distance from each other, the soft integument of the animal intervening. Fig. 228, C. striatus. Philippines.CHLOROSTOMA. Sw. A sub-genus of "Trochinæ." Sw. (Trochus) of which C. argyrostoma is given as an example. Sw. Lard. Cyclop. p. 350.CHONDRUS. Hartmann.Abida, Leach. A genus formed for the reception ofPupasecale, Drap. Pupa Juniperi, Montague, which have plaits in the aperture.CHRYSOAR. Montf. Probably a species ofOrthoceras.CHRYSODOMUS. Swains. "Distinguished from Fusus, by the comparative shortness of the basal channel, and the ventricose or enlarged shape of the body whorl. The beautiful orange-mouthed Whelk of England is a typical example; and the few others now known are all of a very large size, and chiefly found in Northern Seas, where they represent the more elegant Fusi of tropical latitudes; the outer lip is always thin and smooth." Sw. page 90, paragraph 78, described at page 308.CHRYSOLUS. Montf.Polystomella, Bl. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.CHRYSOSTOMA. Sw. A genus of the family "Rotellinæ," Sw. Thus described "Shell turbinate; the whorls few and convex; aperture effuse, round; inner lip thickened just over, and almost concealing the umbilicus. Nicobaricus, Martini, 182 fig. 1822-5." Sw. Lard. Cyclop. Malac. p. 327.CHTHALAMUS. Ranz.Fam.Balanidea, Bl. Order, Sessile Cirripedes, Lam.—Descr."Shell much depressed, valves thick, thickened at the base, with prominent areas; operculum nearly horizontal, composed of four valves."—Obs.This description would apply generically to the shell called Platylepas in the British Museum, only nothing is said about the prominent plates jutting from the internal surface of the valves. The difference between this genus andBalanusconsists principally in the horizontal position of the operculum, and general flatness of the shell. C. stellatus, fig. 18.CIBICIDES. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.CIDARIS. Swains. A genus composed ofTurboSmaragdus, petholatus, and other similar species. The word Cidaris is, however, already in use for a genus of Echinæ.CIDAROLLUS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.CILIATED. (ciliæ, hairs.) Having minute hairs as in Orbicula, Lingula, &c. and the jointed feelers of the Cirripedes.CIMBER. Montf.Navicella, Auct.CINERAS. Leach. (Cinereus, ash-coloured.)Order, Pedunculated Cirripedes, Lam.—Descr.Animal with a quadrilateral body, supported on a fleshy peduncle, with an opening in front of the upper part for the passage of a bunch of ciliated tentacula. Immediately above this aperture is a pair of small elongated valves, placed in a nearly horizontal position; at the lower part is another tripartite pair placed perpendicularly, one on each side, and a narrow, angulated, keel-shaped piece placed at the back.—Obs.The nearest approach to this genus is Otion. (C. Vittatus, fig. 42.) Found upon substances floating in the sea.CINEREOUS. (Cinereus) Ash-coloured.CINGULA. Fleming.Rissoa, Leach.CIONELLA. Jeffreys.Fam.Colimacea, Lam.—Descr.Oblong or elongated; last whorl large; apex rather acute; columella, sub-interrupted; aperture canaliculated, sub-effuse at the base; margins very unequal; no umbilicus.Bulinusoctonus, lubricus, acicula, &c. Auct. C. lubrica, fig. 285.CIRCE. Schum.Venuscastrensis, fig. 117 d. V. sulcatina, arabica, pectinata, Auct. and other similar species.CIRRIPEDES. Lam. The tenth class of invertebrated animals, so named from the curled and ciliated branchia which protrude from the oval aperture of the shells. The class Cirripedes of Lamarck constitutes the entire genusLepasof Linnæus. They are divided into two sections; first, Sessile Cirr. attached by the basal portion of the shell; second, Pedunculated Cirr. supported upon a Peduncle. Figs. 14 to 45.CIRROBRANCHIATA. Bl. The first order of Paracephalophora Hermaphrodita, Bl. This order has been formed for the purpose of giving a place in the system to the genus Dentalium. The animal of which has lungs, consisting of numerous filaments, having their basal origin in two radical lobes under the neck.CIRRUS. J. Sowerby (cirrus, a tendril.)Fam.Turbinacea, Bl. and Lam.—Descr.Spiral, conical, with a hollow axis; whorls contiguous, numerous, rounded, or slightly angulated.—Obs.This fossil genus resembles Trochus, from which it is known by the deep funnel-shaped umbilicus. Fig. 349, C. nodosus.CISTULA. Humph.Cyclostoma, Lam.CLANCULUS. Montf.TrochusPharaonis, Lam.—Obs.This, with several other species, belong more properly toMonodonta, Lam.Odontis, Sow. Fig. 361.CLATHODON. Conrad.Gnathodon, Gray.CLAUSILIA. Drap. (Clausium, a valve or folding door.)Fam.Colimacea, Lam. Limacinea, Bl.—Descr.Spire elongated, consisting of many volutions; aperture small, sub quadrate, having several tooth-shaped folds on the columella. A small, elastic, shelly plate, attached to the columella within, called the Clausium, its office being to enclose the aperture when the animal has retired within the shell.—Obs.This last character distinguishes it from the Pupæ, to some of which it bears a very near resemblance.Hab.Land, in the central and southern parts of Europe, several British species. Fig. 295, C. Macascarensis.CLAUSIUM. A name applied to the beautiful contrivance whence the genus Clausilia derives its name, consisting of a little bony tortuous plate, placed in a groove on the columella. Here it serves the purpose of a door, which, when not prevented by counteracting pressure, springs forward on its elastic ligament, and encloses the animal in his retirement. The aperture is opened by pushing back the clausium into the groove.CLAUSULUS. Montf. Conch. Syst. 1, 179. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.CLAVA. Humph.Cerithium, Lam.CLAVAGELLA. Lam. (Clava, a club.)Fam.Tubicolæ, Lam. Pyloridea, Bl.—Descr.Two irregular flattish valves, one fixed or soldered, so as to form part of the side of an irregular shelly tube; the other free within the tube near the base.—Obs.The shells composing this genus are found in stones, madrepores, &c. and appear to form the connecting link between Aspergillum, which has both valves cemented into the tube; and Fistulana, in which both are free. Fig. 45, a fossil Clavagella. Found recent on the Coast of Malta and New South Wales.CLAVALITHES. Sw. A genus composed of some fossil shells, separated from the genus Fusus, which, having the general form of Turbinella Rapa, &c. are considered by Swainson, as holding an intermediate station between Fusus and the Turbinellidæ.—Descr."Unequally sub-fusiform; the body whorl, and spire, being conic; and the canal suddenly contracted and attenuated; terminal whorls papillary; inner lip thick; pillar smooth, C. longævus, clavellatus, Noæ, ponderosus, Sw."—Obs.The papillary spire may form a sufficient reason for separating this genus from Fusus, while the absence of plates on the columella places them at a still greater distance from Turbinella.CLAVATE. When one extremity of the shell is attenuated, and the other becomes suddenly ventricose or globular, it is said to be Clavate.Ex.Murex Haustellum, fig. 396.CLAVATULA. Lam. The generic name by which Lamarck originally distinguished those species of Pleurotoma which were remarkable for the shortness of their canals. In his system, however, they are re-united to Pleurotoma. Fig. 381, P. Strombiformis.CLAVICANTHA. Sw. A genus separated from Pleurotoma, Lam. consisting of species, which are described as "thick, sub-fusiform; the surface rugose, and the whorls sub-coronated; channel short; slit assuming the form of a short, broad sinus. C. imperialis, E. M. 440, spirata, E. M. 440, fig. 5, conica, E. M. 439, fig. 9, echinata, E. M. 439, fig. 8, Auriculifera, E. M. 439, fig. 10."CLAVICLE. (clavis, a key.) A little key. This term is applied to the bony appendage in the hinge of some species of Anatina, (those included in the generic term Lyonsia) Cleidothærus, Myochama, &c.CLAVULINA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.CLAVUS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.CLEIDOTHÆRUS. Hutch. (Θαιρος, hinge,Κλεις, clavicle.)Fam.Chamaceæ or Myariæ, Lam.—Descr.Inequivalve, irregular, solid, attached; with one cardinal, conical tooth in the free valve, entering a corresponding indenture in the other; and an oblong shelly appendage, fixed by an internal cartilage in a groove under the umbones; muscular impressions, two in each valve, one elongated, the other uniform.—Obs.This shell is like Chama in general form, but is distinguished by the clavicle or shelly appendage from which its name is derived. Fig. 75. New South Wales.CLEODORA.Per. et Les. Fam.Pteropoda, Lam. Thecosomata, Bl.—Descr.Thin, transparent, pyramidal, with flat alate sides, and oval aperture. Fig. 221, C. cuspidata.CLISIPHONITES. Montf. Microscopic.Lenticulina, Bl.CLITHON. Montf.NeritinaCorona, spinosa, &c. Auct. fig. 325.CLITIA. Leach.Fam.Balanidea, Bl.Order, Sessile Cirripedes, Lam.—Descr.Sub-conical, compressed, consisting of four unequal valves, two larger and two smaller, joined together side by side, by the interlocking of their dentated edges, a process somewhat like that which joiners call dove-tailing. Operculum, consisting of two unequal pointed valves.—Obs.Clitia is known from Creusia, by the articulations of the valves, and by the operculum, which in Creusia consists of four valves. Fig. 20. C. Verruca, (Lepas Verruca, Gmelin.) Britain and Peru.CLOSE. The margins of a bivalve shell are described as being close, when there is no hiatus between them in any part, otherwise they are described asgaping.CLOTHO. Faujas.Fam.Conchacea, Bl. More properly belonging to the Pyloridea, Bl.; and the Lithophagidæ, Lam.—Descr."Oval, nearly regular, longitudinally striated, equivalve, sub-equilateral; hinge consisting of a bifid tooth, curved like a crochet, larger in one valve than in the other." This description is translated from Blainville, who states that he has never seen the shell. Annales du Museum D'Histoire Naturelle, tom. 9, pl. 17, fig. 4-6.CLYPEIFORM. (Clypeus, a shield.) Open, flat, shaped like a shield or buckler, as Umbrella, fig. 233, and Parmophorus, fig. 242.CLYPIDELLA. Sw. A sub-genus of Fissurella, described as having one extremity of the shell slightly raised. C. pustula. Sow. Gen. fig. 3.COAT OF MAIL. A common name given to shells of the genus Chiton, on account of their resemblance to jointed armour.COBRESIA. Hübner.Vitrina, Auct.COCHLIATE. (Cochleare, a spoon). Applied to any shell or part which is hollow and oval, as Patellæ, &c. The cavity containing the cartilage in Mya, fig. 71, is Cochleate.COCHLICELLA. One of the sub-genera into which De Ferrusac has divided the genus Helix, consisting of Bulinus decollatus, fig. 279, and similar species. See Helix.COCHLICOPA. Fer. A sub-genus of Helix, partly corresponding with Polyphemus of De Montfort, and consisting of species of Achatina, which have the outer lip undulated.COCHLITOMA. Fer. A sub-genus of Helix, corresponding with the genus Achatina, Auct. not including those with undulated outer lips.COCHLODINA. Fer. A sub-genus of Helix, including the genus Clausilia, Auct.COCHLODONTA. Fer. A sub-genus of Helix, containing Pupa Uva, Auct. &c.COCHLOGENA. Fer. A sub-genus of Helix, containing pupiform shells, such as Azeca tridens, fig. 290.COCHLOHYDRA. Fer. A sub-genus of Helix, composed of the genus Succinea, Auct.COCHLOSTYLA. Fer. A sub-genus of Helix, composed of the genus Bulinus, Auct.COLIMACEA. Lam. This Family, of the order Trachelipoda, Lam. includes all land shells, which might with propriety be divided into three sections, the first of which contain the following well-known genera:—
CHAMBERED. When the cavity of a shell is not continuous, but is divided by shelly diaphragms or septa, it is said to be chambered. This is the case with the shells of the Polythalamous Cephalopoda, as in the Nautilus (see Introduction). The character is not confined to these, as it occurs in some species of Spondyli, and in several turrited univalves.
CHAMOSTRÆA. De Roissy.Cleidothærus.Stutch.
CHARYBS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.
CHELIBS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.
CHELINOTUS. Sw. A genus of "Haliotidæ," Sw. including Velutina, Lam. a species of Sigaretus from Tonga, and Coriocella, Bl. Thus described, "Animal cheloniform, broad; depressed; the mantle larger than the shell, lobed in front; tentacula two, short, obtuse; eyes basal; mouth circular; shell ear-shaped, thin, fragile, imperforate; pillar none."
CHELONOBIA. Leach.CoronulaTestudinaria, Auct. Fig. 15.
CHERSINA. Humph.Achatina, Lam.
CHICOREUS. Montf. A generic division of the genusMurex, consisting of such species as have three ramified varices.Ex.M. inflatus, fig. 395.
CHILINA. Gray.Fam.Auriculacea, Bl. Colimacea, Lam.—Descr.Oval, thin, covered with an olive green epidermis; spire rather short, consisting of few whorls; aperture large, oval, rounded anteriorly; outer lip thin, joining the inner lip without a sinus; inner lip spread over part of the body whorl, terminating in a thick columella with one or two folds.—Obs.These shells differ from the true Auriculæ in the thinness of the outer lip. C. Dombeyana (Auricula Dombeyana, Auct.) Fig. 300. The illustrated catalogue published by the author (Sow. Conch. illustr. parts 135, 136) contains 13 species. Rivers of South America.
CHILOTREMA. Leach. A sub-genus ofHelix, containing Helix lapicida, Auct. Gray, Turton, p. 140.
CHIMOTREMA. ——? Belongs toHelix.
CHIONE. Megerle.Cytheræamaculosa, (fig. 117, c.) sulcata, circinata, &c. Auct. and other similar species.
CHIRONA. Gray. A genus of Balanidæ, the shells consisting of six parietal valves and two opercular valves; the upper edges of the parietal valves are sloped and the structure is not tubular.
CHISMOBRANCHIATA. Bl. The second order of the first section of Paracephalophora Monoica, Bl. Those Mollusca belonging to this order which have shells, have them either internal or external, but always scutiform, with depressed spires and wide, haliotoid, oblique apertures, without a columellar lip properly so called. This order partly answers to the familyMacrostomata, in the system of Lamarck. It contains the genera Coriocella, Sigaretus, Cryptostoma, Oxinoe, Stomatella and Velutina.
CHITON. Auct. (χιτον, an integument.)Fam.Phyllidiana, Lam.Class, Polyplaniphora, Bl.—Descr.Oval, consisting of eight arched valves arranged in a series across the body of the animal and fixed in the skin which forms a rim around them, sometimes scaly, spinose, or rugose, sometimes smooth.—Obs.The genus Chiton, commonly called "Coat of Mail," from its resemblance to jointed armour, remains to the present day in exactly the same state with regard to its boundaries as that in which Linnæus found it, and in which he left it. That illustrious Naturalist placed it among the multivalves in his purely Conchological system, although the animal is totally different from the Cirripedes. The shells are prettily marked, and are found attached to the rocks in all seas of Tropical and Southern climates, but fossil species are almost unknown. Fig. 227, C. Spinosus. The genus is divided by Guilding into Chiton, Canthopleura, Phakellopleura, Chitonellus and Cryptoconchus. Zool. Journ.XVII.p. 27. The author of this manual has lately attempted a revision of this interesting but neglected genus, and has given a catalogue of all the species hitherto known, as far as they could be identified among the confused mass of synonyms and descriptions to be found in the works of various Conchological writers. This catalogue is to be found in his Conchological Illustrations, and refers to figures of 102 species, 92 of which are contained in parts 38 to 45, and 159 to 176.
CHITONELLUS. Lam. (FromChiton) Separated by Lamarck from Chiton, on account of the valves being placed at a greater distance from each other, the soft integument of the animal intervening. Fig. 228, C. striatus. Philippines.
CHLOROSTOMA. Sw. A sub-genus of "Trochinæ." Sw. (Trochus) of which C. argyrostoma is given as an example. Sw. Lard. Cyclop. p. 350.
CHONDRUS. Hartmann.Abida, Leach. A genus formed for the reception ofPupasecale, Drap. Pupa Juniperi, Montague, which have plaits in the aperture.
CHRYSOAR. Montf. Probably a species ofOrthoceras.
CHRYSODOMUS. Swains. "Distinguished from Fusus, by the comparative shortness of the basal channel, and the ventricose or enlarged shape of the body whorl. The beautiful orange-mouthed Whelk of England is a typical example; and the few others now known are all of a very large size, and chiefly found in Northern Seas, where they represent the more elegant Fusi of tropical latitudes; the outer lip is always thin and smooth." Sw. page 90, paragraph 78, described at page 308.
CHRYSOLUS. Montf.Polystomella, Bl. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.
CHRYSOSTOMA. Sw. A genus of the family "Rotellinæ," Sw. Thus described "Shell turbinate; the whorls few and convex; aperture effuse, round; inner lip thickened just over, and almost concealing the umbilicus. Nicobaricus, Martini, 182 fig. 1822-5." Sw. Lard. Cyclop. Malac. p. 327.
CHTHALAMUS. Ranz.Fam.Balanidea, Bl. Order, Sessile Cirripedes, Lam.—Descr."Shell much depressed, valves thick, thickened at the base, with prominent areas; operculum nearly horizontal, composed of four valves."—Obs.This description would apply generically to the shell called Platylepas in the British Museum, only nothing is said about the prominent plates jutting from the internal surface of the valves. The difference between this genus andBalanusconsists principally in the horizontal position of the operculum, and general flatness of the shell. C. stellatus, fig. 18.
CIBICIDES. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.
CIDARIS. Swains. A genus composed ofTurboSmaragdus, petholatus, and other similar species. The word Cidaris is, however, already in use for a genus of Echinæ.
CIDAROLLUS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.
CILIATED. (ciliæ, hairs.) Having minute hairs as in Orbicula, Lingula, &c. and the jointed feelers of the Cirripedes.
CIMBER. Montf.Navicella, Auct.
CINERAS. Leach. (Cinereus, ash-coloured.)Order, Pedunculated Cirripedes, Lam.—Descr.Animal with a quadrilateral body, supported on a fleshy peduncle, with an opening in front of the upper part for the passage of a bunch of ciliated tentacula. Immediately above this aperture is a pair of small elongated valves, placed in a nearly horizontal position; at the lower part is another tripartite pair placed perpendicularly, one on each side, and a narrow, angulated, keel-shaped piece placed at the back.—Obs.The nearest approach to this genus is Otion. (C. Vittatus, fig. 42.) Found upon substances floating in the sea.
CINEREOUS. (Cinereus) Ash-coloured.
CINGULA. Fleming.Rissoa, Leach.
CIONELLA. Jeffreys.Fam.Colimacea, Lam.—Descr.Oblong or elongated; last whorl large; apex rather acute; columella, sub-interrupted; aperture canaliculated, sub-effuse at the base; margins very unequal; no umbilicus.Bulinusoctonus, lubricus, acicula, &c. Auct. C. lubrica, fig. 285.
CIRCE. Schum.Venuscastrensis, fig. 117 d. V. sulcatina, arabica, pectinata, Auct. and other similar species.
CIRRIPEDES. Lam. The tenth class of invertebrated animals, so named from the curled and ciliated branchia which protrude from the oval aperture of the shells. The class Cirripedes of Lamarck constitutes the entire genusLepasof Linnæus. They are divided into two sections; first, Sessile Cirr. attached by the basal portion of the shell; second, Pedunculated Cirr. supported upon a Peduncle. Figs. 14 to 45.
CIRROBRANCHIATA. Bl. The first order of Paracephalophora Hermaphrodita, Bl. This order has been formed for the purpose of giving a place in the system to the genus Dentalium. The animal of which has lungs, consisting of numerous filaments, having their basal origin in two radical lobes under the neck.
CIRRUS. J. Sowerby (cirrus, a tendril.)Fam.Turbinacea, Bl. and Lam.—Descr.Spiral, conical, with a hollow axis; whorls contiguous, numerous, rounded, or slightly angulated.—Obs.This fossil genus resembles Trochus, from which it is known by the deep funnel-shaped umbilicus. Fig. 349, C. nodosus.
CISTULA. Humph.Cyclostoma, Lam.
CLANCULUS. Montf.TrochusPharaonis, Lam.—Obs.This, with several other species, belong more properly toMonodonta, Lam.Odontis, Sow. Fig. 361.
CLATHODON. Conrad.Gnathodon, Gray.
CLAUSILIA. Drap. (Clausium, a valve or folding door.)Fam.Colimacea, Lam. Limacinea, Bl.—Descr.Spire elongated, consisting of many volutions; aperture small, sub quadrate, having several tooth-shaped folds on the columella. A small, elastic, shelly plate, attached to the columella within, called the Clausium, its office being to enclose the aperture when the animal has retired within the shell.—Obs.This last character distinguishes it from the Pupæ, to some of which it bears a very near resemblance.Hab.Land, in the central and southern parts of Europe, several British species. Fig. 295, C. Macascarensis.
CLAUSIUM. A name applied to the beautiful contrivance whence the genus Clausilia derives its name, consisting of a little bony tortuous plate, placed in a groove on the columella. Here it serves the purpose of a door, which, when not prevented by counteracting pressure, springs forward on its elastic ligament, and encloses the animal in his retirement. The aperture is opened by pushing back the clausium into the groove.
CLAUSULUS. Montf. Conch. Syst. 1, 179. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.
CLAVA. Humph.Cerithium, Lam.
CLAVAGELLA. Lam. (Clava, a club.)Fam.Tubicolæ, Lam. Pyloridea, Bl.—Descr.Two irregular flattish valves, one fixed or soldered, so as to form part of the side of an irregular shelly tube; the other free within the tube near the base.—Obs.The shells composing this genus are found in stones, madrepores, &c. and appear to form the connecting link between Aspergillum, which has both valves cemented into the tube; and Fistulana, in which both are free. Fig. 45, a fossil Clavagella. Found recent on the Coast of Malta and New South Wales.
CLAVALITHES. Sw. A genus composed of some fossil shells, separated from the genus Fusus, which, having the general form of Turbinella Rapa, &c. are considered by Swainson, as holding an intermediate station between Fusus and the Turbinellidæ.—Descr."Unequally sub-fusiform; the body whorl, and spire, being conic; and the canal suddenly contracted and attenuated; terminal whorls papillary; inner lip thick; pillar smooth, C. longævus, clavellatus, Noæ, ponderosus, Sw."—Obs.The papillary spire may form a sufficient reason for separating this genus from Fusus, while the absence of plates on the columella places them at a still greater distance from Turbinella.
CLAVATE. When one extremity of the shell is attenuated, and the other becomes suddenly ventricose or globular, it is said to be Clavate.Ex.Murex Haustellum, fig. 396.
CLAVATULA. Lam. The generic name by which Lamarck originally distinguished those species of Pleurotoma which were remarkable for the shortness of their canals. In his system, however, they are re-united to Pleurotoma. Fig. 381, P. Strombiformis.
CLAVICANTHA. Sw. A genus separated from Pleurotoma, Lam. consisting of species, which are described as "thick, sub-fusiform; the surface rugose, and the whorls sub-coronated; channel short; slit assuming the form of a short, broad sinus. C. imperialis, E. M. 440, spirata, E. M. 440, fig. 5, conica, E. M. 439, fig. 9, echinata, E. M. 439, fig. 8, Auriculifera, E. M. 439, fig. 10."
CLAVICLE. (clavis, a key.) A little key. This term is applied to the bony appendage in the hinge of some species of Anatina, (those included in the generic term Lyonsia) Cleidothærus, Myochama, &c.
CLAVULINA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.
CLAVUS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.
CLEIDOTHÆRUS. Hutch. (Θαιρος, hinge,Κλεις, clavicle.)Fam.Chamaceæ or Myariæ, Lam.—Descr.Inequivalve, irregular, solid, attached; with one cardinal, conical tooth in the free valve, entering a corresponding indenture in the other; and an oblong shelly appendage, fixed by an internal cartilage in a groove under the umbones; muscular impressions, two in each valve, one elongated, the other uniform.—Obs.This shell is like Chama in general form, but is distinguished by the clavicle or shelly appendage from which its name is derived. Fig. 75. New South Wales.
CLEODORA.Per. et Les. Fam.Pteropoda, Lam. Thecosomata, Bl.—Descr.Thin, transparent, pyramidal, with flat alate sides, and oval aperture. Fig. 221, C. cuspidata.
CLISIPHONITES. Montf. Microscopic.Lenticulina, Bl.
CLITHON. Montf.NeritinaCorona, spinosa, &c. Auct. fig. 325.
CLITIA. Leach.Fam.Balanidea, Bl.Order, Sessile Cirripedes, Lam.—Descr.Sub-conical, compressed, consisting of four unequal valves, two larger and two smaller, joined together side by side, by the interlocking of their dentated edges, a process somewhat like that which joiners call dove-tailing. Operculum, consisting of two unequal pointed valves.—Obs.Clitia is known from Creusia, by the articulations of the valves, and by the operculum, which in Creusia consists of four valves. Fig. 20. C. Verruca, (Lepas Verruca, Gmelin.) Britain and Peru.
CLOSE. The margins of a bivalve shell are described as being close, when there is no hiatus between them in any part, otherwise they are described asgaping.
CLOTHO. Faujas.Fam.Conchacea, Bl. More properly belonging to the Pyloridea, Bl.; and the Lithophagidæ, Lam.—Descr."Oval, nearly regular, longitudinally striated, equivalve, sub-equilateral; hinge consisting of a bifid tooth, curved like a crochet, larger in one valve than in the other." This description is translated from Blainville, who states that he has never seen the shell. Annales du Museum D'Histoire Naturelle, tom. 9, pl. 17, fig. 4-6.
CLYPEIFORM. (Clypeus, a shield.) Open, flat, shaped like a shield or buckler, as Umbrella, fig. 233, and Parmophorus, fig. 242.
CLYPIDELLA. Sw. A sub-genus of Fissurella, described as having one extremity of the shell slightly raised. C. pustula. Sow. Gen. fig. 3.
COAT OF MAIL. A common name given to shells of the genus Chiton, on account of their resemblance to jointed armour.
COBRESIA. Hübner.Vitrina, Auct.
COCHLIATE. (Cochleare, a spoon). Applied to any shell or part which is hollow and oval, as Patellæ, &c. The cavity containing the cartilage in Mya, fig. 71, is Cochleate.
COCHLICELLA. One of the sub-genera into which De Ferrusac has divided the genus Helix, consisting of Bulinus decollatus, fig. 279, and similar species. See Helix.
COCHLICOPA. Fer. A sub-genus of Helix, partly corresponding with Polyphemus of De Montfort, and consisting of species of Achatina, which have the outer lip undulated.
COCHLITOMA. Fer. A sub-genus of Helix, corresponding with the genus Achatina, Auct. not including those with undulated outer lips.
COCHLODINA. Fer. A sub-genus of Helix, including the genus Clausilia, Auct.
COCHLODONTA. Fer. A sub-genus of Helix, containing Pupa Uva, Auct. &c.
COCHLOGENA. Fer. A sub-genus of Helix, containing pupiform shells, such as Azeca tridens, fig. 290.
COCHLOHYDRA. Fer. A sub-genus of Helix, composed of the genus Succinea, Auct.
COCHLOSTYLA. Fer. A sub-genus of Helix, composed of the genus Bulinus, Auct.
COLIMACEA. Lam. This Family, of the order Trachelipoda, Lam. includes all land shells, which might with propriety be divided into three sections, the first of which contain the following well-known genera:—
1.Succinea.Oval, transparent, oblique; animal amphibious. Fig. 265, 266.2.Helix.The type of which is the common snail shell. The separation ofCarocolla, on account of the angulated whorls, or that ofGeotrochus, on account of the turbinated shape, cannot be well maintained. Fig. 264, 267, 268, 273 to 276, 278 to 281, 294.3.Anostoma.The aperture turned up towards the spire. Fig. 271, 272.4.Streptaxis.Whorls excentric. Fig. 269, 270.5.Bulinus.Oval; aperture entire, includingBulimulus,Balea,Cionella,Azeca. Fig. 282 to 285, 289, 290, 296.6.Achatina.A notch terminating the columella. Fig. 286 to 288.7.Pupa.Cylindrical; includingVertigo,Alæa, &c. Fig. 291 to 293.8.Clausilia.Cylindrical, with a clausium. Fig. 295.Obs.The above are united in the system of De Ferrusac under the generic name Helix, and divided into sub-genera as explained under that word.The next section, included in the family Auriculacea, Bl., contains the genera Auricula, Chilina, Carychium, Marinula, Scarabæus, and Partula. Fig. 297 to 302.The third section contains the following genera of land shells with opercula.1.Cyclostoma.Aperture round; operculum spiral. Fig. 303, 304.2.Nematura.Last whorl contracted; operculum spiral. Fig. 305.3.Helicina.Aperture semi-lunar or angulated; operculum concentric. Fig. 306, 307.4.Pupina.Shell polished; operculum concentric; aperture round. Fig. 524.5.Strophostoma.Aperture turned up towards the spire, like Anostoma, but said to have an operculum. Only known fossil. Fig. 97.
1.Succinea.Oval, transparent, oblique; animal amphibious. Fig. 265, 266.
2.Helix.The type of which is the common snail shell. The separation ofCarocolla, on account of the angulated whorls, or that ofGeotrochus, on account of the turbinated shape, cannot be well maintained. Fig. 264, 267, 268, 273 to 276, 278 to 281, 294.
3.Anostoma.The aperture turned up towards the spire. Fig. 271, 272.
4.Streptaxis.Whorls excentric. Fig. 269, 270.
5.Bulinus.Oval; aperture entire, includingBulimulus,Balea,Cionella,Azeca. Fig. 282 to 285, 289, 290, 296.
6.Achatina.A notch terminating the columella. Fig. 286 to 288.
7.Pupa.Cylindrical; includingVertigo,Alæa, &c. Fig. 291 to 293.
8.Clausilia.Cylindrical, with a clausium. Fig. 295.
Obs.The above are united in the system of De Ferrusac under the generic name Helix, and divided into sub-genera as explained under that word.
The next section, included in the family Auriculacea, Bl., contains the genera Auricula, Chilina, Carychium, Marinula, Scarabæus, and Partula. Fig. 297 to 302.
The third section contains the following genera of land shells with opercula.
1.Cyclostoma.Aperture round; operculum spiral. Fig. 303, 304.
2.Nematura.Last whorl contracted; operculum spiral. Fig. 305.
3.Helicina.Aperture semi-lunar or angulated; operculum concentric. Fig. 306, 307.
4.Pupina.Shell polished; operculum concentric; aperture round. Fig. 524.
5.Strophostoma.Aperture turned up towards the spire, like Anostoma, but said to have an operculum. Only known fossil. Fig. 97.
COLUMBELLA. Auct. (Columba, a dove.)Fam.Columellata, Lam.—Descr.Thick, oval, or angular; with short spire, and long narrow aperture, contracted in the centre, and terminating in a short canal; outer lip thickened and dentated; inner lip irregularly crenated. Epidermis thin, brown. Operculum very small, horny.—Obs.Those species of Mitra, which resemble Columbella in shape, may easily be distinguished by the plaits on the columella. The Columbellæ are marine, and few fossil species are known. Fig. 430, C. Mercatoria. Swainson has divided this genus into the following:Columbella, consisting of C. Mercatoria, &c.;Pusiostoma, consisting of the Strombiform species;Crassispira, which is most probably a Cerithium;Nitidella, consisting of the smooth species;Conidea, consisting of the more conical species; another set of the more conical species has been removed from this family, and placed in that of the "Coninæ," but as they are separated by no essential character, we suppose this has merely been done for the purpose of completing the "circle" of the last mentioned family, which otherwise would not have reached the required number of five. Mediterranean, East and West Indies, South America, Coast of California, Gallapagos, &c.COLUMELLA. A solid column formed by the inner sides of the volutions of a spiral univalve. It is sometimes described as the inner lip of the aperture, of which it forms a part; but the term would be more properly confined to that portion of the inner lip which is seen below the body whorl, over which the remainder of the lip is frequently spread. All the inner edge of the aperture, including that part of it which covers the body whorl, is called the columellar lip. In fig. 431, the anterior termination of the columella is indicated by the letterc. The axis, is an imaginary line drawn strictly through the centre of the whorls, whether their inner edges form a solid column or not.COLUMELLAR LIP. The inner lip. SeeColumella.COLUMELLATA. Lam. A family of the order Trachelipoda, Lam. containing the following genera:—
COLUMBELLA. Auct. (Columba, a dove.)Fam.Columellata, Lam.—Descr.Thick, oval, or angular; with short spire, and long narrow aperture, contracted in the centre, and terminating in a short canal; outer lip thickened and dentated; inner lip irregularly crenated. Epidermis thin, brown. Operculum very small, horny.—Obs.Those species of Mitra, which resemble Columbella in shape, may easily be distinguished by the plaits on the columella. The Columbellæ are marine, and few fossil species are known. Fig. 430, C. Mercatoria. Swainson has divided this genus into the following:Columbella, consisting of C. Mercatoria, &c.;Pusiostoma, consisting of the Strombiform species;Crassispira, which is most probably a Cerithium;Nitidella, consisting of the smooth species;Conidea, consisting of the more conical species; another set of the more conical species has been removed from this family, and placed in that of the "Coninæ," but as they are separated by no essential character, we suppose this has merely been done for the purpose of completing the "circle" of the last mentioned family, which otherwise would not have reached the required number of five. Mediterranean, East and West Indies, South America, Coast of California, Gallapagos, &c.
COLUMELLA. A solid column formed by the inner sides of the volutions of a spiral univalve. It is sometimes described as the inner lip of the aperture, of which it forms a part; but the term would be more properly confined to that portion of the inner lip which is seen below the body whorl, over which the remainder of the lip is frequently spread. All the inner edge of the aperture, including that part of it which covers the body whorl, is called the columellar lip. In fig. 431, the anterior termination of the columella is indicated by the letterc. The axis, is an imaginary line drawn strictly through the centre of the whorls, whether their inner edges form a solid column or not.
COLUMELLAR LIP. The inner lip. SeeColumella.
COLUMELLATA. Lam. A family of the order Trachelipoda, Lam. containing the following genera:—
1.Mitra.Elongated; aperture narrow; strong folds on the columella; includingMitrella,Mitreola,Tiara, andConohelix. Fig. 431, 432.2.Marginella.Outer lip reflected; includingVolutella,Persicula,Gibberula, andGlabella. Fig. 437.3.Columbella.Outer and inner lips denticulated or granulated. Fig. 430.4.Voluta.Outer lip thickened; folds on the columella; aperture generally wide; apex papillary; includingScaphella,Harpula,Volutilithes,Cymbiola. Fig. 433, 436.5.Melo.Shell comparatively light; spire short, sometimes hidden; apex round, spiral; folds on the columella laminar. Fig. 435.6.Cymba.Upper edge of the aperture separated from the body whorl by a flat disc; apex mammillated, irregular; folds on the columella. Fig. 434.7.Volvaria.Cylindrical; aperture long, narrow; folds on the columella; spire hidden. Fig. 439.
1.Mitra.Elongated; aperture narrow; strong folds on the columella; includingMitrella,Mitreola,Tiara, andConohelix. Fig. 431, 432.
2.Marginella.Outer lip reflected; includingVolutella,Persicula,Gibberula, andGlabella. Fig. 437.
3.Columbella.Outer and inner lips denticulated or granulated. Fig. 430.
4.Voluta.Outer lip thickened; folds on the columella; aperture generally wide; apex papillary; includingScaphella,Harpula,Volutilithes,Cymbiola. Fig. 433, 436.
5.Melo.Shell comparatively light; spire short, sometimes hidden; apex round, spiral; folds on the columella laminar. Fig. 435.
6.Cymba.Upper edge of the aperture separated from the body whorl by a flat disc; apex mammillated, irregular; folds on the columella. Fig. 434.
7.Volvaria.Cylindrical; aperture long, narrow; folds on the columella; spire hidden. Fig. 439.
COLUS. Humphrey.Fusus, Lam.COMPLANARIA. Sw. A subgenus ofAlasmodon(Unio), thus described, "shell winged; the valves connate; the bosses very small and depressed; cardinal teeth two or three; lateral teeth represented by irregular grooves. C. gigas (Unio), Sow. Man. fig. 141. Alasmodon complanatus, Say. C. rugosa, Sw."COMPRESSED. Pressed together, or flattened. The application is the same as in common use. A Patella may be described as a vertically compressed cone. A Ranella, on account of the two rows of varices skirting the whorls, appears, as it were, laterally compressed. A bivalve shell is said to be compressed when it is flat, that is, when but a small cavity is left in the deepest part when the valves are closed. Perhaps the Placuna placenta, fig. 184, is the most remarkable instance of this.CONCAMERATIONS. (Con, with,camera, a chamber.) A series of Chambers joining each other, as in Nautilus, Spirula, &c.CONCENTRIC. A term applied to the direction taken by the lines of growth in spiral and other shells, (longitudinalof some authors.) Every fresh layer of shelly matter forms a new circle round an imaginary line, drawn through the centre of the spiral cone, down from the nucleus. When the edges of the successive layers are marked by any external characters, the shell is said to be concentrically striated, banded, grooved, costated, &c. A fine illustration of the latter is to be seen in the Scalaria or Wentletrap, fig. 351, Lines, bands, ribs, &c. in the opposite direction, (transverseof some authors,) are "radiating" in bivalves, as the ribs of Cardium, fig. 123, and "spiral" in univalves, that is, following the direction of the whorls, as the bands of colour in Pyramidella, fig. 342.CONCHACEA. Bl. The eighth family of the order Lamellibranchiata, Bl. The shells are described as follows: nearly always regular, valves closed all round; apices curved towards the anterior; dorsal hinge complete, with teeth and ligament; the latter external or internal, short and thick; two distinct muscular impressions, united at the lower part by a parallel impression, which is frequently sinuated at the posterior. The genera described in this family are divided into three sections. First, those which are regular, and have distant lateral teeth, Cardium, Donax, Tellina, Lucina, Cyclas, Cyprina, Mactra, and Erycina. Second, those which are regular, and have no distant lateral teeth, Crassatella and Venus. Third, those which are irregular, Venerupis, Coralliophaga, Clotho, Corbula, Sphænia, and Ungulina.CONCHACEA. Lam. A family of Lamarck's order Conchifera Dimyaria. Regular, unattached in general, closed at the sides. They are always more or less inequilateral. TheMarineConchacea are those which inhabit the sea. The fluviatile Conchacea are those which are found in rivers, ponds, &c. Each of these contain various genera, which may be arranged as follows:—Fluviatile.
COLUS. Humphrey.Fusus, Lam.
COMPLANARIA. Sw. A subgenus ofAlasmodon(Unio), thus described, "shell winged; the valves connate; the bosses very small and depressed; cardinal teeth two or three; lateral teeth represented by irregular grooves. C. gigas (Unio), Sow. Man. fig. 141. Alasmodon complanatus, Say. C. rugosa, Sw."
COMPRESSED. Pressed together, or flattened. The application is the same as in common use. A Patella may be described as a vertically compressed cone. A Ranella, on account of the two rows of varices skirting the whorls, appears, as it were, laterally compressed. A bivalve shell is said to be compressed when it is flat, that is, when but a small cavity is left in the deepest part when the valves are closed. Perhaps the Placuna placenta, fig. 184, is the most remarkable instance of this.
CONCAMERATIONS. (Con, with,camera, a chamber.) A series of Chambers joining each other, as in Nautilus, Spirula, &c.
CONCENTRIC. A term applied to the direction taken by the lines of growth in spiral and other shells, (longitudinalof some authors.) Every fresh layer of shelly matter forms a new circle round an imaginary line, drawn through the centre of the spiral cone, down from the nucleus. When the edges of the successive layers are marked by any external characters, the shell is said to be concentrically striated, banded, grooved, costated, &c. A fine illustration of the latter is to be seen in the Scalaria or Wentletrap, fig. 351, Lines, bands, ribs, &c. in the opposite direction, (transverseof some authors,) are "radiating" in bivalves, as the ribs of Cardium, fig. 123, and "spiral" in univalves, that is, following the direction of the whorls, as the bands of colour in Pyramidella, fig. 342.
CONCHACEA. Bl. The eighth family of the order Lamellibranchiata, Bl. The shells are described as follows: nearly always regular, valves closed all round; apices curved towards the anterior; dorsal hinge complete, with teeth and ligament; the latter external or internal, short and thick; two distinct muscular impressions, united at the lower part by a parallel impression, which is frequently sinuated at the posterior. The genera described in this family are divided into three sections. First, those which are regular, and have distant lateral teeth, Cardium, Donax, Tellina, Lucina, Cyclas, Cyprina, Mactra, and Erycina. Second, those which are regular, and have no distant lateral teeth, Crassatella and Venus. Third, those which are irregular, Venerupis, Coralliophaga, Clotho, Corbula, Sphænia, and Ungulina.
CONCHACEA. Lam. A family of Lamarck's order Conchifera Dimyaria. Regular, unattached in general, closed at the sides. They are always more or less inequilateral. TheMarineConchacea are those which inhabit the sea. The fluviatile Conchacea are those which are found in rivers, ponds, &c. Each of these contain various genera, which may be arranged as follows:—
Fluviatile.
1.Cyrenella.Three cardinal teeth; ligament long; shell thin. Fig. 114.2.Cyclas.Thin, oval; cardinal and lateral teeth; anterior side shortest, includingPera.3.Pisidium.The same, with the posterior side shortest. Fig. 112.4.Cyrena.Thick; cardinal and lateral teeth. Fig. 113.5.Potamophila.Two thick cardinal teeth. Fig 115.
1.Cyrenella.Three cardinal teeth; ligament long; shell thin. Fig. 114.
2.Cyclas.Thin, oval; cardinal and lateral teeth; anterior side shortest, includingPera.
3.Pisidium.The same, with the posterior side shortest. Fig. 112.
4.Cyrena.Thick; cardinal and lateral teeth. Fig. 113.
5.Potamophila.Two thick cardinal teeth. Fig 115.
Marine.
Marine.
1.Cyprina.Two cardinal teeth, and one remote lateral tooth. Fig. 116.2.Venus.Three cardinal, no lateral teeth; includingArtemis. Fig. 118, 119, 119a.3.Cytherea.Several cardinal teeth; one very short lateral tooth. Fig. 117, 117a, 117b, 117c, 117d.4.Pullastra.Cardinal teeth notched, otherwise like Venus. Fig. 120.5.Astarte.Three cardinal teeth; ligament short. Fig. 110.6.Venericardiabelongs to the Cardiacea.
1.Cyprina.Two cardinal teeth, and one remote lateral tooth. Fig. 116.
2.Venus.Three cardinal, no lateral teeth; includingArtemis. Fig. 118, 119, 119a.
3.Cytherea.Several cardinal teeth; one very short lateral tooth. Fig. 117, 117a, 117b, 117c, 117d.
4.Pullastra.Cardinal teeth notched, otherwise like Venus. Fig. 120.
5.Astarte.Three cardinal teeth; ligament short. Fig. 110.
6.Venericardiabelongs to the Cardiacea.
CONCHIFERA. Lam. The 11th class of Invertebrata, consisting of all those animals which have bivalve shells. Lamarck divides the class into Dimyaria, which have two adductor muscles; and Monomyaria, which have but one.CONCHOLEPAS. Montf. (Concha, a shell; lepas, a stone or rock.)Fam.Purpurifera, Lam. Entomostomata, Bl.—Descr.Oval, imbricated, thick; with a very short spire and large oval patelliform aperture, terminating anteriorly in a slight emargination; outer lip crenated, with two produced points or teeth towards the anterior, inner lip smooth, nearly flat, reflected over the last whorl, so as nearly or entirely to cover it; operculum horny. Marine, only one species known, from Peru.—Obs.This shell is placed near Patella by Lamarck, on account of its large open aperture; but having a horny operculum, and resembling Purpurea in other respects. Fig. 418. Concholepas Peruviana.CONCHOTRYA. Gray. (Concha, a shell;Τρυο, (tryo) to bore.)Order, Pedunculated Cirripedes, Lam.—Descr.Five pieces, two pairs ventral, one single; shaped like Pentelasmis. Found in holes.CONCHYLIOMORPHITE. A term used by De Blainville to designate the cast or model of a fossil shell, formed by a siliceous substance which has entered or surrounded it when in a liquid state, and subsequently become hardened into flint. The shell has afterwards decomposed or fallen off by accident, leaving its external or internal characters to be conjectured from the monumental impressions that remain.CONCHYTA. Hupsch Mus.Calceola, Lam.CONE. A common name for shells of the genus Conus.CONE. This mathematical term is used by conchologists in its utmost latitude of signification to express a body, which in its formation, commences in a small point, called the apex, and increases in width towards the conclusion or base. It is applied to all shells, whether the increase in width be gradual or sudden; or whether in its growth, it takes a straight, oblique, curved, or spirally-twisted course. In this sense, a bivalve would be described as a pair of rapidly enlarging, oblique cones, and the aperture of every spiral shell would be its base. But this phraseology being in disuse, it is only mentioned here that it may be understood when occasionally met with.CONELLA. Sw. A genus composed of species of the genus Columbella, Lam. which have a conical form, and which, on that account, are considered by Swainson as belonging to his family of Coninæ. Swains. Lardner. Cyclop. Malac. described at p. 312. C. picata, Sw. fig. 17, a. p. 151.CONFLUENT. A term applied to two parts of a shell when they gradually flow into each other, as, for instance, the inner and outer lips of Univalves when they pass into each other at the anterior extremity, without the intervention of a notch or angle.CONIA. Leach.Fam.Balanidea.Order, Sessile Cirripedes, Lam.—Descr.Four rather irregular valves, of porous structure, placed side by side, so as to form a circular cone, supported at the base on a shelly plate, and closed at the aperture by an operculum consisting of four valves in pairs. Distinguished from Creusia by its porous structure and by its flat support; that of Creusia being cup-shaped. Fig. 21, Conia porosa.CONICAL. A term applied in the ordinary sense, and not as explained above, under the wordCone.CONIDEA. Sw. A genus separated from Columbella, Lam. thus described, "Mitra shaped, fusiform; spire equal or longer than the aperture; the whorls tumid; outer lip slightly gibbous above, contracted below; margin not inflected; striated within; inner lip terminating in an elevated ridge, but with the teeth obsolete. C. semipunctata, (Columbella, Lam.) Mart. 44. fig. 465, 466." Africa.CONILITES.Fam.Orthocerata, Lam. & Bl.—Descr."Conical, straight or slightly curved; having a thin external covering, independent of the nut or alveole, which it contains. Alveole transversely chambered, sub-separable." (Translated from Lam.)—Obs.The difference between Belemnites and Conilites is that the external sheath of the latter is thin, and not filled up with solid matter, from the point of the alveole to the apex, as in the former. De Blainville places in this genus the genera Thalamulus, Achelois and Antimomus, Montf. two of which are figured, Knor. Sup. Fab. iv. fig. 1. 1. 8. 9. Conilites Pyramidatus, fig. 470.CONILITHES. Sw. A sub-genus of Coronaxis, Sw. (Coni, with coronated whorls) thus described, "Conic; spire considerably elevated; the aperture linear, C. antediluvianus, Sow. Gen. f. 1."CONOHELIX. Sw. (Conus and Helix.) The generic name given to those species of Mitra which are conical in form. Fig. 432, C. marmorata.CONOPLÆA. Say.Order, Sessile Cirripedes, Lam. A genus composed of Balani, attached to the stems of Gorgonia, having their bases elongated.Ex.fig. 27, Balanus Galeatus.CONORBIS. Sw. A genus composed of species ofConus, such as C. dormitor, (Sowerby, gen. fig. 8) which have elevated spires and the upper part of the outer lip deeply sinuated. Mr. Swainson considers these fossil species as analogous to the Pleurotomæ.Sw.Lard. Cyclop. Malac. p. 312.CONOVULUM. A genus proposed by Lamarck, to include the small, conical species of Auricula, which have the outer lip simple. This genus was afterwards abandoned by the author.Ex.fig. 298, Auricula coniformis.CONTIGUOUS. (Contingo, to touch.) A term applied to the whorls of spiral shells when they rest upon, or touch each other. This is the case in a great majority of instances. When, on the contrary, there is a space between the whorls, they are said to be non-contiguous, detached, or free. Examples of non-contiguous whorls are to be seen in Scalaria, fig. 351 (in this case, the distance between the whorls is small), and in Crioceratites, fig. 482. A "Columella contiguous to the axis," is when in the centre of the shell and takes the place of the imaginary line which forms its axis.CONTINUOUS. Carried on without interruption, as the siphon in Spirula, the varices in Ranella, fig. 394, which, occurring in a corresponding part of each whorl, form a continuous ridge.CONULARIA. Miller. A genus of Orthocerata, described as conical, straight, or nearly so, divided into chambers by imperforate septa; aperture half closed; apex solid, obtuse; external surface finely striated. Resembling Orthoceras, but wanting the siphon. Fig. 449.CONUS. Auct. (Κωνος, a cone.)Fam.Enroulées, Lam. Angyostomata, Bl.—Descr.Conical, convolute, with a short spire, consisting of numerous whorls; and narrow lengthened aperture, terminating in a slight emargination at each extremity; outer lip thin; epidermis thin; operculum small, pointed, horny.—Obs.This well-known genus of shells is easily distinguished from any other, by its conical form, its smooth columella, its narrow aperture, and thin outer lip. The form of the spire varies from flat and even partially concave, to a regular pyramidal cone; and the upper edges of the whorls are rounded in some species, angulated in others, and in some are waved or coronated. The variety of marking and the numerous delicate tints of these shells have caused them to be highly appreciated by amateur collectors; and many species, as the C. Ammiralis, or admiral; the C. Gloria Maris, or Glory of the Sea; the C. Cedonulli ("I yield to none"), and others, have always produced good prices in the markets. We give figures of the principal forms, as expressed in the genera proposed by De Montfort, of Rhombus, Hermes, Rollus and Cylinder, in figures 459 to 462. Many new species were brought to this country by Mr. Cuming, and are represented in parts 24, 25, 28, 29; 32, 33, 36, 37; 54, 55, 56, 57; 147, 148; 151 to 158 of the Conchological Illustrations, by G. B. Sowerby, jun. SeeCoronaxis, Swainson. The cones are mostly tropical, some are found as far north as the Mediterranean, and south as the Cape of Good Hope. The most beautiful species are from the East and West Indies.CONVOLUTÆ. (Enroulées, Lam.) A family of the 2nd section of the order Trachelipoda, Lam. the genera of which may be distinguished as follows:—
CONCHIFERA. Lam. The 11th class of Invertebrata, consisting of all those animals which have bivalve shells. Lamarck divides the class into Dimyaria, which have two adductor muscles; and Monomyaria, which have but one.
CONCHOLEPAS. Montf. (Concha, a shell; lepas, a stone or rock.)Fam.Purpurifera, Lam. Entomostomata, Bl.—Descr.Oval, imbricated, thick; with a very short spire and large oval patelliform aperture, terminating anteriorly in a slight emargination; outer lip crenated, with two produced points or teeth towards the anterior, inner lip smooth, nearly flat, reflected over the last whorl, so as nearly or entirely to cover it; operculum horny. Marine, only one species known, from Peru.—Obs.This shell is placed near Patella by Lamarck, on account of its large open aperture; but having a horny operculum, and resembling Purpurea in other respects. Fig. 418. Concholepas Peruviana.
CONCHOTRYA. Gray. (Concha, a shell;Τρυο, (tryo) to bore.)Order, Pedunculated Cirripedes, Lam.—Descr.Five pieces, two pairs ventral, one single; shaped like Pentelasmis. Found in holes.
CONCHYLIOMORPHITE. A term used by De Blainville to designate the cast or model of a fossil shell, formed by a siliceous substance which has entered or surrounded it when in a liquid state, and subsequently become hardened into flint. The shell has afterwards decomposed or fallen off by accident, leaving its external or internal characters to be conjectured from the monumental impressions that remain.
CONCHYTA. Hupsch Mus.Calceola, Lam.
CONE. A common name for shells of the genus Conus.
CONE. This mathematical term is used by conchologists in its utmost latitude of signification to express a body, which in its formation, commences in a small point, called the apex, and increases in width towards the conclusion or base. It is applied to all shells, whether the increase in width be gradual or sudden; or whether in its growth, it takes a straight, oblique, curved, or spirally-twisted course. In this sense, a bivalve would be described as a pair of rapidly enlarging, oblique cones, and the aperture of every spiral shell would be its base. But this phraseology being in disuse, it is only mentioned here that it may be understood when occasionally met with.
CONELLA. Sw. A genus composed of species of the genus Columbella, Lam. which have a conical form, and which, on that account, are considered by Swainson as belonging to his family of Coninæ. Swains. Lardner. Cyclop. Malac. described at p. 312. C. picata, Sw. fig. 17, a. p. 151.
CONFLUENT. A term applied to two parts of a shell when they gradually flow into each other, as, for instance, the inner and outer lips of Univalves when they pass into each other at the anterior extremity, without the intervention of a notch or angle.
CONIA. Leach.Fam.Balanidea.Order, Sessile Cirripedes, Lam.—Descr.Four rather irregular valves, of porous structure, placed side by side, so as to form a circular cone, supported at the base on a shelly plate, and closed at the aperture by an operculum consisting of four valves in pairs. Distinguished from Creusia by its porous structure and by its flat support; that of Creusia being cup-shaped. Fig. 21, Conia porosa.
CONICAL. A term applied in the ordinary sense, and not as explained above, under the wordCone.
CONIDEA. Sw. A genus separated from Columbella, Lam. thus described, "Mitra shaped, fusiform; spire equal or longer than the aperture; the whorls tumid; outer lip slightly gibbous above, contracted below; margin not inflected; striated within; inner lip terminating in an elevated ridge, but with the teeth obsolete. C. semipunctata, (Columbella, Lam.) Mart. 44. fig. 465, 466." Africa.
CONILITES.Fam.Orthocerata, Lam. & Bl.—Descr."Conical, straight or slightly curved; having a thin external covering, independent of the nut or alveole, which it contains. Alveole transversely chambered, sub-separable." (Translated from Lam.)—Obs.The difference between Belemnites and Conilites is that the external sheath of the latter is thin, and not filled up with solid matter, from the point of the alveole to the apex, as in the former. De Blainville places in this genus the genera Thalamulus, Achelois and Antimomus, Montf. two of which are figured, Knor. Sup. Fab. iv. fig. 1. 1. 8. 9. Conilites Pyramidatus, fig. 470.
CONILITHES. Sw. A sub-genus of Coronaxis, Sw. (Coni, with coronated whorls) thus described, "Conic; spire considerably elevated; the aperture linear, C. antediluvianus, Sow. Gen. f. 1."
CONOHELIX. Sw. (Conus and Helix.) The generic name given to those species of Mitra which are conical in form. Fig. 432, C. marmorata.
CONOPLÆA. Say.Order, Sessile Cirripedes, Lam. A genus composed of Balani, attached to the stems of Gorgonia, having their bases elongated.Ex.fig. 27, Balanus Galeatus.
CONORBIS. Sw. A genus composed of species ofConus, such as C. dormitor, (Sowerby, gen. fig. 8) which have elevated spires and the upper part of the outer lip deeply sinuated. Mr. Swainson considers these fossil species as analogous to the Pleurotomæ.Sw.Lard. Cyclop. Malac. p. 312.
CONOVULUM. A genus proposed by Lamarck, to include the small, conical species of Auricula, which have the outer lip simple. This genus was afterwards abandoned by the author.Ex.fig. 298, Auricula coniformis.
CONTIGUOUS. (Contingo, to touch.) A term applied to the whorls of spiral shells when they rest upon, or touch each other. This is the case in a great majority of instances. When, on the contrary, there is a space between the whorls, they are said to be non-contiguous, detached, or free. Examples of non-contiguous whorls are to be seen in Scalaria, fig. 351 (in this case, the distance between the whorls is small), and in Crioceratites, fig. 482. A "Columella contiguous to the axis," is when in the centre of the shell and takes the place of the imaginary line which forms its axis.
CONTINUOUS. Carried on without interruption, as the siphon in Spirula, the varices in Ranella, fig. 394, which, occurring in a corresponding part of each whorl, form a continuous ridge.
CONULARIA. Miller. A genus of Orthocerata, described as conical, straight, or nearly so, divided into chambers by imperforate septa; aperture half closed; apex solid, obtuse; external surface finely striated. Resembling Orthoceras, but wanting the siphon. Fig. 449.
CONUS. Auct. (Κωνος, a cone.)Fam.Enroulées, Lam. Angyostomata, Bl.—Descr.Conical, convolute, with a short spire, consisting of numerous whorls; and narrow lengthened aperture, terminating in a slight emargination at each extremity; outer lip thin; epidermis thin; operculum small, pointed, horny.—Obs.This well-known genus of shells is easily distinguished from any other, by its conical form, its smooth columella, its narrow aperture, and thin outer lip. The form of the spire varies from flat and even partially concave, to a regular pyramidal cone; and the upper edges of the whorls are rounded in some species, angulated in others, and in some are waved or coronated. The variety of marking and the numerous delicate tints of these shells have caused them to be highly appreciated by amateur collectors; and many species, as the C. Ammiralis, or admiral; the C. Gloria Maris, or Glory of the Sea; the C. Cedonulli ("I yield to none"), and others, have always produced good prices in the markets. We give figures of the principal forms, as expressed in the genera proposed by De Montfort, of Rhombus, Hermes, Rollus and Cylinder, in figures 459 to 462. Many new species were brought to this country by Mr. Cuming, and are represented in parts 24, 25, 28, 29; 32, 33, 36, 37; 54, 55, 56, 57; 147, 148; 151 to 158 of the Conchological Illustrations, by G. B. Sowerby, jun. SeeCoronaxis, Swainson. The cones are mostly tropical, some are found as far north as the Mediterranean, and south as the Cape of Good Hope. The most beautiful species are from the East and West Indies.
CONVOLUTÆ. (Enroulées, Lam.) A family of the 2nd section of the order Trachelipoda, Lam. the genera of which may be distinguished as follows:—
1.Cypræa.Lips thickened, inflected, with teeth; spire hidden, includingCypræovulum,Luponia,Trivia. Fig. 444 to 450.2.Ovulum.Lips thickened, inflected, with slight crenulations; spire hidden. Fig. 440 to 443.3.Erato.Lips thickened, inflected; spire visible; a groove down the back. Fig. 454.4.Terebellum.Cylindrical, open at the anterior extremity; columella smooth; suture of the spire canaliculated. Fig. 451, 452.5.Oliva.Columella plaited, swelled into a varix at the anterior. Fig. 457, 458.6.Ancillaria.The same, but the suture of the spire covered with enamel. Fig. 455, 456.7.Conus.Turbinated, numerous whorls; spire flat or short, conical; columella smooth. Fig 459 to 462.
1.Cypræa.Lips thickened, inflected, with teeth; spire hidden, includingCypræovulum,Luponia,Trivia. Fig. 444 to 450.
2.Ovulum.Lips thickened, inflected, with slight crenulations; spire hidden. Fig. 440 to 443.
3.Erato.Lips thickened, inflected; spire visible; a groove down the back. Fig. 454.
4.Terebellum.Cylindrical, open at the anterior extremity; columella smooth; suture of the spire canaliculated. Fig. 451, 452.
5.Oliva.Columella plaited, swelled into a varix at the anterior. Fig. 457, 458.
6.Ancillaria.The same, but the suture of the spire covered with enamel. Fig. 455, 456.
7.Conus.Turbinated, numerous whorls; spire flat or short, conical; columella smooth. Fig 459 to 462.
CONVOLUTE. (Con, together;volvo, to revolve). This term can be strictly applied only to symmetrical shells, signifying that the volutions are parallel to each other in a horizontal direction, as in the Ammonites, &c.; but the term is also commonly used in describing such shells as Conus, in which, the direction of the whorls being scarcely oblique, the last whorl almost entirely covers those which precede it. This is the case with Lamarck's family of Enroulées. Fig. 440 to 462.CORALLIOPHAGA. Bl.CypricardiaCoralliophaga, Lam.—Descr.Oval, elongated, finely striated from the apex to the base, cylindrical, equivalve, very inequilateral; umbones slightly raised and quite anterior; hinge nearly the same in both valves; two small cardinal teeth, one of which is bifid, placed before a kind of lammellated tooth, beneath a very slender external ligament; two small, distant, muscular impressions, united by a striated palleal impression, which is strongly striated posteriorly.—Obs.This shell, which is found in the empty holes of dead Lithodomi, in some instances conforming its shape to its situation, differs from Cypricardia of Lamarck, principally in its cylindrical form. C. Carditoidea, fig. 92. Mediterranean and East Indies.CORBICULA. Megerle.Cyrena, Lam.CORBIS. Cuv. (A basket.)Fam.Nymphacea, Lam.—Descr.Transverse, oval, thick, ventricose, equivalve, sub-equilateral, free, cancellated, with denticulated internal margins; hinge with two cardinal and two lateral teeth in each valve; of the latter, one near and one remote from the umbones; muscular impressions lunulate, two in each valve, united by an entire palleal impression, without a sinus.—Obs.This genus, of which only two or three recent species are known, resembles many species of Venus and Cytherea in general form; but differs in having lateral teeth, and in the palleal impressions which in all the Veneres, &c. is sinuated. From Lucina it may be known, not only by its oval form, but also by the muscular impressions, which, in Lucina are produced into an elongated point; it will also be distinguished from Tellina, by the want of a posterior fold in the valve, for which that genus is remarkable. C. Fimbriata, fig. 101, is an inhabitant of the Indian Ocean. Several fossil species are found in the recent formations, above the chalk, at Grignon and Hauteville.CORBULA. Brug. (A little basket.)Fam.Corbulacea, Lam. Conchacea, Bl.—Descr.Inequivalve, sub-equilateral, transverse, gibbose, not gaping; cardinal tooth in each valve, conical, curved, prominent, inserting its extremity into a pit in the opposite hinge; cartilage attached to the tooth of the smaller valve, and the pit in the larger; muscular impressions, two in each valve, distant, rather irregular; palleal impression posteriorly angulated.—Obs.The shells composing this genus were placed in Mya by Linnæus, but differ from the true Myæ in having a sinus in the palleal impression, and a prominent ligamentiferous tooth in each valve, whereas the Myæ have but one. The Corbulæ are marine, some species inhabiting the British coasts. Fossil species occur abundantly in green sand, London clay, crag, and corresponding formations. Fig. 89. C. Nucleus.CORBULACEA. (Corbulées, Lam.) A family of the order Conchifera Dimyaria, Lam., containing the genera—
CONVOLUTE. (Con, together;volvo, to revolve). This term can be strictly applied only to symmetrical shells, signifying that the volutions are parallel to each other in a horizontal direction, as in the Ammonites, &c.; but the term is also commonly used in describing such shells as Conus, in which, the direction of the whorls being scarcely oblique, the last whorl almost entirely covers those which precede it. This is the case with Lamarck's family of Enroulées. Fig. 440 to 462.
CORALLIOPHAGA. Bl.CypricardiaCoralliophaga, Lam.—Descr.Oval, elongated, finely striated from the apex to the base, cylindrical, equivalve, very inequilateral; umbones slightly raised and quite anterior; hinge nearly the same in both valves; two small cardinal teeth, one of which is bifid, placed before a kind of lammellated tooth, beneath a very slender external ligament; two small, distant, muscular impressions, united by a striated palleal impression, which is strongly striated posteriorly.—Obs.This shell, which is found in the empty holes of dead Lithodomi, in some instances conforming its shape to its situation, differs from Cypricardia of Lamarck, principally in its cylindrical form. C. Carditoidea, fig. 92. Mediterranean and East Indies.
CORBICULA. Megerle.Cyrena, Lam.
CORBIS. Cuv. (A basket.)Fam.Nymphacea, Lam.—Descr.Transverse, oval, thick, ventricose, equivalve, sub-equilateral, free, cancellated, with denticulated internal margins; hinge with two cardinal and two lateral teeth in each valve; of the latter, one near and one remote from the umbones; muscular impressions lunulate, two in each valve, united by an entire palleal impression, without a sinus.—Obs.This genus, of which only two or three recent species are known, resembles many species of Venus and Cytherea in general form; but differs in having lateral teeth, and in the palleal impressions which in all the Veneres, &c. is sinuated. From Lucina it may be known, not only by its oval form, but also by the muscular impressions, which, in Lucina are produced into an elongated point; it will also be distinguished from Tellina, by the want of a posterior fold in the valve, for which that genus is remarkable. C. Fimbriata, fig. 101, is an inhabitant of the Indian Ocean. Several fossil species are found in the recent formations, above the chalk, at Grignon and Hauteville.
CORBULA. Brug. (A little basket.)Fam.Corbulacea, Lam. Conchacea, Bl.—Descr.Inequivalve, sub-equilateral, transverse, gibbose, not gaping; cardinal tooth in each valve, conical, curved, prominent, inserting its extremity into a pit in the opposite hinge; cartilage attached to the tooth of the smaller valve, and the pit in the larger; muscular impressions, two in each valve, distant, rather irregular; palleal impression posteriorly angulated.—Obs.The shells composing this genus were placed in Mya by Linnæus, but differ from the true Myæ in having a sinus in the palleal impression, and a prominent ligamentiferous tooth in each valve, whereas the Myæ have but one. The Corbulæ are marine, some species inhabiting the British coasts. Fossil species occur abundantly in green sand, London clay, crag, and corresponding formations. Fig. 89. C. Nucleus.
CORBULACEA. (Corbulées, Lam.) A family of the order Conchifera Dimyaria, Lam., containing the genera—
1.Corbula, with a prominent curved tooth. The Fresh-water species has been separated under the namePotamomya. Fig. 89.2.Pandora.Thin, pearly, no teeth. Fig. 90.
1.Corbula, with a prominent curved tooth. The Fresh-water species has been separated under the namePotamomya. Fig. 89.
2.Pandora.Thin, pearly, no teeth. Fig. 90.