APPENDIX.ANALYSIS, USES AND HEAT TREATMENT OF VARIOUS GRADES OF TOOL STEELS.Providing the many complications and difficulties which accompany the melting, hammering, rolling, annealing, inspecting and finishing operations, have been successfully accomplished, the chemical analysis of the best grades of tool steel should come within the following limits:TYPICAL ANALYSIS OF HIGH SPEED STEEL.Carbon.66%Tungsten18.01%Chromium4.50%Vanadium.98%Phosphorus.023%Sulphur.021%Manganese.285%Silicon.228%Iron (by deduction)75.293%USES.Turning, Boring, Planing, Slotting, Shaping Tools. Also Twist Drills, Milling Cutters, Gear Cutters, Taps, Reamers, Special Dies, etc.HEAT TREATMENT.Heat slowly in pre-heater to 1700 degrees Fahrenheit. Then rapidly in superheater to 2300 degrees Fahrenheit, taking care not to burn or fuse delicate projections on special tools. Harden either in air blast, or in good clean oil; keeping tool in motion. In all cases merely theendof the tool to white heat. Draw in oil from 400 degrees Fahrenheit to 600 degrees Fahrenheit.TYPICAL ANALYSIS OF DIE STEEL FOR HOT WORK.Carbon.39%Tungsten8.41%Chromium2.10%Phosphorus.019%Sulphur.017%Manganese.315%Silicon.234%Iron (by deduction)88.515%USES.Hot shear blades, hot punches, header and gripper dies; used in bolt and rivet making. Also excellent for compression sets and in general for all hot work.HEAT TREATMENT.Will stand high hardening heats, similar to high speed steel, 1700 degrees Fahrenheit and then 2300 degrees Fahrenheit. Harden either in air or oil. Keep away from water. Draw to 500 degrees Fahrenheit.TYPICAL ANALYSIS OF SPECIAL ALLOY STEEL.Carbon.78%Vanadium.29%Phosphorus.014%Sulphur.016%Manganese.324%Silicon.296%Iron (by deduction)98.28%USES.Specially useful in tools subject to shock, such as hand and pneumatic chisels, boilermakers caulking tools and rivet sets. Also for cold upsetting dies, cold punches, shear blades and stamping dies. A special grade of this steel makes excellent taps.HEAT TREATMENT.Heat slowly to a low red, about 1400 degrees Fahrenheit, or if low carbon content to 1500 degrees Fahrenheit; being very careful not to over-heat. Quench in good clean tempered water; keeping tool constantly in motion. Draw from 250 degrees Fahrenheit to 400 degrees Fahrenheit.TYPICAL ANALYSIS OF FAST FINISHING SEMI-HIGH SPEED.Carbon1.28%Tungsten3.56%Phosphorus.021%Sulphur.019%Manganese.316%Silicon.271%Iron (by deduction)94.533%USES.Do not confuse the High Speed, although excellent for turning chilled cast iron, clean finishing cuts. Especially adapted for taps and reamers, as well as for tools for brass, bronze, aluminum, copper and chilled roll turning.HEAT TREATMENT.Heat slowly to full bright red, 1425 degrees Fahrenheit to 1500 degrees Fahrenheit. Quench in luke warm water. Keep tool constantly in motion. Draw to not over 300 degrees Fahrenheit.TYPICAL ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE CARBON TOOL STEEL.Carbon1.12%Phosphorus.009%Sulphur.011%Manganese.254%Silicon.213%Iron (by deduction)98.393%USES.General tool room usagewith moderate cutting speeds. Excellent lathe, planer, and shaper tools, drills, shear blades (for cold work only) punches, chisels, files and mining tools.HEAT TREATMENT.Heat slowly to Low Red heat, approximately 1375 degrees Fahrenheit (the higher the carbon the lower the heat). Care not to over-heat. Quench in good clean luke warm water. Draw to not over 350 degrees Fahrenheit.TYPICAL ANALYSIS OF NON-SHRINKING OIL HARDENING STEEL.Carbon.91%Phosphorus.016%Sulphur.019%Manganese1.62%Silicon.31%Iron (by deduction)97.125%USES.Threading dies, chasers, taps, reamers, and all master tools. For gauges, plugs, etc. Especially adapted for stamping, punching, trimming dies and many other uses where it is necessary to overcome shrinking, warping or change of shape.HEAT TREATMENT.Heat very slowly to pre-heating temperature of 1200 degrees Fahrenheit, then to hardening temperature from 1360 degrees Fahrenheit to 1425 degrees Fahrenheit, depending upon size of piece being treated.Harden in lard, linseed or cottonseed oil; preferably fish oil. Do not quench in water.Draw cutting tools, taps and reamers at 250 degrees to 300 degrees Fahrenheit. Large tools such as blanking and stamping dies at 400 degrees to 450 degrees Fahrenheit.TYPICAL ANALYSIS OF SPECIAL HOT WORK ALLOY STEEL.Carbon.86%Chromium3.71%Phosphorus.023%Sulphur.019%Manganese.381%Silicon.267%Iron (by deduction)94.740%USES.An excellent composition for hot work in service for grippers, headers, hot punches, hot shear blades and similar tools. Especially valuable in structural steel and boiler shop work. Rivet sets and bull dies made from a steel of this composition ought to resist breaking and battering.HEAT TREATMENT.Very flexible hardening in air, oil or water. If air is used heat to 1675 degrees to 1750 degrees Fahrenheit and place under dry air blast, or stand in cool place. To harden in oil, heat to 1500 degrees to 1550 degrees Fahrenheit and quench in thin oil. To harden in water, heat to 1475 degrees Fahrenheit to 1525 degrees Fahrenheit and quench in cool water. Draw from 250 degrees to 300 degrees Fahrenheit.
APPENDIX.
ANALYSIS, USES AND HEAT TREATMENT OF VARIOUS GRADES OF TOOL STEELS.
Providing the many complications and difficulties which accompany the melting, hammering, rolling, annealing, inspecting and finishing operations, have been successfully accomplished, the chemical analysis of the best grades of tool steel should come within the following limits:
TYPICAL ANALYSIS OF HIGH SPEED STEEL.
USES.
Turning, Boring, Planing, Slotting, Shaping Tools. Also Twist Drills, Milling Cutters, Gear Cutters, Taps, Reamers, Special Dies, etc.
HEAT TREATMENT.
Heat slowly in pre-heater to 1700 degrees Fahrenheit. Then rapidly in superheater to 2300 degrees Fahrenheit, taking care not to burn or fuse delicate projections on special tools. Harden either in air blast, or in good clean oil; keeping tool in motion. In all cases merely theendof the tool to white heat. Draw in oil from 400 degrees Fahrenheit to 600 degrees Fahrenheit.
TYPICAL ANALYSIS OF DIE STEEL FOR HOT WORK.
USES.
Hot shear blades, hot punches, header and gripper dies; used in bolt and rivet making. Also excellent for compression sets and in general for all hot work.
HEAT TREATMENT.
Will stand high hardening heats, similar to high speed steel, 1700 degrees Fahrenheit and then 2300 degrees Fahrenheit. Harden either in air or oil. Keep away from water. Draw to 500 degrees Fahrenheit.
TYPICAL ANALYSIS OF SPECIAL ALLOY STEEL.
USES.
Specially useful in tools subject to shock, such as hand and pneumatic chisels, boilermakers caulking tools and rivet sets. Also for cold upsetting dies, cold punches, shear blades and stamping dies. A special grade of this steel makes excellent taps.
HEAT TREATMENT.
Heat slowly to a low red, about 1400 degrees Fahrenheit, or if low carbon content to 1500 degrees Fahrenheit; being very careful not to over-heat. Quench in good clean tempered water; keeping tool constantly in motion. Draw from 250 degrees Fahrenheit to 400 degrees Fahrenheit.
TYPICAL ANALYSIS OF FAST FINISHING SEMI-HIGH SPEED.
USES.
Do not confuse the High Speed, although excellent for turning chilled cast iron, clean finishing cuts. Especially adapted for taps and reamers, as well as for tools for brass, bronze, aluminum, copper and chilled roll turning.
HEAT TREATMENT.
Heat slowly to full bright red, 1425 degrees Fahrenheit to 1500 degrees Fahrenheit. Quench in luke warm water. Keep tool constantly in motion. Draw to not over 300 degrees Fahrenheit.
TYPICAL ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE CARBON TOOL STEEL.
USES.
General tool room usagewith moderate cutting speeds. Excellent lathe, planer, and shaper tools, drills, shear blades (for cold work only) punches, chisels, files and mining tools.
HEAT TREATMENT.
Heat slowly to Low Red heat, approximately 1375 degrees Fahrenheit (the higher the carbon the lower the heat). Care not to over-heat. Quench in good clean luke warm water. Draw to not over 350 degrees Fahrenheit.
TYPICAL ANALYSIS OF NON-SHRINKING OIL HARDENING STEEL.
USES.
Threading dies, chasers, taps, reamers, and all master tools. For gauges, plugs, etc. Especially adapted for stamping, punching, trimming dies and many other uses where it is necessary to overcome shrinking, warping or change of shape.
HEAT TREATMENT.
Heat very slowly to pre-heating temperature of 1200 degrees Fahrenheit, then to hardening temperature from 1360 degrees Fahrenheit to 1425 degrees Fahrenheit, depending upon size of piece being treated.
Harden in lard, linseed or cottonseed oil; preferably fish oil. Do not quench in water.
Draw cutting tools, taps and reamers at 250 degrees to 300 degrees Fahrenheit. Large tools such as blanking and stamping dies at 400 degrees to 450 degrees Fahrenheit.
TYPICAL ANALYSIS OF SPECIAL HOT WORK ALLOY STEEL.
USES.
An excellent composition for hot work in service for grippers, headers, hot punches, hot shear blades and similar tools. Especially valuable in structural steel and boiler shop work. Rivet sets and bull dies made from a steel of this composition ought to resist breaking and battering.
HEAT TREATMENT.
Very flexible hardening in air, oil or water. If air is used heat to 1675 degrees to 1750 degrees Fahrenheit and place under dry air blast, or stand in cool place. To harden in oil, heat to 1500 degrees to 1550 degrees Fahrenheit and quench in thin oil. To harden in water, heat to 1475 degrees Fahrenheit to 1525 degrees Fahrenheit and quench in cool water. Draw from 250 degrees to 300 degrees Fahrenheit.