Steel.—Since writing the article atpage 214, I have had an opportunity of analysing the crystalline steel, formed by Mr. Macintosh’s process of cementation by means of coal gas. I dissolved 21 grains of this steel in sulphuric acid, with only a very slight excess of acid. The whole was dissolved except about ⅒ of a grain of silvery-like particles. The gas obtained amounted to 29.6 cubic inches. It yielded no trace of carbonic acid. When fired with oxygen it yielded 3 per cent. upon the volume of hydrogen of carbonic acid; and this arose, as I ascertained, from the hydrogen containing 3 per cent of carburetted hydrogen gas: it contained no carbonic oxide. Supposing the carbone to have been combined with the iron, it would amount only to about ⅝ of a grain, to 100 grains of iron. Whether such a quantity can be deemed an essential or an accidental ingredient of steel, may be a subject of consideration.
By a mistake of the Printer, the following paragraphs were omitted afterpage 308.
EXAMPLE.
According to the following values of the different specific gravities, (of the accuracy of some of which there may be doubts) and referring to my essay on oil gas (Manchester Memoirs, Vol. 4, new series, page 79,) we may take the oil gas, which, when the incombustible portion was abstracted would be nearly .812 sp. gravity, and
100 pure gas give 152 carb. acid and take 248 oxygen;
Herew= 100,a= 152,g= 248,S= 1.458,f= .555,c= .972s= .0694 andC= .812. The value ofureduces to the following form;
hydrogen per cent. of pure combustible gas.
Hence we have 75.5 volumes left for the 3 other ingredients =wof the formula; and abstracting 12 + from the oxygen on account of the hydrogen,g= 236, anda= 152 as above.
These results differ considerably from those deduced in the above essay; probably in part from errors in the above estimates of the specific gravities of one or more of the gases.
I am not aware of any particular labour that has recently been given to the enquiry how far pure liquids accord with each other in the law which I announced as derived from the experiments on water and mercury, and corroborated by those upon several other liquids. See Vol. 1, Table of temperature, page 14; also page 36, and following.
Perhaps all liquids should be considered aspurethat are subject to uniform congelation at certain temperatures on the one hand, and on the other are capable of being distilled by heat without any alteration in their constitution. Water and mercury will rank in the first place; alcohol of .82 specific gravity and ether of .72;concentrated sulphuric acid; nitric acid of 1.42 specific gravity: naphtha and oil of turpentine, &c. will probably be thought to claim the next place. It is desirable that the temperatures at which these liquids congeal should be ascertained; also whether any decomposition is effected by the operation. If these expand proportionally to a scale of square numbers for certain given equal or unequal intervals of temperature, it may point out something relative to the collocation of the ultimate particles in liquids. The apparent coincidence of this rate of expansion in liquids, with the geometrical progressive force of steams or vapours creates an additional interest. It may be that most or all of these supposed relations are accidental, and only approximative like that of the rate of expansion of air and mercury, between the temperatures of -40° and 212°; but I cannot think this probable. Even should they be only approximations, they are of sufficient utility to be kept in view.
FINIS.
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Footnotes:[1]Manchester Memoirs, Vol. II. (second series.)[2]7.9 when duly corrected. Annal. de Chimie, 78—114.[3]Memoirs d’Arcueil 2—168.[4]Kirwan’s Mineralogy.[5]Annals of Philosophy, Vol. 3, p. 333.[6]Philos. Trans. 1802.[7]Jour. de Physique. 1805.[8]Mem. d’Arcueil, Vol. 2. p. 168. 1809.[9]Annals of Philosophy, Vol. 2. p. 48.[10]By nitric acid, the result of 3 experiments all agreeing for the deutoxide; the protoxide is by calculation and less certain. He afterwards adopts 13.6 from Berzelius. Journ. de Phys. Aug. 1814.[11]The protoxide from hydrogen by solution; the deutoxide by transmitting steam over the metal at a red heat.[12]The 2d. by oxydizing the sulphuret of tin by nitric acid; the 1st. by inference only, one half of the oxygen of the 2d.[13]An. of Philos. 6—198[14]An. of Philos. 3-244[15]An. of Philos. 8—237[16]An. de Chimie, 54—28[17]An. of Philos.—4—356[18]Manchester Memoirs, Vol. v. page 120.[19]Philos. Mag. Vol. xiii.[20]See a very excellent essay on the alloy of copper and tin by M. Dussaussoy, in the Annales de Chimie & Physique. 5—113.[21]This author obtained the Royal Society’s gold medal for his essay on the composition, &c. of specula for telescopes. Philos. Transact. 1787.[22]An. of Philos. Vol. 12.[23]An. de Chim. & Physique. 5—233.[24]The result for this last article must be considered more uncertain than any of the previous ones, the experiment being more complicated.[25]That is, the temperature that would be denoted by mercury inclosed in a vessel having no expansion by heat; or else in one that expanded in the same rate as mercury.[26]By recent experiments I find the heat evolved in the union of oxygen and hydrogen, would raise the temperature of the same weight of water 6500°.[27]See Dr. Henry’s note, Manch. Memoirs, vol. 5, page 679.[28]The aqueous vapour in this case maybe considered as insignificant.[29]A gas found in oil and coal gas. See Manchester Memoirs, vol. 4 (new series), page 73.
Footnotes:
[1]Manchester Memoirs, Vol. II. (second series.)
[1]Manchester Memoirs, Vol. II. (second series.)
[2]7.9 when duly corrected. Annal. de Chimie, 78—114.
[2]7.9 when duly corrected. Annal. de Chimie, 78—114.
[3]Memoirs d’Arcueil 2—168.
[3]Memoirs d’Arcueil 2—168.
[4]Kirwan’s Mineralogy.
[4]Kirwan’s Mineralogy.
[5]Annals of Philosophy, Vol. 3, p. 333.
[5]Annals of Philosophy, Vol. 3, p. 333.
[6]Philos. Trans. 1802.
[6]Philos. Trans. 1802.
[7]Jour. de Physique. 1805.
[7]Jour. de Physique. 1805.
[8]Mem. d’Arcueil, Vol. 2. p. 168. 1809.
[8]Mem. d’Arcueil, Vol. 2. p. 168. 1809.
[9]Annals of Philosophy, Vol. 2. p. 48.
[9]Annals of Philosophy, Vol. 2. p. 48.
[10]By nitric acid, the result of 3 experiments all agreeing for the deutoxide; the protoxide is by calculation and less certain. He afterwards adopts 13.6 from Berzelius. Journ. de Phys. Aug. 1814.
[10]By nitric acid, the result of 3 experiments all agreeing for the deutoxide; the protoxide is by calculation and less certain. He afterwards adopts 13.6 from Berzelius. Journ. de Phys. Aug. 1814.
[11]The protoxide from hydrogen by solution; the deutoxide by transmitting steam over the metal at a red heat.
[11]The protoxide from hydrogen by solution; the deutoxide by transmitting steam over the metal at a red heat.
[12]The 2d. by oxydizing the sulphuret of tin by nitric acid; the 1st. by inference only, one half of the oxygen of the 2d.
[12]The 2d. by oxydizing the sulphuret of tin by nitric acid; the 1st. by inference only, one half of the oxygen of the 2d.
[13]An. of Philos. 6—198
[13]An. of Philos. 6—198
[14]An. of Philos. 3-244
[14]An. of Philos. 3-244
[15]An. of Philos. 8—237
[15]An. of Philos. 8—237
[16]An. de Chimie, 54—28
[16]An. de Chimie, 54—28
[17]An. of Philos.—4—356
[17]An. of Philos.—4—356
[18]Manchester Memoirs, Vol. v. page 120.
[18]Manchester Memoirs, Vol. v. page 120.
[19]Philos. Mag. Vol. xiii.
[19]Philos. Mag. Vol. xiii.
[20]See a very excellent essay on the alloy of copper and tin by M. Dussaussoy, in the Annales de Chimie & Physique. 5—113.
[20]See a very excellent essay on the alloy of copper and tin by M. Dussaussoy, in the Annales de Chimie & Physique. 5—113.
[21]This author obtained the Royal Society’s gold medal for his essay on the composition, &c. of specula for telescopes. Philos. Transact. 1787.
[21]This author obtained the Royal Society’s gold medal for his essay on the composition, &c. of specula for telescopes. Philos. Transact. 1787.
[22]An. of Philos. Vol. 12.
[22]An. of Philos. Vol. 12.
[23]An. de Chim. & Physique. 5—233.
[23]An. de Chim. & Physique. 5—233.
[24]The result for this last article must be considered more uncertain than any of the previous ones, the experiment being more complicated.
[24]The result for this last article must be considered more uncertain than any of the previous ones, the experiment being more complicated.
[25]That is, the temperature that would be denoted by mercury inclosed in a vessel having no expansion by heat; or else in one that expanded in the same rate as mercury.
[25]That is, the temperature that would be denoted by mercury inclosed in a vessel having no expansion by heat; or else in one that expanded in the same rate as mercury.
[26]By recent experiments I find the heat evolved in the union of oxygen and hydrogen, would raise the temperature of the same weight of water 6500°.
[26]By recent experiments I find the heat evolved in the union of oxygen and hydrogen, would raise the temperature of the same weight of water 6500°.
[27]See Dr. Henry’s note, Manch. Memoirs, vol. 5, page 679.
[27]See Dr. Henry’s note, Manch. Memoirs, vol. 5, page 679.
[28]The aqueous vapour in this case maybe considered as insignificant.
[28]The aqueous vapour in this case maybe considered as insignificant.
[29]A gas found in oil and coal gas. See Manchester Memoirs, vol. 4 (new series), page 73.
[29]A gas found in oil and coal gas. See Manchester Memoirs, vol. 4 (new series), page 73.